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Bài viết trình bày tác động của biến đổi khí hậu đến kinh tế, xã hội vùng Ca-ta-lo-ni-a; ứng phó với biến đổi khí hậu ở Ca-ta-lo-ni-a hiện nay. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo!
N H I N RA NUOC NGOAI KINH NGHIEM 0NG PHO V6l BIEN DOI KHI HAU Oi VUNG TIJ TR! CA-TA-LO-NI-A, TAY BAN NHA TS TRU'ONG THI MY NHAN* Tic ddng cua bifin ddi hiu dfin kmh tfi - m hiOi vtog Ca-ta-lo-nl-a Ca-ta-lo-ni-a hay Ca-ta-lan li vung tg tri cua Tay Ban Nha Dan so khoang 7,5 tri$u dan (chifim 18% din sn Tiy Ban Nha) vi 32.000 km^ (6% dien tich) Ca-ta-lo-ni-a li mpt trcng nhirng vimg phit trifin nhit cua Tiy Ban Nba Bic-xe-lo-na la thu phii cHa khu tu tri Ca-ta-lo-ni-a giiu co nhSt Tay Ban Nha Voi dia hinh go ghfi, khong bing phing cila Tiy Ban Nha, bifin dfii hiu (BDKH) da CO sir tic dgng ding ke dfin vilng dit Phin ticb xu huong nhifit chn thay, cfi su gia ting nhiet trung binh hing nam kfi til giiia nhiing nim 70 thfi k^ XX vol su nong len mua dfing Nhiet dp nunc bifin Ca-ta-lan da tang khoing 1,FC cic vdng bifin cao nhat (tu - 50 m) va khoang 0,7''C viing bifin cfi dp siu 80 m vfing 35 nam qua (1974-2008) Ngunhi?t dp Cli tang nhu liien tlii dfin nam 2080, nhifit dp oTay Ban Nha se tang khpang 4°C Theo kich ban pbit thai cap iihiet dp Tiy Ban Nha duoc du bio se tang dfiu dan khoing 0,4°C/thap k^ trpng mua dfing va khoang tit 0,6°C - 0,7°C vio miia he Nhiet dp tren bn' bifin se tang khpang 2"C, thip ban npi dia Sir gia tang nhifit dp dtt kifin vio cuni the ky XXI chenh lech khpang 3°C chp cic kich ban pbat thai cao vi kich bin n pbat thai thip Xam thlic man cic dong song Ca-talan: tang dp man ciia sfing la mpt van di tpan ciu xay d hiu hfit cac quoc gia tren tpin thfi gim, song mirc dp khnng gifing BDKH vi gia tang tifiu thu nuoc tra thinh van dfi nan giii Ca-ta-lan Mpt so nghien cliu vfi dp nbiim man ciia cac song vi dinh gii 24 tac dpng ro ret vi 19 tac d0ng tifim tang cua BDKH dfin cic nganh, viing kinh tfi o Ca-ta-lan da chn thay: vol nhiing thay ddi tnin ciu (nhu dan sfi tang, sin xuat tang, tieu ditng tang ) tic dpng ciia BDKH sfi phiic tap vfi ci quy mo va miic dp Cu thfi: - Nunc bifin dang, xam nhap man, nhiet dp tang cao da anh hu6ng dfin kinh tfi - xa hpi a vimg Ca-ta-lan, dac bifit la cac nganh kinh tfi, lam thay ddi co ciu cay trfing, vat nufii BDKH d i anh huong dfin ngudn nuoc, tit dd anh huong dfin nong nghiep vi da dang sinh bpc trpng vting Xam nhip mjn a cac dong snng gay tinh trang thifiu nufic sinh hpat vi tii6i tieu chp dpng rupng - Nhiet dp tang lim cbn tinb trang chay rimg lifin tifip xiy tren toan lanh thd Tiy Ban Nha, co vilng Ca-ta-lan - Vfi nang Iirpng, nhift dp tang Ifin