Zuzana Poórová · Zuzana Vranayová Green Roofs and Water Retention in Košice, Slovakia Green Roofs and Water Retention in Košice, Slovakia Zuzana Prová • Zuzana Vranayová Green Roofs and Water Retention in Košice, Slovakia Zuzana Poórová Faculty of Civil Engineering Technical University of Košice Košice, Slovakia Zuzana Vranayová Faculty of Civil Engineering Technical University of Košice Košice, Slovakia ISBN 978-3-030-24038-7 ISBN 978-3-030-24039-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24039-4 (eBook) © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland The simple act of saying “thank you” is a demonstration of gratitude in response to an experience that was meaningful to oneself It is a general state of thankfulness and appreciation Thank you, Zuzana Vranayová, for changing my life and showing me how to be a better person František Vranay, for the constant help and father-daughter love Daniela Káposztásová, for being the person that I needed the most, an older sister, a friend, and a tutor Martina Rysulová, for being my Queen Thank you, Martina Zeleňáková, for showing me how to not waste a minute Pavol Purcz, for the “yes, not yet, something better is about to come” theory Gabriel Markovič, Jaroslav Varga, and Róbert Lečko, for making my green dreams come true Friends, thank you for trying to make my life normal Special ones, thank you for leading me to all the simplified spectrum of amazing things Mum and dad, thank you for everything Preface In chaos theory, the butterfly effect is the sensitive dependence on initial conditions in which a small change in one state of a deterministic nonlinear system can result in large differences in a later state In the context of the growing number of inhabitants within the city’s structures, the faces of settlements are changing Without words, we accept the changes, destroying squares and city centers, stopping playgrounds and green areas Greenery and trees are being pushed further away from us on the periphery We let down the oncedecisive public spaces One cannot spend all his life in just one room, so even when he comes out, he needs to change the space that the surrounding world should offer him The outer space of the present world has a problem Its solution could be the proportionality of the territory’s infrastructure In addition to the interest on how to correct the miserable urban environment of the present day, the criterion for choosing this book was also a close connection with willingness to bring light to this modern issue The book is more interested in the phenomenon of green and water and their relationship with the study area, but especially with the human The work is interdisciplinary, between architectural, engineering, and urban study fields Each chapter starts with a motto, a short phrase, and a main message of individual part of the work Chapter Questionnaire is written in a quite not typical way It is the longest chapter of this work, but it is very important to the reader for understanding the next chapters and their logical order The questionnaire focuses on climate change, ecology, microurbanism, legislation, green roofs, retention, and economy which are the main ideas of the next chapters of this work, which are always coming back to the graphical or numerical evaluation of the questionnaire According to the evaluation, partial conclusions of the chapters are made On the other hand, the partial evaluations of the questionnaire are the driving torques for some chapters, and the data from the questionnaire is used to complete the example In the last chapter of this work, AHP (analytic hierarchy process) method uses data from the questionnaire vii viii Preface Chapter focusing on a climate change describes in a very big scale the primary reason of the book In the chaos theory, the butterfly effect is the sensitive dependence on initial conditions Small change (building a green roof) in one state can result in large differences in a later state (climate change) The chapter is very topical with many political messages Chapter about heat islands provides the reader basic information about this problem The chapter is a continuation of a previous one, but in a smaller scale In the end, possibilities on how to proceed beating heat island are listed, again with the focus on green roofs Chapter Colors is an introduction to the combination of the main idea of this research, blue-green cooperation The theory of colors in a smaller scale (a building with a green roof and retaining water on/in it) can also be