This page intentionally left blank Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran Beatrice Forbes Manz uses the history of Iran under the Timurid ruler Shahrukh (1409–47) to analyze the relationship between government and society in the medieval Middle East She provides a rich portrait of Iranian society over an exceptionally broad spectrum – the dynasty and its servitors, city elites and provincial rulers, and the religious classes, both ulama and Sufi The work addresses two issues central to premodern Middle Eastern history: how a government without the monopoly of force controlled a heterogeneous society, and how a society with diffuse power structures remained stable over long periods Written for an audience of students as well as scholars, this book provides the first broad analysis of political dynamics in late medieval Iran and challenges much received wisdom about civil and military power, the relationship of government to society, and the interaction of religious figures with the ruling class B E A T R I C E F O R B E S M A N Z is Associate Professor of History at Tufts University, Massachusetts Her previous publications include The Rise and Fall of Tamerlane (1989) and, as editor, Studies on Chinese and Islamic Central Asia (1995) Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilisation Editorial Board David Morgan (general editor) Virginia Aksan, Michael Brett, Michael Cook, Peter Jackson, Tarif Khalidi, Chase Robinson Published titles in the series are listed at the back of the book Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran BEATRICE FORBES MANZ Tufts University CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521865470 © Beatrice Forbes Manz 2007 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2007 ISBN-13 ISBN-10 978-0-511-26931-8 eBook (EBL) 0-511-26931-5 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 ISBN-10 978-0-521-86547-0 hardback 0-521-86547-6 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate For Eve and Ellen Manz, with love and admiration 302 Index Isfahan (cont.) political structure 118–19, 120–21, 124–25, 130 regional armies 123, 157, 158, 168, 256 religious personnel and activity 168, 241, 255 and Sult. an Muh.ammad 254–57, 259, 261, 271 T al ar-i Tım urı 168 Isfand b Qara Y usuf Qaraqoyunlu 35 Isfarz 125 Isfizar 126, 130, 182 Isfiz arı, Muqın al-Dın Zamchı 62, 68, 107, 108, 120, 182, 194, 196, 230 aq Khuttal anı 41, 240, 243 Ish. Iskandar b Qara Y usuf Qaraqoyunlu 35, 41, 42, 45 sons of 256 Iskandar b qUmar Shaykh, Mırza (d 818/ 1415) 29, 32, 39, 53, 121, 124, 127, 129–30, 147, 148–50, 152, 158, 171, 177, 216, 280 building activities 31, 104, 170, 175 character 13, 164 patronage 30–31, 41, 56, 63, 166–68, 179 rise to power and defeat 131, 133, 164 Islamic law, see sharıqa fı b Sayyid Ah.mad Tarkhan, Ism aqıl S.u emir 114  fı Tarkhan b Amır Sayyidi, emir 260 Ism aqıl S.u fı, shaykh (shrine of) 219 Ism aqıl S.u qIzz al-Dın, Malik 125 Jaqfar al-S. adiq 185 Jaqfarı, Jaqfar b Muh.ammad al-H usaynı 33, 53, 245 Jagh ara 233 Jagh arapı, Bah ap al-Dın qUmar, shaykh (d 857/ 1453) 59, 61, 64, 196, 205, 206, 222, 226, 228, 233–35, 237, 251, 269, 270, 278–79 mausoleum of 234 relations with emirs and dynasty 59–60, 61, 221, 278 Jagh arapı, N ur al-Dın Muh.ammad b Bahap al-Dın qUmar 61, 71, 234 Jah an b Uch Qara 24 Jah angr b Temur ă 16, 17 Jah angr b Temur, ă line of 14, 20, 24, 25, 26, 114 Jah anmalik b Malikat, emir 22, 24 Jah ansh ah b Chekuă Barlas, emir 13334 Jah ansh ah b Qara Y usuf Qaraqoyunlu 34, 45, 119, 212, 219, 259, 262, 271, 274, 280 al-J ajarmı, Shams al-Dın Muh.ammad (d 864/ 1459–60) 216, 217 Jal al al-Dın qAbd al-Ghaffar, see Samarqandı, Jal al al-Dın qAbd al-Ghaffar Jal al al-Dın qAbd al-Rah.ım b qAbd Allah Lis an, s.adr 213–14, 219 ayazıd, emir 263 Jal al al-Dın B Jal al al-Dın b Rustam b.qUmar Shaykh, Mırz a 47 Jalal al-Dın Ish.aq, father of qAbd al-Razzaq Samarqandı, see Samarqandı Jalal al-Dın Lut.f Allah, s.adr (d 842/1438–39) 213 Jalal al-Dın Muh.ammad 97, 262, 268, 273 Jalal al-Dın Mukhlis., vizier 101 Jalal al-Dın Murshid, vizier 151, 273 Jalal Islam 69, 106–07, 126 Jalalı fortress, see Shiraz Jalayir tribe 153, 156 Jalayirid dynasty (1336–1432) 18, 19, 29 Jam 70, 90, 116, 224, 242, 248, 258, 260 Jam, shaykhs of 108, 193, 197, 199–200, 210–11, 222, 224–28 relations with Timurids 224–26, 243–44 Jam, shrine of 194, 206, 209, 221, 222–23, 224–28, 278 administration 224–26 Jamı, Ab upl Fath b Shihab al-Dın Ab upl Makarim 225 amı, Ah.mad, shaykh, see Ah.mad-i Jam J Jamı, qAlap al-Dın Ab upl Maqalı qAlap al-Mulk 225 Jamı, qAzız Allah (d 902/1496–97) 197, 226  ı Mah.m Jamı, Baba Akh ud 194 Jamı, Burhan al-Dın Nas.r b Ah.mad 224 Jamı, Diyap al-Dın Y usuf (d 797/1394–95) 224–25 Jamı, Jalal al-Dın b Rad.ı al-Dın Ah.mad b Jal al al-Dın 225 Jamı, Jalal al-Dın Y usuf b Shams al-Dın Muh.ammad 211 Jamı, Muqın al-Dın, vizier 224 Jamı, Murshid al-Dın qAbd al-qAzız 225 Jamı, N ur al-Dın qAbd al-Rah.man (d 898/1492) 64, 73, 204, 217, 222, 232 Jamı, Qut.b al-Dın Muh.ammad b Shams al-Dın Mut.ahhar 224 Jamı, Rad.ı al-Dın Ah.mad b Jalal al-Dın 225 Jamı, Shihab al-Dın (d 736/1335–36 or 738/ 1337–38) 224 Jamı, Shihab al-Dın Ab upl Makarim 193, 222, 225–27, 235, 278 Jamı, Shihab al-Dın qUmar b Muqın al-Dın 225, 226 J amiqal-taw arıkh-i H asanı of Taj al-Dın H asan b Shihab Yazdi 37, 53, 124, 245 J amiqal-taw arıkh of Rashıd al-Dın 33, 41 al-Jazarı, Shams al-Dın Ab upl Muh.ammad (d 833/1429) 10, 58, 64, 77, 166, 168, 211, 216, 239, 243, 249 Jerusalem 229 Jezhd 96 jirga 103 Jiruft 149 Jochi, son of Chinggis Khan 8, 9, 28 judge, see q ad.