Unit GLOBAL WARMING PART 1: VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR REVIEW A VOCABULARY absorb /əbˈzɔːb/ (v) thấm, hút atmosphere /ˈætməsfɪə(r)/ (n) khí awareness /əˈweənəs/ (n) nhận thức, hiểu biết, quan tâm ban /bæn/ (v) cấm capture /ˈkæptʃə(r)/ (v) lưu lại, giam giữ lại carbon footprint /ˌkɑːbən ˈfʊtprɪnt/ (n) lượng khí CO, thải ngày cá nhân nhà máy catastrophic /ˌkætəˈstrɒfɪk/ (adj) thảm họa clean-up /ˈkliːn ʌp/ (n) dọn dẹp, làm sạch, tổng vệ sinh climate change /ˈklaɪmət tʃeɪndʒ/ (n) biến đổi khí hậu diversity /daɪˈvɜːsəti/ (n) đa dạng drought /draʊt/ (n) hạn hán ecological /ˌiːkəˈlɒdʒɪkl/ (adj) thuộc sinh thái ecosystem /ˈiːkəʊsɪstəm/ (n) hệ sinh thái emission /iˈmɪʃn/ (n) (danh từ không đếm được) phát (sáng), tỏa (nhiệt), xả (khí) famine /'fỉmɪn/ (n) nạn đói greenhouse gas /ˌɡriːnhaʊs 'gỉs/ (n) chất khí gây hiệu ứng nhà kính heat-related /hiːt - rɪˈleɪtɪd / (adj) có liên quan tới nhiệt infectious /ɪnˈfekʃəs/ (adj) lây nhiễm, lan truyền oil spill /ˈɔɪl - spɪl/ (n.p) tràn dầu B GRAMMAR REVIEW * PHÂN TỪ: LOẠI Present participle (phân từ tại): + Ving (dùng cho active): đơn + Having PII: hoàn thành Past participle (phân từ khử): + PII (Passive) + Having been PII Một chủ ngữ thực hai hay nhiều hoạt động đồng thời S+ V1 ., Ving (thực thể) Ex: - He walked along the street, singing massively - My neighbor fell off the ladder, breaking three teeth Kết hợp câu đơn S1 + V1 … , S2 + V2 → Ving / Having PII , S1 + V2 → PII / having been PII , S1 + V2 Ex: Susan felt tired She went to bed early → Feeling tired, Susan went to bed early Ex: He was punished by the teacher He was sad → Punished by the teacher, he was sad Ex: They have lived here for a long time They know about it clearly → Having lived here for a long time, they know about it clearly Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ: S(N) + Ving + + be/V S(N) + PII (chia thì) + be/V S + be/ V + O(N) │ + Ving (chia thì) │ + PII Ex: The man who lives next to me is a doctor → The man living next to me is a doctor Ex: Many things considered impossible in the past have come in reality now PART 2: EXERCISES A PHONETICS I Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined A dinner B disappear C discover D dinosaur A robot B robe C rock D role A constant B modern C obvious D robot A continue B finish C likely D instant A annual B basic C average D capacity II Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from the others A importance B happiness C employment D relation A possible B cultural C confident D supportive A office B nature C result D farmer A difficult B popular C effective D national A answer B reply C singer D future B VOCABUALRY AND GRAMMAR Choose the correct word in the bracket to complete the sentences deforestation heat-related emissions extinction absorb catastrophic footprint diversity preserve infectious Global warming has proved truly for the environment Having measured the company's carbon _, they realised that the amount of carbon dioxide (CO) it produced was great Rainforests have the highest species on the earth We need to the diversity of wildlife because each species has an important role to play Scientists have warned about the relationship between climate change and the spread of diseases The alarming rate of results in damage to the quality of the land The increase in the earth's temperature can cause _ illnesses which can be dangerous to people A large amount of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels 9 Many species are threatened with _ due to deforestation and loss of habit 10 More trees should be planted as they _ carbon dioxide and give off oxygen IL Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form the word that fits in the gap in the same line Global warming may lead to _ weather events, including heat waves, floods, and powerful storms, which could affect people's lives (EXTREMELY) Every one of us can help to protect and sustain our environment by _ our consumption habits (CHANGE) Even slight increase in the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can cause a _ rise in temperature (SIGNIFICANCE) There is a _ between the recent droughts and climate change (CONNECT) Farming contributes more than 30 percent of the total greenhouse gas _ (EMIT) The overuse of chemical _ is a serious threat to the environment (FERTILIZE) Global warming is the increase in the earth's average surface temperature due to the warming _ of greenhouse gases (EFFECTIVE) The main cause of _ warming is the burning of fossil fuels, such as natural gas, oil, and coal (GLOBE) The _ of the earth's atmosphere causes sea-level rise (WARM) 10 Many animal species are in danger of extinction due to the loss