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This manuscript exposes the considerations and analysis elements of sanitation and drinking water in Colombia (South America) in terms of some indicators, investments and realities, with the purpose of establishing the gaps and analyzing the possible solutions and alternatives to reach the universal goals of toppings.
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 10, Issue 12, December 2019, pp 241-246, Article ID: IJMET_10_12_026 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=12 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359 © IAEME Publication ANALYSIS OF SANITATION CONDITIONS IN COLOMBIA CASE STUDY: ATLANTICO DEPARTMENT Rodríguez Miranda, Juan Pablo Profesor Titular Facultad del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas Espinosa Romero, Ana Patricia Directora Programa de Ingeniería Ambiental Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de La Guajira Salcedo Parra, Octavio Profesor Titular Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas Profesor de Planta, Departamento de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Industrial, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá ABSTRACT This manuscript exposes the considerations and analysis elements of sanitation and drinking water in Colombia (South America) in terms of some indicators, investments and realities, with the purpose of establishing the gaps and analyzing the possible solutions and alternatives to reach the universal goals of toppings Keywords: Sanitation, sewage, drinking water, water resources Cite this Article: Rodríguez Miranda, Juan Pablo, Espinosa Romero, Ana Patricia, Salcedo Parra, Octavio, Analysis of Sanitation Conditions in Colombia Case Study: Atlantico Department International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology 10(12), 2019, pp 241-246 http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=12 INTRODUCTION The availability of the water resource, is dependent on the supply and demand of the same, understand the supply of water as, the amount offered or amount of water available naturally (essential input), according to the influence of the hydrological cycle of the area of study, and the demand for water, as the quantity demanded due to the different anthropic and natural activities in the study area, and especially in a river basin Given the above, there may be a balance in the water balance, that is, a situation where water supply and demand are equal or approximately equal; in others there may be a surplus of water, the supply of water is higher than the demand, and in addition, there may also be a water deficit, that is the demand for water exceeds its supply According to an IPCC report (IPCC., 2008) a basin is considered to have water stress when its water availability per inhabitant is less than 1000 m3/year or when http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 241 editor@iaeme.com Rodríguez Miranda, Juan Pablo, Espinosa Romero, Ana Patricia, Salcedo Parra, Octavio the ratio between water withdrawal and the annual average runoff is greater than 0.4 The same study considers that a volume of water greater than 1000 m3 per inhabitant per year is sufficient for domestic, industrial and agricultural uses According to IDEAM data (IDEAM, 2004; IDEAM, 2014) , in Colombia there is a water yield of 56 L/s km2 (it is above the world average, 10 L/s km2 and the Latin American average,21 L/s km2); an annual volume of surface runoff 2012 km3 (equivalent to an average flow of 63789 m3/s); the total per capita of surface runoff is 57000 m3/year and a total volume of precipitation of 3267 m3 equivalent to 2864 mm/year, which means that 62% of the precipitation becomes runoff; the environmental natural stored supply is 38 km3 but it is not distributed homogeneously in the regions of the country; Therefore, there is a heterogeneous distribution of water supply and demand, given the elements of water yields in each area According to IDEAM (IDEAM, 2014) , the water supply in the municipal headwaters is 7.5% through underground water, 4.4% through reservoir, 1.3% through block water, 3.5% through ground and surface water mixing, and 83.3 % by surface water (rivers, streams, pipes, springs or reservoirs) Regarding the demand for water in Colombia (IDEAM, 2014), it states that: for agricultural activities 46.6%, energy activities 21.5%, livestock activities 8.5%, domestic activities 8.2%, industrial activity 5.9%, aquaculture activities 4.6%, mining activity 1.8%, hydrocarbon activity 1.6% and service activity 1.3% According to figures from the Housing, City and Territory Ministry of (HCTM) of Colombia for the drinking water and basic sanitation sector, for 2017, the total aqueduct coverage (urban 97.8% and rural 73.2%) was 92.4%, sewerage total (urban 91% and rural 70%) of 88.0%; 52 % of municipalities in Colombia are without risk in the quality of drinking water and 48% have at least low risk for drinking water