ı Junabad 95, 107 Index  Jun ab adı, Zayn al-qAbid ın, Sayyid 66–67, 83, 85, 86, 92, 107 Jurj anı, Sayyid qAlı (Sayyid-i Sharıf) (d 816/ 1413) 10, 30, 63–64, 149, 155, 166, 204, 215, 218, 243 Jurj anı, Shams al-Dın Muh.ammad b qAli, Sayyid 166, 215 Jurmapı 127 Juwaynı, qAt ap al-Malik, descendants of 94 Kabul 14, 17, 24, 26, 33, 40, 42, 54, 123, 259, 269 kadkhud a 118, 144 K al ar, Niz  am al-Dın Ah.mad b Dap ud, vizier 87, 88, 89, 98, 106 Kalat 185 Kam al al-Dın Shaykh H usayn of Khwaf 120, 204 kar am at 191, 194 graves 71, 183–86, 220–21 rulers 60, 191 shaykhs 59, 193, 199, 200, 202, 226, 228, 236 ad al-Dın Mut.ahhar 263 Karizı, Mawl an a qIm K ar-Kiy a Ah.mad (of Ranikuh) 143–44, 145 K ar-Kiy a N as.ir (of Larijan) 143–44, 253 K ar-Kiy apı sayyids 53, 136, 142–44, 280 Kartid dynasty 68, 96–97, 105, 108, 121, 196, 208, 212, 213, 219, 220, 224, 226 Kashan 32, 114, 123, 126, 132, 252, 256 Kashghar 26, 41, 46 Kashgharı, Saqd al-Dın, Shaykh 71, 201, 205, 226–27, 228–30, 234–35, 237 K ashifı, H aqiz (d 910/1504–05) 73, 122 usayn W K atib, Ah.mad b H usayn b qAlı 53, 245 Kerman 19, 53, 86, 111, 120, 123, 127, 147, 152, 155, 241, 256, 259, 261, 268, 269, 270, 271, 273 dıw an 98, 113, 148 governorship 22, 37, 39, 46 Sh ahrukh’s campaign 32, 36, 39, 124, 125 and sons of qUmar Shaykh 18, 29, 30, 157, 159 Khabushan 260 khaghan 8, 10 Khalaj 126, 152, 262 Khalidov, A B 216  fı ) 201, 227, 231, 278 khalıfa (S.u Khalıl All ah b Shaykh Ibrahım, ruler of Shirwan 35 Khalıl Sult. an b Amır anshah, Mırza 17, 20–21, 24–25, 27, 28, 36, 37, 38, 75, 84, 101, 139 Khalıl Sult. an b Muh.ammad Jahangır, Mırza 269, 273 Khalkh al 132 Khalwatı, qAbd al-Rah.ım 231 Khalwatı, Muh.ammad (or Mah.m ud) 226 Khalwatı, Z ahır al-Dın, shaykh (d 800/ 1397–98) 199, 228 Khalwatiyya 74, 226–28, 232 303 khan 7, 20, 21, 266 kh anaq ah 11, 28, 204, 224, 225 anzada 16, 17, 220 Kh Khara 127 Kharjird 96, 100 Kharjird-i J am 227 Khawand T.ah ur, grave of 190 Khid.r (Prophet) 189 Khid.r Khan, Delhi Sultan (r 817/1414 to 824/1421) 33 Khid.rshah, Amır Jalal al-Dın, sayyid 151, 172, 173 Khid.rshah, Amır Shams al-Dın, sayyid 172, 173 Khid.rshah, Qut.b al-Dın b Shams al-Dın Muh.ammad 173 Khitay Bahadur 22 Khiyabanı, Shihab al-Dın, see Bist.amı Khorasan 14, 17, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 32, 35, 38, 40, 43, 46, 84, 94, 97, 101, 123, 127, 134, 150, 164, 185, 261, 262, 269, 273, 274, 275 armies 126 historiography 52–53, 56 landed families 58 religious classes 209–19 after Shahrukh’s death 258, 262–65  fı shaykhs 74, 222–38 S.u Khorezm (province) 9, 28, 39, 138, 239 Khorezm (city) 36, 45, 116, 119 Khudaydad, emir 21, 24–25 Khujand 38 Khujandı, Kamal, shaykh 229, 231, 238 Khurramabad 253 Khusraw Tarkhan 39 khu.tba 33, 130, 241, 259, 271 Khuttalan 26, 41, 115, 127, 240, 241, 247, 259, 260, 265 Khuttalanı, Ish.aq, see Ish.aq Khuttalani Khuzistan 41, 54, 112, 152–53, 158, 164, 250 Khwaf 57, 65, 68, 95, 105, 108, 120, 204, 229 ulama from 99 viziers from 65, 68, 95–100, 105, 108, 110 Khwafı, Ah.mad b Jalal al-Dın Fas.ıh 58, 60, 67, 74, 81, 85, 86, 87, 88–89, 91, 103, 139, 191, 213, 246, 277 career 64–71, 78, 97–100, 108, 223 family 86, 96, 148, 162 arak b Sharaf al-Dın Khwafı, Amır Mub H ajjı 108 Khwafı, Fad.l Allah Khwafı, Ghiyath al-Dın Pır Ah.mad b Jalal al-Dın Ish.aq, vizier 66, 67, 70, 85, 88, 89, 92, 93, 98–100, 102, 109, 194, 206, 230, 248, 255, 269, 277–78 Khwafı, qImad al-Dın Muh.ammad b Niz am al-Dın Yahya (d 817/1414–15) 97 Khwafı, qIs.am al-Dın Dap ud 204 Khwafı, qIsmapıl 99 304 Index Khw afı, Jal al al-Dın Ish.aq b Majd al-Dın Muh.ammad 98 Khw afı, Jal al al-Dın Muh.ammad b Majd al-Dın Muh.ammad 100 Khw afı, Majd al-Dın (alive in 908/1502–03) 100 Khw afı, Majd al-Dın Muh.ammad, brother of Ghiy ath al-Dın Pır Ah.mad Khwafı (d 838/1434–35) 99 Khw afı, Majd al-Dın Muh.ammad b Pır Ah.mad (d 899/1494) 69, 99 Khw afı, Majd al-Dın Muh.ammad M ayizhn ab adı (Khwaja Majd) 68, 69, 70, 96–97, 98, 99, 108 Khw afı, Najıb al-Dın Ah.mad (father of Majd al-Dın Muh.ammad Khwafı) 96, 98 Khw afı, Nas.r al-Dın Nas.r Allah (d 845/ 1441–42) 99 Khw afı, Niz  am al-Dın Yahya b Kamal al-Dın H al al-Dın Muh.ammad 97 usayn b Jal Khw afı, Niz  am al-Dın Yahya Mayizhnabadı 97 Khw afı, Qaw am al-Dın Niz am al-Mulk (d 903/1498) 62, 68, 99, 108 Khw afı, Qaw am al-Dın Shaykh Muh.ammad (d 817/1414–15) 86, 97 Khw afı, Qut.b al-Dın Muh.ammad, s.adr (d 895/1489–90) 69, 99 Khw afı, Rukn al-Dın b Majd al-Dın Muh.ammad 97, 98 Khw afı, Rukn al-Dın Muh.ammad (d 834/ 1430–31) 58, 67, 70, 71, 225 Khw afı, S.adr al-Dın H amid 97 afı, Zayn al-Dın Ab u Bakr Muh.ammad, Khw shaykh (d 838/1435) 57, 59, 60, 67, 71, 74, 100, 188, 189, 203, 205, 206, 211, 222, 226–38, 241, 242, 277–78 Khw afı, Zayn al-Dın, mausoleum 217 Khw aja K atib (shrine) 220 Khw aja Rastı, brother of qAlıka Kukeltash 67 Khw ajag an, see Naqshbandiyya Khw aja Y usuf b Ilyas Khwaja 45, 47 Khw andamır, Ghigath al-Dın 54, 56, 61–62, 63–64, 68, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89–90, 91, 94, 99, 102, 103, 104, 108, 196, 197, 204, 213, 222, 252 family 219 Khw andsh ah, emir, brother of Fır uzshah 115, 254 Khw andsh ah (father of Mırkhwand) 61 Khw arazmı, H ush Burıda, sayyid 84, asan G 98, 100, 107 Khw arazmı, H usayn, shaykh 116, 194–95, 221, 239, 282 Khw arazmı, Jal al