implemented in a bigger scale (urbanism of the city with the potential to change traditional roofs into green roofs) Chapter Košice describes the study area of this book: its geographical features but also its history The city was chosen as an example to show how the method of implementing green roofs on the top of the buildings can be used in other cities by taking the same steps as this research Chapter Modeling Košice Heat Island Map refers to the temperature data The chapter is a combination of previous theoretical information that collides into the creation of the first graphical outcome of this work, Košice Heat Island Map Chapter Modeling Košice Green Roofs Map refers to the humidity data that are used to create second graphical outcome of this work, Košice Humidity Map, and third graphical outcome of this research, Košice Green Roofs Map The chapter uses as an example six typical types of green roofs that may be used on a building following the map of humidity In this chapter, analytical hierarchy process of choosing a green roof by the user and his preferences are shown on a few examples The chapter also lets the reader see the possibility to continue research to verify data missing in this book In the Conclusion, the book is resumed Košice, Slovakia Zuzana Poórová Zuzana Vranayová Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Košice, for allowing me to conduct my PhD research and providing any assistance requested, my supervisor, Prof Ing Zuzana Vranayová, PhD, and consultant, Ing Stanislav Tóth, PhD I would also like to thank the very open minded Ing Jaroslav Varga, CSc., and his company, IZOLA Košice, s.r.o., for the support and help with the research on green roofs This work was supported by: VEGA 1/0217/19 Výskum hybridnej modrej a zelenej infraštruktúry ako aktívnych prvkov “špongiového” veľkomesta (Research of Hybrid Blue and Green Infrastructure as Active Elements of a “Sponge City”) APVV-18-0360 Aktívna hybridná infraštruktúra pre špongiové mesto (Active Hybrid Infrastructure Towards Sponge City) ix Abstract Green roofs Sustainability Water retention It all started with human dominion over nature The earth has always found a way to solve its impossible troubles Now it’s human’s turn The book is about position of nature in human’s life Balance of gray, green, red, and blue The work describes climate change and heat islands as a main disaster that must be solved Green roof is in a position of a tool solving water problems related to the abovementioned main causes The status of water in relation to the other elements, whether living or nonliving, is determined The investigation fullfils the MEANDER vision objectives of the research and offers exemplary urban solution for this struggling in predicting maps of green growth Interdisciplinary study culminates in a manual for human living in the city Keywords AHP; Climate change; Green roof; Heat island; Infrastructures; Maximum air temperature; Meander; Minimum humidity; Retention; Questionnaire xi Contents Questionnaire 1.1 Questionnaire Design 1.1.1 Questionnaire Advantages and Disadvantages 1.1.2 Questions 1.1.3 Interpretation of Questionnaire Results 1.2 Statistics 1.3 Respondents 1.4 Questionnaire Graphical Data Evaluation 1.5 Questionnaire Numerical Data Evaluation 1.5.1 Questions 1–3 on the Topic of Climate Change 1.5.2 Questions and 11 on the Topic of Regulations 1.5.3 Questions 4–5 on the Topic of Ecological Issues 1.5.4 Questions 6–9 on the Topic of Microurbanism 1.5.5 Questions 10–11 on the Topic of Legislation 1.5.6 Questions 12–16 on Topic of Green Roofs 1.5.7 Questions 17–18 on the Topic of Retention 1.5.8 Questions 19–20 on Topic of Economical Situation 1.6 Questionnaire Interpretation References 1 2 3 5 18 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 Climate Change Is Not a Threat of Future, It Is Already Happening Now 2.1 What Is Really Warming the World 2.1.1 Water, Hurricanes, Cities Under Water and Droughts 2.1.2 Climate Refugee 2.1.3 New York and Atlantic City Are Diving 2.1.4 Building on the Dunes 2.1.5 The Suffering of the Ordinary People 2.1.6 The War, the Conflicts Because of Drought and Asad 39 40 45 45 46 46 46 47 xiii 7.4 Green Roofs Beating Low Humidity in Košice 119 Table 7.8 Green roof 03 technical parameters Weight a 123.70 kg/m2 Layer height 13 ≈ cm Roof pitch 0–5 ° Water retention To verify Discharge coefficient To verify % Vegetation/aest.value Herbs-perrenials Water storage/ecovalue 44.00 l/m2 82.66 €/m Maintenance Cost factor a Weight specifications refer to saturated