consumption; the continuity of the drinking water service on average is 20 hours per day in 62% of the municipalities and in the remaining 38%, there is a continuity between 10 to 20 hours per day DEVELOPING 2.1 Sanitation in Colombia According to (IDEAM, 2014), the biodegradable organic load (BOD5 ) discharged to water systems after treatment in Colombia was 756945 Tons per year equivalent to 2102 tons per day; for the chemical oxygen demand (COD) it was 1675616 tons per year equivalent to 4654 tons per day; for total suspended solids (TSS) it was 1135726 tons per year equivalent to 3154 tons per day; for total nitrogen (TN) of 126345 tons per year equivalent to 350 tons per day; for total phosphorus (TP) it was 31915 tons per year equivalent to 88 tons per day; the largest contributor is the domestic sector with 69% (61% for COD, 91% for TSS, 84% for TN, 92% for TP), then the industrial sector with 28% (37% for COD, 7% for TSS, 16% for TN, 7% for TP)) and then the coffee maker with 3% (2% for COD, 1% for TSS) The load removed by wastewater treatment by the domestic and industrial sector for BOD is 32.1%, for COD of 31.6%, for TSS of 26.3%, for TN of 2.0% and for TP is 1.7% The National policy for the integral management of water resources (MAVDT, 2010), established that in terms of the water supply, the ecosystems and hydro biological processes on which the country's water supply depends must be conserved; for the demand for water, the demand for water in the country must be characterized, quantified and optimized, according to the activities and quality is added, where the objective is to improve the quality and minimize the contamination of the water resource Therefore, it is important to establish that the inputs that must be taken into account for an adequate analysis and planning of the basins, may have aspects of uses and criteria of surface water quality, norm of discharges for surface waters, identification of users in the basin and the adequate analysis of the environmental impacts associated with the activities generated in the basin, because this http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 242 editor@iaeme.com Analysis of Sanitation Conditions in Colombia Case Study: Atlantico Department affectation limits and restricts the use of the water resource, but does not contemplate the environmental aspects and their valuation, in terms of the WWTPs with respect to the water basins In the BID document (BID, 2004) , Millennium Development Goals in Latin America, a Universal goal was established, halving the percentage of people who lack access to drinking water and basic sanitation, which leads to high investments in each country to reach that goal According to the Andean Development Corporation (ADC), in the Latin American infrastructure management study (ADC, 2009), it established that households in Latin America with access to water on the property is 87%, with access to public sewerage is 58% and toilet connected to a sewer or septic tank is 66% and also complements that Colombia has 10% to 19.9% of the population with an inadequate system of disposal excreta In the basic indicators report, of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO, 2012) , for Latin America, 80% of the population has access to an adequate water supply, 54% of the population has access to an adequate sanitation system; Our country has 92% of the total population with access to drinking water sources (99% in the urban area and 72% in the rural area) and 77% of the total population with access to sanitation facilities (82% in the urban area and 63% in the rural area) Other indicators establish that the coverage (urban and rural) of water supply is 91% and basic sanitation of 85% (Sánchez DeG, 2013; Castro, 2014) The coverage of the aqueduct is 81.26% and the sewer system is 66.08% for the Department of Cundinamarca, (Marín L, 2011) However, in an analysis of the sector, it is established that our country (water coverage 88%) that in the 90s was above the average (average 85%) of Latin America and the Caribbean in terms of coverage of water, in the years 2000 to 2010, it was below the average (average 93%) of Latin America and the Caribbean in terms of water coverage and in recent years 2011 to 2013, it is above the Latin American and the Caribbean average (ACODAL, 2013) The National Plan for the management of municipal wastewater in Colombia (MAVDT, 2004), mentions that 237 MWWTP (21.7% of the municipalities of the country) have been built in the country, generating 67 m3/s and 10% of them, the 10% presents a proper functioning and the rest of the WWTPs are not aware of the real state of functioning and operation and also, it is established that they not treat all the wastewater produced by the aforementioned municipalities An increase in the flow of wastewater of 75.95 m3/s has been observed in 2010, but only 18.93 m3/s equivalent to 24.92% of the wastewater generated in 454 built WWTPs is treated (MAVDT, 2010) The most