MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY MASTER THESIS ENHANCING VIETNAM'S INNOVATIVE CAPACITY THROUGH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Specialization: International Trade Law and Policy NGUYEN HAI PHONG Hanoi, 2020 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY MASTER THESIS ENHANCING VIETNAM'S INNOVATIVE CAPACITY THROUGH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Major: International Economics Specialization: International Trade Policy and Law Code: 8310106 Full name: Nguyen Hai Phong Supervisor: Assoc Prof PhD Le Thi Thu Ha Hanoi, 2020 ii CERTIFICATION I hereby certify that the thesis with the title “Enhancing Vietnam's innovative capacity through Intellectual Property” is my own research and does not reproduce any other materials The data indicated in the thesis is clear, accurate and collected from the confident sources of information Author Nguyen Hai Phong iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Throughout the study course and completing this thesis research, I have received valuable guidance, dedication and enthusiasm of my supervisors, my teachers, my friends, my colleagues and my family With all my respect and gratitude, I would like to express my appreciation and sincere thanks to: My special thanks to my supervisor - Assoc Prof PhD Le Thi Thu Ha, who was dedicated to guide and help me in the process of researching and writing this thesis Without her instructions and guidance, thesis might not be completed I would be grateful to teachers in Postgraduate Education and related Faculties of Foreign Trade University for interesting and useful lectures, for enthusiastic transmission of valuable knowledge and for the best conditions offering in the process of the course I would like to express sincere thanks to my colleagues in Intellectual Property Office of Vietnam for supporting me with useful and plentiful data and their priceless experiences This thesis study is a new topic in the world, which requires various knowledge Thus, the thesis has inevitable shortcomings and limitations I am looking forward to receiving valuable comments for improvement Sincerely, Nguyễn Hải Phong iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATION ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii Nguyễn Hải Phong .iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi LIST OF TABLES .vii LIST OF FIGURES viii ABSTRACT ix CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND .7 1.1 National innovative capacity 1.1.1 Definition and related concepts 1.1.2 Measurement of National Innovative Capacity 11 1.2 Global Innovation Index 12 1.2.1 Definition of Global Innovation Index 12 1.2.2 Dimensions of Global Innovation Index 13 1.3 Intellectual Property 22 1.3.1 Definition of Intellectual Property and related concepts 22 1.3.2 The role of Intellectual Property 24 1.4 Relation between Intellectual Property and Global Innovation Index 26 1.4.1 Intellectual Property-related Indicators 26 1.4.2 The meaning and calculation of Intellectual Property-related indicators in Global Innovation Index 26 CHAPTER 2: RECENT CONTRIBUTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY TO VIETNAM’S INNOVATIVE CAPACITY 34 2.1 Recent improvement of Vietnam’s Innovative Capacity through Global Innovation Index 34 2.1.1 General picture of Vietnam in Global Innovation Index 34 2.1.2 Vietnam in Global Innovation Index as compared to certain countries 41 2.2.1 Indicator 6.1.1 on the number of patent applications 43 2.2.2 Indicator 6.1.3 on the number of applications for Utility solutions 44 2.2.3 Indicator 7.1.1 on the number of groups of goods and services in the v application for trademark registration 45 2.2.4 Indicator 7.1.2 on the number of industrial designs in the application 46 2.3 The need to improve Vietnam’s national capacity through Patents and Utility Models/Solutions 46 2.3.1 Patents and Utility Models/Solutions are to be focused .46 2.3.2 Trend of Vietnam’s Patents and Utility Models/Solutions 47 2.3.3 Possible additional Trademark - related indicators 56 CHAPTER 3: EFFORTS, PROBLEMS AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO ENHANCE VIETNAM’S INNOVATIVE CAPACITY THROUGH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 58 3.1 Vietnam’s efforts to improve Intellectual Property – related indicators 58 3.1.1 Regulatory framework - Directions of the Government .58 3.1.2 National Intellectual Property Strategy 60 3.1.3 National Program on development of Vietnam Intellectual Property Assets 64 3.1.4 Technology and Innovation Support Center networking Program and Enabling Intellectual Property Environment Project 67 3.2 Tasks to be done and problems to be solved 68 3.2.1 The tasks to achieve the objective of increasing IP-related indicators 68 3.2.2 The need to improve national tool for measurement of innovation as supplementary indicators