XXXXXX This page intentionally left blank RELIGION, TOLERATION, AND BRITISH WRITING, – In Religion, Toleration, and British Writing, – Mark Canuel examines the way that Romantic poets, novelists, and political writers criticized the traditional grounding of British political unity in religious conformity Canuel shows how a wide range of writers including Jeremy Bentham, Ann Radcliffe, Maria Edgeworth, and Lord Byron not only undermined the validity of religion in the British state, but also imagined a new, tolerant, and more organized mode of social inclusion To argue against the authority of religion, Canuel claims, was to argue for a thoroughly revised form of tolerant yet highly organized government, a mode of political authority that provided unprecedented levels of inclusion and protection Canuel argues that these writers saw their works as political and literary commentaries on the extent and limits of religious toleration His study throws new light on political history as well as the literature of the Romantic period   is Assistant Professor in the Department of English at the University of Illinois at Chicago He has published numerous articles and reviews on Romantic writing in journals, including ELH, Nineteenth-Century Literature, and Studies in Romanticism     General editors Professor Marilyn Butler University of Oxford Professor James Chandler University of Chicago Editorial board John Barrell, University of York Paul Hamilton, University of London Mary Jacobus, University of Cambridge Kenneth Johnston, Indiana University Alan Liu, University of California, Santa Barbara Jerome McGann, University of Virginia David Simpson, University of California, Davis This series aims to foster the best new work in one of the most challenging fields within English literary studies From the early s to the early s a formidable array of talented men and women took to literary composition, not just in poetry, which some of them famously transformed, but in many modes of writing The expansion of publishing created new opportunities for writers, and the political stakes of what they wrote were raised again by what Wordsworth called those “great national events” that were “almost daily taking place”: the French Revolution, the Napoleonic and American wars, urbanization, industrialization, religious revival, an expanded empire abroad, and the reform movement at home This was an enormous ambition, even when it pretended otherwise The relations between science, philosophy, religion, and literature were reworked in texts such as Frankenstein and Biographia Literaria; gender relations in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman and Don Juan; journalism by Cobbett and Hazlitt; poetic form, content, and style by the Lake School and the Cockney School Outside Shakespeare studies, probably no body of writing has produced such a wealth of response or done so much to shape the responses of modern criticism This indeed is the period that saw the emergence of those notions of “literature” and of literary history, especially national literary history, on which modern scholarship in English has been founded The categories produced by Romanticism have also been challenged by recent historicist arguments The task of the series is to engage both with a challenging corpus of Romantic writings and with the changing field of criticism they have helped to shape As with other literary series published by Cambridge, this one will represent the work of both younger and more established scholars, on either side of the Atlantic and elsewhere For a complete list of titles published see end of book RELIGION, TOLERATION, AND BRITISH WRITING, – MARK CANUEL The University of Illinois at Chicago           The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom    The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org © Mark Canuel 2004 First published in printed format 2002 ISBN 0-511-03048-7 eBook (Adobe Reader) ISBN 0-521-81577-0 hardback Contents Acknowledgements page vi  Introduction  Romanticism and the writing of toleration   “Holy hypocrisy” and the rule of belief: Radcliffe’s Gothics   Coleridge’s polemic divinity   Sect and secular economy in the Irish national tale   Wordsworth and “the frame of social being”   “Consecrated fancy”: Byron and Keats   Conclusion: the Inquisitorial stage  Notes Selected bibliography Index    v Acknowledgements Like any first book, this one is the result of many visions and revisions during the years I wrote it My primary debt is to Frances Ferguson, who provided encouragement, read multiple drafts, and often made it possible for me to realize what, after all, I was trying to say Jerome Christensen was a most meticulous and engaged reader Stephen Engelmann, Andy Franta, Jonathan Gross, Allen Grossman, Michael Macovski, Sandra Macpherson, Don Marshall, Mary Poovey, Larry Poston, Mary Beth Rose, Jim Sack, and Karen Weisman made invaluable suggestions on, and challenges to, various parts of this book at different stages Robin Grey read a late draft of the entire project and made more helpful ideas for revision than I can adequately thank her for The readers at Cambridge University Press, Kevin Gilmartin and Paul Hamilton, offered still more useful advice Linda Bree has proved to be an attentive and thoughtful editor, and I am grateful for Audrey