This page intentionally left blank Heroes and Martyrs of Palestine The history of the Palestinians over the last half century has been one of turmoil, a people living under occupation or exiled from their homeland Theirs has been at times a tragic story, but also one of resistance, heroism, and nationalist aspiration Laleh Khalili’s fascinating and unsettling book is based on her experiences in the Lebanese refugee camps, where ceremonies and commemorations of key moments in the history of the struggle are a significant part of their political life It is these commemorations of the past, according to Dr Khalili, that have helped to forge a sense of nationhood and strategies of struggle amongst the disenfranchised Palestinian people, both in Lebanon and beyond She also analyzes how, in recent years, as discourses of liberation and rights have changed in the international community, and as the character of local institutions has evolved, there has been a shift in the representation of Palestinian nationalism from the heroic to the tragic mode This trend is exemplified through the commemoration of martyrs and their elevation to tragic yet iconic figures in the Palestinian collective memory Laleh Khalili is Lecturer in Politics at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London Cambridge Middle East Studies 27 Editorial Board Charles Tripp (general editor) Julia A Clancy-Smith, F Gregory Gause Yezid Sayigh, Avi Shlaim, Judith E Tucker Cambridge Middle East Studies has been established to publish books on the nineteenth- and twentieth-century Middle East and North Africa The aim of the series is to provide new and original interpretations of aspects of Middle Eastern societies and their histories To achieve disciplinary diversity, books will be solicited from authors writing in a wide range of fields, including history, sociology, anthropology, political science, and political economy The emphasis will be on producing books offering an original approach along theoretical and empirical lines The series is intended for students and academics, but the more accessible and wide-ranging studies will also appeal to the interested general reader A list of books in the series can be found after the index Heroes and Martyrs of Palestine The Politics of National Commemoration Laleh Khalili University of London CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521865128 © Laleh Khalili 2007 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2006 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 978-0-511-29463-1 ISBN-10 0-511-29463-8 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 ISBN-10 hardback 978-0-521-86512-8 hardback 0-521-86512-3 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate For John He who writes his story inherits the land of that story Mahmud Darwish Contents Acknowledgments List of abbreviations page ix xi Introduction Transnational movements and discourses 11 Palestinian lives and local institutions in the camps of Lebanon 41 Forms of commemoration 65 Contents of commemoration: narratives of heroism, suffering, and sumud 90 Guerrillas and martyrs: the evolution of national ‘‘heroes’’ 113 Between battles and massacres: commemorating violent events 150 Commemoration in the Occupied Palestinian Territories 187 Conclusions 214 Bibliography Index 