to GII 69 3.3 Possible solutions to enhance Vietnam’s innovative capacity through Intellectual Property 69 3.3.1 To improve national tool for measurement of Vietnam’s innovative capacity 69 3.3.2 Improve IP-related GII indicators by increasing quantity and quality of IPR applications and granted protection titles 70 3.3.3 Promote efficient implementation of the National Intellectual Property strategy, Program and Project 70 CONCLUSION 72 REFFERENCES 73 Appendix 76 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations FDI Foreign Direct Investment GCI Global Competitiveness Index GDP Gross Domestic Product GII Global Innovation Index IP Intellectual Property IPR Intellectual Property Right IP Vietnam Intellectual Property Office of Vietnam (previously NOIP) (previously National Office of Intellectual Property) NIC National Innovative Capacity OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development PPP Purchasing Power Parity STI Science, Technology and Innovation WB World Bank WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization vii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Vietnam Rankings, 2017-2019 34 Table 2.2: Vietnam’s innovation strengths 2019 36 Table 2.3: Vietnam’s innovation weaknesses 2019 37 Table 2.4: Missing data 40 Table 2.5: Outdated data 40 Table 2.6: Model changes 40 Table 2.7: Vietnam ranking in GII among top of ASEAN 42 Table 2.8: Ranking of ASEAN countries by GII index 6.1.1 (2011-2018) 43 Table 2.9: Rankings of top ASEAN countries on GII index 7.1.1 (2015-2018) 45 Table 2.10: Residents’ Patent Applications per million of population - Vietnam in comparison with top ASEAN and North East Asia 54 Table 2.11: Residents’ Patent Applications per thousand university graduates – Vietnam in comparison with top ASEAN and North East Asia 55 Table 2.12: Total Residents’ Applications for Patent and Utility Model/Solutions per 1000 researchers - Vietnam in comparison with top ASEAN and North East Asia 56 Table 2.13: Brand finance Vietnam top (USD million) 57 Table 4.1: Vietnam Rankings 2019 76 Table 4.2: Growth rate (%) of Total Patents and Utility Models/Solutions applications of Residents - Vietnam in comparison with top ASEAN and North East Asia 82 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Dimensions of GII 14 Figure 2.1: Vietnam’s innovation strengths and weaknesses 2019 35 Figure 2.2: Innovation Input/Output performance by income group, 2019 39 Figure 2.3: Vietnam Scores in the seven GII pillars 41 Figure 2.4: Indicator 6.1.1 (Patent application/GDP) 44 Figure 2.5: Indicator 7.1.1 (Trademark application/GDP) 46 Figure 2.6: Patent applications of Residents - Vietnam in comparison with top ASEAN and North East Asia 47 Figure 2.7: Rate (%) of Patent applications of Residents - Vietnam in comparison with top ASEAN and North East Asia 48 Figure 2.8: Utility Models/Solutions Applications of Residents – Vietnam in comparison with top ASEAN and North East Asia 49 Figure 2.9: Rate (%) of Utility Models/Solutions Applications of Residents Vietnam in comparison with top ASEAN and China 49 Figure 2.10: Total Patents and Utility Models/Solutions applications of Residents Vietnam in comparison with top ASEAN and North East Asia 50 Figure 2.11: Rate (%) of Total Patents and Utility Models/Solutions applications of Residents - Vietnam in comparison with top ASEAN and North East Asia 51 Figure 2.12: Total Granted Patents and Utility Models/Solutions of Residents Vietnam in comparison with top ASEAN and North East Asia 52 Figure 2.13: Ratio of Grants of and Applications for Patent and Utility Models/Solutions Residents (2001 through 2015) - Vietnam in comparison with top ASEAN and North East Asia 53 Figure 2.14: Residents’ Patent Applications per million of population 54 Figure 2.15: Applications for Patent+ Utility Models/Solutions of Residents per 1000 Researchers and the equivalent (2002 and 2013) - Vietnam in comparison with top ASEAN and North East Asia 56 ix ABSTRACT In the era of international integration in economy, innovative capacity is the most important factor that creates the competitiveness of each nation's economy Since 2007, innovative capacities of nations have been measured and compared on global scale using the Global Innovation Index (GII) This thesis presents the current status of the Vietnam’s GII and contribution of Intellectual Property (IP) to Vietnam’s GII Moreover, this thesis explains why despite the government's efforts to improve science and technology policy, the current status of Vietnam's innovation has not been as desired by the society From these studies, the thesis would like to suggest solutions to increase Vietnam's innovation index, namely certain IP-related indicators of GII, thereby contribute to enhance national capacity 68 - Effective IP management methods and tools; - Enhancement of knowledge and capacity by individuals