cQng gay ip luc lorn hon vfi nSng lupng chp cic * Hoc vipi Chinh tri qii& gia Hi Chi Minh T«P rHi O U A N L* N H A Nl/(SC - S6 238 (11/Joi ei NHiN RA UMCIC NGOAI he thSng lam mat BDKH cOng anh hirong dfin du lich bifin ciia Ca-ta-lo-ni-a, trung tam du lich bifin lon nhit Tiy Ban Nha giam lugng khach du hch dfin khu virc ven bifin Ca-ta-lan Tuy nhifin, viec tang lugng khich du lich hon trieu lupt moi nam cimg tic dgng tro Iai doi vpi moi ttu&ng vfi BDKH (CO quan hiu Ca-ta-lan la mpt td chtic thugc Uy ban nay) Cac no lire trng v&i BDKH cua vilng Ca-ta-Io-nl-a bao gom ca thich itng va giam thifiu BDKH trfin cic nginh, Unh vuc khic Chifin lugc dfi bao gdm: ldng ghfip thich img vol BDKH vio cac chinh sich ifegphfi v6i BDKHftCa-ta-lan h i ^ cnng, quy dinh, kfi hoach vi chuong trinh; Nhan thiic ro nhung tac dfing to ion ciia chuyfin dich co cau kinh tfi thich iing va BDKH dfii vol cac muc tifiu tang tnrong va giim thifiu BDKH; thtic day dau tu, dac biet phat trien kinh te bfi'n vQng, chinh phu Tay la dau tutunhan,xacdinh nhting lira chpn Ban Nba va chinh quyfin Ca-ta-lan da co va CO hgi thich ling vol BDKH tai cic vilng nhieu no luc nhim giam nhe va thich ling anh hufag; xiy dimg kfi hoach bao ve tii nhien, thdc diy hnat dgng phat tiiin kinh voi BDKH, cii thfi: Thdnhit, thinh lap cic coquan chuyen tfi bfin viing; day manh nghifin ctm va sing ttich vi ban hanh cic chlnh sich dng phd tao thich ling, giim nhe BDKH; khuyfin khich chuyfin giao, nhan rfing kifin thiic, vdi BDKH mo hinh iing vfii BDKH; nang cao Nam 2006, dp nhiing tac dfing manh me nhan thiic ve BDKH va ling voi BDKH cua sir gia tang dan sn vi pbit thai khI nhi Gin diy, Chinh phu Tay Ban Nha da kinh, Tiy Ban Nba va chitih quyfin vimg da lap cac co quan chuyen trach ve phe duyfit Chifin lugc thich tmg BDKH CaBDKH, cu the la Oy ban BDKH (Climate ta-lan 2013 - 2020 Chifin Iupc xac dinh cac Change Commission) va Van phong BDKH khu vuc dia ly va cac boat dgng co nguy co Ca-ta-lan (Catalan climate change oiBce) cao dp BDKH va xem xet lira chpn thich dfi difiu phfii cac no lire ling vol BDKH ling iam giam su tdn thuong cua cac iinh ijy ban BDKH se chiu trach nhiem ban vuc kinh tfi - xa hpi va he thflng tu nhien hinh cac chinh sach, duong ifli iing voi Chifin lugc kfit hgp vi thuc hien cic BDKH Trong Van phong BDKH Ca- bien phap quy hoach, quan Iy rui ro, ta-lan chiu trach nhiem thuc hien cac hanh hanh dpng tot nhat dfi cii thien su thich img BDKH va kha nang phuc hoi dpng ling phn cu thfi Thdhai, cic bien phap gim phit thai Nfiu nhu o cap lien bang cp Bp Nong nghi?p, Moi truong vi Thuc pham chiu nhi kfnh trich nhiem ban hanh cic cbinb sach ve Phat thai nha kinh va cSc bien phap ling phn vol BDKH dp Bp