228 253 vii Bibliography 247 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Anderson, Benedict Andoni, Ghassan 211 Ang Swee Chai 63 ANM, Arab National Movement 46 Ansar III (Ketziot) prison camp 200 Antonious, George 15, 63 The Arab Awakening 15, 31 al-Aqsa Martyrs’ Brigade, 201, 203 Arab League 43 Arab Rescue Army 43, 104 Arab Teachers’ Federation 72 Arafat, Suha 49 Arafat, Yasir 49, 53, 55, 57, 82, 94, 106, 118, 134, 141, 156, 158, 159, 164, 182, 187, 190, 191–2, 193, 194, 212, 219, 221 funeral of 187–9, 212 ARCPA, Arab Resource Centre for Popular Arts 61, 74, 113, 116 al-Asad, Hafiz 48, 88, 168 Asad, Talal 36 al-Ashighun 78 Badr, Liana, The Eye of the Mirror 68–9 Balandier, Georges 17 Balfour Declaration (2 November 1917) 72, 73, 75, 76, 109, 162 Balfour Declaration Day 81 Bandung, Indonesia 14 Barak, Ehud 121, 136 Barghouthi, Marwan 211 al-Bass camp 101 battles battle of Beirut 155, 157–9 popular commemoration of 159 battle of Dhu Qar 152 battle of Hittin 80, 152–3 battle of Karama 76, 80, 94, 152, 154, 155–7, 160, 161, 162, 222 battle of Qadisiyya 152 battle of Qastal 80, 160 battle of Yarmuk 80, 152 253 254 Index battles (cont.) commemoration as icons of nationalism 151–5 commemoration of 150–86 heroic defeats 155–9 Baumel, Judith 90 Bayt Sahur 199 Begin, Menachem 52, 177 Belgium 175–6 Benjamin, Walter 81 Bensaid, Daniel 36 Bernadotte, Count Folke 82 Berque, Jacque 17 Berri, Nabih 56 Bethlehem 184, 194 Biqa’ Valley 54, 55 Birzeit 194 Black September 1970 48, 50, 82, 109, 163, 176, 178, 179, 199 BO18 nightclub 173–4 Bourdieu, Pierre 17, 104 bunduqiyya 151–2, 216–17 Burchett, Wilfred 17 Burj al-Barajna camp 7, 72, 74, 77, 83, 86, 99, 102, 126, 130, 181, 182, 183, 184 cemetery 87 Haifa Hospital 118–19 Burj al-Shamali camp 65, 85, 137, 138 Nadi al-Hawla 137 Bush, George W 180 Cabral, Amilcar 15, 16, 17, 19, 21 Cairo Accords (1969) 47, 50, 84, 143 Camp David Accords (1979) 51 Castro, Fidel 16 Central Intelligence Agency, Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare 27 Chaliand, Gerard 97, 143 Chamoun, Camille 46 Children of RPGs 146, 159, 196 Children of Stones 146, 160, 196 Cold War 2, 39 commemoration heroic figures 48–9 iconic objects in 1–2, 143 of the Lebanese civil war 69 mnemonic practices narrative content of 5–6, 90–112, 216 nationalist memories 3–4 ‘‘off-script’’ performances 222–3 as performance 91, 215, 222–3 separation of personal and national memories 107–8 silencing of Palestinian 60–4, 194–5 of village life 61, 66–7, 69 commemorative forms 65–89, 214–15 calendars 81–2, 177–8 ceremonies 86–8, 215 education and pedagogy 70–4 graffiti 83 history-telling 66–9, 215 holidays 73, 81–2, 215 images and photographs 69–70, 117–22 media 74–9 media: new electronic 79 media: periodicals 74–5 media: radio 75–6 media: television 76–9 music videos 78–9 naming 79–81, 215 organization of space 82–6, 215 organization of time 81–2 Corrie, Rachel 210 Costa-Gavras, Constantin 17 Cuba 49, 97 cummings, e.e 113 dabke 87, 88, 157 al-Dameer 38 Darraj, Faisal 164 Darwish, Mahmud 7, 17, 20, 21, 41, 65, 67–8, 99, 117, 127, 131, 150, 151, 159, 187, 214 Davidson, Basil 17, 21 Dbaya camp 168 Debray, Regis 15, 17, 18, 97 Defence for Children International/ Palestine Section 206 Deuxie`me Bureau 46, 144 DFLP, Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine 16, 46, 