of their habitat and inability to _ to climate change (ADAPTION) III Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences Developed countries are responsible for 80% of the carbon dioxide that is already in the atmosphere A man-made B men-made C man-making D man-mades The government must take to cut vehicle emissions A measures B repeat C discover D ban They didn't forget a short vacation in Cuc Phuong National Park last year A being spent B having been spent C to spend D having spent The effects of climate change on humans and nature are A catastrophic B temperature C global D risk A layer of greenhouse gases – primarily water vapor, and carbon dioxide - acts as a blanket for the Earth, absorbing heat and warming the surface A heat B heating C thermal D hot We admired the Japanese the city of Fukushima after the disaster A to being rebuilt B for having rebuilt C to rebuild D of having rebuilt We need to preserve the of wildlife because each species has an important role to play A diversity B various C population D type Most climate scientists agree the main cause of the current global warming trend is human expansion of the greenhouse A gas B damage C cause D effect trees around the house on the south and west sides, they can save up to about $250 a year on cooling and heating A Having planted B Being planted C To plant D To have planted 10 The increase in the earth's temperature can cause illness which can be dangerous to people A heat-related B heat-relate C heat-relating D heated-relate 11 Certain in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, block heat from escaping A gases B layers C effects D emissions 12 Having developed green technologies with low-carbon emissions, intends to get rid of coal A that country B the communities C the effort D the possibility 13 Carbon dioxide is one of the primary gases that cause global warming A greenhouse B house C plant D home 14 Carbon dioxide is released through processes such as respiration and volcano eruptions and through activities such as deforestation, land use change, and burning fossil fuels A man-made B ordinary-man-made C human natural D natural-human 15 Vietnam has been named among the 12 countries most for climate change by the World Bank A at danger B in risk C at risk D ready C READING I Fill each of the numbered blanks in the following passage Use only one word in each space landslides biodiversity conditions temperature rainfall economic farmland impacts agencies support Vietnam Likely to Face Extreme Weather Conditions by 2050 Vietnam is likely to continue facing extreme weather (1) _ such as higher (2) , lower summer rainfalls, stronger storms, and rising sea levels from now to 2050 Temperature in northern Vietnam will rise by between 0.83 degrees Celsius by 2050 and continue its uptrend during the late 21st century Summer (3) will decline in most areas Meanwhile, storms may become rarer but fiercer, causing possible flash floods and (4) _ in flood-prone areas of northern mountains, central and central highland provinces The forecasts suggest sea level rise of 100mm-400mm along the entire Vietnamese coast by the end of the 21st century, affecting marine (5) _ and coastal communities The experts emphasize the unpredictability of climate change and its potential (6) _ to create a variety of dangerous extreme weather events in the future To raise the public awareness of climate change impacts, the Vietnamese government urges concerned (7) to work together on devising worst-case scenario models and responses by 2020 and calls on international experts to further (8) Vietnam in climate change adaptation Climate change is a real threat to Viet Nam's socio-(9) development If sea levels rose one meter, five percent of the country's land, eleven percent of its population and percent of its (10) would be affects II Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the following passage Consequences of Global Warming on Wildlife Increasing global temperatures are expected to (1) ecosystems, pushing extinction to those species that cannot adapt The first comprehensive assessment of the extinction risk (2) global warming found that more than million species could be extinctive by 2050 if the current rate continues A recent study of (3) 2,000 species of plants and animals discovered movement toward the poles at an average rate 3.8 miles per decade The latest climate change report found that approximately 20 to 30 percent of plant and animal species assessed so far are likely to be at (4) risk of extinction if global average temperature increases by more than 2.7 to 4.5 degree Fahrenheit (5) polar bears are drowning because they have to swim