al-Dın Mah.m ud, vizier 149, 160, 170 Khw arazmı, N ur al-Dın N ur Allah (d 838/ 1434–35) 218–19 Khw arazmı, Sayf al-Dın 203 Khwarazmshahs 95–96, 100, 104, 108 Kirmanı, qAbd al-Razzaq 237 Kirmanı, Shah Niz am 169, 170 kotw al 46, 47, 67, 107, 121, 126, 159, 212, 270 Kubrawiyya 41, 56, 73, 201, 228, 230, 240 Kufa 185 Kuhdum 144 kul up , pl kul uy an 118, 150, 154–55 Kul up qAlap al-Dın 159, 162 Kurdistan 134 Kurdkhani, Sayf al-Dın 162 Kurds 126, 127, 145, 152, 158, 262 K us uyı, Nas.ir al-Dın 237 K us uyı, Shams al-Dın, shaykh (d 863) 71, 200, 226–27 Lahijan 251 Lamsar 144 Lancaster, William langar 194, 232 Lar (Caspian) 142 Lar (Fars) 153 Larijan 136, 139, 143–44 Laythı, Fad.l Allah 216 Lewisohn, Leonard 230 Lur (people) 126, 145, 152, 158 Lur-i Buzurg 152 Lur-i Kuchik 29, 152 Luristan 31, 130, 151–52, 156, 241, 257 atabeg 268 Luristanı or N uristanı, Fakhr al-Dın, shaykh 227, 235 Lut.f Allah b Buyan Temur, ă emir 44 ad 224 Maqdab madrasa of Khwaja qAlı Fakhr al-Dın, see Herat Madrasa-i Ghiyathiyya, see Herat Maghribı, Muh.ammad Shırın, shaykh 231, 236 mahdı 41, 188, 240–41, 242 Mah.m ud, Amır, nephew of Khwaja Muh.ammad Qumı 129 Mah.m ud H aydar, vizier 104, 123, 148, 149, 150–51, 153, 255, 271, 272–73, 280 Mah.m ud Shihab 83 ud Yazdı 162 Mah.m Mah.m udshah b Arghunshah 253, 255 Maj alis al-naf apis of Mır qAlı Shır Nawapı 55 Majd al-Dın Fad.l Allah, q ad.ı (of Yazd) 273 Majd al-Dın Fad.l-Allah Qad.ı b Yaqq ub Qad.ı 151, 256  fı (shrine) 220 Majd al-Dın T.alib S.u u 33 ‘‘Majm uqa al-tawarıkh’’ of H afiz -i Abr Makhan 203 Malan 230 malik 104 Malik Z uzan 96, 108 Index Malikat Agha 26, 29 Malikat, emir 22 M am an uk mausoleum, see Yazd Mamluk Sultanate 8, 9, 11, 12, 37, 119, 146, 175, 204, 210 armies 124 Sultans 9, 50 Manh.aj al-rash ad li naf qal-ib ad of Zayn al-Dın Khw afı 241  r b Chakir, Amır 132 Mans.u Maqs.ad al-iqb al of Sayyid As.ıl al-Dın qAbd All ah Waqiz (d 883) 55, 70–71, 74, 189, 213 Marqashı dynasty of Tabaristan 53, 136–42, 145 Marqashı, Z ahır al-Dın b Nas.ır al-Dın 136, 140, 141, 143 al-Marghın anı, Burh an al-Dın (d 1197) 214 al-Marghın anı, qIs am al-Dın b qAbd al-Malik 212 marriage dynasty 10, 15, 17, 21, 22, 23, 35, 37, 38, 52, 113, 132, 156, 259, 262 Iranian elites 61, 62, 101 regional rulers 136, 139, 144 religious classes 58, 100, 107, 175, 211, 214, 219, 224, 242 Marw 116, 203, 269 Marwı, Sayyid qAlı 98 Mashhad/Tus 71, 114, 127, 221, 239, 244, 260, 263 d ar al-h.uff az 220 d ar al-siy ada 220 Masjid-i Gunbad-i Khwaja N ur 189 masjid-i j amiq, see cathedral mosque Masq udsh ah Sh ul 163 m b Chakir, Amır 131, 132 Maqs.u Mat.laq al-saqdayn wa majmaq al-ba.hrayn of qAbd al-Razz aq Samarqandı 52, 57–62 mausoleums and mausoleum complexes 11, 71, 176, 182–87, 221, 224, 230 Mawl an a Tarkh anı 115 Mayhana 220 M ayizhn ab ad 96, 97 M ayizhn ab adı, Muh.ammad, faqih 108 Mayizhn ab adı, Niz  am al-Dın (d 737/ 1336–37) 96 Maymana 260 Mazandaran 22, 38, 40, 44, 46, 47, 54, 123, 136, 144, 249, 250, 260, 262, 281 Maz ar-i Dukhtar an 183 Maz ar-i S ad at 189 Maz ar-i Tiflag an 183, 189 Mecca 59, 236 Medina 229 merchants 2, 118, 151, 154, 164, 273, 281 Mid.r ab b Chekuă Barlas, emir 22, 26, 39, 43, 114  fı Tarkhan, Mih.r ab Tarkhan b H asan S.u emir 44 Mihrıjird gate, see Yazd 305 Mihtar qAlıshah Farr ash 171, 172 military 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 15, 22, 34, 35, 80, 113, 117, 128, 140, 257, 280 cavalry 124, 125, 149, 157, 163 Chaghatay command 14, 15–16, 43–45, 125, 260 foot soldiers 124, 149, 157, 160 Iranian commanders 15, 30, 53, 69, 79, 95, 104, 107, 117, 120–21, 123–26, 128, 133, 143, 147, 148–51, 158, 159, 279–80 local Turco-Mongolian troops 20, 22, 114, 123, 127, 149, 154, 156, 158 regional armies 9, 32, 34, 36, 37, 43, 53, 111–12, 117, 123–28, 145, 147–53, 251, 256, 268, 272, 273, 281 Mır qAlı Shır Nawapı, see Nawapı, Mır qAlı Shır miracles, see kar am at Mırak Shirwanı, sayyid 270, 271 Mıranshah Qapuchin 266 Mırkhwand, Muh.ammad b Khwandshah b Mah.m ud 54, 56, 61–62, 64, 222, 233 Mishkan, qAmıd Ab u Nas.r (d 413/1039) 96 al-Mis.ri, N ur al-Dın qAbd al-Rah.man 228, 229, 231, 238 Moghuls, see eastern Chaghadayids Mongols 12, 31, 155, 194 Mongol conquest 7–10, 96–97, 185 Mongol Empire 10, 11, 14, 28, 94, 95, 97, 121, 169 Mongol tradition 9, 10, 34, 209 Mottahedeh, Roy 2, Mubarakshah citadel, see Yazd Mubaraksh ah Sanjarı 36 Mubariz al-Dın Muh.ammad b al-Muz affar 96 mudarris 198, 218, 221, 227 mufarrid 83, 84 Muh.ammad (Prophet) 179, 182, 184, 187, 190, 209, 220 Muh.ammad, sayyid (of Gilan) 142 Muh.ammad Amın b S.adr al-Dın Ibrahım 214, 219 Muh.ammad qArab of Herat 35, 239 r, nephew of Bistam Muh.ammad b Mans.u Chakirlu 132 fı Muh.ammad b Mih.rab Tarkhan b H asan S.u Tarkhan, emir 44 Muh.ammad Darwısh, maternal uncle of Shahrukh 31, 169, 170 Muh.ammad Ghiyath Tarkhan 39 Muh.ammad Gırubast wa Jandar, Pahlawan 121 Muh.ammad Jahangır b Muh.ammad Sult.an, Mırza 17, 20, 21, 25, 27 Muh.ammad Juki b Shahrukh, Mırza 26, 40, 42, 47, 48, 93, 115, 121, 211, 246–48 Muh.ammad Khan, Chaghadayid 25, 27 Muh.ammad Khan, Eastern Chaghadayid 27 306 Index ă Muh.ammad Khud abanda, see Oljeit uă Muh.ammad Khud aydad, emir 272 Muh.ammad Marqash, sayyid 141 Muh.ammad Mırum b Ilyas Khwaja, emir 45 Muh.ammad N urbakhsh, shaykh 41, 240–42 Muh.ammad P ars a, shaykh 55, 75–77, 211, 229, 235, 238, 239 Muh.ammad S ariq 162 fı b Ghiyath al-Dın Tarkhan Muh.ammad S.u 38–39, 44 Muh.ammad Sult. an b Jahangır 16–17, 20, 21, 22, 25, 27 Muh.ammad Yahy a b qUbayd Allah Ah.rar 202 Muh.ibb al-Dın Ab upl Khayr b Muh.ammad Jazarı 47, 125, 216, 249–50, 256, 260, 266, 270, 274 muh.tasib 81, 108, 120, 210, 212, 213, 214, 219, 230 Muqın al-Fuqar ap, Ah.mad b Mah.m ud 55 Muqizz al-Dın Pır H usayn Kart, Malik (r 1332–70) 107 Muqizz al-ans ab fı shajarat al-ans ab 15, 23, 36, 39, 42, 44, 45, 52, 79–80, 82, 121, 149, 150 Mujmal-i fas.