conditions; dry weight is approximately 60–70% of the saturated weight 7.4.4 Green Roof 04 Fig 7.6 Green roof 04 120 Modeling Košice Green Roofs Map Table 7.9 Green roof 04 layers Construction height – – 200 mm 125 g/m3 60 mm 600 g/m3 0.2 mm Vegetation Intensive substrate Filter fleece Drainage and water retention layer Protection and storage/retention fleece PE foil separation and glide layer Water storage capacity – – 88.1 4.9 17.0 l/m2 3.0 l/m2 Table 7.10 Green roof 04 technical parameters Weight a 326.00 kg/m2 Layer height 26 ≈ cm Roof pitch Water retention To verify Discharge coefficient To verify Vegetation/aest.value Woody plants Water storage/ecovalue ° % 113.00 l/m2 82.66 €/m2 Maintenance Cost factor a Weight specifications refer to saturated conditions; dry weight is approximately 60–70% of the saturated weight 7.4 Green Roofs Beating Low Humidity in Košice 7.4.5 121 Green Roof 05 Fig 7.7 Green roof 05 Table 7.11 Green roof 05 layers Vegetation Intensive substrate Filter fleece Drainage and water retention layer Protection and storage/retention fleece PE foil separation and glide layer Construction height – – 200 mm 125 g/m3 75 mm 600 g/m3 0.2 mm Water storage capacity – – 88.1 4.9 21.0 l/m2 3.0 l/m2 122 Modeling Košice Green Roofs Map Table 7.12 Green roof 05 technical parameters Weight a 306.50 kg/m2 Layer height 28 ≈ cm Roof pitch ° Water retention To verify % Discharge coefficient To verify Vegetation/aest.value Woody plants Water storage/ecovalue 117.50 l/m2 82.66 €/m Maintenance Cost factor a Weight specifications refer to saturated conditions; dry weight is approximately 60–70% of the saturated weight 7.4.6 Green Roof 06 Fig 7.8 Green roof 06 7.5 Implementing an Analytical Hierarchy Process 123 Table 7.13 Green roof 06 layers Vegetation Intensive substrate Filter fleece Mineral drainage and water retention layer Protection and storage/retention fleece PE foil separation and glide layer Construction height – – 200 mm 125 g/m3 95 mm 600 g/m3 0.2 mm Water storage capacity – – 88.1 4.9 14.6 3.0 l/m2 Table 7.14 Green roof 06 technical parameters Weight a 389.00 kg/m2 Layer height 30 ≈ cm Roof p itch ° Water retention To verify % Discharge coefficient To verify Vegetation/aest.value Woody plants Water storage/ecovalue 111.00 l/m2 82.31 €/m Maintenance Cost factor a Weight specifications refer to saturated conditions; dry weight is approximately 60–70% of the saturated weight 7.5 7.5.1 Implementing an Analytical Hierarchy Process AHP The user of the map may be solving complex decision problems about green roof construction Which green roof to pick according to his preferences The AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) is a flexible and yet structured methodology for analyzing and solving complex decision problems by structuring them into a hierarchical framework (Saaty 1980) The AHP procedure is employed for rating/ 124 Modeling Košice Green Roofs Map ranking a set of alternatives or for the selection of the best in a set of alternatives The ranking is done with respect to an overall goal, which is broken down into a set of criteria (objectives, attributes) The AHP procedure involves three major steps (Starr and Zeleny 1977; Jiang and Eastman 2000; Makropoulos et al 2003): – developing the AHP hierarchy; – pairwise comparison of elements of the hierarchical structure; – constructing an overall priority rating (Boroushaki and Malczewski 2008) 7.5.2 AHP Hierarchy The first step in the AHP procedure is to decompose the decision problem into a hierarchy that consists of the most important elements of the decision problem In developing a hierarchy, the top level is the ultimate goal of the decision at hand The hierarchy then descends from the general goal to the more specific elements of the problem until a level of attributes is reached Although the hierarchical structure typically consists of goal, objectives, attributes and alternatives, a variety of elements relevant to a particular decision problem and a different combination of these elements can be used to represent the problem (Saaty 1980; Boroushaki and Malczewski 2008) In a green roofs multicriteria analysis the alternatives are represented in database of types of green roofs Each layer contains the attribute values assigned to the alternatives, and each is related to the higher-level elements (i.e attributes) In the context of this research, following Boroushaki and Malzewskci, a typical three-level hierarchy of goal, objectives, attributes that are related to the alternatives that has been considered