longer distances to reach ice floes The U.S Geological Survey has predicted that (6) of the world's polar bear populations will be extinct by the mid-century due to melting of the Arctic ice cap The ocean will continue to become more acidic due to carbon dioxide emissions (7) this acidification, species with hard calcium carbonate shells are vulnerable, as are coral reefs, (8) are vital to ocean ecosystems Scientists predict that a 3.6 degree Fahrenheit increase (9) temperature would (10) out 97 percent of the world's coral feels A endanger B benefit C harm D use A to B from C off D on A nearly B near C relatively D wealthy A declined B born C presented D increased A Some B Few C More D Little A two-third B two-thirds C two-three D two-thirdth A As B Due C Because D Because of A that B when C which D who A away B in C at D of 10 A send B broke C wipe D lay III Read the passage and choose the best answer The world's oceans have warmed 50 percent faster over the last 40 years than previously thought due to climate change, Australian and US climate researchers reported Wednesday Higher ocean temperatures expand the volume of water, contributing to a rise in sea levels that is submerging small island nations and threatening to wreak havoc in low-lying, densely populated delta regions around the globe The study, published in the British journal Nature, adds to a growing scientific chorus of warnings about the pace and consequences rising oceans It also serves as a corrective to a massive report issued last year by the Nobel-winning UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), according to the authors Rising sea levels are driven by two things: the thermal expansion of sea water, and additional water from melting sources of ice Both processes are caused by global warming The ice sheet that sits atop Greenland, for example, contains enough water to raise world ocean levels by seven metres (23 feet), which would bury sea-level cities from Dhaka to Shanghai Trying to figure out how much each of these factors contributes to rising sea levels is critically important to understanding climate change, and forecasting future temperature rises, scientists say But up to now, there has been a perplexing gap between the projections of computer-based climate models, and the observations of scientists gathering data from the oceans The new study, led by Catia Domingues of the Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, is the first to reconcile the models with observed data Using new techniques to assess ocean temperatures to a depth of 700 metres (2,300 feet) from 1961 to 2003, it shows that thermal warming contributed to a 0.53 millimetre-per-year rise in sea levels rather than the 0.32 mm rise reported by the IPCC Ultimately, the new study should help scientists to A lower water levels B better predict climate change C bury sea-level cities like Dhaka and Shanghai The rise in water levels is especially dangerous for small island nations and A low-lying urban areas B all coastal cities C people who live on the beach What happens when the ocean's temperature rises? A It causes sea levels to rise B It causes sea levels to remain constant C It causes sea levels to decrease What was the main finding of the study? A not enough is being done about global warming B ocean waters have warmed faster than scientists had previously thought C the warming of the world's oceans is not a threat The new study A shows that thermal warming contributed to a 0.32 millimeter-per-year rise in sea levels B did not reveal anything that scientists didn't already know C used new techniques to assess ocean temperatures D WRITING I Rewrite the sentences, using perfect gerunds Nam won a scholarship We are excited about that fact → We are _ Entering the room, I was surprised at what I saw → When The volunteers couldn't mow the old lady's lawns because of the rain → The rain prevented Since we have become too dependent on the use of electricity, we have to find alternative sources of energy before fossil fuels run out → Having Tonya had dumped a lot of rubbish on the beach She was strongly criticised for that → Tonya was In the Tree Planting Competition, the students in Group 11G planted the most trees in the schoolyard They were praised for that → The students in _ After she replaced all the light bulbs in her house with LED lights, she same a lot of money on her electricity bills → Having Sam had not worked hard enough in his previous job He regretted it → Sam regretted Someone had cut down the oldest tree in the park The police suspected Mike of doing it → The police suspected _ 10 Since the farmers used too much chemical fertiliser on