used technologies in the MWWTS, are aerobic and anaerobic lagoons (55%), activated sludge (22%), percolating filters (14%), anaerobic up flow reactor (9%); however, the status of the MWWTP built (454), 24% (108) has a good state, 27% (122) in a regular state, 22% (100) in a poor state and 27% (124) is unknown state (MAVDT, 2010) In the study (MAVDT, 2004) it is mentioned that there must be an interrelation between the MWWTP, the sewage system and the receiving body, where the concepts of integral management of the water resource are taken into account; pressure on the resource, preservation of basins and potential uses of the source, but the environmental assessment of the WWTPs with respect to water basins is not established Additionally, it can be mentioned according to the World Bank that the per capita cost for wastewater treatment is US $ 100 (Marín L, 2011) However, in the technical report on wastewater treatment systems in Colombia - baseline 2010 (Marín, 2012) , it states that of the 1119 Colombian municipalities, 490 have WWTP (43.80%) and of these, they are a total of 556 WWTP in Colombia, where the largest number of WWTP are in the Cundinamarca and Antioquia Departments The installed capacity of the WWTP was 33.2 m3/s, and as conclusion of the report it states: lack of monitoring and control of the processes; water characterizations are not carried out, control of the input and output flow is not carried out and the design flows are not known in such a way that the operation of the systems is carried out empirically, autonomously and routinely; lack of knowledge of the http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 243 editor@iaeme.com Rodríguez Miranda, Juan Pablo, Espinosa Romero, Ana Patricia, Salcedo Parra, Octavio operated systems, this does not allow to clearly plan the expansion and optimization of the treatment systems; lack of corrective and preventive maintenance of wastewater treatment systems; absence of vector control and sludge management programs; control over nonresidential wastewater discharges and monitor compliance with existing regulations In addition to the above, according to the analysis of the Colombian Association of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering (ACODAL, 2013) , it states that 31% of cities in Colombia have WWTP (primary treatment 29% and 1% tertiary treatment); where there has been an incorrect selection of technologies, high investment and operation costs (although the investment destined to the treatment of wastewater does not reach 1% of the amount invested or destined in drinking water) and a poor protection of water sources, which puts environmental sustainability at risk, due to the contamination of water resources, given the obsolete premise being used, that the water resource in Colombia is infinite 2.2 Some Solutions in Regional Planning On the other hand, management strategies are focused on the regional planning of the water resource, the optimization of the wastewater treatment plants built and the promotion of new treatment alternatives, and the reuse of the wastewater as well as review, update and regulatory development for the adjustment of policy instruments, but the environmental assessment of the WWTPs in relation to water basins is not mentioned However, conserving the water basin through the more efficient allocation of the resource and also assessing the effects resulting from development works and pollution on the water resource in particular and in the general environment (García LE, 1998), but it was done essential reference to what is politically viable and technically desirable, but without the explicit environmental assessment of the WWTP on the water basin 2.3 Case study Department of the Atlantic, Colombia Within the three sub-regions covered by the dike channel, one of the most affected regions has been “The High Sub-region” in which damages accumulate - according to the Atlantic Governorate , December 2010 - in municipalities such as Manatí and Campo de la Cruz del 100%, Candelaria 60%, Santa Lucia and Repelón 40%, Suán 10% and in the Sabanalarga corregimientos (pablo and aguada de pablo) of 3%, this being equivalent to saying that there is an affectation of 13000 homes and 185,000 people affected But before the flood of this part of the Atlantic department, it had an unsatisfied basic needs index (IBN) of 24.7% according to DANE 2005 and the coverage of the aqueduct service 90% urban (50% rural), of the service of sewage system of 50% urban (38% rural) and cleaning service 80% urban according to the MAVDT 2010, and the picture was sad and bleak in terms of drinking water and basic sanitation, although with valuable efforts of former departmental governments, but still being insufficient to maintain a water security considered as the use of the productive capacity of the water, reduction of the destructive force, eradication of poverty, better education and increase of the standard of living - in the populations of