in order to demonstrate the spatial AHP procedure Figs 7.9 and 7.10 Accordingly, the spatial decision problem here involves a set of green roofs defined alternatives, a set of evaluation criteria (goal, objectives and attributes) and its associated weights (or preferences) The set of m (generally) alternatives is denoted here by Ai for i ¼ 1, 2, , m m ¼ (Green roof 01, Green roof 02, Green roof 03, Green roof 04, Green roof 05 and Green roof 06) The alternatives are to be evaluated with respect to a set of p objectives p ¼ (technological parameters, ecological parameters and economical parameters) Oq for q ¼ 1, 2, , p The objectives are measured in terms of the underlying attributes Thus, there is a set of n attributes n ¼ (weight, layer height, roof pitch, vegetation form/aesthetical value, water storage/ecological value, maintenance and cost factor), Cj for j ¼ 1, 2, , n, associated with the p objectives A subset of attributes associated with the qth objective is denoted by Ck(q) for k ¼ 1, 2, , l; l n To indicate the importance of the criteria, two sets of weights, Wq ¼ (w1, w2, , wp) and Wk (q) ¼ (w1(q), w2(q), , wl( p)) , are assigned to the objectives and attributes, respectively p P wq ¼ The performance of The weights have the following properties: wq [0, 1], q¼1 alternatives Ai with respect to attributes Cj is described by a set of standardized criterion values: X ¼ [xij]mxn; xij [0, 1] for j ¼ 1, 2, , n (Boroushaki and Malzewski 2008) 7.5 Implementing an Analytical Hierarchy Process Fig 7.9 AHP method_experts 125 126 Fig 7.10 AHP method_non expert Modeling Košice Green Roofs Map 7.5 Implementing an Analytical Hierarchy Process 7.5.3 127 Pairwise Comparison The pairwise comparison is the basic measurement mode employed in the AHP procedure The procedure greatly reduces the conceptual complexity of a problem since only two components are considered at any given time It involves three steps: – developing a comparison matrix at each level of the hierarchy, beginning at the top and working down; – computation of the weights for each element of the hierarchy; – estimation of the consistency ratio (Boroushaki and Malczewski 2008) The pairwise comparison method employs an underlying semantical scale with values from to to rate the relative preferences for two elements of the hierarchy: – – – – – 1-equal importance; 3-moderate importance; 5-strong importance; 7-very strong importance; 9-extreme importance The pairwise comparison matrix for objective level has the following form: A ¼ [aqt]pxp, where aqt , is the pairwise comparison rating for objective q and objective t The matrix A is reciprocal, that is, aqt ¼ aÀ1 qt , and all its diagonal elements are unity that is, aqt ¼ , q ¼ t The same principles apply to the attribute level as well At the attribute level, a pairwise comparison matrix is obtained for each of the objectives by comparing associated attributes; thus A(q) ¼ [akh(q)]lxl for q ¼ 1, 2, , p, where akh(q) is the pairwise comparison rating for attribute p and attribute h associated with objective q (Boroushaki and Malczewski 2008) 7.5.4 Constructing an Overall Priority Rating The final step is to aggregate the relative weights of objectives and attribute levels to produce composite weights This is done by means of a sequence of multiplications of the matrices of relative weights at each level of hierarchy The global weights of each criterion, wgj , are calculated as follows: wgj ẳ wq wkqị 7:1ị 128 Modeling Košice Green Roofs Map For the hierarchical structure defined in AHP hierarchy, the overall evaluation score, Ri of the ith alternative is calculated as follows: Ri ¼ n X wgj xij 7:2ị jẳ1 References ANQIP (2012) Portuguese association for quality and efficiency in building services Technical specification ETA 0701 – rainwater harvesting systems in buildings (version 8) Boroushaki S, Malczewski J (2008) Implementing an extension of the analytical hierarchy process using ordered weighted averaging operators with fuzzy quantifiers in ArcGIS Comput Geosci 34(2008):399–410 Getter KL, Rowe DB (2001) The role of extensive green roofs in sustainable Dev Hortsci 41(5):1276–1285 http://www.denvergreenroof.org/Downloads/MSU%20Report.pdf Jiang H, Eastman JR (2000) Application of fuzzy measures in multi-criteria evaluation in GIS Int J Geogr Inf Sci 14(2):173–184 Konasova S (2016) The efficiency of green roofs to mitigate urban heat island effect in Rio de Janeiro In: Al Ali M, Platko P (eds) Advances and trends in engineering sciences and technologies II Taylor & Francis Group/CRC