their farm, they now have to drink polluted water → Having _ 11 Denis had taken an active part in the Green Summer activities He was rewarded for that → Denis was _ 12 After the students had learnt about the benefits of recycling and reusing, they started collecting waste paper, bottles, and cans to recycle and reuse → Having Unit FURTHER EDUCATION PART 1: VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR REVIEW A VOCABULARY abroad /əˈbrɔːd/ (adv) nước ngồi academic /ˌỉkəˈdemɪk/ (adj) thuộc liên quan đến giáo dục, việc học tập, mang tính học thuật accommodation /əˌkɒməˈdeɪʃn/ (n) tiện nghi ăn ở, chỗ ăn achieve /əˈtʃiːv/ (v) đạt admission /ədˈmɪʃn/ (n) vào nhận vào trường học analytical /ˌænəˈlɪtɪkl/ (adj) (thuộc) phân tích baccalaureate /ˌbỉkəˈlɔːriət/ (n) kì thi tú tài bachelor /ˈbỉtʃələ(r)/ (n) người có cử nhân broaden /ˈbrɔːdn/ (n) mở rộng, nới rộng campus /ˈkæmpəs/ (n) khu trường sở, sân bãi (của trường trung học, đại học) collaboration /kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃn/ (n) cộng tác college /ˈkɒlɪdʒ/ (n) trường cao đẳng trường chuyên nghiệp consult /kənˈsʌlt/ (v) hỏi ý kiến, tra cứu, tham khảo coordinator /kəʊˈɔːdɪneɪtə(r)/ (n) người điều phối, điều phối viên course /kɔːs/ (n) khóa học, chương trình học critical /ˈkrɪtɪkl/ (adj) thuộc bình phẩm, phê bình CV /ˌsiːˈviː/ (n) viết tắt curriculum vitae, tóm tắt trình hoạt động người (thường nộp theo đơn xin việc); lí lịch dean /diːn/ (n) chủ nhiệm khoa (một trường đại học) degree /dɪˈɡriː/ (n) học vị, cấp diploma /dɪˈpləʊmə/ (n) cấp, văn doctorate /ˈdɒktərət/ (n) học vị tiến sĩ eligible /ˈelɪdʒəbl/ (adj) đủ tư cách, thích hợp enrol /ɪnˈrəʊl/ (v) ghi danh enter /ˈentə(r)/ (v) gia nhập, theo học trường faculty /ˈfæklti/ (n) khoa (của trường đại học) institution /ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃn/ (n) viện, trường đại học internship /ˈɪntɜːnʃɪp/ (n) giai đoạn thực tập kindergarten /ˈkɪndəɡɑːtn/ (n) trường mẫu giáo ( cho trẻ - tuổi) major /ˈmeɪdʒə(r)/ (n) môn học sinh viên, chun ngành mandatory /ˈmỉndətəri/ (a) có tính bắt buộc Master /ˈmɑːstə(r)/ (n) thạc sĩ passion /ˈpæʃn/ (n) say mê, niềm say mê potential /pəˈtenʃl/ (n) khả năng, tiềm lực profession /prəˈfeʃn/ (n) nghề, nghề nghiệp pursue /pəˈsjuː/ (v) đeo đuổi qualification /ˌkwɒlɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ (n) văn bằng, học vị, chứng scholarship /ˈskɒləʃɪp/ (n) học bổng skill /skɪl/ (n) kĩ talent /ˈtælənt/ (n) tài năng, lực, nhân tài training /ˈtreɪnɪŋ/ (n) rèn luyện, đào tạo transcript /ˈtrænskrɪpt/ (n) học bạ, phiếu điểm tuition /tjuˈɪʃn/ (n) tiền học, học phí tutor /ˈtjuːtə(r)/ (n) thầy giáo dạy kèm undergraduate /ˌʌndəˈɡrædʒuət/ (n) sinh viên học đại học cao đẳng, chưa tốt nghiệp university /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəti/ (n) trường đại học vocational /vəʊˈkeɪʃənl/ (adj) thuộc liên quan đến học nghề, hướng nghiệp B GRAMMAR REVIEW PRESENT PERFECT (Hiện hoàn thành) a Form (Cấu trúc): (+) S + have/ has + Vp2/ ed + O (-) S + have/ has + not + Vp2/ ed + O (?) Have/ has (not) + S + Vp2/ ed + O? b Uses (Cách sử dụng) - Diễn tả việc vừa xảy Ex: I have just finished the financial report (Tơi vừa hồn thành xong báo cáo tài chính.) - Diễn tả việc xảy khứ liên quan đến Ex: My husband has worked for this company for years (Chồng làm cho công ty năm - Nghĩa là: cách năm bắt đầu làm, làm cho cơng ty không) - Diễn tả việc xảy thời điểm không xác định khứ Ex: She has been in China for a long time (Đã có thời gian dài Trung Quốc.) - Nhấn mạnh đến trải nghiệm thân (the first/second/third/last… time), nhấn mạnh kết quả: Ex: + I have seen that film three times (Tôi xem phim lần) + This is the first time that he has been in the USA (Đây lần anh đến Mỹ) c Advs (Trạng ngữ nhận biết) - just, recently, lately: gần đây, vừa - before : trước - already: - ever: - never: không bao giờ, chưa - yet: chưa - since: kể từ - for: khoảng - so far = until now = up to now = up to the present: d Một số lưu ý hồn thành - Phân biệt “Since” “For”: since + mốc thời gian for + khoảng thời gian Ex: - I've known Anna since October - I've known Anna for two months - Phân biệt “yet” “already”: yet : dùng câu phủ định câu nghi vấn already : dùng câu khẳng định Ex: - He hasn't come yet - I've already posted the letters - Thường dùng “ever”, “never” với Hiện hoàn thành: Ex: - He has never been there - Have you ever eaten snake meat? - Phân biệt “Have/ has been” khác với “have/ has gone”: Ex: (a) Mr Smith is not here at the moment He has gone to a meeting in London (b) Amada has been to the travel agent She has your tickets for Hong Kong Trong ví dụ trên, ví dụ (a) hiểu Mr Smith buổi họp ví dụ (b) Amada đến trở - Một số lưu ý khác: Trong mệnh để diễn tả so