Cotterell’s detailed copyediting Although they have become my colleagues in Chicago at too late a date to have influenced this project, I would be remiss if I did not express my gratitude for the friendship of Jennifer Brody, Sharon Holland, E Patrick Johnson, and Dwight McBride I wish to thank University College London for allowing me to use their collection of Bentham’s manuscripts; I also made extensive use of the Newberry Library, The Regenstein Library at the University of Chicago, and the Richard J Daley Library at the University of Illinois at Chicago A year-long fellowship at the Institute for the Humanities at the University of Illinois at Chicago helped me to finish the typescript Finally, I wish to thank my parents, George and Mary, who continue to offer love and their own form of tolerance The book is dedicated to them I wish to thank the trustees of Boston University for permission to reprint material from an earlier version of chapter , which appeared as “ ‘Holy Hypocrisy’ and the Government of Belief: Religion and Nationalism in the Gothic,” Studies in Romanticism  (Winter ); a shorter version of chapter  was published in ELH  (Winter ) vi Introduction Toleration, political theorists tell us, is a philosophy of government that asks people to get along with others who differ substantially in their backgrounds and preferences In our day, such a goal, even if it seems attractive (and it may not be for everyone), is elusive We are continually reminded, first of all, that the impulse to share the benefits of social life so widely – among persons racially, ethnically, sexually, and religiously diverse – is not always widely shared Many political regimes have taken it upon themselves to suppress the activities of groups or sects whose beliefs they regard to be subversive of social stability; territorial wars inspired by racial, ethnic, or religious differences continue to define the climate of contemporary political life in many regions of the world But even more perplexing may be the fact that even ostensibly tolerant societies exert a considerable level of suppression of and control over beliefs, dispositions, and expressions – a practice from which the theory of toleration apparently tries to extricate itself. This is why much of our common experience of secular institutions shows that such institutions – even while they accept persons with different backgrounds and beliefs – also remain hostile to those who wish to express, or act upon, their affiliations openly School districts in the United States, for example, regularly limit the expression of the very religious beliefs that they apparently tolerate In India, the practice of ritual self-immolation or sati has been banned since  in the interests of democratic freedom In Turkey, ethnic Kurds have been sentenced to prison terms for publicly exposing sectarian differences or for criticizing secularism This book does not try to comment on any of today’s practical puzzles of toleration – puzzles that require us to make vexing distinctions between other tolerant and intolerant governments or to make difficult decisions in our own communities about what can and cannot be tolerated in order to achieve the goal of toleration Neither does it rigorously study, or adjudicate between, current theoretical views of the subject or   Religion, Toleration, and British Writing, – present cases that such views attempt, correctly or incorrectly, to address Instead, Religion, Toleration, and British Writing provides something of a genealogy for such puzzles and theories It takes the specific issue of religious toleration, an issue attracting increasingly heated debate throughout the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, as one of the Romantic period’s most compelling occasions for exploring the extent of, and limits upon, the liberality of liberal government. The central argument of this book is that much of the writing that emerged in this period is important not merely because it advocated specific kinds of beliefs or interests, but because it advocated a new way in which different beliefs could be governed under the auspices of tolerant institutions Or, to put it another way, this book, rather than a study of political or religious beliefs, is a study of emergent beliefs about the position of beliefs in modern society more generally The four decades I study in this book witnessed some of the most intense and creative challenges to the authority of the confessional state – the monopoly of the Anglican church, enforced through oaths, tests, and penal laws, over all regions of British civil and political life From the political writings of Jeremy Bentham to Lord Byron’s Cain: A Mystery, the works I study in this book portrayed the conventional structure of establishment as a “tissue of imposture” (as Bentham put it) But these works also revealed established religion to be a spectacular political failure: an attempt to produce order that resulted in chaos, an attempt to establish legal control over regions of consciousness which continually eluded all legislation In a joint enterprise of literary and political speculation, the discourse of toleration reimagined the lineaments of British government as a social entity that was both more permissive and more orderly – a nation-state that included and coordinated