This page intentionally left blank Union and Empire The making of the United Kingdom in  is still a matter of significant political and historical controversy Allan Macinnes here offers a major new interpretation that sets the Act of Union within a broad European and colonial context and provides a comprehensive picture of its transatlantic and transoceanic ramifications which ranged from the balance of power to the balance of trade He reexamines English motivations from a colonial as well as a military perspective and assesses the imperial significance of the creation of the United Kingdom He also explores afresh the commitment of some determined Scots to secure Union for political, religious and opportunist reasons and shows that, rather than an act of statesmanship, the resultant Treaty of Union was the outcome of politically inept negotiations by the Scots Union and Empire will be a major contribution to the history of Britain, empire and early modern state formation              is Professor of Early Modern History at the University of Strathclyde He has published extensively on covenants, clans and clearances, British state formation and Jacobitism His previous publications include Clanship, Commerce and the House of Stuart, – () and, as co-editor with A H Williamson, Shaping the Stuart World, –: the American Connection () Union and Empire The Making of the United Kingdom in  Allan I Macinnes University of Strathclyde CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521850797 © Allan I Macinnes 2007 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2007 ISBN-13 978-0-511-45507-0 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 978-0-521-85079-7 hardback ISBN-13 978-0-521-61630-0 paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate To Cathie and Donald Contents Acknowledgements List of abbreviations page ix xii Part I Setting the Scenes  Introduction  The historiography Part II   Varieties of Union, –  Precedents, –   Projects –   The Irish dimension  Part III The Primacy of Political Economy, –  The transatlantic dimension   The Scottish question   Going Dutch?  Part IV Party Alignments and the Passage of Union  Jacobitism and the War of the British Succession, –  Securing the votes, –   vii viii Contents Part V Conclusion  The Treaty of Union Appendix Bibliography Index      Bibliography ‘Early Modern History: The Current State of Play’, SHR,  (), pp – ‘Influencing the Vote: The Scottish Estates and the Treaty of Union, –’, History Microcomputer Review,  (), pp – ‘Jacobitism in Scotland: Episodic Cause or National Movement?’ SHR,  (), pp – ´ ‘Le jacobitisme en Ecosse, cause e´ pisodique ou mouvement national?’ L’´evolution des mondes modernes, S´eminaire de D E A De l’Institut de Recherches sur les Civilisations de l’Occident Moderne, Universit´e Paris Sorbonne,  (–), pp – ‘Repression and Conciliation: The Highland Dimension, –’, SHR,  (), pp – ‘The First Scottish Tories?’ SHR,  (), pp – ‘Treaty of Union: Voting Patterns and Political Influence’, Historical Social Research: Historische Sozialforschung,  (), pp – McKenny, K ‘Charles II’s Irish Cavaliers: The  Officers and the Restoration Land Settlement’, IHS,  (), pp – Mackillop, A ‘Accessing Empire: Scotland, Europe, Britain and the Asia Trade,  – c ’, Itinerario,  (), pp – Macree, D ‘Daniel Defoe, the Church of Scotland, and the Union of ’, Eighteenth Century Studies,  (), pp – Murdoch, S ‘The Good, the Bad and the Anonymous: A Preliminary Survey of the Scots in the Dutch East Indies –’, Northern Scotland,  (), pp – Murdoch, S., Little, A & Forte, A D M ‘Scottish Privateering, Swedish Neutrality and Prize Law in the Third Anglo-Dutch War, –’, Forum Navale,  (), pp – Netzloff, M ‘Forgetting the Ulster Plantation: John Speed’s The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain () and the Colonial Archive’, Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies,  (), pp – Ohlmeyer, J H ‘Seventeenth-Century Ireland and the New British and Atlantic Histories’, AHR,  (), pp – Perceval-Maxwell, M ‘Ireland and the Monarchy in the Early Stuart Multiple Kingdom’ HJ,  (), pp – Pincus, S ‘Neither Machiavellian Moment nor Possessive Individualism: Commercial Society and the Defenders of the English Commonwealth’, AHR,  (), pp – Pocock, J G A ‘The Limits and Divisions of British History: In Search of an Unknown Subject’, AHR,  (), pp – Riley, P W J ‘The Formation of the Scottish Ministry of ’, SHR,  (), pp – ‘The Union of  as an Episode in English Politics’, EHR,  (), pp –  Rusche, H ‘Prophecies and Propaganda,  to ’, EHR,  (), pp –  Smout, T C ‘The Anglo-Scottish Union of  : The Economic Background’, Economic History Review, new series,  (), pp – Bibliography  ‘The Burgh of Montrose and the Union of  – A Document’, SHR,  (), pp – ‘The Development and Enterprise of Glasgow, –’, Scottish Journal of Political Economy,  (), pp – ‘The Early Scottish Sugar Houses, –’, Economic History Review, new series,  (), pp – Smyth, J ‘“Like Amphibious Animals”: Irish Protestants, Ancient Britons, – ’, HJ,  (), pp – Stephen, J ‘The Kirk and the Union, –: A Reappraisal’, RSCHS,  (), pp – Storrs, C ‘Disaster at Darien (–)? The Persistence of Spanish Imperial Power on the Eve of the Demise of the Spanish Habsburgs’, European History Quarterly,  (), pp – Szechi, D ‘Constructing a Jacobite: The Social and Intellectual Origins of George Lockhart of Carnwath’, HJ,  (), pp – Watt, D ‘The Management of Capital by the Company of Scotland –’, Journal of Scottish Historical Studies,  (), pp – Whatley, C A ‘Economic Causes and Consequences of the Union of ’, SHR,  (), pp – Whyte, I D ‘Poverty or Prosperity? Rural Society in Lowland Scotland in the Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries’, Scottish Economic & Social History,  (), pp – Williamson, A H ‘Scots, Indians and Empire: The Scottish Politics of Civilization, –’, Past & Present,  (), pp – ‘Union with England Traditional, Union with England Radical: Sir James Hope and the Mid-Seventeenth Century British State’, EHR,  (), pp –  Zupko, R E ‘The Weights and Measures of Scotland Before the Union’, SHR,  (), pp – Index Abercorn, Charles Hamilton, th Earl of (Viscount Strabane)  Abercorn, James Hamilton, th Earl of –,  Abercromby, Patrick –,  Aberdeen , –, , ,  civic improvements – Act anent Peace and War () , , , – Act for Securing the Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government () , ,  Act for the Settling of Ireland ()  Act of Explanation ()  Act of Security () , , –, –,  Act of Settlement ()  Act of Settlement () , –, , ,  Admiralty, Court of – Adventurers Act ()  agriculture  see also famine Alexander, William, of Menstrie (Jr)  Alexander, William, of Menstrie (Sr) see Stirling Alien Act () , , , , , , , , ,  Allardyce, John  Althusius, Johannes  America see colonies Anderson, James  Annandale (ship) – Annandale, William Johnston, st Marquess of –, , , , , ,  Anne, Princess, of Denmark  Anne, Queen –, , , , , , , , ,  accession , ,  attitudes to monarchy –  concern for royal prerogative , , ,  dealings with Darien scheme  dealings with parliament –, –, –, – Episcopalian approaches to – pro-Union stance , ,  provisions for succession , –, –,  and Treaty of Union –, , , ,  appeals see under law Arbuthnot, John – Argyll, Archibald Campbell, th Earl / Marquess of , , ,  execution – Argyll, Archibald Campbell, th Earl of  Argyll, Archibald Campbell, th Earl / st Duke of  Argyll, Elizabeth Campbell, Dowager Duchess of  Argyll, John Campbell, nd Duke of , , –, –, –, , – Armitage, David  army increase in size/expense – personnel – provisioning  Arthur, King  Ashley Cooper see Shaftesbury Atholl, John Murray, st Duke of –, , –, , ,  and Union negotiations / Treaty , –, , , , , , –, , – Atwood, William  Augustus II of Poland  Bacon, Sir Francis – Bacon, Nathaniel  Baillie, George, of Jerviswood  Index Baillie, Sir James, of Jerviswood  Balmerino, John Elphinstone, th Earl of ,  Balthazar, Malthias  Baltic, trade with Scotland , , ,  decline  Baltimore, Cecil Calvert, nd Baron  Baltimore, George Calvert, st Baron – Banff, George Ogilvy, Lord –, ,  Bank of England , ,  Bank of Scotland , , , – Bannatyne, John ,  Bannatyne Club – Barbados  Barclay, Robert, of Urie  ‘Barebones Parliament’  baronetcies, creation/sale of  Beaufort, Henry Somerset, nd Duke of  Beaufort see Fraser, Simon Bede (the Venerable)  Belhaven, John Hamilton, Lord , , , , , , –, , ,  Benbow, John, Admiral – Bende, John  Bible, Authorised Version  Bishops’ Wars (–) , , ,  see also London, Treaty of Black, David , – Black, William , –,  ‘black oath’  Blaeu, Joan  Blaeu, Willem  Blair, James  Blathwayt, William ,  Bloome, Richard  Board of Trade (and Plantations) –, –, , , , –,  Boece, Hector –, ,  Bo’ness  Boston – Boyer, Abel  Boyle, David see Glasgow Boyle, Roger see Orrery Brandon, Duke of see Hamilton, James Douglas-Hamilton Breda, Treaty of  Brewer, John  Brewster, Sir Francis  Britannic Engagement   Britannic perspective (on state formation) –, , –, , –, – impact on colonial affairs –,  objections to  Bromley, William  Brown, Andrew  Brown, P Hume –,  Browne, John ,  Bruce, Alexander, of Broomhall (later Earl of Kincardine)  Bruce, John  Brydges, John ,  Buchanan, George , , –, ,  Burnet, Gilbert, Bishop –, , , , , , , ,  Burnet, Sir Thomas, of Leys – Burnett, John  Burns, Robert  Burton, J Hill  Bute, James Stuart, st Earl of ,  Butler see Ormond Cabot, Sebastian  Camden, William –, ,  Cameronians see Covenanters, radical wing Campbell, Alexander, Colonel  Campbell, Archibald see Argyll; Islay Campbell, John (historian) – Campbell, John (politician) see Argyll Campbell, Roy  Canada see France, colonial conflicts with; Newfoundland; Nova Scotia Cardross, Lord – Carey see Falkland Caribbean, British enterprises in , , – military vulnerability  see also names of islands Carlisle, James Hay, st Earl of – Carlisle, James Hay, nd Earl of  carrying trade see tramp trading Carstairs, A M  Carstares, William , , –, , ,  Cary, John ,  Catherine of Braganza  Catholic Church / Catholicism in Ireland – plans to wipe out  in Scotland – toleration see James II see also Catholic Confederation Catholic Confederation , –,  military capabilities  Cavendish see Devonshire  Index Cavendish-Bentinck see Portland C´eitinn, S´eathrun ´ see Keating, Geoffrey Chalmers, George – Chamberlen, Hugh , – Charlemagne  Charles I –, ,  and Bishops’ Wars  and Civil War – common fishing scheme , , ,  dealings with Covenanters , –, – dealings with Ireland , , –,  dissatisfaction with –,  economic policy –,  execution , – foreign policy/relations ,  Charles II , , , ,  foreign/colonial policy –, –,  marriage  proclamation in Scotland –, – Restoration , , –,  stance on Union –, – Child, Sir Josiah  Christian IV of Denmark  Church of England – Churchill see Marlborough Civil War colonial impact –, – military progress – outbreak  in Scotland –,  Claim of Right () , , , –, ,  Clark, G N  Claybourne, William  Claypoole, Norton – Clerk, Sir John, of Penicuik –, –, , , ,  Clifford, Jeronimy  Clotworthy, Sir John (later Viscount Massarene) , ,  ‘Club the’ – co-partneries, governmental encouragement –,  Cobbe, Walsall – Cockburn, Adam, of Ormiston –, ,  Coke, Roger  Colbert, Jean-Baptiste  colonies calls for inclusion in Union – compensation for loss of – English jurisdiction over – grant/sale of titles  (see also baronetcies) hereditary control – illegal trade in – Irish  legal systems/practices , – opening up of trade with , – policy switch –,  Scottish involvement in –, –, , –, –, –, , –, –; restrictions on –, ,  Scottish owned/occupied , –; (see also Darien; East New Jersey; Nova Scotia; South Carolina) Scottish trade with ,  sources of manpower – trade with  transportation of criminals/undesirables to ,  see also servitor colonialism; names of territories Colquhoun, William  Colvin’s Case () , , , , – commissioners, parliamentary –,  appointment , , , –,  continuity of personnel  distribution by party – Committee for Both Kingdoms –, – Committee of Trade , , –, ,  Commonwealth continuance of methods post-Restoration – electoral system  Scottish collaboration with – see also incorporation; Ireland; Scotland Company of Scotland , –, , , –, , , –, , , –,  Company of the Royal Fishery (of England / Scotland / Great Britain and Ireland) – compensation payments see colonies confederation arguments/demands for – economic, projected  models  projected expansion  Connacht, resistance to Cromwellian forces ,  consignment system (of trading)  Constantine, Emperor ,  Index constitution, written, (un)desirability of  convoys, merchants’ use of  Conway, Edward Conway, st Earl of – Copland, Patrick  Cornwall, incorporation into Union , – Council for Trade and Plantations (England) see Board of Trade Council of Trade (Scotland) ,  Country Party , –, , , , , , , , –, , –, – and Treaty of Union , , –, , , –,  Court Party –, –, –, , , , , , , , , – and Treaty of Union –, , –, , , –, , –, – Courten, Sir William  Covenanters colonial involvement , –, ,  demands for political reform – elimination  governmental moves against –,  internal divisions , –, – political/military gains  protest activity ,  radical wing –, , ,  relations with Ireland – role in Civil War – Cowper, William – Craig, Sir Thomas, of Riccarton  Craufurd, George  Cromartie, George Mackenzie, st Earl of (formerly Viscount Tarbat) , , , –, , , , ,  and Union negotiations / Treaty , –, –, , –,  Cromwell, Oliver , –, , , –, –, ,  death ,  Cromwell, Richard ,  cross-voting (in Treaty deliberations) – Crouch, Nathaniel see Bloome, Richard Cumming, Alexander – Cunningham, Alexander –, ,  Cunningham, James, Major, of Aiket ,  Cunningham, William see Glencairn Dacre, Lord see Trevor-Roper, Hugh Daiches, David   Dalrymple, Sir David, of Hailes –,  Dalrymple, George, of Dalmahoy – Dalrymple, Sir Hew, of North Berwick – Dalrymple, Sir James see Stair