l MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY NGUYỄN THỊ VÂN A STUDY OF IDIOMS BY CLOTHES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE FROM A PERSPECTIVE OF COMPONENTS (NGHIÊN CỨU THÀNH NGỮ THUỘC CHỦ ĐỀ TRANG PHỤC TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT TỪ BÌNH DIỆN HỢP PHẦN) M.A THESIS Field: English Language Code: 8220201 Hanoi, 2018 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY NGUYỄN THỊ VÂN A STUDY OF IDIOMS BY CLOTHES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE FROM A PERSPECTIVE OF COMPONENTS (NGHIÊN CỨU THÀNH NGỮ THUỘC CHỦ ĐỀ TRANG PHỤC TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT TỪ BÌNH DIỆN HỢP PHẦN) M.A THESIS Field: English Language Code: 8220201 Supervisor: Đặng Nguyên Giang, Ph.D Hanoi, 2018 STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled “A Study of Idioms by Clothes in English and Vietnamese from a Perspective of Components” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person‟s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis Hanoi, 2018 Nguyễn Thị Vân Approved by SUPERVISOR Đặng Nguyên Giang, Ph D Date:…………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The thesis could not have been completed without the help and support from my suppervisor, teachers and closest relatives First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Mr Đặng Nguyên Giang, Ph D, my supervisor, who has patiently and constantly supported me through the stages of the study, and whose stimulating ideas, expertise, and suggestions have inspired me greatly through my growth as an academic researcher Many thanks go to my colleagues and many others whose support and encouragement help me to have this thesis accomplished Last but not least, I am greatly indebted to my family for their patience, endless love, and devotion Whatever choices I have made, they have always stood by me and believed in me I am immensely thankful for all the assistance they have given me It is the support of all of the above that has enabled the completion of this study, and for this I remain eternally grateful ii ABSTRACT An investigation of idioms by clothes in English and Vietnamese in terms of structural and semantic components is carried out in the present study Componential analysis, describing, comparing and contrasting are regarded as the main methods used in the current thesis The findings of the study are concerned with the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese idioms by clothes in terms of (1) structural components and (2) semantic components In order to collect the data, a hand search approach of the dictionaries in both languages has been conducted, which helps to establish a corpus of 89 idioms by clothes in English and 50 idioms by clothes in Vietnamese.In the present study, a common theoretical framework on idioms by clothes is applied to both English and Vietnamese The structural and semantic components involve three types of idioms existing in our data: symmetrical, similized, and non-symmetrical (Nguyễn Công Đức (1995), Hoàng Văn Hành (2008)) The structural components of each idiom type are realized, described and analyzed according to grammatical rules suggested by Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, & Svartvik (1985).The semantic components of each idiom type involve the motivation degrees (transparent, semi-transparent, semiopaque, and opaque) (Fernando & Flavell (1981), Fernando (1996)), the association between the literal readings and the idiomatic meanings (Langlotz, 2006), and the semantic composition of component parts (Hoàng Văn Hành, 2008) The findings of the current study also reveal that most of the idioms in both English and Vietnamese are analyzable and have meanings that are at least partly motivated The thesis also presents the implications for idiom teaching and translation iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Aims of the Study 1.3 Research Questions 1.4 Scope of the Study 1.5 Significance of the Study 1.6 Research Methods 1.7 Design of the Study CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Theoretical Background 2.1.1 Idioms Defined 2.1.2 Idioms from Traditional and Cognitive Views 2.1.3 Functions of Idioms 10 2.1.4 Idioms and other Language Units 12 2.2 Previous Research 15 2.2.1 Previous Research Works on Idioms in English 15 