ıh.ı of Ah.mad b Jalal al-Dın Fas.ıh Khw afı 37, 58, 64, 90, 99, 150 mujtahid 184 Multan 17 Muntakhab al-taw arıkh of Muqın al-Dın Nat.anzı 31 al al-Dın Mah.m ud Zahid Murgh abı, Jal (d 778/1376–77) 220 Murshid, Jal al al-Dın, vizier Murtad. a b.Kam al al-Dın Marqashı Murtad. apid sayyid dynasty of Hazar Jarıb 136 Musall a qAtıq, see Yazd Musawı sayyids 70, 239 Mushaqshaq movement 125, 242, 250, 282 Mushaqshaq, Muh.ammad b Falah 242–43  Muqtas.im b Zayn al-qAbid ın Muz affar (Muzaffarid) 160 mutawallı 166, 198, 224 Muz affar Shab ankarapı 106 Muzaffarid dynasty (1314–93 A.D.) 53, 95, 96, 105, 154–55, 160, 170–71, 173, 177 Nafah.at al-uns h.id.r at al-quds, of qAbd al-Rah.m an J amı 73, 232, 235, 278 Napin 164 Naqım ab ad region, see Yazd Naqsh-i Jah an citadel, see Is.fahan naqıb 70, 208, 225, 282 Naqshband, Bah ap al-Dın, shaykh (d 791/ 1389) 64, 73, 75–76, 77, 203, 205, 218, 227, 228, 230, 234, 235, 237, 243 Naqshbandiyya 56, 73, 75–77, 78, 191, 200, 201, 203, 205, 222, 223, 228–29, 231, 234, 235, 236–37 Nas.ir al-Dın b Kamal al-Dın Marqashı, Sayyid 140–41, 281 Nas.ir al-Dın qImad al-Islam, vizier 99 Nas.ir al-Dın Lutf Allah b qAzız Allah (d 823/ 1420) 216–17 Nas.ir al-Dın Muh.ammad, muh.tasib 108 Nas.ir K arkiya, Sayyid 253 Natanz 130, 252, 256 Nat.anzı, Muqın al-Dın 31, 41 natural disasters 164, 249 Nawapı, Mır qAlı Shır 55, 61, 73, 232 Nihawand 29, 134, 252, 259, 271 Niqmat Allah, Shah Walı, shaykh 30, 63, 149, 197, 199, 201, 231, 237, 243, 271 Niqmatulahiyya 73, 223, 231, 243, 271 Nırız 158 Nisa 185, 269 Nishapur 230, 258 Niyawand 253 Niyazabad 96–97 Niz am al-Dın qAbd al-Rah.ım b Pahlawan Yar Ah.mad (d 828/1424–25) 216–17 Niz am al-Dın Ah.mad b Fır uzshah, emir 63 Niz am al-Dın Kham ush, shaykh 64, 180, 203, 227, 234 Niz am al-Mulk 96, 105 nomads 5, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15, 18, 126, 151–52, 163 nomads, regional armies 152 N ur al-Dın Kamal 148, 150–51, 159, 162, 169, 280 N urbakhsh, Shaykh Muh.ammad 188 N urbakhshiyya 188 N uristanı, Fakhr al-Dın, see Luristanı N urmalik Barlas, emir 26, 115 ă Oljeit uă Muh.ammad Khudabanda (Ilkhan, r 1304–16) 108 Ottoman dynasty 7, 9, 11, 12 Oxus river 260, 264, 265 Padusband dynasty, see Rustamdarı pahlaw an 121 Pahlawan H ajjı Zawa Pahlawan H usayn Dwana 27273 Paul, Jurgen 3, 192, 193 ă Payanda Biki Sult.an bt Baysunghur 253, 259 Persian elite, see also Tajik 13, 184 Persian language 1, 10, 30, 117 Pır` qAlı b Iskandar b qUmar Shaykh 162 Pır H ajjı, emir 161, 254 Pır H usayn b Chupan 101 Pır Muh.ammad b Jahangır, Mırza 14, 17, 20, 25, 38 Pır Muh.ammad b Pulad, emir 22, 23, 44 Pır Muh.ammad b qUmar Shaykh 2, 23, 29–30, 126, 149, 155–60, 165, 170 Pır Padshah b Lughman 138 Index Pırz ad Bukh arı, emir 271 plague 46, 60, 99, 158, 164 poets 50, 55, 62, 69, 115, 167, 179, 203 prayer 180, 183, 201 Prophet (see Muh.ammad) punishment 28, 80, 248, 263 of city notables 118, 150, 162, 257 of emirs 22, 24, 36, 266, 275 of Iranian military 159 of local rulers 108, 134 of princes 136, 258, 266, 270 of religious figures 41, 42, 233, 240–42 of viziers 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 90, 93–94, 99, 102 P uranı, Ab u Yazıd, shaykh 228, 234, 237 P ur anı, Jal al al-Dın B ayazıd 187 q ad.ı 30, 68, 99, 108, 198, 210, 214, 255 in city defense 118, 119, 157, 163, 213 in city government 154–55, 160, 163, 257 court service 57, 101, 104, 239 al al-Dın Ab u Muh.ammad 210, al-Qapinı, Jal 211, 215, 216, 230 Qandahar 33, 39, 123, 127 Qandiyya of Muh.ammad b qAbd al-Jalıl Samarqandı 186, 192, 193 Qannadı family of Yazd 172 Qannadı, qAl ap al-Dın 172 Qannadı, Burh an al-Dın 172 Qara Y usuf Qaraqoyunlu (r 791/1389–802/ 1400, 809/1406–823/1420) 32, 34–35, 105, 130, 131–34, 191 sons of 35 Qarabagh 34, 83 Qarachar Barlas, Amır 41 Qaraqoyunlu 18, 19, 29, 31, 34, 42, 43, 45, 54, 105, 124, 125, 128, 129, 130, 142, 143, 151, 156, 160, 161, 163, 168, 175, 177, 250, 259, 262, 271–73, 280 Qarluq 127 Qashqapi, tribe 152, 163 Q asim al-Anw ar, shaykh 203, 217, 227, 228, 230–33, 236, 237, 241–42 Qapuchin 22 Qaw am al-Dın Marqashı, Sayyid 136 Qaydu b Pır Muh.ammad b Jahangır, Mırza 20, 24, 26, 33, 40, 114, 121, 125–26 Qazwin 34, 35, 54, 94, 114, 128, 130, 132, 133, 143, 250–53, 256, 262 Qipchaq tribe 127 Quhistan 84, 97, 98, 100, 106, 123, 136, 222, 224, 240 Quhist anı, qAl ap al-Dın qAlı 94 Qum 30, 31–32, 39, 45, 114, 123, 126, 129–30, 132–33, 135, 142, 144, 149, 252, 253, 256, 259, 272–73, 274 city notables 259 Qumı, Muh.ammad, Khwaja 129–30, 133 307 Qumı, Niz am al-Dın Yahya 130 Qumis 38, 250–53 Qunduz 22, 43, 114, 260 Qurpan commentary, see tafsır Qurlas 121 Qushun-i Janbaz 149 qut.b (Sufi term: ‘‘pole’’) 186, 189 Qut.b al-Dın, Malik, of Sistan 125 Qut.b al-Dın Jamal Islam Masq ud 160 Qutham b qAbbas (shrine) 184, 186, 191 r abita 200 Radkan 23, 114 rapıs 76, 118, 154, see also kul up; heads of quarters Randanı, Mah.m ud (or Mah.m ud Dandanı) 121 Ranikuh 143, 251 Rashah.at-i qayn al-h.ay at, of Fakhr al-Dın qAlı b H usayn Kashifı 73, 75, 77, 189, 193, 202, 218, 236–37, 239 Rashıd al-Dın Hamadanı 94, 101, 105, 173 Rasht 144 Rawd.at al-jann at fı aws.af madınat Har at, of Muqın al-Dın Zamchı Isfizarı 62, 68, 195 Rawd.at al-jin an wa jann at al-jan an of H afiz H usayn Karbalapı Tabrızı 56 ah.