sánh nhất, số thứ tự, hay số lần thực hành động → Động từ chia Hiện hoàn thành Ex: - This is the most interesting story I have heard - This is the only foreigner I have ever known (1) It's the first / second / time + HTHT (2) This is the first / second time + HTHT Ex: - It's the first time I have driven a car - This is the first time she has lived in New York Its + khoảng thời gian + since + sb last did sth: Đó khoảng thời gian kể từ làm Ex: I haven't seen her for days → It's days since I last saw her 2 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS (Hiện hoàn thành tiếp diễn) a Form (Cấu trúc) (+) S + have/ has + been + Ving (-) S + have/ has + not + been + Ving (?) Have/ Has (not) + S + been + Ving? b Uses (Cách sử dụng): Diễn tả việc xảy khứ, kéo dài đến tiếp tục xảy tương lai (Nhấn mạnh tính liên tục hành động) Ex: I have been teaching English since I was a second-year student (Tôi dạy tiếng Anh kể từ sinh viên năm thứ 2, bắt đầu dạy khứ, tiếp tục dạy tương lai dạy) c Advs (Trạng ngữ nhận biết) - For + time + now, giống trạng ngữ hồn thành (Thường có vế giải thích tiếp diễn) PART 2: EXERCISES A PHONETICS I Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined A ago B across C about D adult A language B article C partly D hardly A but B cut C sun D put A lake B plane C plan D state A lecture B medium C inventor D president II Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from the others A definition B politician C situation D production A image B purchase C mislead D deadline A extinction B endangered C business D intention A cattle B country C canal D cover A copy B remove C notice D cancel B VOCABUALRY AND GRAMMAR I Put the verbs in the present perfect or the present perfect continuous tense I (try) _ to learn French for years, but I (not succeed) _ yet She (read) all the works of Dickens How many (you read) _? I (wait) here nearly half an hour for my girlfriend; you think she (forget) to come? Mary (rest) in the garden all day because she (be) _ ill Although John (study) at the University for years, he (not get) his degree yet Jack (go) to Switzerland for a holiday He (never, be) _ there We (live) here for the last six months, and (just, decide) to move 8 That book (lie) on the table for weeks You (not read) it yet? He (not be) _ here since Christmas; I wonder where he (live) _ since then 10 He (lose) his books He (look) for them all afternoon, but they (not turn up) yet 11 She (work) so hard this week that she (not have) time to go to the cinema 12 Your hair is wet (You swim) for a long time? 13 Bill is still a bad driver although he (drive) cars for six years 14 You look very tired (You work) very hard ? 15 The phone (ring) _ for minutes, but I (not answer) it yet II Put the correct preposition for the sentences below Academic courses should teach practical skills addition to critical thinking When a student enters a college or university, he/she has to choose a main subject study, which is called major Specialized vocational courses such design and cooking are very popular Students _ bachelor's degrees can pursue postgraduate education to get master's or doctoral degrees It's difficult find a place to park in the city centre Although Kevin did not have any academic qualifications, he had a lot _ practical experience We have just attended a seminar further education Students can choose to pursue further education which is generally divided _ higher education and vocational education and training I started the course two weeks ago, but I have already passed most the tests 10 The academic year has just started and I have been living the halls of residence so far III Choose the correct words in brackets to complete the sentences Prof Wilson has given / has been giving the same seminar to students for the last 12 years She has never understood / has never been understanding why so many young people want to study abroad Nam has studied / has been studying English for two years He has attended / has been attending online vocational courses twice Have you applied / Have you applying for the scholarship to study in Singapore? We have waited / have been waiting for the university's reply about entry requirements for the whole week We hope to receive it soon The British Council has used / has been using IELTS as an international standardised test of English for non-native English language speakers for a long time The university has built / has been building a new campus since May 9 We have read / have been reading three books on vocational training to complete this project 10 They have read / have been reading a report on a further education since last Monday I will finish it this Sunday 11 Mary