and institutions involved in this process; coherent and readily accessible sources of relevant information; - Linkages between key participants; and - Facilitation of communications and transactions between key actors in the process This Project centers on the process of commercialization of new technologies created by universities and public R&D institutions in partnership with Government institutions, private sectors, and related supporters and accelerators of the process 3.2 Tasks to be done and problems to be solved 3.2.1 The tasks to achieve the objective of increasing IP-related indicators As indicated in the above sections of the thesis, Vietnam’s strong and weak points efforts in improving NIC through IP-related GII have both strong and weak points Strength is trademarks and weakness is patent and utility solution The IP issues to be dealt with to enhance Vietnam’s NIC include too low rankings of indicators related to IP in technology, namely patent and utility model Regarding Patent families filed in at least two offices (indicator 5.2.5), Patent applications by origin (indicator 6.1.1) and PCT international applications by origin th th (indicator 6.1.2), Vietnam is ranked at 84 , 65 and 82 nd respectively out of 128 th countries in 2019 The place is 35 for Utility model application, which is invention at low level of inventiveness in comparison with Patent To achieve the objective of increasing IP-related GII indicators as well as non GII indicators, there are clear needs: - The need to increase quantity and quality of applications as well as granted protection title for IP protection - The need to facilitate and promote transaction and commercialization of IP Tasks to be done to meet those needs are set forth in the National strategy on Intellectual Property the Program for Intellectual Property Assets Development and EIE Project as analyzed above To so, each and all of the policy and management instruments should be carried out in an efficient manner 69 3.2.2 The need to improve national tool for measurement of innovation as supplementary indicators to GII As pointed out in above section of the thesis, to measure innovation capacity of the country more correctly, there are clear needs: - The need to build up IP-related non-GII indictors for measuring innovation capacity in full field of IPR; - The need to build up a set of criteria for collecting statistics of GII and nonGII indicators 3.3 Possible solutions to enhance Vietnam’s innovative capacity through Intellectual Property 3.3.1 To improve national tool for measurement of Vietnam’s innovative capacity Build up a complete toolkit of IP-related non-GII indicators A complete toolkit of IP-related non-GII indicators can serve measuring innovation capacity in full field of IPRs a) There are quite many non-GII indicators that should be adopted as supplementary indicators to GII They include the following: (i) The number of applications for protection titles/ registrations not yet included in GII, namely, utility solutions, plant varieties, copyright and related rights, etc (ii) The number of IPR protection titles/ registrations for all relevant IPR, namely utility solutions, plant varieties, copyright and related rights, etc (iii) The number of those IPR that arise automatically with no requirement of registration, namely trade name, unregistered copyright and related rights b) There are non-GII indicators that should be taken into consideration for possible of use as supplementary indicators to GII They include the following: (i) Factors of human resources in IP innovation, such as number of IPR applications or granted protection titles per a unit of population/university graduates /researchers Certain Global competitive index (GCI) should be chosen for use as supplementary indicators to GII (ii) The value of IPR should be taken into consideration for possible of use as supplementary indicators to GII 70 As pointed out in above section of the thesis, the real innovation capacity lies in the market value of IPR In reality, famous trade names, trademarks and technological breakthroughs are very powerful tool in market competition Therefore, the price of IPR should be an effective innovation indication However, evaluation of IPR is very difficult if not impossible Such price-based indicator should be limited to those IPRs that have as real market price Build up a set of criteria for statistics collection of IP-Related GII and non-GII indicators In addition to continuing to maintain and improve the results achieved in the past, in the future, Vietnam needs to focus on addressing the lack of data, or the data has not been updated as indicated in the above section of thesis To collect as full as possible data for the calculation of indicators, there should be in place requirements for collection of data A set of criteria for collection of IPR statistics