Press, Boca Raton SBN: 978-1-138-03224-8 http:// www.crcnetbase.com/doi/abs/10.1201/9781315393827-80 Makropoulos C, Butler D, Maksimovic C (2003) A fuzzy logic spatial decision support system for urban water management J Water Resour Plan Manag 129(1):69–77 Mestská časť Košice Sídlisko KVP (2012) Profil mestskej časti (Description of the housing estate) http://www.mckvp.sk/samosprava/profil-mc/ Monteiro CM, Calheiros CSC, Pimentel-Rodrigues C, Silva-Afonso A, Castro MLP (2016) Green roofs as a tool to promote water efficiency in buildings, IAHS World congress on housing Institute for Research and Technological Development in Construction Sciences, Coimbra, pp 1–8 ISBN 978-989-98949-4-5 Niachou A, Papakonstantiou K, Santamouris M, Tsangrassoulis A, Mihalakakou G (2001) Energy and buildings, 33 Analysis of the green roof thermal properties and investigation of it energy performance, pp 719–729 Poórová Z, Vranayová Z (2014) Green roofs as a means of creating micro climate, humidifying dry air, water retention and unloading surface drainage Civil engineering 2014: Proceedings of the second international conference for PhD students in Civil Engineering and Architecture: Building the community of young researchers, 10–13 December 2014, UT PRESS, ClujNapoca, pp 453–460 ISSN 2392–9715 Poórová Z, Tóth S, Vranayová Z (2014) Potenciál zelenej strechy pre sídliská našich miest Správca bytových domov Roč 9, č (2014), s 17–19 ISSN 1336–7919 Saaty TL (1980) The analytic hierarchy process: planning, priority setting, resource allocation McGraw-Hill, New York, 437pp Starr, M.K., Zeleny, M., 1977 Starr MK, Zeleny M (1977) MCDM – state and future of the arts In: Starr MK, Zeleny M (eds) Multiple criteria decision making North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 5–29 United Nations (2014) World urbanization prospects: the 2014 revision (Highlights) United Nations – Department of Economic and Social Affairs, New York Conclusion The issue of green roofs and modeling of the city is well known and very wide these days The facts listed in the work are very fresh, intimate and lively The problem of climate change, heat islands, population density, and diversity of functions in the city stems from the relationship of infrastructures in which one component affects the others Malfunction of one of them means collapse As it can be seen in the dissertation, this situation could be improved by the gradual reclamation of the distorted fragments Based on the presented facts, whether from historical or actual problems, the environment for human life can be created with the correct ratio of the constituents – the settlements, the nature and the water The inconsistency of one of these components creates problems All the chapters of this thesis walked the reader through some topics leading to the main objective of this research Many researchers confirm the fact of climate change, reasons of heat island creation, lack of green and water in urbanized areas As a main problem of this work, the position of the water in relation to the other elements of whether living or non-living is determined Water has the enormous potential to be the true component of balance In climate change, the water/landscape ratio changes so much that it will not be possible to talk about the porosity of the country and the place of residence in the context of water The objective of this research was to prove and demonstrate that building green roofs is an effective tool for reducing air temperature and increasing relative humidity by retaining water in the area of rainfall, therefore, mitigating the effect of urban heat island Achieving this, case study on Košice city was defined and observed Košice is a built-up area, where the heat island occurs and its mitigation is needed in each housing estate differently, following the outcome of the thesis, Košice map of green roofs This interdisciplinary dissertation provides the reader example, how to pick the green roof according to someone’s preferences © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 Z Poórová, Z Vranayová, Green Roofs and Water Retention in Košice, Slovakia, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24039-4 129 130 Conclusion Conclusions and Benefits for Further Discipline Development – According to 200 respondents who completed the questionnaire about green roofs, the lack of green areas is affecting 84% of them Following this information, green must be understood as a part of living environment in the city (Chap 1) – Evaluating the questions of