49, 50, 86–7, 97, 129, 131, 137, 154, 179, 182 al-Hurriyya 94, 98, 161–2, 177 Dheisheh camp 199 Ibda’ Youth Centre 199 diasporan singers 78 Dome of the Rock 2, 70, 74, 81, 120, 194, 203 Dumont, Rene´ 17 Durra Folk Group, Muhammad 148 al-Durra, Muhammad 77, 79, 80, 116, 147 Eagleton, Terry 139 education adult literacy classes 72 in the OPT 192–3 Eitan, Rafael 175 elections 193–4 2006 Legislative Council 203 Emmanuel, Aghiri 17 Index factional conflict 50, 53, 84 factional predominance 95 Fadlallah, Muhammad Husayn 30 Fakihani 85 bombing 161–2, 177 Fakihani Republic 48 Fanon, Frantz 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 29, 97, 164 Farah, Randa 59 Farahat, Maryam 203 Fatah 16, 47, 48, 49, 81, 93, 121, 123, 124, 129, 151, 153, 154, 155–9, 160, 162–3, 179, 189, 190, 201, 208, 211 Filastinuna 74, 92, 93 Force 17 134 Fatah–Revolutionary Council (Abu Nidal) 129 Fayruz 78 Feldman, Allen 82 fida’iyyin guerrillas 47, 67, 94, 142–5, 217 commemoration of 113–49 Fleischmann, Ellen 63 Foucault, Michel Frank, Andre´ Gunder 17 FRELIMO (Mozambique) 12 Galilee 42 Gandhi, Indira 140 Garcia Marquez, Gabriel 17 Gaza 8, 191, 206, 208 Gaza–Jericho Agreement 57 gender and attendance at ceremonies 87 battle as reclaiming of manhood 152, 154 female suicide bombers 202–3 in Hamas discourse 30, 203 in human rights/humanitarian discourse 37–8 in Islamist discourses 30 in nation-statist discourses 22–3 masculine heroism 20–1, 216 masculinity in martyrs’ videos 202–3 representation of refugee women as victim subjects 109–10 sumud as women’s domain 101, 183–4 Genet, Jean 17, 94, 126, 143 Ghosheh, Subhi 136 Ghubayri Municipality 175 Giannou, Chris 137 Giap V N 17, 18 Gramsci, Antonio 91 Great Revolt (1936–1939) 72, 98, 125, 131, 199 Guevara, Ernesto Che 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 29, 49, 97, 132, 146 255 Guevara Gaza 132, 140 Guinea Bissau (‘‘Portuguese Guinea’’) 16 Gulf War (1991) 176 Gupta, Akhil 11 Gusma˜o, Xanana 24 Habash, George 140–1 Haganah 165 Haju, Sa‘ad 74 Hamas 30, 123, 129, 146, 189, 194, 197, 201, 203 activists deported to Lebanon (1992) 146 Filastin al-Muslima 57 Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigade 123 nationalist discourse of 203–4 Hammami, Rema 203 al-Hamshari, Mahmoud 141 Hanzala 134, 198 Hariri, Rafiq 55 Hasanayn, Hasan 118–19, 130 al-Hassan, Khalid 74, 142 Hasso, Frances 202 Hawatma, Nayif 86 Hayy Sallum 152–3 Hebrew University 63 Hebron 194 Hikmat, Nazim 17 Hirokawa, Ryuichi 164 histories and memories 4–6, 17–18 Hizbullah 3, 28, 32, 77, 130, 146, 173, 175, 201–2 Ho Chi-minh 17 Hobeika, Elie 54, 64, 176 human rights/humanitarian discourse 33–8, 219 centrality of the state to 36–7 the Holocaust in 35 local adoption of 38 Hurndall, Tom 210 Husayn of Jordan, King 156, 182 al-Husayni, Abd al-Qadir 160, 199 Husayni, Faysal 118 Husayni, Haj Amin 136 al-Hut, Shafiq 158 iconization 153–4, 215 ICRC, International Committee of the Red Cross 45, 62 Idriss, Wafa 116–17, 118–20, 121, 122, 123 institutions, local 41–64, 220–1 mutual relations with refugees 65 International Solidarity Movement (ISM) 210–11 256 Index Intifada 2, 8, 54, 81, 102, 116, 136, 146, 160, 162, 181–2, 189, 195–201, 210, 221 communique´s 102, 128, 197–8, 199, 200 Popular Committees 197 Intifada, al-Aqsa 58, 76–7, 113, 118–20, 141, 196, 199, 208, 210, 211 Iran