2.2.2 Previous Research Works on Idioms in Vietnamese 17 2.3 Summary 19 CHAPTER 3: DATA AND METHODOLOGY 20 3.1 Componential research 20 3.2 Analytical research 22 3.3 Data Collection 23 3.4 Data Analysis 25 3.5 Procedures 26 3.6 Summary 27 CHAPTER 4: STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC COMPONENTS OF 28 IDIOMS BY CLOTHES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE iv 4.1 Structural Components of Idioms by Clothes in English and 28 Vietnamese 4.1.1 Symmetrical Idioms by Clothes 28 4.1.2 Similized Idioms by Clothes 30 4.1.3 Non-Symmetrical Idioms by Clothes 32 4.2 Semantic Components of Idioms by Clothes in English and Vietnamese 35 4.2.1 Motivation Degrees of Symmetrical Idioms by Clothes 35 4.2.2 Motivation Degrees of Similized Idioms by Clothes 36 4.2.3 Motivation Degrees of Non-Symmetrical Idioms by Clothes 37 4.2.4 Composition of Semantic Components of Idioms by Clothes in 38 English and Vietnamese 4.3 Comparision between English and Vietnamese Idioms by Clothes 39 4.3.1 In Terms of Structural Components 40 4.3.2 In Terms of Semantic Components 41 4.4.Idioms and their Importance for english Language Learners 42 4.5 Implications for Idiom Teaching and Translation 44 4.6 Summary 45 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 47 5.1 Summary of the Findings 47 5.2 Concluding Remarks 48 5.3 Recommendations for Further Studies 49 REFERENCES 51 APPENDIX 1: A CORPUS OF 89 IDIOMS BY CLOTHES IN I ENGLISH APPENDIX 2: A CORPUS OF 50 IDIOMS BY CLOTHES IN VIETNAMESE v V CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale Vietnam is on the path of development and intergration not only with the countries in the region but also with countries around the world Therefore, learning and using English in communication becomes very important and necessary All English learners in general and Vietnamese learners in particular desire to master English as native speakers However, people often face to a lot of difficulties that prevent them from gaining successful conversations One of the reasons of these problems is that they meet difficulty in understanding and using idioms in communication Each nation‟s language lies in itself similar and different concepts on many fields such as customs and traditions, ways of thinking, religious beliefts, behavior standards, social conventions, ect Words and expressions including idioms have formed the vocabulary system of a language and make specific characteristics of each nation both material and spiritual values Hence, investigating the idioms in both English and Vietnamese always attracts many authors with many different studies It is clear that studying idioms is not new; nonetheless, it has never been old In Vietnam, there exist three approaches in studying idioms: etymology, synchronic evolution, and comparison and contrastive analysis (Hoàng Văn Hành, 2008) Firstly, the investigations on idioms under etymology go into macro field These studies focus on the formation and transformation of each idiom during its existence It is hard work taking a lot of time and energy The method mainly used in these studies is the etymologizing, i.e the origins of idioms are recovered in order to make the forms and the idiomatic meanings transparent Hoàng Văn Hành (2002) and Tiêu Hà Minh (2007) are the typical authors who pay attention to this area The second approach in studying idioms is synchronic evolution Descriptive method is used in these studies from which the underlying cultural factors behind the idioms are partly interpretable This area of study attracts a lot of authors such as Trương Đông San (1974), Nguyễn Lực & Lương Văn Đang (1978), Nguyễn Cơng Đức (1995), Hồng Văn Hành (2008), etc Studying idioms under comparison and contrastive analysis is the third approach The studies under original recovery and synchronic evolution are the backgrounds for comparison and contrastive works Several attempts have been made to work out the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese in terms of emotion expressing idioms (Nguyễn Văn Trào, 2009), idiomatic verb phrases (Nguyễn Văn Long 2010), idiom translation (Nguyễn Thị Lan, 2001; Hoàng Thị Minh Phúc, 2009), structural and semantic components of idioms (Đặng Nguyên Giang, 2013), etc In fact, there have been so far studies on idioms such terms as human