water, reuse of retained water after filtration for gardening, cleaning the car, washing clothes can be a positive contribution in green roof rain water agenda (Chap 1) – The topic of climate change is very actual, but it a topic of many discussions and differences Following the evaluation of the questionnaire, the researchers agree on the climate change The biggest challenge is to convince people to care now about the future (Chap 2) – Extreme weather such as floods and storms will increase the supply of water and decrease of groundwater in the future (Chap 2) – Green roofs help to reduce the amount of stormwater run-off (Chap 4) – Using green roof expansively in a city can help to cool the air (Chap 4) – Plants keep the roof cooler, because they use the sun’s energy to evapotranspire moisture using their leaves (Chap 4) – 2015 was the warmest year in the history records in terms of the surface temperature of the oceans since the beginning of observations (Chap 6) – City is characterized by impervious surface with high concentration of anthropogenic activities leading to significant increases in the air temperature and the surface temperature (Chap 6) – Košice was chosen as a study area to demonstrate the possibility to mitigate the urban heat island effect (Chap 6) – Green roof advantages concerning water management include the attenuation of flood peaks in extreme rain events due to stormwater runoff delay, acting like a meanders of the river through water storage in the layers of the green roof, and reduction into the public drainage system (Chap 7) – The weather stations with higher temperatures have lower humidity and the weather stations with lower temperatures have higher humidity (Chap 7) – Retaining water in the layers of the green roof means reducing the flood peak in the urban drainage system and reducing the risk of water distress (Chap 7) The further discipline developments are: – Roofing industry Estimating the life span and maintenance costs of traditional and green roofing materials – Paving industry Paving statistics, listing the surface characteristics of urban and rural public roads, random examination of pavements Investigating how stormwater run-off is mitigated, including the costs of installing and maintaining drainage systems – Landscape industry Statistics of local vegetation cover Coverage of urban areas Determine coverage of vegetation types for use in ecosystem analysis Conclusion – – – – – 131 Check the benefits of vegetation Look for statistics on oxygen production, air pollution removal, stormwater retention, energy savings provided by urban green Energy use Check electrical energy use, peak electricity demand, natural gas use Check what type of natural plant supply electricity area Air quality Check the local air quality Statistics on monitored pollutants Improve public good – air quality Human comfort and health Check comforts and discomforts on a community Improve public good – health Heat island research Creating more thermal images Improving cool roof modeling Creating detailed urban heat island map of each housing estate in Košice Creating heat island maps of other cities in Slovakia/world Biochar Mixing soil with biochar Resulting in using waste material Improving retention qualities of soil used on green roofs Conclusions and Benefits for Professional Practice – Nature has irreplaceable value People take ecology seriously and question about it are important for 86.5% of them (Chap 1) – According to the respondents of the questionnaire from different regions: central Europe (Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Austria, Germany, Slovenia, western Europe (France, Great Britain, Belgium, Ireland), Southern Europe (Spain, Portugal, Croatia, Italy, Greece), eastern Europe (Ukraine, Russia, Romania), northern Europe (Latvia) and world (Ecuador, Brazil, USA, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Afghanistan, India, Taiwan, Australia) after numerical evaluating of their responses, the conclusion is that agreements like Kyoto protocol are necessary to 81% Regulations about sustainability and ecology are important (Chap 1) – Numerical evaluation of the question of green affecting people proves that 84% of respondents agree that that lack of green areas is affecting them and that hard surfaces change local microclimate (53% say yes, 31% say partially yes) Following this information, green must be understood as a part of living environment in the city (Chap 1) – 90.5% of 200 respondents (49.5% saying yes and 41% saying partially