ın of Darwısh qAlı B uzjanı Rawd.at al-riy 197, 222, 224 Rayy 23, 32, 45, 47, 54, 126, 130, 142, 250, 251, 252, 253, 256, 257, 272 Razı, Fakhr al-Dın (mausoleum) 184, 189, 208, 213, 220 Razı, Ghiyath al-Dın Muh.ammad H afiz 104, 124, 129, 148–49, 171, 280 rebellions 269 rebellions, religious 240, 241 cities 76, 119, 170, 239, 254 emirs 16, 22–24, 26–28, 39, 85, 114, 133, 138 princes 48, 115, 265 regional rulers 126 tribes 151–52 religious classes 2, 6, 10, 50, 53, 55–56 military activities 120, 124, 279 religious movements 41, 42, 239–43 rib a.ts 213 Rid.a al-Dın b.Qawam al-Dın Marqashı 138–39, 140 Rid.a Kiya, Sayyid (d 1426) 142 rupas ap, see rapıs Rud-i Khwaf 96 R uj 201 R ujı, Shams al-Dın Muh.ammad, shaykh 201–02, 205 Rukn al-Dın, sayyid 173 Rukn al-Dın H asan, Mawlana 151 Rukn al-Dın Mah.m ud, known as Shah Sanjan (d.1200–01) 70, 96, 100, 108, 223 308 Index Rukn al-Dın S. apin 101 Rukn al-Dın S. apin qAmıd al-Mulk b Shams al-Dın 101 rukubd ar 126 ruler 2–3, ruler, central relation with religious classes 13, 192–97, 207, 241 death of 2, 34 majlis 30, 197 and supernatural 188, 190 rulers, regional 6, 25, 32, 34, 35, 40, 111–12, 113, 114, 128–45, 152, 161, 249, 252–54, 268, 274–75, 281, 282 Rum 174 R umı, qAbd al-Rah.ım 236 Rushkhw ar 96, 100 Rustam b Sulaym anshah, emir 23 Rustam b Taghay Bugha Barlas, emir 27 Rustam b qUmar Shaykh, Mırza 29–32, 104, 115, 148, 150, 156–58, 164, 168, 254, 279 son of 254 Rustamdar 136, 139, 141, 250, 251, 252 Rustamd arı dynasty 136 Saq adat b Khw andshah, emir 63, 115, 253, 255 Sabzawar 83, 84, 95, 106 as b Muh.ammad Sult.an, Mırza Saqd-i Waqq 31–32, 132–33, 163 s.adr 52, 62, 69, 79, 99, 108, 109, 195, 210, 212, 213–14, 219, 244 S.adr al-Dın Ibr ahım, s.adr 213 S.adr al-Dın Y unus al-H usaynı, sayyid, see al-H usaynı Safavid dynasty 54, 61, 168, 212, 214, 231 S.afawiyya 228 S.afı al-Dın b Khwaja qAbd al-Qadir 89–90 S agharchı, Muh.ammad 86 S agharchı, Shaykh Burhan al-Dın (mausoleum of) 193 S.ah.h. af, Murtad. a 211–12 s.ah.ib dıw an 81, 105, 109, 148 S.ah.r a‘i, Nas.r All ah 130 Saqıd Barlas, emir 157, 161 S. aqidi, Q ad.ı Ah.mad 120, 157, 160–61, 279–80 S. apin al-Dın (q ad.ı) 101 Salama 96 Sali Saray 247, 259 Salm anı, T aj al-Dın 28, 36, 105 Salmas 42 salt.anat 192 sam ap 199 Samarqand 7, 17, 20, 25, 26, 27, 28, 42, 44, 56, 75, 83–84, 111, 118, 120, 184–85, 188, 191, 193, 204, 205, 207, 213, 239, 247, 260, 263, 269, 270 city defense 266 city notables 266 dıw an 84, 267  J uy-i Ab-i Rah.mat 188 Shah-i Zinda 185, 191 sufi shaykhs 228, 230, 233, 234 ulama 212, 214, 215, 216, 218, 225 Samarqandı, qAbd al-Awwal al-Burh.anı 211 Samarqandı, qAbd al-Razzaq career and family 57–62, 63–64, 71, 121, 211, 216, 219, 222, 233, 234, 239, 246 history 45, 47, 52, 54, 56, 64–67, 70, 81, 88, 90, 91, 99, 102, 120, 191, 213, 215, 221, 239, 247, 248, 258, 263, 268, 269 Samarqandı, qAbd al-Wah.h.ab b Jalal al-Dın Ish.aq 58 Samarqandı, Darwısh Ah.mad, shaykh 203, 229, 231, 236–37 Samarqandı, Dawlatshah b qAlap al-Dawla Bakhtishah 55, 62, 101, 252, 270 Samarqandı, Jalal al-Dın Ish.aq (father of qAbd al-Razzaq) 57, 58 Samarqandı, Jamal al-Dın qAbd al-Ghaffar b Jalal al-Dın Ish.aq (d 835/1431–32) 58 Samarqandı, Sharaf al-Dın qAbd al-Qahhar b Jalal al-Dın Ish.aq 59, 61, 62, 109 al-S.anapı, qAlı, vizier 106 Sanjan 70, 96, 223 Sanjanı, Taj al-Dın Ah.mad 70 Sanjar, Sult.an (r 1118–57) 224 Sanjar b Pır Muh.ammad, Mırza 33  Sar-Ab-i Naw district, see Yazd Sarakhs 116 Sararıg quarter, see Dah uk Safalı under Yazd Sarbadars 83 sard ar 118, 123, 147, 150, 151, 157, 168, 280 Sari 22, 23, 136, 137–42, 159, 252 Sawa 30, 31, 39, 130, 135, 250, 257, 262, 271, 272 Sawran 39, 83 Sayf al-Dın Ah.mad, see Taftazanı Sayfı Harawı 96 Sayyid Ah.mad b Ghiyath al-Dın Tarkhan, emir 38, 43, 89, 114, 115 Sayyid Ah.mad b qUmar Shaykh, Mırza 114  Sayyid qAlı Amul ı, see qAlı b Qawam al-Dın Marqashı, Sayyid Sayyid qAlı Sarı, see qAlı b Kamal al-Dın Sayyid qAlı Tarkhan 39 Sayyid Khwaja b Shaykh qAlı Bahadur, emir 22, 23, 30, 114 Sayyid Murtad.a of Sari and Amul 102, 141 Sayyid Y usuf b Saqıd Khwaja 114 Sayyidı Ah.mad Mırak b Turmush 171 Sayyidı b qIzz al-Dın 152 sayyids 34, 61, 62, 70, 84, 86, 107, 118, 136, 151, 162, 163, 172, 179, 184, 189, 208, 255, 266, 272 H usaynı sayyids 53, 58, 61, 106–08, 255 Seljukid dynasty 79, 105, 224 Shabankara 106, 152, 158, 164 Index Shaburghan 114, 260 Sh adı, Amır Qaw am al-Dın H usayn, h.akim of Khwaf 108 Shadman 25 Sh ah Ab upl Qays (mausoleum) 189 Sh ah qAl ap al-Dın Muh.ammad Sayyid, naqıb 168, 255 Sh ah qAl ap al-Dın Muh.ammad, sayyid (mausoleum) 168 Sh ah qAlı, shaykh 233 Sh ah Mah.m ud b Ab upl Qasim Babur, Mırza 102, 259–60 ud Yasawul, emir 248, 252 Sh ah Mah.m Sh ah Muh.ammad b Qara Y usuf Qaraqoyunlu 134 Sh ah Shuj aq Muz affarı, see Shujaq Muz affarı sh ahidb azı 232 Sh ahmalik, emir 20, 25, 26, 27–29, 39, 116, 206, 221, 226, 239 Sh ahn ama 167 Shahriy ar fortress 132 Sh ahrukh 5, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 248 building 170, 216, 219–20 burial 258 consolidation of power 28–33 dıw an affairs 81, 84, 89–94, 109 final illness and death 48, 253 as governor of Khorasan 21–22 issue of succession 48, 93, 246–48 kar am at 60, 191 legitimation 28, 41–42, 209 literary patronage 11, 28, 33, 41–42, 52, 53, 57, 226 relations with governors 113, 252–53 religious policy 28, 71, 123, 196, 205, 209–22, 238–44, 254 rise to power 20, 21–28 and Sufi shaykhs 59, 76, 226, 233, 240–42, 243 Sh ahrukhiyya 266 Shakki 35 Shamq-i Jah an Khan, eastern Chaghadayid 27 Shams al-Dın qAlı B alıcha Simnanı, see B alıcha Simn anı Shams al-Dın b qAbb as, emir 21 Shams al-Dın b Jamshid, governor of Sari 138 Shams al-Dın b Rukn al-Dın 173 Shams al-Dın b Uch Qara, emir 23 Shams al-Dın Kart, Malik (1245–78) 96 Shams al-Dın Mah.m ud S.apin Qad.