Dalrymple, Sir John – Dalrymple, William, Col., of Glenmure , , –, ,  Danish West Indian and Guinea Company – Darcy, Patrick  Darien (colonial venture) , , , , , , , –, , , – (calls for) reparations , , , , –, , ; (see also Equivalent(s)) economic impact , –, , ,  English attitudes to , –, –, , – founding – funding ,  political impact –, ,  precedents  reasons for failure – Scottish commentaries on – Davenant, Charles , , –, – Davidson, Neil – Davies, Sir John –,  de Lolme, John Lewis – Declaratory Act ()  deficit financing – Defoe, Daniel –, –, , , , –, , , , ,  Delaware  Denmark  deputies absence  election ,  Devine, Tom  devolution, (modern) movement for ,  Devonshire, William Cavendish, st Duke of  Dicey, Albert, and Robert Rait, Thoughts on the Union Between England and Scotland –,  divine right, theory of – Donaldson, James  Douglas, Archibald Douglas, rd Marquess / st Duke of  Douglas, James see Queensberry Douglas-Hamilton see Hamilton, James Douglas-Hamilton; Orkney, George; Ruglen; Selkirk Dover, Duke of see Queensberry  Index Drake, John  drawbacks (on customs dues) – Drummond, James see Perth Drummond, John (businessman) ,  Drummond, John (politician) see Melfort Drummond, William, Governor – Dudley, Joseph, Governor  Dunbar, battle of  Dundas, Henry –,  Dundas, Robert, of Arniston – Dundee  Dunlop, William –,  Dunmore, Charles Murray, st Earl of – Dupplin, Thomas Hay, th Viscount – Dutch Wars see Netherlands East India Company/ies , , –, –, , , ,  merged under Treaty of Union ,  East New Jersey, Scottish colony in , –, , , –, , ,  investors – economy / commercial life, Scottish –, –, –, , , , – adaptations prior to Union – commentaries –,  crises (–)  currency –, – dealings with England – dealings with Ireland –, – fluctuations  inward investment  proposals for improvement – recovery (following famine/crisis) , – role in Empire –,  scope for expansion  strength of , –, , –, – see also officials; taxation; trade Edinburgh ,  education, governmental prioritisation  Edward I of England  Edward III of England  Edward VI of England  Eglinton, Alexander Montgomery, th Earl of ,  Elibank, Alexander Murray, Lord , – Elizabeth I of England  Elizabeth of Bohemia  Elling, Jens  Elliot, Sir Gilbert, of Minto – Elphinstone see Balmerino Elzevirus, Bonaventure/Abraham  emigration numbers ,  planning  ‘Empire, British,’ first use of term  England economic policy/priorities – global status  government policy on Union  motivations for Union  overseas trade –, – statistics , – party politics –, , –; (see also Tory Party; Whig Party) political/economic dominance , –, –,  population – social desirability of contact with  ennoblement  see also baronetcies entrepreneurialism – Episcopalianism attempts to enforce –,  relationship with Jacobitism – Equivalent(s) (sum paid in compensation) –, ,  Committee for calculation of  objections to – Errol, Charles Hay, th Earl of , ,  European Community/Union ,  exchange rates ,  Exchequer, Court of  Exclusion Crisis –, , – export laws – exports see trade Fairfax, Blackerby  Falconer, Sir James, of Phaedo  Falkland, Henry Carey, Viscount  famine (s) – attempted remedies – Farrett, James  Fearne, David  federative union – calls for –, , , – defined  Fergus MacEarc, King , , ,  Ferguson, Adam , –,  Ferguson, George  Ferguson, Robert  Ferguson, William – Finch see Nottingham Finlay, Captain – Index fishing , –, –, , –, , , –,  Fleming, Sir James – Fletcher, Andrew, of Saltoun , –, , , ,  later commentators’ view of , , , , , , –,  proposals for constitutional monarchy , ,  role in Treaty debates , , , ,  stance on Union –, , ,  Forbes, Sir Arthur, of Corse see Granard Forrester, Andrew, Captain  Foulis, James ,  France colonial conflicts with , , , – economy  e´ migr´es from  recognition of Jacobite claims ; (see also Louis XIV; Wales, James Francis Edward Stuart, Prince of) relationship with England/Scotland , , , , , –,  see also French Revolution; Napoleonic Wars Fraser, Simon, of Beaufort –, ,  Fraser, William –, , – Frederick I of Prussia  Free Kirk  free trade  role in Treaty of Union –, , ,  French Revolution, Scottish/Irish responses to – Gael, role in Irish tradition – Garnock, John Crawford, Viscount  George, Prince, of Denmark (consort of Anne) , , –, ,  George I , , , – George II  George IV  Gerard, Sir Digby, Lord Gerard  Gerrard, Robert (Jr)  Gerrard, Robert (Sr)  Gibson, Walter , – Glasgow , , , , –, , , – Glasgow, David Boyle of Kelburn, st Earl of , , ,  Glencairn, William Cunningham, th Earl of  Glencoe, Massacre of , , –  ‘Glorious Revolution’ see Revolution Godolphin, Sidney Godolphin, st Earl of , , , , , –, , , , , , , , , , –, , –, –,  Gordon, George Gordon, st Duke of ,  Gordon, Sir John, of Lochinvar (colonist) – Gordon, John (politician) see Strathnaver; Sutherland Gordon, Patrick – Gordon, Sir Robert  Gothic perspective (on state formation) , –, , –, , , , , , –, , , , ,  Graham see Montrose Granard, Arthur Forbes, st Earl of ,  Grant, Francis (later Lord Cullen) – Granville, George Granville, Lord  Green, Thomas, Captain –,  Greenshields, James  Greg, William  Gregory, David  Grew, Nehemiah  Gualtiero, Francesco, Cardinal – Hamilton, Anne, Duchess of , , , – Hamilton, Andrew, Governor – Hamilton, Charles (historian)  Halifax, Charles Montague, Lord ,  Hamilton, Charles (politician) see Abercorn Hamilton, Elizabeth, Duchess of  Hamilton, Gustavus  Hamilton, James, of Boghall (entrepreneur) – Hamilton, James Douglas-Hamilton, th Duke of (later Duke of Brandon) –, , , , , –, –, , , , , , , , –,  role in ‘Scotch Plot’ ,  and Union negotiations / Treaty , , , , –, , –, , –, , , , –, – Hamilton, James Hamilton, rd Marquess / st Duke of , ,  Hamilton, James (politician) see Abercorn Hamilton, John, Lord Belhaven see Belhaven Hammond, Thomas – Handasyd, Thomas, Governor   Index Hanoverian Succession , , –, ,  opposition to ,  see also Act of Settlement Harley, Robert , –, , , , , , , , , – Haversham, John Thomson, Lord ,  Hay, Charles see Errol Hay, James see Carlisle Hay, John see Tweeddale Hay, Peter, of Haystoun  Hay, Thomas see Dupplin Hay, William see Kinnoull Hebron, John –,  Hebronites see Covenanters, radical wing Henderson, Alexander  Henry VII of England  Hermannides, Rutgerius  Herries, William  historiography ,  Hodges, James , , , , ,  Hodges, Robert  Holy Roman Empire  Home, Charles Home, th Earl of –,  Home, Sir John, Baronet Home of Blackadder – Home Rule, call for  Hooke, Nathaniel, Captain  Hope, Sir James, of Hopetoun  Hopeton, Charles Hope, st Earl of  house building  Howard see Nottingham Hume, Sir David, of Crossrigg (lawyer/politician)  Hume, David, of Godscroft (writer/political commentator) – Hume, Sir David (politician/diarist)  Hume, Patrick see Marchmont Huntington Library, San Marino, CA ,  Hutchinson, Francis – imports see trade incorporation acceptance  bodies of opinion undecided on – calls for –, –, –, , –, –, –, – under Commonwealth – opposition to , – indentured servants see servitor colonialism independence, arguments against  Inglis, Robert – Ireland arguments for/against Union –, –, – (attempted) enforcement of Protestantism –, – civil war  colonial involvement –, ; (see also colonies; New Albion) dependent status –, , , –,  economy/trade –, , ,  English attitudes to – English political agenda in  forfeiture of estates  governance  parliament, position on British succession – political aspirations  position under Commonwealth , – rebellion () , – rejection of Union , ,  relationship with England  relationship with Scots nobility – as warning to Scots –, – Irish perspective (on state formation) – iron/steel trade – Islay, Archibald Campbell, st Earl of  ius imperium, concept of –,  Jacobites/Jacobitism activities post-Union –,  (alleged) plots ; (see also ‘Scotch Plot’) armed risings , , , –,  cellular structure – Court in exile – in England ,  fears of –, –,  internal differences – involvement in commercial enterprise – in Ireland  movement of funds – poetry – polarising impact – political ideology –, , –, – redefinition – refusal to recognise Anne – religious leanings – Scottish focus – (verbal) attacks on , – Index Jamaica  James II of Scotland  James IV of Scotland ,  James VI of Scotland / I of England , , , , , , ,  foreign policy  implementation of policy ,  religious policy  theory of monarchy/statehood –, , –, , – James VII of Scotland / II of England , , , , –, ,  armed conflict with William III  colonial policy , , – death  deposition , , , , ,  economic policy –, ,  Irish responses to – plans for restoration  policy of religious toleration –, ,  qualities as ruler , – Scottish support for –,  stance on Union / Anglo-Scottish relations –, – ‘James VIII/III’ see Wales, James Francis Edward Stuart, Prince of Johnston, Adam – Johnston, Archibald  Johnston, James, of Warriston ,  Johnston, Sir Patrick ,  Johnston, William see Annandale joint-stock ventures  Keating, Geoffrey – Keith, Theodora  Keith, Thomas  Keith, William see Marischal Kenneth MacAlpine, King  Ker, John, of Kersland (government agent) ,  Ker, John (politician) see Roxburghe Kincardine, Earl of see Bruce King, Gregory – King, William, Bishop  Kinnoull, William Hay, th Earl of – Kirk, (Sir) David ,  Kirk, Lewis  Kirk of Scotland (calls