tru6ng Bp Mpi giam thieu pbit thai nhi kinh la mgt truong phu trach va duoi la cac Uy ban vin dfi dupc chinh quyfin Ca-ta-lp-ni-a nfii Ufin bfi vfi BDKH se dam trach cac nhifim vu rieng vi Cliinb phu Tay Ban Nba rat quan Iifin quan dfin ling vol BDKH, thi cap tam Nam 2005 la nam phat thai nhi bang Ca-ta-lo-ni-a cung tuong tvr nhu vay kinh cao nhit Nguyen nhin boi su gia tang Bp tnrong vimg se chiu trach nhiem clii dao din sn, gia tang khach du Uch dfin Bac-xficic vin dfi kinb tfi - xa hpi, moi truong In-na va tang dau tu van linh vuc xay dung trpng pham vi tham quyfin dtrpc giao, CO ban Tuy nhien, dfin nam 2008, dp anh CO vin dfi BDKH va co ijy ban Uen vimg huong cua khiing hoang kinh tfi thfi gioi TAP CHiOUAN LY N H A Nl/(SC-S6238 111/2ni;i m^ Nl/OCNGOAl diu tu xay dvmg co ban giim, tir phat thai nha kmh cung giim tuong tmg Ben canh do, nhting he luy phit thai nha kinh tang anb hirong dfin cac nginh sin xuat, moi truong vi sue khoe cua nguoi din ciing tao sue ep bupc ciiinh quyfin Ca-ta-lp-ni-a ban hinb nhifiu ciiinh sich nhim giam phat thii nhi kinh (nhtr chinh sich mua bin quyfin phit thai nha kinh thcng qua cic hpi chg, khuyfin khich cac doanh nghifip tbam gia vao chiing nhin quyfin pbit thai nha kmh, tuyen truyfin sit dung nang iugng sach trongnnngnghiep ) Chuong trinh khimg vfi BDKH giai doan 2008 - 2012 phit bgp voi Nghi dinh thu Kyoto dfi nhifiu muc tifiu, cp muc tifiu cit giim phit thai nhi kinh xuong trieu tan klii nhi kinh (GHG) phit thii mfii nam Muc dich ciia chuong trinb kbung ngoii viec tuan thti diing cam kfit cua Tay Ban Nba vol EU, cpn la muc tifiu chn cic thna thuan dim pbin trpng giai dpan 2013 2020 Nhor nhtrng no Ivic trfin, nam 2011, lugng thii nha kinh tren diu nguori o Ca-ta-lo-ni-a giim xuflng miic binh quin 6,1 tin/nguoi/nam, tuong duong vpri nhiing nam 90 thfi ky XX, thap hon miic dmh phat thai nam 2005 khoing 26%, thip hon ci miic binh quin phit thai nhi kinh cua toin Tiy Ban Nha (7,6 tin/ngtiol va thap hon nliifiu so vol mtic 9,1 tan COz ciia EU Nam 2011, 45,9 trifiu tan, binh quin dau nguori khoang 5,6 tin) Ngoii ra, Ufit kiem va gia tang hifiu qui Sli dung nang lupng, dac biet la nang lupng sach, nang lugng co kha nang tai tap dugc chinh quyfin Ca-ta-lp-nl-a hfit siic chu trgng Ngiy 30/8/2011, chinb quyen vimg niy da phe duyfit Chupng trmh tifit kifim va bifiu qui nang lugng cac toa nha nhim giim muc tieu thu ning lugng, tang hipu qua nang Iupng va giam chi plii nang lugng Cac chuong trinh tren c6 tac dgng lon dfin tit ci cic co quan cong quyfin nhim dat muc tieu giim 11% tifiu thu nang lugmg vao nam 2015 vi giam hfla don tien dien 4,4% Dfli vol nang lugng tai tag: kfi hoach ning lugng va BDKH 2012 - 2020 dat trpng tim