has stayed / has been staying at a homestay for three weeks during her undergraduate programme 12 I have applied / have been applying for a vocational scholarship three times IV Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form the word that fits in the gap in the same line Can you explain what types of _ are available for international students? (FUND) Are _ students allowed to work part-time? (NATIONAL) I'd like to consult you about the differences (that) I should be aware of (CULTURE) What me most is the high cost of living in London as an international student (WORRY) One of the reasons for Vietnamese students' studying abroad is the quality of the _ programmes in higher education (ACADEMY) Most of these students are interested in pursuing _ studies for bachelor's degrees (GRADUATE) Some students decide to study in the United States or the United Kingdom to improve their language , which can help them to get a better job SKILLFUL Some universities in the United States offer different _ to international students to help to cover tuition fees and living costs (SCHOOL) The higher education gained at UK universities and colleges are recognised worldwide (QUALIFY) 10 Universities must better prepare students for their careers (PROFESSION) V Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences We him since he married A didn't see/got B haven't seen/got C don't/get D hadn't seen/got I the money yet A not received B didn't receive C haven't received D hadn't received Today is Thursday and she late twice this week She late yesterday and on Monday A is/was B has been/is C has been/was D has been/had been We what to with the money yet A not decide B didn't decide C haven't decided D hadn't decided My father as a teacher for almost thirty years A works B is working C worked D has been working He to New York at least three times this year A had been going B was going C has been going D is going They to know each other for more than ten years A get B got C have got D had got She dishes already A was washing B washed C has washed D has been washing I you for ages A haven't been meeting B didn't meet C wasn't meeting D haven't met 10 Tom is still watching television He television all day A has been watching B was watching C has watched D watched 11 A Bachelor's degree is a three-year or four-year course you take in undergraduate higher education after you further education A has finished B had been finishing C have finished D have been finishing 12 At most institutions in the UK, the starts in September or October and runs until June or July A leap year B gap year C new year D academic year 13 That university the Advanced Programme with the aim to enrol around 500 international students for a decade A has been implementing B will be implementing C have implemented D will implement 14 Further and higher education colleges offer courses and qualification wide range of vocational and academic subjects at many A levels B positions C standards D qualities 15 Depending on your nationality, you may be for a loan or financial support from the UK government A keen B eligible C legal D capable 16 The UK offers a wide range of work-based for students seeking to build careers in specific industries A exercising B practicing C learning D training 17 University in Vietnam can decide their own criteria for enrolling international students A bosses B leaders C principals D rectors 18 A Bachelor's degree is also known as the university degree or an undergraduate degree A main B ordinary C first D major 19 The teachers at Edinburgh College encourage students to with others, experiment with arts and find their own ideas A solve B collaborate C support D improve 20 With thousands of UK further education courses on offer, you can choose a course that your goals and interests A watches B appoints C fixes D matches C READING I Fill the blank with a suitable word In the USA, further education generally refers to education undertaken by adults of all ages after leaving full-time study It doesn't include degree courses (1) at college or university directly after leaving high school, which come under (2) education Further education includes everything from basic reading and writing skills for the illiterate to full-time professional and doctorate degrees at university On many university (3) , more students are enrolled in further education courses than in (4) degree programmes Often adult education students don't need to be high school or degree graduates or take any tests or interviews, and they're generally (5) on a first-come, first served basis A high school diploma is (6) for some courses, although General Educational Development (GED) tests allow students to (7) _ a high school equivalency diploma Adult education courses may be full-time or part-time and are provided by two and four-year colleges, universities, community colleges, (8) schools, and elementary and high schools Courses are also provided by private community organizations, government (9) , and job training centres More and more adult education programmes are becoming (10) on the Internet, including courses which offer university or continuing education credits for completion II Fill each of the numbered blanks in the following passage Use only one word in each space leading straight long fields education higher offers persuade skilled qualifications Further education in Britain means (1) _ after GCSE exams taken around the age of 16 It includes courses of study (2) _ to A-levels which students at their school or college Some students go (3) _ to a college of further education which (4) a wide range of full or part-time courses Further education also includes training for professional (5) _ in nursing, accountancy, and management and in (6) _ such as arts and music The term (7) _ education is used to refer to degree courses at universities The British government is keen on (8) _ more young people to remain in education as (9) _ as possible in order to build up a more highly (10) , better educated workforce III Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank in the following passage British further education qualifications are respected by employers and (1) worldwide There are two main types: academic courses, and vocational and professional courses Academic courses help you (2) for higher education at a university or college They aim to develop your analytical skills, critical thinking and knowledge (3) and professional courses give you the skills and qualification you need to enter and succeed in your chosen career They offer technical (4) and skills for the workplace British (5) education providers invest heavily in facilities - from libraries, computer centres and science laboratories to sports centres, theatres and arts studios Class sizes are (6) to ensure that you have access to equipment and enough time to talk to your tutors and lectures British qualifications are a great boost to your CV and to your earnings Employers are increasingly looking for (7) with multicultural experience Moreover, British colleges and universities have strong links with industry - many courses are designed in partnership with, and taught by, industry professional Many include the option of a year in industry or a work placement, giving you real professional (8) English is widely regarded as the language of business Studying in the UK helps you learn language quickly, through your studies, friends and everyday life If you need any additional support, (9) are lots of English language classes across the UK The UK is a truly multicultural society, with a wonderful mix of people from many different backgrounds As a student, you'll get to know people from all over the world and be inspired by many cultures Many colleges have international offices and advisers to ensure you feel welcome and are supported (10) your time in British further education A academics B academy C academical D academically A get B prepare C make D support A Occasional B Vocational C Optional D Various A growing B changing C adding D training A further B each C both D every A bored B restricted C expensive D attracted A joins B enters C arrives D graduates A experiment B factor C experience D problem A there B that C which D they 10 A in B over C throughout D cross IV Read the passage and choose the best answer It's called 42 - the name taken from the answer to the meaning of life, from the science fiction series The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy 42 was founded by French technology billionaire Xavier Niel, whose backing means there are no tuition fees and accommodation is free Mr Niel and his co-founders come from the world of technology and start-ups, and they are trying to to education what Facebook did to communication and Airbus to accommodation Students at 42 are given a choice of projects that they might be set in a job as a software engineer - perhaps to design a website or a computer game They complete a project using resources freely available on the Internet and by seeking help from their fellow students, who work alongside them in a large open-plan room full of computers Another student will then be randomly assigned to mark their work The founders claim this method of learning makes up for shortcomings in the traditional education system, which they say encourages students to be