for) retention under Union – comment on Darien scheme ,  handling of religious differences ,  influence for peace   overthrow of leaders – political importance  position under Treaty of Union –,  Knox, John ,  la Tour, Claud St Stephen, Seigneur de  landed enterprise, role in national economy – Lang, Andrew – Laud, William, Archbishop ,  Lauderdale, John Maitland, nd Earl (later Duke) of –, –, –, , , , ,  Law, John  law, Scottish appeals  applicability in Ireland – brought under English control – common vs civil –, – maintenance within Union –, – Leeward Islands  Leopold I, Emperor  Leslie, John see Rothes Leven, David Melville, rd Earl of  Limerick, Treaty of ()  Lindsay, David  Lithgow, William  Livingstone, Robert  local government –, – Locke, John ,  Lockhart, George, of Carnwath (politician) –, , , , , –, , , ,  and Treaty of Union , , , , , ,  Lockhart, George (merchant/surgeon) – London population / economic importance ,  Scottish community , –, – London, Treaty of () –, , ,  Long Parliament , ,  Loudoun, Hugh Campbell, rd Earl of / Loudoun Papers , , , –, ,  Louis XIII of France  Louis XIV of France , , , , , , , , , , , , , , –, , – Lovat, Dowager Lady  Low Countries see Netherlands  Index Macaulay, Thomas Babington (Lord) –, – Macaulay, Zachary, Revd  MacDaniell, James  Macintosh, Daniel – Mackenzie, Sir George, of Rosehaugh (lawyer) ,  Mackenzie, George (historian) – Mackenzie, George (politician) see Cromartie Mackenzie, Sir Kenneth, of Cromartie – Mackenzie, Roderick – Mackillop, Andrew  Mackinnon, James – Mackintosh, Henry  Mackleir, Hans (John Maclean)  Macky, John  Maclean, John see Mackleir, Hans MacMillan, John – Macpherson, James , , ,  MacRae, Alexander, Revd – Maddison, Sir Ralph  Madrid, Treaty of ,  Magnus, Joannus/Olaus – Mair, John  Maitland see Lauderdale Man, Isle of  manufacturing industries expansion – investment in , – quality control – see also landed enterprise Mar, John Erskine, th Earl of , , , , – management of Union negotiations , , –, –, , –, ,  Marchmont, Patrick Hume, st Earl of , , , ,  and Union negotiations / Treaty , , , ,  Margaret Tudor, Queen (of James IV) ,  Marischal, William Keith, th Earl , ,  Markham, Gervaise  Marlborough, John Churchill, st Duke of , , –, , , , , , , –, – Marlborough, Sarah Churchill, Duchess of  Marshal, Ebenezer –,  Marxist analyses – Mary, Queen of Scots  Mary II (of Orange), Queen –,  Maryland  Mason, John, Captain  Massachusetts Bay Company – Massarene, Viscount see Clotworthy Mathieson, William  Maxwell, Henry, of Finaboge  Maxwell, Sir John, of Nether Pollock – Meldrum, John, of Urquhart – Melfort, William Drummond, st Earl of  Melville, Andrew  Melville, Viscount see Dundas, Henry Menstrie see Stirling mercantilism , –,  Mercator, Gerard – Militia Act ()  Miller (emissary from Ireland)  mining  Minuit, Peter  Miraculous and Happie Union of England and Scotland, The (Anon.)  Mitchison, Rosalind  Molesworth, Robert Molesworth, Viscount ,  Molyneux, William , –, , ,  monarchy contractual  (proposed) constitutional limitations –, –, ,  right of resistance to –, – Montgomerie, Francis, of Giffen  Montgomerie, Sir James, of Skelmorlie  Montgomery see Eglinton Montgomery, Hugh – Montrose, James Graham, st Marquess of  Montrose, James Graham, th Marquess of , , , – Mullany, John  Murdoch, Steve  Murray, Alexander, Lord Elibank see Elibank Murray, Sir Alexander, of Stanhope  Murray, Charles see Dunmore Murray, Sir James ,  Murray, John see Atholl Musgrave, Sir Christopher  Nairn, Sir David , ,  Namier, Sir Lewis  Napoleonic Wars – National Association for the Vindication of Scottish Rights  Index National Covenant () –, , ,  see also Covenanters National Debt (English) ,  creation of  shared with Scotland –,  Navigation Acts (–) , –, , , , , , , , ,  adjustments to – circumvention , , , –, –, –, , ,  exemptions ,  impact on Scots trade , –, – objections to –,  reassertion , , ,  relaxation/non-enforcement , , , – Netherlands , , ,  cartography ,  consideration of union with –,  currency, use of  as economic model , , –,  fishing expertise  hostilities with England , , , , , –,  plans for inclusion in Confederation  political alliances  Scottish competition with  trading links with Scotland , , , , , , , , , –, , , , , ,  networks (commercial), Scottish , , –, –,  advantaged by loopholes in Treaty – English fears of ,  illegal methods – regulation under Treaty of Union –,  rivalries between – rivalry with English – trading practices – New Albion (colony) ,  New England ,  Confederation of  Dominion of – disintegration  United Colonies of  New Jersey see East New Jersey New Model Army ,  New Party (later Squadrone Volante) , –,  New Sweden – Newfoundland –,  Nicolson, William, Bishop , ,   Nine Years’ War , , , , , , –, , , , – Nisbet, Sir John, of Dirleton , –,  nobility (Scottish) dealings with Ireland – representation at Westminster –, ,  role in national opinion/activities , – nonconformism  Northampton, Treaty of ()  Nottingham, Charles Howard, st Earl of  Nottingham, David Finch, nd Earl of –, –, , , –, ,  Nova Scotia –,  oaths of allegiance ,  see also ‘black oath’ O’Bruadair, David  officials, role in national economy – O’Flaherty, Roderic  Ogilvie, James see Seafield Ogilvie, William  Ogilvy, George see Banff ‘Old Pretender’ see Wales, James Francis Edward Stuart, Prince of Oldmixon, John – Øresund see Baltic Orkney, George Douglas-Hamilton, th Earl of  Orkney and Shetland – Ormond, James Butler, nd Duke of  Ormond, James Butler, Marquis / st Duke of ,  Orr, Robert  Orrery, Roger Boyle, st Earl of  Pakington, Sir John  papacy recognition of Jacobite claims  relationship with Irish Catholicism  relationship with Stuart monarchy  paper money  Parker, Henry ,  Parks, Daniel  parliament (British, post-Union)  Scottish representation , , –, ,  parliament (Scottish) (alleged) corruption ,  elections to , , – plans to co-ordinate with English – positive achievements  publication of proceedings –  Index parliament (Scottish) (cont.) religious divisions – walk-out from ,  Parliamentarian Party/army alliance with Covenanters  military successes , – Paterson, John, Archbishop – Paterson, William –, –, –, , , , , , ,  patriotism, Scottish expressions of –, –, –,  Patronage Act ()  Paxton, Peter  Penn, William , ,  Pennsylvania  Perth, James Drummond, th Earl of  Petty, Sir William , – Philip of Anjou  Philiphaugh, battle of  Pitt, William (the younger)  plantation(s) , , – English vs Scottish interests – in Ireland –, –; undermining – Plowden, Sir Edmund  Pocock, John (J G A.)  Poland-Lithuania, Commonwealth of , – Pollexfen, John  Polwarth, Patrick Hume, Earl of  Port Royal  Portland, William Cavendish-Bentinck, rd Duke of ,  ports, role in trade networks , – Portugal  Postelthwayt, Malachi  Potter, William  Poynings’ Law () , ,  Presbyterianism, public profile  Primrose, Archibald see Rosebery Primrose, James Primrose, Viscount  privateers , , , , – Privy Council, abolition of  Providence Island Company  Prowse, Valentine  Pryde, George S – Pufendorf, Samuel von – Puritanism ,  Pym, John  Queensberry, James Douglas, nd Duke of –, , , , , , –, , , , , , , ,  discredited by ’Scotch Plot’ –, – and Union negotiations / Treaty , –, –, , , , –, , , , , , – Rait, Robert see Dicey, Albert Ramillies, battle of , – Randolph, Edward , – religious toleration, negotiations for – Restoration see Charles II; Scotland Revolution () economic impact  impact in Scotland , –, –, – Settlements (–) , ,  Whig view of  Reynell, Carew  Rich see Warwick Richier, Isaac, Governor  Ridpath, George –, , , ,  Riley, R W J  Rinuccini, Giovanni Battista, Bishop  Robertson, John  Robertson, William , , , ,  Rochester, Lawrence Hyde, st Earl of , –, ,  Rose, Alexander, Bishop – Rosebery, Archibald Primrose, st Earl ,  Rosenkrantz, Iver , , –,  Rothes, John Leslie, th Earl of ,  Roxburghe, John Ker, th Earl / st Duke of , , , , –,  royal burghs – Convention of, responses to Union proposals –,  financial manoeuvring  and overseas trade  Royal Navy –, ,  Royal Scottish Corporation  Ruglen, John Douglas-Hamilton, st Earl of  Rump Parliament  Rutherford, Samuel  Rycaut, Sir Paul  Rye House Plot  Ryswick, Peace of – Saint-Germain-en-Laye see Jacobites, Court in exile salt, tariffs on ,  Sandelin, Jacob Evertsen (James Sandilands)  Scot, George, of Pitlochy –,  Scot, Sir John, of Scotsarvit  ‘Scotch Plot’ –, ,  Index Scotland compared with Ireland  constitutional reform ,  contribution to Empire ; (see also under colonies) cultural standing  English attitudes to –,  English discrimination against –, , , –,  English recognition of  impact of Union on – institutions , – internal religious disputes  international standing – military contribution to Empire ,  objections to English policies –,  parliament see separate main heading party politics –, –, , –, –, , –, , –; (see also Country Party; Court Party; New Party; Squadrone Volante) political relationships  population  position under Commonwealth –,  rivalry with England  status under Restoration –, – status within Empire  Unionist politics – Scott, David  Scott, Paul – Scott, W R – Scott, Sir Walter –,  Letters of Malachi Malagrowther  Tales of a Grandfather  Scottish Charitable Society – Scottish Company for Africa and