feelings, colors, geography, animals, and time and so on from different perspectives However, to my best of knowledge, there have not been any studies investigating idioms by clothes in English and Vietnamese from a perspective of components Therefore, this investigation is carried out to help learners of Vietnamese and English as a foreign language improve their understanding of idioms by clothes, especilally from the perspective of components 1.2 Aims of the Study The study is conducted to improve English teaching and learning in general and idiom teaching and learning in particular The findings of the study, to some extent, help the teachers and the learners have a better understanding of English and Vietnamese languages through the idioms by clothes In order to achieve the aim, the study is intended to reach the following objectives: - to uncover how the components of idioms by clothes are organized structurally and semantically in English and Vietnamese; - to find out the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese idioms by clothes in terms of structural and semantic components; - to give some implications for idiom teaching and translation 1.3 Research Questions The objectives of the study can be elaborated into the research questions as follows: - How are the components of idioms by clothes organized structurally and semantically in English and Vietnamese? - What are the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese idioms by clothes in terms of structural and semantic components? - What are the possible implications for idioms teaching and translation? 1.4 Scope of the Study This study investigates idioms by clothes in both English and Vietnamese from a perspective of components The study focuses on the idioms by clothes selected from recently published dictionaries All the authors of these works affirm that the idioms in their books are both current and used, or undersood, by most native speakers 1.5 Significance of the Study Theoretically, this study will add some basic theories of English and Vietnamese idioms, specially the idioms by clothes from the perspective of components This helps to find out the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese idioms by clothes in terms of structural and semantic components It also contributes to the knowledge of linguistics in general and of idioms by clothes in particular Practically, for language teaching (both English and Vietnamese), the study facilitates learners‟ communication because language is for communication, and idioms are an indispensable part of common expressions (Cowie, Mackin & McCaig, 1993, p x) The work will provide assistance to English-speaking learners of Vietnamese and Vietnamese learners of English to distinguish one kind of idioms from others in each language The work will also enable learners to tell when idioms in English and Vietnamese are similar and different, which is likely to be useful for their study Language teachers will be aided to help their learners reach this communicative goal For translation, knowledge of idioms from this work will help translators find closest equivalents to the expressions in the source language 1.6 Research Methods 1.6.1 Major Methods Due to the main aims and objectives of the study, description, componential analysis, contrastive exploitation and experimental method have been chosen as major ones Firstly, the description, componential analysis are utilized in order to give a In addition, we have to know how to put the idioms into logical context, to understand and analyze the structure and semantics of the idioms in context so that we can understand and use idioms effectively From my point of view, to understand and use the idioms in good and effective expressions, both the teachers and the learners must understand the structure and semantics of those idioms in each context Therefore, through this thesis, teachers and students can apply strural and semantic anlysis method Applying this method, both can easily guess the meaning English idioms and use flexiblely in writing and communication 5.3.3 Suggestions for further studies In this research topic, the author concentrates only on analysis of the structure and semantics of the idioms of clothes, thus indicating the similarities and differences between them, helping learners and teachers They can flexibly