should be buildup which shell reflect all and any IP-Related GII and non-GII indicators as mentioned in subsection 2.1 Such criteria should be built-in databases run by of IPR authorities and other authorities, such as tax and custom bodies 3.3.2 Improve IP-related GII indicators by increasing quantity and quality of IPR applications and granted protection titles Increasing quantity and quality of applications as well as granted protection title for IP protection can be achieved by the following activities: a) Support creative activities, primarily by providing with methodology of using IPR system and disparaging IPR information, especially technological innovation knowledge (i.e patents, utility models/ solutions and plant variety b) Raise awareness and equip IP knowledge and skills for people in research and business sectors, promote a force of IP professional practitioners in all sectors c) Facilitate and promote transaction and commercialization of IPR 3.3.3 Promote efficient implementation of the National Intellectual Property strategy, Program and Project It is needed to find out efficient manners to implement the National strategy on Intellectual Property the Program for Intellectual Property Assets Development and Enabling the Intellectual Property Environment (EIE) Project 71 a) Determine target groups for each sector, focusing on business sector as driving source of economy and research sector as main force of innovation b) Attach the aim of improvement of IP-related innovation indicators to the tasks of the implementation with a view to enhance innovation competence The most relevant solution for enhancing Vietnam’s NIC would focus on technological aspects of IP-related GII since technology is decisive power in economy competitiveness It should be effectively implementation of both WIPO Technology and Innovation Support Center (TISC) and Enabling IP Environment (EIE) projects These projects would enhance capacity of R&D institutions and enterprises in creation and commercialization of new technologies They would improve quantity and quality of technologies that can be protected as IPR, and results in increasing indicators related to patent, utility model and IP transaction (absorption and diffusion) 72 CONCLUSION Vietnam State has constructed a quite modern legal system of IPR protection, and keeps pace with the up grading of the international standards in the world wide free trade era It is common understanding that having an appropriate IP system is an effective way to enhance creativity, promote technological innovations, improve trade and enhance competitive power In practice, it is not easy to see whether the current IP system does or does not give effective and appropriate fuel to the economy Appropriate tools to measure the effectiveness of IP system need to be found or improved GII is a tool being used by many countries over the world Vietnam Government put many efforts in accelerating the use of GII as tool to see and enhance the innovation competence of the country These efforts include promulgation of policy and administrative instruments Their implementation has gained certain fruits with some instruments and has been started with some other The thesis systemizes the theoretical background of innovation system, innovation index, especially GII, particularly IP-Related GII indicators and analyzes practice of GII in Vietnam, showing the growth of GII, contribution of IP to innovation index and points out what have been done to improve innovation index and what need to be done After all, the thesis proposes certain solutions to improve innovation index in Vietnam./ 73 REFFERENCES References in Vietnamese IP Vietnam, 2017, Papers of Workshop "Enhancing the motivational role of Intellectual Property to increase the creativity and competitiveness of the economy" - October 2017, Legislation and Policy Division, IP Vietnam IP Vietnam, 2019 Project on Construction of Vietnam National Intellectual Property Strategy Legislation and Policy Division, Intellectual Property Office of Vietnam (IP Vietnam) Nguyen Thi Phuong Mai, 2017, Ministry of science and technology task report no 06/HD-DT/VCLCS.17 “Research compliance with Vietnam's conditions and the disadvantages of the global exciting indicator (GII) application in Vietnam conditions”, Institute of Science and Technology Strategy and Policy Hoang Minh, Nguyen Vo Hung, Nguyen Thi Phuong Mai, Bui The Duy, 2018 Ministerial-level scientific and technological tasks in 2019 “Study the suitability and limitations of the Global Innovation Index (GII) applied in Vietnamese conditions”, Institute of Science and Technology Strategy and Policy References in English Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO, 2013 The Global Innovation Index 2013: The Local Dynamics of Innovation, Eds S Dutta and B Lanvin Geneva, Ithaca, and Fontainebleau: Cornell University, INSEAD, and World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Eurostat and OECD, 2005 Oslo Manual: Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting rd Innovation Data, edition Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Furman, J., Porter, M and Stern, S., 2002 The determinants of national innovative capacity Research Policy, 31(6), pp.899-933 Goldstein P and Reese R.A (2008) Copyright, Patent, Trademark and Related State Doctrines: Cases and Materials on the Law of Intellectual Property (6th ed.) New York: Foundation Press ISBN 978-1-59941-139-2 WIPO, 2004 WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook, ISBN 978-92-805-1291-5 74 References on Internet 10 Rod Falvey and Neil Foster (2006): “The Role of Intellectual Property Rights in Technology Transfer and Economic Growth”: Theory and Evidence, In cooperation with Olga Memedovic, UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION (UNIDO), available: https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/200904/Role_of_intellectual_property_rights_in_technology_transfer_and_economic_gr owth_0.pdf, accessed 15 July 2019 11 Glaeser, E L., H Kim, and M Luca 2017 ‘Now casting the Local Economy: Using Yelp Data to Measure Economic Activity’ Harvard Business School WorkingPaper18-022.Availableathttp://www.hbs.edu/faculty/ Publication%20Files/18-022_b618d193-9486-4de3- abc4-232e1baecbeb.pdf Accessed 15 July 2019 12 OECD 2010 The OECD Innovation Strategy: Getting a Head Start on Tomorrow Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 13 Trang, D., 2020 Science, Technology And Innovation Policies In Developed And Developing Countries, available at https://js.vnu.edu.vn/PaM/article/view/4150 Accessed 10 December 2019 14 OECD, 2013, Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2011 Paris: OECD OECD, 2016, Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2013 Paris: OECD 15 OECD Blue Sky Forum on Science and Innovation Indicators, 19–21 September 2016, Ghent, Belgium Available at http://www.oecd.org/innovation/ blue-sky.htm 16 WIPO, 2011 The Changing Nature of Innovation and Intellectual Property In World Intellectual Property Report 2011: The Changing Face of Innovation, Chapter 1, WIPO, available athttp://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/intproperty/944/wipo_pub_944_2011.pdf , accessed to on 15 August 2019 17 WIPO, 2020, Global Innovation Index 2019 Vietnam, available at https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2019/vn.pdf , accessed to on April 2020 18 WIPO, 2009 The Economics Of Intellectual Property Geneva: WIPO 75 19 Idris, K., 2003, Intellectual Property - A Power Tool for Economic Growth, WIPO, available at https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=3167&plang=EN 20 PORTER, M and STERN, S., 2002 National Innovative Capacity Hbs.edu Available at:https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Publication %20Files/Innov_9211_610334c1-4b37-497d-a51a-ce18bbcfd435.pdf> Accessed 24 March 2020 76 Appendix Table 4.1: Vietnam Rankings 2019 Strength/Weakness Index Indicator Name Score Rank Global Income Group Institutions 58,56 81 1.1 Political environment 58,55 57 Strength 1.1.1 Political and operational stability 82,46 32 Strength 1.1.2 Government effectiveness 46,6 71 Strength 1.2 Regulatory environment 57,25 90 1.2.1 Regulatory quality 31,26 97 1.2.2 Rule of law 48,21 59 1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal 74,77 101 Weakness 1.3 Business environment 59,88 106 Weakness 1.3.1 Ease of starting a business 84,82 1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency 34,93 Human capital and research 31,11 2.1 Education 61,22 2.1.1 Expenditure on education 53,35 24 2.1.2 Government funding per secondary student n/a n/a 2.1.3 School life expectancy n/a n/a 2.1.4 Assessment in reading, mathematics, and science 76,98 20 2.1.5 Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary n/a n/a 2.2 Tertiary education 24,74 81 2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment 21,88 85 Strength 80 110 Weakness 61 [18] Strength Strength Strength 77 Strength/Weakness Index Indicator Name Score Rank 38,13 46 2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering 2.2.3 Tertiary level inbound mobility 0,79 2.3 Research and development (R&D) 7,38 67 2.3.1 Researchers 8,36 58 2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D (GERD) 11,22 61 2.3.3 Global R&D companies, average expenditure top 2.3.4 QS university ranking average score top universities Global Income Group 104 Weakness 43 Weakness Weakness 9,93 64 Infrastructure 42,02 82 3.1 Information and communication technologies (ICTs) 57,55 82 3.1.1 ICT access 48,76 90 3.1.2 ICT use 38,73 92 3.1.3 Government's online service 73,61 57 3.1.4 Online e-participation 69,1 70 3.2 General infrastructure 39,26 45 3.2.1 Electricity output 6,25 81 3.2.2 