India – Scottish perspective (on state formation) , , ,  Seafield, James Ogilvie, st Earl of , , , , ,  and Union negotiations / Treaty , , –, , –, , –, , , –, ,  seals (national)  Seeley, J R  Selden, John  Selkirk, Charles Douglas-Hamilton, nd Earl of ,  Sempill, Francis, Lord Sempill of Glassford – servitor colonialism ,   Seton, William, of Pitmedden –, , , ,  Seymour, Charles see Somerset Seymour, Sir Edward , –, ,  Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, st Earl of , , ,  Sharp, John, Archbishop ,  Shetland Islands  see also Orkney and Shetland ships building  trading regulations  Sibbald, Sir Robert – Sinclair, Sir John, of Ulbster – Skene, Alexander  Smith, Adam, The Wealth of Nations  Smith, English – Smith, John  Smith, John, Captain  Smollett, Sir James, of Bonhill  Smollett, Tobias – Smout, Christopher –,  smuggling – Solemn League and Covenant () , –, , , ,  authorship  condemnation/burning ,  Somers, John, Lord Somers , , –, ,  Somerset, Charles Seymour, th Duke of  Somerset, Henry see Beaufort Somerville, Thomas – Sophia, Electress of Hanover ,  sources, published/manuscript – South Carolina, Scottish colony in –, –, , –,  investors – reasons for failure – Spain agreements with see Madrid, Treaty of rivalry with Britain in New World , , –,  Spanish Succession, War of the , , , , , , , , , , –, , –,  economic impact , –, – influence on Union  taxes suspended for duration of , – Speck, Bill  Speed, John ,  Spelman, Sir Henry  Spotiswood, John   Index Spreull, John –,  Squadrone Volante (Flying Squad) , , ,  and Treaty of Union –, , , –, , –, –,  see also New Party St Vincent  Stair, James Dalrymple, nd Viscount / st Earl of –, , –, ,  and Glencoe Massacre – and Union negotiations / Treaty , , , , –,  Stanhope, Philip Stanhope, Earl of  state formation, methods/theories –, –, –, –, – compromises between ,  continental models – see also Britannic perspective; Gothic perspective; Scottish perspective Stewart, Sir James, of Goodtrees  Stewart, Mary (daughter of James II of Scotland)  Stewart, Robert, of Appin  Stewart, Walter, of Pardovan  Stirling, William Alexander of Menstrie, st Earl of , –, –, ,  store system (of trading)  Strabane, Viscount see Abercorn Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, st Earl of , , – Strathnaver, John Gordon, Lord  Straton, Henry, Captain – Struthers, John ,  Stuart, Gilbert  Stuart, Sir James, of Ardmaleish see Bute Stuart, James Francis Edward see Wales, Prince of Stuart, Sir Robert, of Tillicoultry  Sunderland, Charles Spencer, rd Earl of , , ,  Sutherland, John Gordon, th Earl of  Sweden as model of state formation  New World colonies see New Sweden plans for inclusion in Confederation  political alliances  trading links with Scotland , , – Swift, Jonathan  Switzerland  Tables – Tacitus – Tarbat, Viscount see Cromartie taxation –, , , ,  in Treaty of Union , , , ; exemptions favouring Scotland  Taylor, Joseph  Tenison, Thomas, Archbishop , ,  textile trade/industry , , , , , , , ,  Thirty Years’ War  Thomas, Sir Dalby  Thomas, David  Thomas the Rhymer  Thomson, John see Haversham Thornborough, John, Bishop  timber trade  Tindal, Nicholas  titles, sale of see baronetcies; colonies TKUA (Tyske Kancellis Udensrigske Afdeling, Copenhagen)  tobacco trade , – Toleration Act ()  Tory Party/ideology –, , –, –, – involvement in commercial enterprise – trade (international) balance of payments  decline  England–Scotland –, , – excess time spent  exports – flexibility of commodities  importance to Scottish economy –, , –, – imports –, – maritime protection  national drive to increase – opening up  standardisation of regulations – see also Baltic; Board of Trade; Committee of Trade; Council of Trade; economy; England; free trade; Ireland; Navigation Acts; Netherlands; networks; names of commodities tramp trading , –, – transportation see colonies treason, law of  Treaty of Union () , , –,  constitutional content –, , – economic content/implications –, –, , –, –, , –, –, – favouring of English interests –, , –,  ... Britain and Ireland in . Did the accession of James VI of Scotland to the English throne in  inevitably pave the way for the United Kingdom of Great Britain in , to which Ireland... England from the beginning of the reign of Queen Anne, to the conclusion of the Glorious Treaty of Union between England and Scotland, which was rushed out in , placed the Union as the culmination... that ranged from the balance of power to the balance of trade In attempting to understand and unravel the complexities involved in the making of the Treaty of Union, a holistic rather than a particularist