use them in everyday communication However, in order to understand and apply flexible idioms, more research is needed on idioms in various aspects such as culture, metaphor, or idioms in each specific context to see the specific characteristics of the language because the idiom is considered a particular language unit, which is different from the word, structure, and expressions To understand the idiom and use it, the user has to be flexible in each specific situation Idioms are synonyms of words that are meant to be completely different from the dictionary and literally of a single word The meanings of idioms by clothes are usually different from the meanings of the combination of their individual component parts This is because idioms by clothes contain themselves underlying cultural factors which form their own typical nuances and styles It can be said that the biggest 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Hanoi, Vietnam Đặng Nguyên Giang (2009) Idiomatic Variants and Synonymous Idioms in English VNU Journal of Science, Foreign Languages, 25 (2), 81-85 Đặng Nguyên Giang (2011) Idiom Variants and Synonymous Idioms in English and Vietnamese: The Similarities and Differences VNU Journal of Science, Foreign Languages, 27 (4), 273-280 Đặng Nguyên Giang (2012) Bàn thêm đặc tính ngữ nghĩa thành ngữ tiếng Việt [On the semantic properties of Vietnamese idioms] Từ điển học Bách khoa thư, 15 (1), 38-43 Đặng Nguyên Giang (2013) Structural and Semantic Components of Typical Idioms in English and Vietnamese Unpublished doctoral dissertation, ULIS Đặng Nguyên Giang & Nguyễn Văn Minh (2015) Thành tố ngữ nghĩa thành ngữ đối xứng tiếng Anh tiếng Việt [Semantic components of symmetrical idioms in English and Vietnamese] Từ điển học Bách khoa thư, 3, 46-51 Đặng Nguyên Giang (2016) Một số yếu tố chi phối hình thành thành ngữ tiếng Anh tiếng Việt [Some factors affecting the formation of idioms in English and 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Nam [A dictionary of Vietnamese idioms and proverbs] Hà Nội: Nxb Văn học Hồ Lê (1976) Vấn đề cấu tạo từ tiếng Việt đại [Word-forming of modern Vietnamese] Hà Nội: Nxb Khoa học Xã hội Nguyễn Văn Long (2010) Linguistic Features of English and Vietnamese Idioms: A Contrastive Analysis Lambert Academic Publishing Nguyễn Lực & Lương Văn Đang (1978/2009) Thành ngữ tiếng Việt [A dictionary of Vietnamese idioms] Hà Nội: Nxb Khoa học Xã hội Nguyễn Văn Mệnh (1972) Về ranh giới thành ngữ tục ngữ [Idioms vs proverbs] Ngôn ngữ, Nguyễn Văn Mệnh (1986) Vài suy nghĩ góp phần xác định khái niệm thành ngữ tiếng Việt [Some thoughts in contributing to the definition of idioms in Vietnamese] Ngôn ngữ, 3, 12-18 Tiêu Hà Minh (2007) Đi tìm điển tích thành ngữ [Seeking idioms‟ classic references] Hà Nội: Nxb Thông Tấn Đái Xuân Ninh (1978) Hoạt động từ tiếng Việt [Performance of Vietnamese words] Hà Nội: Nxb Khoa học Xã hội Vũ Ngọc Phan (2000) Tục ngữ, ca dao, dân ca Việt Nam [Proverbs, popular songs and 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Phạm Xuân Thành (1992) Để luận giải ý nghĩa thành ngữ tiếng Việt với tư cách đơn vị ngơn ngữ văn hóa dân gian [Explaining the meanings of Vietnamese idioms - a unit of linguistics and folk culture] Văn hóa Dân gian, 1, 62-65 Phạm Xuân Thành (1993) Cơ sở hình thành biến đổi thành ngữ tiếng Việt [Grounds for the formation and variation of Vietnamese idioms] Văn hóa Dân gian, 1, 55-58 Nguyễn Đức Tồn (2006) Từ đông nghĩa tiếng Việt [Synonyms in Vietnamese] (111-128) Hà Nội: Nxb Khoa học Xã hội Nguyễn Văn Trào (2009) Emotion Expressing Idioms in English and Vietnamese: A Contrastive Analysis Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Queensland, Australia Nguyễn Văn Tu (1976) Từ vốn từ tiếng Việt đại [Words and vocabulary in modern Vietnamese] Hà Nội: Nxb Ðại học Trung học Chuyên nghiệp Cù Đình Tú (1973) Góp ý kiến phân biệt thành ngữ với tục ngữ [Opinions on how to demarcate idioms and proverbs] Ngơn ngữ, 1, 39-43 Cù Đình Tú (1983) Phong cách học đặc điểm tu từ tiếng Việt [Styles and rhetoric in Vietnamese] Hà Nội: Nxb Đại học Trung học chuyên nghiệp Viện ngôn ngữ học (2004) Từ điển tiếng Việt [A dictionary of Vietnamese] Đà Nẵng: Nxb Đà Nẵng Bùi Khắc Việt (1981) Thành ngữ đối tiếng Việt [Symmetrical idioms in Vietnamese] In Giữ gìn sáng tiếng Việt mặt từ ngữ [Keeping the purity of the Vietnamese