commemoration of martyrs 125 Mojahedin-e-Khalq 49 revolution (1978–1979) 27, 29, 33, 51, 147 symbols 32–3 Iraq, US invasion of (2003) 209 Irgun 82, 165, 177 Islamic Jihad 129, 189, 197, 198, 201 Islamist heroic discourse 26–33 history in 30–1 and nationalism 29–30 self-sacrifice in 31–2 transnational solidarity in 33 transnational transmission of discourses in 32–3 Israel assassination of Palestinian leaders 50–1, 123 invasion of Lebanon (1982) 52–3, 75, 99, 109, 137, 160, 178 invasion of the West Bank (2002) 20, 59–60, 63, 77, 79, 106, 128, 137, 172, 184–5, 194 prevention of refugee return 43–4 Israeli Civil Administration 196 Jale´e, Pierre 17 Jallul, Faysal, Critique of Palestinian Arms 98 Japanese Red Army 49, 136 Jara, Victor 17 Jenin 184–5, 215 destruction of camp (2002) 209 Jericho 191 Jerusalem 6, 63, 72, 94, 187–9, 192, 194 Jibril, Ahmad 126 Jibril, Jihad 126–7, 128 Jiryis, Sabri 63 Jisr al-Basha camp 51, 168, 177, 179 Jumayyil, Bashir 52 Jummayil family 50 Junblat, Kamal 124 Junblat, Walid 57 Kahan Commission of Inquiry 64, 166, 175, 180 Kanafani, Anni 73 Kanafani Children’s Centre 73, 123 Kanafani, Ghassan 7, 20, 65, 67, 73, 84, 92, 120, 122, 123, 132–3, 134, 136, 141, 198, 215, 222 Kapur, Ratna 90 Kata’ib (Phalange) Party 50, 150 Keddie, Nikki 27 Khaled, Leila 20, 46, 123, 132, 143 Khalidi, Rashid 75 Khomeini, Ruhollah 28, 29, 32, 33 Khoury, Bernard 173–4 Khoury, Elias 155, 174, 180 Gate of the Sun 68–9 King-Irani, Laurie 80 Klausner, Samuel 32 Kuttab, Daoud 195 Kuwait 176 Land Day 88, 162, 215, 222 Land Department, Jewish Agency 44 Laroui, Abdallah 17 Latifa 78 Lebanese Forces (LF) 53, 100, 168–9, 173, 174, 176, 180 Lebanon civil war (1958) 46 civil war (1975–1990) 8, 51–4, 98, 117, 123 as node of transmission of discourse 33 Lehi 82, 165 lieux de me´moire Lindholm-Schultz, Helena 101 L’Ouverture, Toussaint 18 Lumumba, Partice 140 University (Moscow) 17 Malley, Robert 28, 190, 218 Mandas, Hani 168 Mandela, Nelson 20 Mao Tse-tung 17, 18, 97 Marti, Jose´ 18 martyrdom, egalitarianization of 147 martyrs archetypal 120, 131–4, 198, 216 child 117 shuhada al-wajib 118 video wills and testaments 201–2 videos of funerals 203–4 martyrs, commemoration of 113–49 cemeteries 135–7 for foreign audiences 115–17 funerals 124–7, 209 funerals as weddings 32–3, 124–6 funerals in the OPT 198 images 69, 116–17, 120, 121–2 Index Martyrs’ Day 73, 123, 162, 215, 222 martyrs’ mothers 127–31 memorials 120 murals 70, 117–22, 118–20 naming 122–4 quotidian memory places 137–9 symbolic funerals 198 Marx, Karl 39 massacre Ain al-Zaytun 165 as metaphor for the Palestinian predicament 164–7 Bureij 166 Burj al-Shamali 107–8, 178 Dayr Yasin 43, 75, 81, 160, 162, 163, 165–7, 172, 177, 178, 186, 199 al-Duwayma 165, 199 Eilabun 165 Ibrahimi Mosque 162–4, 201 Ilut 165 Jish 165 Kafr Qasim 75, 163, 166–7, 199 Lydda 166 Majd al-Kurum 165 Maslakh-Karantina 51, 168, 177 Nahhalin 166 Nasr al-Din 165 nationalist narrative contained therein 199–200 Qana 44, 108, 172–3 Qibya 75, 166–7, 177, 185, 199 Sabra/Shatila 2, 52, 62, 63, 64, 68, 75, 80, 82, 100, 136, 150, 157, 159, 162, 163, 164, 166, 173, 177, 185, 186, 199, 205 Safsaf 165, 167 Saliha 165 Sa’sa 165 Tal al-Za‘tar 64, 68, 75, 83, 98, 109, 129, 136, 161, 162, 163, 171, 177, 181, 185, 186 Tantura 165 Tulkarm 166 massacres, commemoration of 150–86, 217 as