vao cic ngufin nang lugng sach, dac biet li smh khfli, nang Iugng gig (bao gfim ci gio bien) va nang lugng mat troi (nhifit dien, quang dien vi iihi$t difin) Ben ctinh dn, chinh quyfin bang thu but cic sing kifin xiy dimg he thong giao thong xanh vol muc tieu bin dugc 76.000 xe dap dien Ddng thflri, cflng trnng kfi hpach niy, Ca-ta-Ip-nia cam kfit giam phat thii nhi kinh bing 25,3% nam 2015 tat ci cic cap nhim tao 20,1% cic ngudn nang lupng tai tao trpng tflng tieu thvt ning lugng Tuy nhien, tren thuc tfi, chinh quyfin chi cfl thfi bit buOc cac doanh nghiep nhi nuoc tham gia vio cam kfit giam phat thii nhi kinb (song sfl lupng cac dpanh nghifip nhi nuflc ft Ca-ta-ip-ni-a khpng nhifiu) Nam 2014, chi cfl 120 doanh ngbiep tham gia (tren miy nghin doanh nghiep), dfl 80% la doanh ngliiep tu nhan Day li so qua nho, song nfiu so sanh tren binh di?n chung ciia nhifiu nuftc cpng dflng chung cbauAutUdiyiaconsfl ding ghi tihjn Thdba, dcgaipbap thich dngvdiBDKH cac chinh sich thich img vfiri BDKH cua cic nganh kmh tfiftCa-ta-lo-ni-a dtrpc ban hinh dua tren nghifin ctiu cu thfi vi nhfing linh vuc chiu inh huftng manh ciia BDKH nhu nflng nghiep, dich vu du ljch vi miic dfl tfln thuong cua ttmg nginh dn BDKH giy ra, thpng qua cic giii phap sau diy: - Tuyen truyfin nang can nh|n thiic cua ngufti dan vi thlch iing vfti BDKH la mflt TAP CHf Q U A N Lf NH A NUOC - S6 238 (11 /20151 NHiN RA Nl/tfC NGOAl nhimg giii phip dugc chmh quyen Ca-ta-lo-ni-a quan tim Tuy nhifin, hg da gap nliifiu khfl khan dfi ngufti dan hifiu vfi tic dflng ciia BDICH Boi kbi chinh quyen nfli vfiri ngufti dan ve BDKH thi nguori dan Iufln nghi ring dfl la chuyen ciia tirong Iai Vi thfi, phucmg phip, ky nang myen truyfin ciia chinh quyfin li cn ging dua cic bing chirng dfi ngiroi din hifiu va tin ring li chuydn da vi dang xiy ra, tac dpng triic tifip dfin cuflc sflng, thu nb^p ciia bp dfi thay dfli nhan thiic vi hanh vi san xuit, tieu dimg - Xiy dung va ban hinh cic kich ban BDKH dfin cap vimg va nhft ban dfi iam can cir du bao cac tic dpng vi tim kifim cac giii phip thich ling, giam nhe cic tfln thutmg BDKH gay dfli vflri kinh tfi - xa hfli, treng dfl chu trpng dfin yfiu tfl nufirc bifin dang, inh huftng dfin sinh kfi nguoi din - Chuyfin dich co cfiu kinh tfi vfti vific ling phfl vfti BDKH: mflt sfl nghien ciiu ft chau Au cfl nghien ciiu tic d0ng ciia BDKH dfin chuyfin dich co ciu kinh tfi, dfl tinh inh huftng cua BDKH dfin GDP, viec lam Ngiiifin cttu niy chia chiu Au Iam nhifiu viing khic nhau, song chua danh gii dugc cv thfi tac dflng ciia chuyfin dich co ciu kinh tfi dfin vi?c giim thifiu vi thich img vflri BDKH Chuyfin dicb co can kinh tfi ft Tiy Ban Nha vin difin thuong xuyfin vfti sir