the department, which leads to that problems of water diseases arise due to population growth, low coverage of aqueduct services, sewerage and cleanliness, and the rapid urbanization with a high share of overcrowding, along with diarrhea and cholera among other diseases, which are some of the causes of infant death due to the intake of contaminated water, which generate subsequent effects as a delay in growth and malnutrition Therefore, with the adequate and total access of the population to drinking water and basic sanitation services, social and economic development of human settlements is obtained But returning to the situation that arises in the south of the department and seeing the drinking water and basic sanitation systems of the aforementioned municipalities, totally under the http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 244 editor@iaeme.com Analysis of Sanitation Conditions in Colombia Case Study: Atlantico Department waters of the Magdalena River, only leads to reflect and act before the opportunity to build new scenarios to have a better quality of life, which lead to having to manage and develop elements of drinking water and basic sanitation, in a sustainable and balanced way, taking into account social, economic and environmental interests, in order to provide a service that of well-being to the population, decrease levels of morbidity and mortality due to water diseases, decrease the infant mortality rate, increase life expectancy by improving the health and hygiene of the population, reduce poverty, increase labor productivity and reduce social spending for diseases and poverty assistance, among others This situation experienced due to the flood catastrophe, is an investment opportunity in the drinking water and basic sanitation systems in this region of the department, to increase the coverage of the aforementioned services and offer a better quality of life to people that today are in a social, economic and environmental situation of disadvantage This opportunity indicates investments - based on the single window quality management system document, project eligibility and feasibility, MAVDT and the reference values of the Development Ministry and World Bank study (cost per inhabitant) - approximate according to conservative USD calculations $ 104,895,000 distributed in drinking water supply system (aqueducts) of 51.31%, collection and treatment of sewage (sewage) of 47.18% and cleaning system (solid waste) of 1.5%, which would indicate that according to what it establishes WHO (2004) “improving the water supply reduces morbidity from diarrhea by 6% to 21%; improving sanitation reduces diarrhea morbidity by 32%, hygiene measures, including education on the subject ” It is the time to act and be decisive in the human and economic development of the department CONCLUSIONS In terms of environmental or basic sanitation, it is observed that more state efforts are needed to comply with the universality of the public water and sewage service, without neglecting the fulfillment of sustainable development objectives, especially with ODS No 6, clean water and sanitation, to establish sanitary facilities to guarantee universal access to drinking water and basic sanitation The implementation of a precise environmental policy, to advance in a true integrated management of water resources, which leads to decontamination plans of water bodies, departmental water plans to guarantee coverage of aqueducts and sewers, environmental recovery of water bodies and appropriations of water investment resources for the improvement of existing infrastructure and construction of new ones are necessary in Latin American countries THANKS The authors are grateful that the secondary information obtained for the preparation of this manuscript was with official figures from IDEAM, MVCT, MADS and environmental authorities in Colombia (South America) REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] ACODAL (2013) Agua potable y saneamiento: Colombia se rezaga en el contexto Latinoamericano, pasa de ocupar el puesto en coberturas al 13 Bogotá: Asociación Colombiana de Ingeniería Sanitaria y Ambiental ACODAL (2013) Aguas residuales y ciudades Bogotá: Asociación Colombiana de Ingeniería Sanitaria y Ambiental Ashrafi, O e (2013) Greenhouse gas emission by wastewater treatment plants of the pulp and paper 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the quality of drinking water and 48% have at least low risk for drinking water consumption; the continuity of the drinking... existing regulations In addition to the above, according to the analysis of the Colombian Association of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering (ACODAL, 2013) , it states that 31% of cities in Colombia. .. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 242 editor@iaeme.com Analysis of Sanitation Conditions in Colombia Case Study: Atlantico Department affectation limits and restricts the use of the water resource, but does not