battles 160–1 Maslakh-Karantina 173–4 Sabra/Shatila 168, 170–2, 174–5, 178–80, 221 Sabra/Shatila, commemoration of, through appeal to international law 175–6 Tal al-Za‘tar 168–70, 178–80, 221 massacres, palimpsest of 176–80 Mbembe, Achille 34, 90 McCarthy, John 57 257 Memmi, Albert 16, 142 Moghrabi, Bushra 76 Morrison, Toni 80 Mossad 134 Mubarak, Husni 187 Mufarija, Fayza 116–17 Mughrabi, Dalal 121, 122, 123 Operation 123 Muhaydli, Sana 14, 19 Musa, Ahmad 162 Muslim Brotherhood 27, 29, 49, 143 Nabatiyya 51 Nablus 194 Nahda movement 31 Nahr al-Barid camp 96, 123 bombing of 178 an-Naim, Abdullahi 34 Najda 73, 137, 138 al-Najjar, Abu Yusif 136, 162 Nakba 2, 7, 41–2, 42–4, 75, 78, 93, 96, 104, 109, 113, 133, 162, 165–7, 174, 184 narratives audiences for 93–4, 141–2 centrality to nationalism 225–7 heroic 15, 90, 92–9, 111, 216–17 heroic, evaluating 223–4 heroic in the OPT 212 nation-statist in the OPT 190–5, 193, 212, 216 oppositional heroic, in the OPT 195–204 relative predominance 91 sumud 90, 99–103, 181–4, 186, 216, 217, 220–1 sumud, evaluating 224–5 sumud in the OPT 99, 100–1, 196–7, 211 tragic 36–7, 90, 103–10, 111, 186, 216–17 tragic, ‘‘authentic victim subject’’ 36 tragic, evaluating 204–5, 224 tragic, physical pain 104, 105, 111 tragic in the OPT 204–11, 212–13 Nasir, Kamal 136, 162 Nasrallah, Hasan 127 nationalist/liberationist discourses 13–21, 21–6 self-sacrifice in 18–20 in the USA 23–4 and violence 23–4 Nawfal, Mamduh 136 Nazzal, Khalid 198 Nazzal, Nafez 167 Nehru, Jawaharlal 14 Neruda, Pablo 17 New Religious Politics 27 258 Index Newton, Huey 20 NGOs, Non-governmental Organizations 34–8, 220 charity work 110 difference between OPT and diaspora 213, 221 education 73–4 in the OPT 190–1, 204–11 in the OPT, development-related 205 in the OPT, human rights 205 in the OPT, Islamic 206 in refugee camps 58–60 representation of suffering 162–3 role in tragic narratives in Lebanon 108–10 Nkrumah, Kwame 13, 15, 18, 19 Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) 15 non-violence 211 Nora, Pierre Norton, Anne OPT, Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT) 6, 8–9, 53 commemoration in 187–213 support for Palestinian refugees in Lebanon 102–3, 172 Orient House 63 Oslo Accords (1993) 57, 81, 84, 103, 111, 146, 162, 178, 186, 190, 201, 206 Palestinian Authority (PA) 26, 57, 63, 81, 81–2, 188–9, 190–5, 196, 201, 208, 212, 220 Palestinian Declaration of Independence (1988) 23, 54, 93, 165, 192 Palestinian National Charter 23 Palestinian Red Crescent Society 63 Palestinian refugee camps archetypal 84–6 iconization 82–3 in Jordan 42 socioeconomic condition 55–7 in Syria 42 Pan-African Congress (PAC) 12, 45 pan-Arabism 42, 46 Partition Day (29 November) 73 Partition of Palestine 75, 162 Pelletreau, Robert 57 Perec, George 60 Perroux, Francoise 17 Peteet, Julie 127 PFLP, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 13, 16, 46, 48, 49, 50, 84, 97, 120, 123, 129, 132–3, 140, 157, 158, 179, 182, 201, 207 al-Hadaf 57, 61, 84, 98, 154, 163–4 PFLP–GC, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command 55, 76, 126, 129, 132, 147, 179 Il al-Amam 98, 147, 178 PLO, Palestine Liberation Organisation Bayt Atfal Sumud 101 evacuation from Lebanon 52, 99, 145, 178, 189 Filastin al-Thawra 75, 98, 156, 161, 177 General Union of Palestinian Women 127 leadership in