thay ddi cia cic nginh, ngi nginh cung nhu ttmg vimg Trong ttmg khu virc rieng rfi cfl sij chuyfin dich co ciu kinh tfi ling phfl vfli BDKH (nhu khu trupt tuyfit, dich vu du lich bifin), nhung tren toin nginh thi khflng cfl sir chuyfin dicb co ciu kmh tfi nhim ung phfl vflri BDKH - Su dvmg dit bfin vimg: 65% ianh tho cua Ca-ta-lo-ni-a (khoing 20.000 ha) li riBig Dia Trung Hii Uutifinciia Chinh phti la thvc hi^n quin ly bfin virng rimg chii khong phii li cic ho?t dpng tii trflng ritng Tuy nhien, nam 2014, cfl 230 riing (175.000 cay) da dugc trflng lai bi hong mua bao, han hin Ca-ta-lo-ni-a la mgt nhm^ vimg tham gia du an rtmg tuong lai, mgt du in cua chiu Au nhim tang cuong ning hip thu cic bon va giam thifiu rui rp giy bftri BDICH, nhu 111 lut, ban ban, chiy rtmg va xni mfln dit Dac bifit, du in tip trung van danh gia nang Iuc thich ling ciia riing tnrftc tic dpng cua BDKH dfi tri kha nang phuc hoi, tai tao riing va bifin phip dfi rtmg cfl thfi gifip xa hfli thich ling vfti cic tic dgng ciia BDKH Thd tu, huy dong cac ngudn luc tai chfnh cho ling phd vdi BDICH a Tay Ban Nha khong cfl ngudn tii cbinb rifing dinh cho ling phfl vfti BDKH Ngufln kinh phi dugc liy tit ngan sich ciia cic khu tu tri thflng qua thu phi vi til EU (cic vimg bien gioi dugc cap ldnh phi nhifiu ban) Vimg Ca-ta-lo-ni-a ciia Tiy Ban Nha li vimg duyen hai huong Dia Trung Hii, li khu vuc cfl nhifiu difim tuong dong vfti cac dnh ven bifin Nam Trung Bp ciia Vi$t Nam Vi thfi, bai vifit ngiiifin cliu nhiing tac dflng ciia BDKH, cac giai phap tfl chfic bfl mayvi chuyen dich co can kinh tfi ling phfl vfti BDKH ctia Ca-ta-lp-ni-a nhim nit mflt sfl kinh nghifim cfl thfi ap dttngftViet Nam nfti chung va vimg ven bifin Nam Trung Bp nflirifingtrtroc dien bien cing nghiem trpng, khfl lirnng ctia BDKHn TiiU$utiiamkbio: Bio chuyin khio sat tai Tiy Ban Nha cua doan nghiin cdu khio sit Hoc vien Clilnh tri quoc ga Hd ChlMinh, thang 7/2014 Nhiim cia sdng - EI Medi Ambient TheWaterChanneL "Organic/^culture: Live it" Capmaing in Catalonia Tiy Ban Nha - Wikipedia TAP rHf O I I A N i f N H A NllOC - S6 238 111 /201 SI ... Gin diy, Chinh phu Tay Ban Nha da kinh, Tiy Ban Nba va chitih quyfin vimg da lap cac co quan chuyen trach ve phe duyfit Chifin lugc thich tmg BDKH CaBDKH, cu the la Oy ban BDKH (Climate ta-lan... trich nhiem ban hanh cic cbinb sach ve Phat thai nha kinh va cSc bien phap ling phn vol BDKH dp Bp tru6ng Bp Mpi giam thieu pbit thai nhi kinh la mgt truong phu trach va duoi la cac Uy ban vin dfi... Nl/(SC-S6238 111/2ni;i m^ Nl/OCNGOAl diu tu xay dvmg co ban giim, tir phat thai nha kmh cung giim tuong tmg Ben canh do, nhting he luy phit thai nha kinh tang anb hirong dfin cac nginh sin xuat, moi