ı b Rukn apin 101 al-Dın S. Shams al-Dın Muh.ammad Amın b S.adr al-Dın, s.adr 213 Shams al-Dın Muh.ammad Asad, shaykh 235 Shams al-Dın Muh.ammad Awh.ad, (d 838/ 1434–35) 218 309 Shams al-Dın Muh.ammad b qAlı Jurjanı, see Jurjanı, Shams al-Din Muh.ammad Shams al-Dın Muh.ammad b Jalal al-Dın Chaqmaq 168, 256 Shams al-Dın Muh.ammad Mushrif, see Simnanı Shams al-Dın Muh.ammad T.ahir, vizier 85, 148, 171 ad.ı (under Injuids) 104 Shams al-Dın S.apin, q Shams al-h.usn of Taj al-Salmanı 36 Shaqanı, qAlı 84, 86, 87–88, 248 Sharaf al-Dın qAbd al-Qahhar, see Samarqandı, Sharaf al-Dın qAbd al-Qahhar Sharaf al-Dın qAlı Yazdı, see Yazdı, Sharaf al-Dın qAlı Sharaf al-Dın H ajjı Khwafı, vizier 108 Sharaf al-Dın Muh.ammad, vizier 101 ub, q ad.ı 151 Sharaf al-Dın Yaqq Sharbatdar, qAlı 126, 158 Sharbatdar, H usayn 30, 126, 150, 158–59, 162, 280 sharıqa 3, 9, 13, 28, 209, 211, 230, 232, 243, 266, 277 Sharistan 182 Shaykh Ab u‘l Fad.l b qAlıka Kukeltash, emir 47, 116 Shaykh qAlı Bahadur, emir 23 Shaykh qAlı Bahadur, emir under Ab upl Qasim Babur 114, 272 am 58, 118, 210, 213, 214, 244 shaykh al-isl Shaykh H ajjı Muh.ammad qIraqı, emir 133 Shaykh H asan, emir 28 Shaykh Lughman Barlas, emir 38, 39, 46 Shaykh N ur al-Dın, emir 21, 24–25, 26–28, 33, 39 Shaykhzada Qush Ribat.ı, Amır 271–72 Shihab al-Dın qAbd al-Rah.man b qAbd Allah Lisan 214, 219, 234 Shihab al-Dın Ab upl Makarim, muh.tasib (d 833/1429–30) 108, 193, 210–11 Shihab al-Dın Bist.amı, Shaykh Shihab al-Dın Ish.aq, Khwaja 99 Shihab family 106 Shiqism 209, 232, 242, 256 Shır qAlı b Uch Qara 23 Shiraz 11, 29, 33, 39, 55, 56, 63, 88, 111, 118, 123, 130, 138, 146, 148–50, 153–55, 158, 169, 175–76, 240, 249, 253, 257, 261, 266, 270, 271, 273, 274, 280 bazaar 126, 158 building activity 167 dıw an 97, 148, 162 Fazariyya madrasa 166 hospital of Ibrahım Sult.an 167 Jalalı fortress 167 literary and artistic patronage 166 Shırazıs 154–55, 158, 162, 163, 273 ulama 152, 166, 225 310 Index Shır azı, Niz  am al-Dın 125 Shır azı, Sayyid Qut.b al-Dın 187 Shır azı, Sayyidı Ah.mad 89, 99 Shırmard Jigard ar, Pahlawan 121 Shirwan 35, 174–76, 241 shrines 11, 185, 209, 219–21 Shuqab-i panjg ana of Rashıd al-Dın 42 Shuj aq Muz affarı, Shah (r 765/1364–786/ 1384) 155 Sh ul (people) 127, 152, 262 Shushtar 250, 270 Signaq 42 silsila 73, 74, 78, 198, 223 Simnan 100, 102–05, 123, 142, 251, 268 building activities 103 viziers from 68, 85, 94, 95, 100–05, 110, see also B alıcha Simnanı Simn anı, qAl ap al-Dawla, grandson of qIzz al-Dın T. ahir 101 Simn anı, qAl ap al-Dawla, shaykh 101, 228, 233 Simn anı, qAlı Jaqfar, grandson of qIzz al-Dın T. ahir 101 Simn anı, Ghiy ath al-Dın (under Ab upl Qasim Babur) 103, 272–73 Simn anı, Ghiy ath al-Dın Salar (d 811/1408) 84–85, 92, 103, 169 Simn anı, Ghiy ath Muh.ammad b Taj al-Dın Bahr am, vizier 103 Simn anı, qIzz al-Dın T.ahir 101 Simn anı, Jam al Isl am, Qad.ıbacha 104 ud b Niz am al-Dın Yahya, Simn anı, Masq Khw aja 101, 104, 105 Simn anı, Muqizz al-Dın Malik, see Balıcha Simn anı Simn anı, Niz  am al-Dın Yahya 101–02 Simn anı, Qut.b al-Dın T.apus, vizier 103–04 Simn anı, Rukn al-Dın S.apin, poet, see Rukn al-Dın S. apin qAmıd al-Mulk Simn anı, Shams al-Dın Muh.ammad b qAlı 84, 85, 89, 105 Simn anı, Shams al-Dın Muh.ammad Mushrif b Sharaf al-Dın qAlı 84, 101–02, 104, 125 Simn anı, Sharaf al-Dın qAlı b Niz am al-Dın Yahy a 84, 101–02, 105 al-Sindı, Mah.m ud 236 Sısı, Ism aqıl, shaykh 229–32 Sistan 19, 85, 108, 112, 123, 127, 161, 229, 239, 268 soyurghal 23, 32, 103, 113–14, 115, 264, 265, 271 Soyurghatmish b Shahrukh, Mırza 25, 26, 33, 40, 42 sons of 259 Subtelny, Maria 216 fı shaykhs 3–5, 11, 50, 70, 72–78, 95, 108, S.u 118, 122, 136, 139, 141, 149, 178–207, 217, 222–38, 241, 255, 263, 283 circles 223, 228–38 internal relations 198, 236–38 majlis 198–99, 202, 205, 206, 230, 235 masters and disciples 199, 200–03, 223, 234–36, 238 relation to rulers 59, 75, 192–98, 207, 241, 243, 278, 281 relations with emirs 59 Suhrawardı, Shihab al-Dın 277 Suhrawardiyya 228, 278 Sulaymanshah b Dap ud Dughlat, emir 22, 23, 44, 139 Sulaymanshah Qas.s.ab kul up 159, 162 Suldus tribe 261 sult.an (title), sultanate 25, 30, 70, 133, 161, 239, 258, 268 Sult.an Bayazıd b N urmalik Barlas, emir 26, 43, 115 Sult.an H usayn Bayqara (r 1470–1506) 58, 61, 62, 68, 73, 80, 99, 103–04, 106–07, 121, 122, 192, 211, 218 Sult.an Mah.m ud b Kaykhusraw Khuttalanı 26 Sult.an Muh.ammad b Baysunghur, Mırza 53, 59, 63, 130, 150, 152, 164, 165, 167–68, 191, 212, 245–46, 248, 251, 252, 262, 267–71, 272, 273, 274–75, 280 appointment as governor 47–48, 60, 133–35, 143, 234, 251 dıw an 269 rebellion 150, 176, 249, 252–57 after Shahrukh’s death 259–62 Sult.an Uways b Edeguă Barlas, emr, governor of Kerman 39, 120, 12728 Sultaniyya 32, 34, 35, 39, 41, 42, 45, 128, 130, 131–33, 250–53, 256, 259, 262 Sult.anshah, emir 157 Sult.anshah Barlas, emir 82, 249, 266, 267 Sult.anshah Chuhra 175 sunna 182, 197, 209, 217, 219, 230, 231, 232, 243 