Tunisia 100, 208 Martyrs’ Affairs Bureau 119, 135 patronage 51 provision of social services 48, 101 relations with Lebanese actors 44 Research Centre 52, 61, 62–3 Samid (PLO) 101 Shu’un Filastiniyya 62, 67 statist project 146 Polisario 16 political ‘‘tourism’’ 85–6, 108, 206, 211 polyvalent events 139–40, 180–5, 186, 209 definition 181 Popular Arab and Islamic Conference (Khartoum, 1991/1993/1995) 13 Population Crisis Committee (PCC) 35–6 Portelli, Alessandro 66 prisoners as heroic figures 200–1 Pullman, Philip 225 al-Qassam, Izz al-Din 131–2, 198, 199 Qutb, Sayyid 28–33 Radio Stations Cairo, Palestine Service 75 al-Quds 76 Sawt al-‘Arab (The Arab Voice) 75 Sawt al-Filastin (The Voice of Palestine) 75 Ramallah 184, 187–9, 191, 194, 211 Muqata‘a compound 187, 188, 189, 192 Rantisi, Abd al-Aziz 118 Rashidiyeh camp 157 Remembrance Day (15 May) 73 Renan, Ernest 135 Roy, Olivier 27 Sabra 85 al-Sadr, Muhammad Baqir 28 Safad 42 Saffuriyya 74, 80 Index al-Sahir, Kazim 78 Sahmmut, Isma’il 70 Said, Edward W 1, 21, 100, 214 Saida (Sidon) 54, 76 al-Sa’iqa, 50 Sakakini, Hala and Dumya 63 Sakakini Cultural Center, Khalil 113, 114, 115 Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi 94 Sanaya‘ Building, bombing 177 Sarhan, Basim 71 Sartawi, Isam 158 Sartre, Jean-Paul 17, 103 Sayigh, Rosemary 97, 102, 105 Shaath, Nabil 57 Shafiq, Munir 28 Shaheen, Hannah 63 Shakespeare, William 124 Shariati, Ali 26–33 Sharon, Ariel 52, 166, 172, 175, 176, 177, 180, 185 Shatila camp 6, 48, 68, 73, 84, 102, 117, 118–20, 160, 181, 184, 199 Acca Hospital 64 Children and Youth Centre 85 mosque 85, 137–8 mosque, ceremonies 139 Martyrs’ Cemetery 65, 123, 124, 135, 172, 215 siege of 102, 150 Shehadeh, Raja 99 al-Shiqaqi, Fathi 33 Shqif (Beaufort) Castle 199 Siegel, Ellen 100, 180 Slyomovics, Susan 176 Smith, Anthony D Smith, Rogers solidarity activists in OPT 204, 210–11 South Africa 16 South Lebanese Army (SLA) 53 South-West Africa People’s Organization (SWAPO) 45 Suez War 166 Sukarno, Ahmad 14 Supreme Muslim Council 63 Surete´ Generale 46 Swedenburg, Ted 61, 131 Syria 53 complicity in atrocities 179, 221 involvement in Lebanon 51 support for Amal 100, 102 surveillance of the camps 186 withdrawal from Lebanon (2005) 55 Syrian Social Nationalist Party 52 Szenes, Hannah 90 259 Tal al Za‘tar camp 6, 51, 68, 84, 100, 199 ‘‘lentil tales’’ 68, 168–9 site of 172–3 tawtin 55 Lebanese rejection of Palestinians 110 Tehran 12, 32 television series al-Aidun (The Returnees) 77 Yatazakkirun (They Remember) 77 television stations Abu-Dhabi 76 Filastin 76 al-Jazeerah 76 al-Manar 76, 77 Thawra 8, 47–51, 60, 67, 92, 96–8, 105, 151, 162, 195, 212, 216, 221 Tiberias 42 transnational discourses 11–12, 11–40, 218–19 Tricontinental Congress (Havana, 1967) 16, 19 Tripoli 53 Trouillot, Michel-Rolph 60 al-Turabi, Hasan 13 Udwan, Kamal 136, 162 Operation 123 Umar, Caliph 94 Umm Kulthum 78 Unified National Leadership 197 Union of Nationalities (Lausanne, 1916) 14 United Nations 12, 26, 34, 111, 151, 172, 207, 219 Arafat address to (1974) 141 General Assembly Resolution 1514 15 recognition given by 24–5 United Nations Economic and Social Commission for West Asia (UN-ESCWA) 59, 116 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) 71, 113 United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) 45, 55, 58, 59, 71, 85, 108, 215, 