language in terms of words and phrases] Hà Nội: Nxb Khoa học Xã hội Nguyễn Như Ý, et al (1998) Từ điển giải thích thành ngữ tiếng Việt [A dictionary of Vietnamese idioms] Hà Nội: Nxb Giáo dục Nguyễn Như Ý (2002) Từ điển thành ngữ tiếng Việt phổ thông [A dictionary of common Vietnamese idioms] Hà Nội: Nxb Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội 59 APPENDIX A CORPUS OF 89 IDIOMS BY CLOTHES IN ENGLISH Symmetrical Idioms by Clothes all dressed up and nowhere to go all mouth and trousers all talk and no trousers belt and braces belt and suspenders fur coat and no knickers Similized Idioms by Clothes as bright as a button dressed like a dog‟s dinner fit like a glove Non-symmetrical Idioms apron strings at the drop of a hat big girl's blouse birthday suit bluestocking boot is on the other foot by the seat of your pants cut your coat according to your cloth dead men's shoes 10 deep pockets 11 dig your heels in 12 down at heel 13 drag your heels 14 dress to kill 15 dressed to the nines 16 dyed-in-the-wool 17 eat my hat I 18 feather in your cap 19 fly by the seat of one's pants 20 get someone‟s shirt off 21 gloves are off 22 goody two-shoes 23 grey suits 24 hand in glove 25 hang by a thread 26 hard on someone's heels 27 have a trick up your sleeve 28 have your collar felt 29 hot under the collar 30 If the cap fits, wear it 31 in another's shoes 32 in someone's pocket 33 keep it under your hat 34 keep your pants on 35 keep one‟s shirt on 36 keep your wig on 37 kick up your heels 38 kick your heels 39 kid gloves 40 knickers in a twist 41 knock your socks off 42 laugh up your sleeve 43 lay a glove on 44 lose your shirt 45 notch on your belt 46 off the cuff 47 old hat 48 on pins and needles 49 only the wearer knows where the shoe pinches II 50 out of pocket 51 pass the hat 52 pop your clogs 53 pull up your socks 54 pull yourself up by your bootstraps 55 put a sock in it 56 put it on the cuff 57 put yourself in someone's shoes 58 shoe is on the other foot 59 shoestring 60 show someone a clean pair of heels 61 smarty pants 62 take to your heels 63 take your hat off 64 take your hat off to somebody 65 talk out of your hat 66 throw down the gauntlet 67 throw your hat in the ring 68 tighten your belt 69 too big for your boots 70 too big for your britches 71 tough as old boots 72 trail your coat 73 under someone's heel 74 under your belt 75 velvet glove 76 walk a mile in my shoes 77 wear many hats 78 wear sackcloth and ashes 79 well-heeled 80 work your socks off III APPENDIX A CORPUS OF 50 IDIOMS BY CLOTHES IN VIETNAMESE Symmetrical Idioms by Clothes áo ấm cơm no (So) áo cộc quần manh (So) áo rách khố ôm (So) áo rách quần manh (So) áo vải cờ đào (O) ăn mặc bền (So) ăn đói mặc rách (So) ăn đói mặc rét (So) bóc áo tháo cày (O) 10 chân giày chân dép (So) 11 cơm áo gạo tiền (So) 12 cơm ăn áo mặc (So) 13 cơm nặng áo dày (So) 14 cơm nhà áo vợ (So) 15 cơm no áo ấm (So) 16 giá áo túi cơm (So) 17 giật gấu vá vai (So) 18 khăn đóng áo chùng (So) 19 khăn đóng áo dài (So) 20 khố rách áo ơm (So) 21 mớ ba mớ bảy (So) 22 mớ bảy mớ ba (So) 23 mũ cao áo dài (So) 24 mũ cãng cân đai (So) 25 no cơm ấm áo (So) 26 quần chúng áo dài (So) 27 quần áo lượt (So) 28 quần manh áo vá (So) IV 29 quần nâu áo vá (So) 30 quần tam tụ ngũ (O) 31 sửa túi nâng khăn (So) 32 xắn váy quai cồng (So) Similized Idioms by Clothes đen nhung (St) mềm lụa (St) óng mượt tơ (St) the thé xé vải (St) trắng (St) vênh váo khố rợ phải lấm (St) Non-symmetrical Idioms by Clothes áo bào gặp ngày hội (So) áo gấm đêm (So) áo gấm làng (So) chó cắn áo rách (So) chó có váy lĩnh (So) dạy đĩ vén váy (So) khen phò mã tốt áo (So) kéo áo người đắp bụng (So) mũ ni che tai (So) 10 may áo tiếc dải (So) 11 may váy phòng (So) 12 vén tay áo số đốt nhà táng giấy (So) V ... Chapter 4, structural and semantic components of idioms by clothes in English and Vietnamese, is divided into two main parts: structural components of idioms by clothes in English and Vietnamese, ... same points with the authors above, in the present study we once again suppose that most idioms in both English and Vietnamese are analyzable and have meanings which are at least partly motivated... and expressions including idioms have formed the vocabulary system of a language and make specific characteristics of each nation both material and spiritual values Hence, investigating the idioms