yes) agree that building green roof may affect change in microclimate (Chap 1) – Evaluating the questions of regulations people (60.5%) don´t know if the legislation of green roofs is secured in the country they live in They should be more informed Also they think building a green roof should be mandatory (41%) (Chap 1) – Evaluating the questions of the most important reason to build a green roof, 75% people agree that the reason to build a green roof is sustainability and ecology and technical specifications (Chap 1) 132 Conclusion – According to 70% of respondents after numerical evaluation of the questionnaire related to this thesis, the owner of a green roof should have financial benefits of sewerage charge (Chap 1) – Building critical projects because of climate change like Big U (Chap 2) – Threat in the politics and the governments that refuse to participate in the climate summits (Chap 2) – Urban building materials are impermeable and watertight, so moisture is not available to dissipate the sun’s heat The idea is to use different surface materials, available to dissipate heat (Chap 3) – There are three heat island mitigation strategies: the use of cool roofing, the use of cool paving, the use of vegetation and trees (Chap 3) – The global goals for sustainable development, the theory of infrastructure and the targets of SDG 11 go hand in hand (Chap 4) – Urban water issues lead to water challenge Cities should take action and contribute in water problems collaborating with citizens (Chap 4) The further discipline developments are: – Implementation of green infrastructure Green infrastructure developments are slower than other (red, grey, blue) infrastructure developments – Water as a parameter Defining the number (amount of water) that must be saved on/in a building Depending on the urban area, where the building is situated and other specifications – Environmental building certification Water retention as one of the parameters of sustainable building – Criteria for legislation Lower temperature Raise water retention Following the criteria, green roof can be designed in different areas differently – Creating an app Application helping users to decide what kind of green roof build on a building following few input data Resulting in options: (1) rise of eco index, (2) rise of retaining water, (3) possibilities of green roof construction types – Ranking Using other mathematical processes (OWA and AHP_OWA) by structuring decision problems into a hierarchical framework to perform more exact green roof map of Košice, but also other cities – Wetland roof Continuous type of green roof – Photovoltaic green roof Combination of green roof and photovoltaic systems Low surrounding temperature means high performance of the photovoltaic panel Conclusions and Benefits for Education – According to the evaluation of the questionnaire, 660.5% of the respondents answering the question of climate change don´t have much information about climate change and its affect on human migration, politic situation (Chap 1) Conclusion 133 – Following the results of this thesis and the questionnaire, people want to be informed about possibilities how to protect the environment The change in thinking about the environmental issues leads to more education about these topics (Chap 1) – People think they are familiar with building systems like: “Nature-Based Solutions”, “Re-Naturing Cities” (Chap 1) – People say they are not enough informed about green roofs (Chap 1) – The questionnaire for this thesis was educational for the users People believe they should be informed (Chap 1) – Accepting new terminology caused by climate change People who can be specified as climate refugees (Chap 2) The further discipline developments are: – Educating Supporting education of children in early age about environmental issues Publishing a book about environmental basics ... (Figs 1. 2, 1. 3, 1. 4, 1. 5, 1. 6, 1. 7, 1. 8, 1. 9, 1.1 0, 1.1 1, 1.1 2, 1.1 3, 1.1 4, 1.1 5, 1.1 6, 1.1 7, 1.1 8, 1.1 9, 1.2 0, 1.2 1, 1.2 2, 1.2 3, 1.2 4, 1.2 5, 1.26 and 1.27) of displaying multivariate data in the... 1.4 8, 1.4 9, 1.5 0, 1.5 1, 1.5 2, 1.5 3, 1.5 4, 1.5 5, 1.5 6, 1.5 7, 1.5 8, 1.5 9, 1.6 0, 1.6 1, 1.6 2, 1.6 3, 1.6 4, 1.6 5, 1.6 6, 1.6 7, 1.6 8, 1.6 9, 1.7 0, 1.7 1, 1.7 2, 1.7 3, 1.7 4, 1.7 5, and 1.76) A test result... testing heavily used in the analysis of experimental data (Figs 1.2 9, 1.3 0, 1.3 1, 1.3 2, 1.3 3, 1.3 4, 1.3 5, 1.3 6, 1.3 7, 1.3 8, 1.3 9, 1.4 0, 1.4 1, 1.4 2, 1.4 3, 1.4 4, 1.4 5, 1.4 6, 1.4 7, 1.4 8, 1.4 9, 1.50,