passive recipients of knowledge “Peer-to-peer learning develops students with the confidence to search for solutions by themselves, often in quite creative and ingenious ways." Like in computer games, the students are asked to design and they go up a level by completing a project They graduate when they reach level 21, which usually takes three to five years And at the end, there is a certificate but no formal degree Recent graduates are now working at companies including IBM, Amazon, and Tesla, as well as starting their own firms "The feedback we have had from employers is that our graduates are more apt to go off and find out information for themselves, rather than asking their supervisors what to next," says Brittany Bir, chief operating officer of 42 in California and a graduate of its sister school in Paris Ms Bir says 42's graduates will be better able to work with others and discuss and defend their ideas - an important skill in the "real world” of work “This is particularly important in computer programming, where individuals are notorious for lacking certain human skills," she says But could 42's model of teacherless learning work in mainstream universities? Brittany Bir admits 42's methods not suit all students "It suits individuals who are very disciplined and self-motivated, and who are not scared by having the freedom to work at their own pace," she says Question 1: According to the passage, 42 is A a kind of school B a type of accommodation C an innovation in technology D a tool of virtual communication Question 2: The word "them" in paragraph refers to A students at 42 B projects C resources D software engineers Question 3: The author mentions “to design a website or a computer game” in paragraph to illustrate A a job that a French software engineer always does B a choice of assignment that students at 42 have to complete C a free resource available on the Internet D a help that students at 42 get for their work Question 4: What 42's graduates receive on completion of their course? A a certificate B a degree C a project D a design Question 5: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A The founders of 42 share the idea of providing free service on Facebook B It normally takes 42's students at least five years to complete their course C The students of 42 are required to play computer games during their course D 42's peer-to-peer approach promotes active learning and working Question 6: According to Ms Bir, 42's graduates will be able to improve A the skills of giving feedback B the skills of searching for information C the skills of teamwork and debating D the skills of software programming Question 7: The word "notorious" in paragraph can be best replaced by A respectable B incompetent C infamous D memorable Question 8: It can be inferred from the passage that A 42 is a good choice for people of all ages and nationalities B all 42's graduates are employed by world leading technology companies C 42's students have to handle the task assigned without any assistance D 42 adopts project-based and problem-solving learning methods D WRITING I Rewrite the sentences, using the present perfect or the present perfect continuous I started discussing my research proposal with my professor at the beginning of my course We're still discussing it → _ Nam's still studying English He started studying it two years ago (for) → _ I started learning how to play the piano eight months ago I'm still learning it → _ _ He attended two online vocational courses: one in 2012 and the other in 2013 (twice) → _ They visited this college in 2009, 2012 and 2014 (three times) → _ _ The British Council established IELTS a long time ago It still uses this test as an international standardised test of English for non- native English language speakers (for) → _ She started her research project last month She's still doing it → _ The university started building a new campus in May They are still building it (since) → _ _ The graduate students started arriving at four o'clock They are all in the lecture hall → _ 10 Mary is staying at a homestay during her undergraduate programme The programme began three weeks ago (for) → _ ... illness which can be dangerous to people A heat-related B heat-relate C heat-relating D heated-relate 11 Certain in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, block heat from... Tonya was In the Tree Planting Competition, the students in Group 11G planted the most trees in the schoolyard They were praised for that → The students in ... their farm, they now have to drink polluted water → Having _ 11 Denis had taken an active part in the Green Summer activities He was rewarded for that → Denis