Logistics performance 56,62 38 3.2.3 Gross capital formation 47,09 32 3.3 Ecological sustainability 29,23 100 3.3.1 GDP per unit of energy use 17,88 92 3.3.2 Environmental performance 46,96 3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates 16,49 Strength 104 Weakness 45 Strength 78 Strength/Weakness Index Indicator Name Score Rank Global Income Group Market sophistication 57,04 29 Strength 4.1 Credit 68,64 11 Strength Strength 4.1.1 Ease of getting credit 4.1.2 Domestic credit to private sector 63,12 16 Strength Strength 4.1.3 Microfinance institutions' gross loan portfolio 67,78 Strength Strength 4.2 Investment 33,14 4.2.1 Ease of protecting minority investors 4.2.2 75 29 108 Weakness 55 84 Market capitalization 14,5 41 4.2.3 Venture capital deals 8,07 37 4.3 Trade, competition, & market scale 69,33 35 4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted mean 84,92 61 4.3.2 Intensity of local competition 63,15 90 4.3.3 Domestic market scale 64,62 33 Business sophistication 30,01 69 5.1 Knowledge workers 22,83 5.1.1 Employment in knowledge-intensive services 0,17 5.1.2 Firms offering formal training 24,8 70 Weakness 5.1.3 GERD performed by business enterprise 9,76 42 5.1.4 GERD financed by business enterprise 81,91 5.1.5 Females employed with advanced 18,23 Strength 102 Weakness 117 Weakness Weakness Strength 83 Strength Strength 79 Strength/Weakness Index Indicator Name Score Rank Global Income Group degrees 5.2 Innovation linkages 20,04 86 5.2.1 University/industry research collaboration 38,59 75 5.2.2 State of cluster development 45,24 74 5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad 8,53 64 5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals 13,78 49 5.2.5 Patent families filed in at least two offices 0,2 84 5.3 Knowledge absorption 5.3.1 Intellectual property payments n/a 5.3.2 High-tech imports 100 5.3.3 ICT services imports 0,55 5.3.4 Foreign direct investment, net inflows 59,36 23 Strength 5.3.5 Research talent in business enterprise 28,68 51 Knowledge and technology outputs 35,56 27 6.1 Knowledge creation 8,13 80 6.1.1 Patent applications by origin 5,19 65 6.1.2 PCT international applications by origin 0,52 82 6.1.3 Utility model applications by origin 6,37 35 6.1.4 Scientific and technical publications 15,16 74 6.1.5 Citable documents H index 11,67 57 6.2 Knowledge impact 56,45 47,15 23 Strength Strength n/a Strength Strength 126 Weakness Weakness Strength Strength Strength 80 Strength/Weakness Index Indicator Name 6.2.1 Growth rate of GDP per person engaged 6.2.2 New business density 6.2.3 Score 93,62 Rank Global Income Group Strength Strength n/a n/a Total computer software spending 26,97 38 6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates 19,65 37 Strength 6.2.5 High-tech and medium high-tech output 48,42 27 Strength 6.3 Knowledge diffusion 42,08 18 Strength Strength 6.3.1 Intellectual property receipts n/a 6.3.2 High-tech exports 100 6.3.3 ICT services exports 0,7 6.3.4 Foreign direct investment, net outflows 25,55 71 Creative outputs 32,31 47 7.1 Intangible assets 43,71 53 7.1.1 Trademark application class count by origin 34,95 24 Strength 7.1.2 Industrial designs by origin 14,97 43 7.1.3 ICTs and business model creation 56,12 83 7.1.4 ICTs and organizational model creation 54,43 63 7.2 Creative goods and services 28,85 32 7.2.1 Cultural and creative services exports n/a n/a 7.2.2 National feature films produced 4,05 78 7.2.3 Entertainment and media market 1,27 56 Weakness n/a Strength Strength 125 Weakness Weakness Strength Strength 81 Strength/Weakness Index Indicator Name Score Rank 7.2.4 Printing, publications & other media output 15,65 70 7.2.5 Creative goods exports 68,23 10 Strength Strength 7.3 Online creativity 12,98 44 Strength 7.3.1 Generic top-level domains (gTLDs) 2,44 74 Strength 7.3.2 Country-code top-level domains (ccTLDs) 1,85 69 7.3.3 Wikipedia yearly edits 4,79 70 7.3.4 Mobile app creation 42,86 Global 13 Strength Income Group Strength Source: WIPO, 2020 82 Table 4.2: Growth rate (%) of Total Patents and Utility Models/Solutions applications of Residents - Vietnam in comparison with top ASEAN and North East Asia Note: Statistics not available * Indonesia: 2012; ** Thái Lan: 2015 Source: IP Vietnam ... Intellectual Property IPR Intellectual Property Right IP Vietnam Intellectual Property Office of Vietnam (previously NOIP) (previously National Office of Intellectual Property) NIC National Innovative. .. 1.3 Intellectual Property 22 1.3.1 Definition of Intellectual Property and related concepts 22 1.3.2 The role of Intellectual Property 24 1.4 Relation between Intellectual Property. .. AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO ENHANCE VIETNAM’S INNOVATIVE CAPACITY THROUGH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 58 3.1 Vietnam’s efforts to improve Intellectual Property – related indicators 58 3.1.1 Regulatory