supernatural places 56, 70, 180–87, 188–90 Syria 116, 164, 166, 171 Tabaristan 53–54, 136–42, 251 Tabas (Masinan) 69, 107, 126 Tabası, Jalal al-Dın Farrukhzad, emir 69 al-Tabası, Muh.ammad 243 Tabriz 11, 35, 101, 102, 229–30 Tabrızı, H afiz H usayn Karbalapı 56 Tabrızı, H ajjı Jan 172 Tabrızı, Pır H usayn, vizier 148 tadhkira 51, 55, 72–77, 78, 196 Tadhkirat al-shuqar a of Dawlatshah b qAlap al-Dawla Samarqandı 55, 62, 195 tafsır 166, 215 Taft 170, 271, see also Yazd Taftazanı, family of 61, 197, 211, 214, 215 Taftazanı, Qut.b al-Dın Yahya (grandson of Saqd al-Dın) 214 Index Taftaz anı, Saqd al-Dın 10, 58, 63–64, 197, 204, 210, 215, 216, 217, 233, 243 Taftaz anı, Sayf al-Dın Ah.mad b Qut.b al-Dın Yahy a 61, 62, 214 Taftaz anı, Shams al-Dn Muh.ammad b Saqd al-Dn 62, 211 Taghay Temur ă Khan 101 T aj al-Dın Salm anı, see Salmanı, Taj al-Dın t ajik 120, 123, 126, 263 T al ar-i Tm ur, see Isfahan Tamerlane, see Temur ă tamgha, see taxes T.aqı, Ab u qAbd All ah (d 416/1025–26) (grave) 219, 220 T.aqı al-Dın D ad a, shaykh 172 mausoleum 172 T arıkh-i jadıd-i Yazd of Ah.mad b H usayn K atib 94, 176, 245, 272 T arıkh-i kabır, of Jaqfar al-H usaynı Jaqfarı 53, 133, 157, 160, 161, 245 T arıkh-i mull az ada dar dhikr-i maz ar at-i Bukh ar a of Ah.mad Muqın al-Fuqarap 183, 185 T arıkh-i T.abarist an wa R uy an wa M azandar an of Sayyid Z ahır al-Dın Marqashı 136, 138, 139 T arıkh-i w asit of Jaqfar b Muh.ammad al-H usaynı Jaqfarı 33 T arıkh-i Yazd of Jaqfar b Muh.ammad al-H usaynı Jaqfarı 53, 245 tarıqa 5, 11, 51, 72, 77, 78, 208, 223, 234, 238, 244 Tarkhan emirs 38, 44, 260, 265, 266, 269, see also Ghiy ath al-Dın Tarkhan, relatives of Tarnab 261 Tarum (Fars) 130, 153 Tarum (s of Gilan) 136, 144, 250–52 T. arumı, H usayn, Iranian emir 143–44, 262, 274, 280 T. arumı, Jal al al-Dın (of eastern Fars) 152 tas.arruf 200 tawajjuh 200, 202 tax, taxation 2, 6, 10, 24, 32, 40, 42, 79, 80, 81, 85, 90, 92–93, 103, 111, 113, 115, 116, 128–29, 140–41, 146, 150, 154, 165, 169, 176, 197, 248, 260, 261–62, 267, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 281 capitation tax 262, 269 cherik tax 262 tax collectors 86, 87, 98, 129, 170, 194, 270, 272 tax collection 115, 116, 150, 249, 252, 254, 255, 257 tax exemptions 158, 163, 165, 194, 255, 257 trade tax: tamgha 197, 265, 269 Taybad 227 Tayb adı, Zayn al-Dın, shaykh (d 791/1389) 100, 196, 227, 230, 237, 243 mausoleum 100, 189, 206, 209 311 Temur ă 1, 7, 9–11, 94 building 170, 225 cultural interests 10–11 death at 191, 192, 193–94 kar am Mongol tradition 10–12 political organization 14–15, 16–17, 22, 83–84, 94, 101, 103, 105–06, 107, 111, 129, 131, 137, 155 relations with Sufi shaykhs 226, 243 testament 17, 20, 21 and ulama 197, 212, 213, 215, 222, 243 Termez 225 T.ihranı Is.fahanı, Ab u Bakr 91, 245, 252, 265, 266 Till-i Kuhandizh-Mis.rakh (shrine of qAbd Allah b Muqawiyya) 185 Timurid dynasty 1, 2, 7, 10–12, 13–21, 40, 50, 52, 58 building 166 building by princes 221 princes 92, 109, 146, 148, 151, 212, 248–49 and religious classes 168, 204 shrine visitation 71 Tizan 85 Tokhtamish tovachi 23, 39, 124 Transoxiana 21, 22, 36, 40, 43, 73, 77, 122, 127, 247, 260, 262–68, 269, 270, 274, 275 historiography 52, 54, 56 religious classes 211, 243 Shahrukh’s takeover 23, 24–25, 27–28, 38 in struggle after Shahrukh’s death 258 under Ulugh Beg 40, 42, 47, 113, 135, 140 tribes 126–28 Chaghatay 15, 261 local, non-Chaghatay 127, 145, 176, 262 Tukharistan 25 T ulanı, Pır Taj, see Glan Tumen Agha 27, 28 ă tumens, command of 15, 16, 23, 24, 39, 43, 45, ă 46, 124, 149 Tun 264 T unı 95 Turbat-i Shaykh-i Jam, see Jam, shrine of Turco-Mongolian culture and population 10, 15, 185, 190, 209, 246, 261 elite 7, 13 Turka family of Isfahan 254 Turka, Afd.al al-Dın 254 Turka, Afd.al al-Dın b S.adr al-Dın (d 850/ 1446) 168, 257 Turka, S.adr al-Dın b Afd.al al-Dın 254 Turka, S.apin al-Dın qAli b Afd.al al-Dın (d 835/ 1432) 168, 241, 254 Turkic language 10, 30 Turkic scribes 79–80 Turkmen 35, 36, 126–27, 145, 267 312 Index Turks 8, 11, 120, 143–44, 263 Turmush, darugha 163, 171 Turshiz 114, 121, 224 Tus 95, 106, 240 sı, Ab T.u u Gh alib 69, 70 sı, Nas.ır al-Dın 11 T.u Uch Qara 23, 24 ulama 4, 5, 45, 50, 52, 54, 57–59, 68, 86, 95, 109, 117, 122, 147, 162, 178–79, 182, 183, 184, 188, 189, 192, 204, 210–19, 272, 282–83 building activity 211, 213–14 burial and graves 183 internal relation 77, 198, 244 military 216 relation to rulers 195–98, 207, 238–39, 241, 242, 279, 281–82  fı shaykhs 217–18, 232–33 relations with S.u Ulugh Beg b Sh ahrukh, Mırza 23, 24, 26, 29, 33, 40, 41, 42, 107, 113, 114, 115, 121, 135, 204, 214, 216, 242, 246, 247, 262, 266, 269, 275 appointment to Transoxiana 25, 26, 40 artistic patronage 263 murder of 270 relation to religious classes 60, 77, 239, 278 after Sh ahrukh’s death 262 Ulus Chaghatay 15 qUmar b Amır anshah, Mırza 19, 131–33, 156 qUmar Shaykh b Pır Muh.ammad b qUmar Shaykh, Mrz a 160 qUmar Shaykh b Temur, ă Mrza 26 sons of 14, 18, 22, 23, 29, 39, 124, 129, 130, 132, 155 qUqaylı, Sayf al-Dın H ajjı b Niz am 68–69, 71, 84, 102, 106 Uwaysı discipleship 226 Uzbeks 10, 44, 45, 46, 47, 249, 263 Uzkand 24, 26 viziers 40, 50, 52, 54–55, 61, 68, 79–110, 154, 194, 248–49, 272, see also dıw an building activities 100, 103, 104, 149 military activities 103, 109, 120, 123, 125, 148–51 regional viziers 147, 279 fıs 205–07 relations to the S.u waqf 11, 79, 109, 115, 168, 172, 198, 212–13, 214, 229 Warzana 123 Warzana, cathedral mosque 