220 history books 96 photo archives 71 teachers 71–2, 92 Vietnam 12, 16, 18, 49, 97 War of the Camps 53–4, 64, 69, 77, 84, 85, 87, 88, 100, 117, 137, 154, 171 commemoration of 170, 180–5 260 Index Wazir, Khalil (Abu Jihad) 118, 122, 136 Weitz, Joseph 44 Welfare Association 205–6 West Bank 8, 211 Wiktorowics, Quintan 28 Wright, Richard 14 Yacine, Kateb 17 Yamani, Abu Mahir 157 Yamani, Mahir 90 Yarmuk camp 166 Yaron, Amos 175 Yasin, Ahmad 118, 122, 194 Younis, Afaf 72 Zahrani 157 ZAPU (Zimbabwe) 12 Zerubavel, Yael 81, 90, 155 al-Zibri, Mustafa 118 Ziegler, Jean 17 Cambridge Middle East Studies 27 Parvin Paidar, Women and the Political Process in Twentieth-Century Iran Israel Gershoni and James Jankowski, Redefining the Egyptian Nation, 1930–1945 Annelies Moors, Women, Property and Islam: Palestinian Experiences, 1920–1945 Paul Kingston, Britain and the Politics of Modernization in the Middle East, 1945–1958 Daniel Brown, Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought Nathan J Brown, The Rule of Law in the Arab World: Courts in Egypt and the Gulf Richard Tapper, Frontier Nomads of Iran: The Political and Social History of the Shahsevan Khaled Fahmy, All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, his Army and the Making of Modern Egypt Sheila Carapico, Civil Society in Yemen: The Political Economy of Activism in Arabia 10 Meir Litvak, Shi’i Scholars of Nineteenth-Century Iraq: The Ulama of Najaf and Karbala 11 Jacob Metzer, The Divided Economy of Mandatory Palestine 12 Eugene Rogan, Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921 13 Eliz Sanasarian, Religious Minorities in Iran 14 Nadje Al-Ali, Secularism, Gender and the State in the Middle East: The Egyptian Women’s Movement 15 Rogan/Shlaim (eds.), The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948 16 Shafir/Peled, Being Israeli: The Dynamics of Multiple Citizenship 17 A J Racy, Making Music in the Arab World: The Culture and Artistry of Tarab 18 Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Crisis Revisited 19 Yasir Suleiman, A War of Words: Language and Conflict in the Middle East 20 Peter Moore, Doing Business in the Middle East: Politics and Economic Crisis in Jordan and Kuwait 21 Idith Zertal, Israel’s Holocaust and the Politics of Nationhood 22 David Romano, The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Opportunity, Mobilization and Identity 23 Laurie A Brand, Citizens Abroad: Emigration and the State in the Middle East and North Africa 24 James McDougall, History and the Culture of Nationalism in Algeria 25 Arang Keshavarzian, Bazaar and State in Iran: The Politics of the Tehran Marketplace 26 Madawi Al-Rasheed, Contesting the Saudi State: Islamic Voices from a New Generation ... series can be found after the index Heroes and Martyrs of Palestine The Politics of National Commemoration Laleh Khalili University of London CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne,... to the next, forming the Heroes and Martyrs of Palestine essential core of the nation and its character French nationalism has la Marseillaise, the Bastille, and de Gaulle US nationalism has the. .. globalize, they lose some of their historical specificity and their concreteness and become more abstract, transportable, 11 12 Heroes and Martyrs of Palestine and iconic The portability of these