168 Warzana‘ı, qIm ad al-Dın Mah.m ud b Muz affar 123, 168 Wasit 242 wil aya 186, 192 women 21, 96, 180, 191, 201 Wurujird 129, 253 Yadgarshah Arlat, emir 38, 39, 46 Yahya b Muh.ammad Sult.an, Mırza 20 Yahya Muz affar, Shah (r 789/1387–795/ 1393) 170 Yamanı, qAbd al-Qadir, shaykh 236 Yar qAlı Turkmen 120, 263–64, 275 yasa 28, 209 Yasapur 97 Yasapurı tribe 76 yasavul 107 Yasawiyya 74 Yazd 29–32, 37, 39, 53, 68, 85, 94, 111, 116, 118–19, 123, 146, 148, 150, 153, 158, 163, 173, 185–86, 216, 249, 250, 252–53, 256, 259, 261–62, 268, 270, 271, 273, 274, 279–80 qAbd al-Qadiriyya Madrasa 173 Ahristan district 148, 171, 172, 174 bazaar 169, 170 building activity 168–75; by emirs 170–73; by governor 170; by merchants 171–72, 175; by notables 169, 170; by viziers 151, 171 Bundarabad 172 cathedral mosque 170, 171 Chah ar Minar quarter 172, 174 Cham-i Taft 170 citadel 173 city notables 256, 271, 273 commercial activity 169, 174 Dah uk Safalı Quarter or Sararıg 169, 171–72, 174, 175 Dar al-Fath 169 dıw an 148–51, 169, 171, 261 fortress Mubarakshah 170 gardens 171–73, 175 governor 156, 168, 171, 261, 262 hamm ams 171 qıdg ah 151, 172 Imamzada-i Maqs um mausoleum judges 151, 273 Mam an uk mausoleum 171 mausoleum complexes 172, 174 mausoleum of S.alih.ın 184 Mihrıjird gate 169, 171 Musalla qAtıq 171, 172, 173 Muz affarids in 170–71, 172 Naqımabad 171  Sar-Ab-i Naw 172 Yazdı, Sharaf al-Dın qAlı 33, 41–42, 167, 252, 257, 271 Yazdı, Taj al-Dın H asan b Shihab 53, 91, 124–25, 126, 159, 191, 245, 270 usuf Ahl 194–95 Y Y usuf b Sulaymanshah, emir 22 Y usuf Chuhra b H ajjı H alabı 171 Y usuf Jalıl, darugha 169, 171 Index Y usuf Jalıl b H andar 24, 39, 45 asan J Y usuf Khw aja b Shaykh qAlı Bahadur, emir 39, 45, 47, 130, 251 Z ama of Niz  am al-Dın Shamı 28, 33, 41 afarn Z ama of Sharaf al-Dın qAlı Yazdı 41, 42 afarn Z ahır al-Dın b Nas.ır al-Dın Marqashı 53, 121 Zawa 98 ajjı 84, 121 Z awapı, Pahlawan H  313 Zaydi Shiqites 142  Zayn al-qAbid ın, Sayyid 106 Zayn al-Dın qAlı Bawardı 151, 273 Zayniyya 229, 236 Ziyaratgah 192, 229 Zubdat al-taw arıkh-i B aysunghurı of H afiz -i Abr u 41, 141, 246 z urkh ana 121–22 Zuzan 96, 108 Z uzan, Malik, see Malik Z uzan Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization Other titles in the series Popular Culture in Medieval Cairo Boaz Shoshan Early Philosophical Shiism The Ismaili Neoplatonism of Ab u Yaqq ub al-Sijist ani Paul E Walker Indian Merchants and Eurasian Trade, 1600–1750 Stephen Frederic Dale Palestinian Peasants and Ottoman Officials Rural Administration around Sixteenth-century Jerusalem Amy Singer Arabic Historical Thought in the Classical Period Tarif Khalidi Mongols and Mamluks  anid War, 1260–1281 The Mamluk-Ilkh Reuven Amitai-Preiss Hierarchy and Egalitarianism in Islamic Thought Louise Marlow The Politics of Households in Ottoman Egypt The Rise of the Qazdaglis ˘ Jane Hathaway Commodity and Exchange in the Mongol Empire A Cultural History of Islamic Textiles Thomas T Allsen State and Provincial Society in the Ottoman Empire Mosul, 1540–1834 Dina Rizk Khoury The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society Thomas Philipp and Ulrich Haarmann (eds.) The Delhi Sultanate A Political and Military History Peter Jackson European and Islamic Trade in the Early Ottoman State The Merchants of Genoa and Turkey Kate Fleet Reinterpreting Islamic Historiography Harun al-Rashid and the Narrative of the qAbb asid Caliphate Tayeb El-Hibri The Ottoman City between East and West Aleppo, Izmir, and Istanbul Edhem Eldem, Daniel Goffman and Bruce Masters A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire Sevket Pamuk The Politics of Trade in Safavid Iran Silk for Silver, 1600–1730 Rudolph P Matthee The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam From Polemic to History G R Hawting Classical Arabic Biography The Heirs of the Prophets in the Age of al-Ma pm un Michael Cooperson Empire and Elites after the Muslim Conquest The Transformation of Northen Mesopotamia Chase F Robinson Poverty and Charity in Medieval Islam Mamluk Egypt, 1250–1517 Adam Sabra Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World The Roots of Sectarianism Bruce Masters Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia Thomas T Allsen Revival and Reform in Islam The Legacy of Muhammad al-Shawkani Bernard Haykel Tolerance and Coercion in Islam Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition Yohanan Friedmann Guns for the Sultan Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire ´ ´ Gabor Agoston Marriage, Money and Divorce in Medieval Islamic Society Yossef Rapoport The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History Between China and the Islamic World Michal Biran Domesticity and Power in the Mughal world Ruby Lal Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran Beatrice Forbes Manz ... Thomas T Allsen, Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001) 10 Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran independence from the Timurid dynasty The level... 4 Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran city and its elite as the point of contact Government and society were connected by a tacit contractual relation based on common interests in stability,... sufficient, but in Iran at least urban elites and semi-independent rulers were actively engaged in politics and military activity In examining the life of the cities, religious classes, and independent