multiple, diverging beliefs and alliances within a set of accommodating institutional environments, from schools and workplaces to parliament and the church itself Toleration emerged, in other words, neither as a naive commitment to individualism nor as an oppressive ideology Rather, incommensurable and contentious beliefs provided writers of the day with the impetus to propose revised and expanded institutional organs of the state, which could assume the responsibility of coordinating a range of incompatible moral and religious doctrines and perspectives Jeremy Bentham thus envisioned his schools, prisons, and “pauper management” schemes not merely as tools of “normalization” (as Michel Foucault has described them) but as the vital means through which individuals holding divergent beliefs might simultaneously gain 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Review  ( January ): –  The Book of the Church  vols London: John Murray,  “The Roman Catholic Question – Ireland.” The Quarterly Review  ( January ): – The Life of Wesley and the Rise and Progress of Methodism  vols London: Oxford University Press,  Thalaba the Destroyer ; reprint, Oxford: Woodstock,  Southey, Robert A Vision of Judgment and Lord Byron, The Vision of Judgment London: William Dugdale,  Stephen, William Review of Tales of Fashionable Life The Quarterly Review  (August ): – Stillinger, Jack The Hoodwinking of Madeline and Other Essays on Keats’s Poems Urbana: University of Illinois Press,  “Superstition and Knowledge.” The Quarterly Review  (): – Taylor, Charles “Atomism.” In Philosophy and the Human Sciences: Philosophical Papers Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,  Taylor, Isaac Fanaticism London: Holdsworth and Ball,  Thomas, Keith Vivian Religion and the Decline of Magic New York: Scribner,   Selected bibliography Thompson, E P “Disenchantment or Default? A Lay Sermon.” In Power and Consciousness, edited by Conor Cruise O’Brien and William Dean Vanech London: University of London Press,  Trilling, Lionel The Opposing Self: Nine Essays in Criticism New York: Viking Press,  Trumpener, Katie “National Character, Nationalist Plots: National Tale and Historical Novel in the Age of Waverly, –.” English Literary History  (): – Bardic Nationalism: The Romantic Novel and the British Empire Princeton: Princeton University Press,  Tully, James “Governing Conduct.” In Conscience and Casuistry in Early Modern Europe Edited by Edmund Leites Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,  Turner, Sharon The History of the Anglo-Saxons from the Earliest Period to the Norman Conquest  vols th edn London: Longman,  Viswanathan, Gauri Outside the Fold: Conversion, Modernity, and Belief Princeton: Princeton University Press,  Walpole, Horace The Castle of Otranto In Three Gothic Novels Edited by Peter Fairclough Harmondsworth: Penguin,  Walzer, Michael On Toleration New Haven: Yale University Press,  Warburton, William The Alliance Between Church and State, or, the Necessity and Equity of an Established Religion and a Test-Law Demonstrated London: Fletcher and Gyles,  The Divine Legation of Moses  vols –; reprint, New York: Garland Press,  Watkins, Daniel P Keats’s Poetry and the Politics of the Imagination Rutherford, NJ: Fairleagh Dickinson University Press,  Welsh, Alexander The Hero of the Waverly Novels ; reprint, Princeton: Princeton University Press,  Williams, Anne Art of Darkness Chicago: University of Chicago Press,  Williams, Bernard “A Critique of Utilitarianism.” In Utilitarianism: For and Against Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,  Williams, Raymond Culture and Society – New York: Columbia University Press,  Wilson, A N God’s Funeral New York: Norton,  Wilson, John “Dr Phillpotts and Mr Lane on the Coronation Oath.,” Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine  ( July ): – The Recreations of Christopher North New York: D Appleton,  Wilt, Judith Secret Leaves: The Novels of Walter Scott Chicago: University of Chicago Press,  Wordsworth, Christopher Letters to M Gondon on the Destructive Character of the Church of Rome London: Francis and John Rivington,  Memoirs of William Wordsworth, Poet Laureate  vols London: Edward Moxon,  Selected bibliography  Wordsworth, William The Letters of William and Dorothy Wordsworth: The Middle Years  vols Edited by Ernest De Selincourt Oxford: Oxford University Press,  The Letters of William and Dorothy Wordsworth: The Later Years,  vols Edited by Ernest De Selincourt and Helen Darbishire Oxford: Clarendon Press,  The Poetical Works of William Wordsworth  vols Edited by Ernest de Selincourt and Helen Darbishire Oxford: Clarendon Press,  The Prose Works of William Wordsworth  vols Edited by W J B Owen Oxford: Clarendon Press,  The Prelude: , ,  New York: W W Norton,  The Pedlar, Tintern Abbey, The Two-Part Prelude Edited by Jonathan Wordsworth Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,  The Fenwick Notes of William Wordsworth Edited by Jared Curtis London: Bristol Classical Press,  Yates, Richard The Basis of National Welfare, Considered in Reference Chiefly to the Prosperity of Britain and the Safety of the Church of England London: F C and J Rivington,  Index Abrams, M H., , ,  Althusser, Louis,  Appleyard, J A.,  Arnold, Matthew, ,  atheism,  Austen, Jane, –,  Barbauld, Anna Laetitia,  Barlow, Joel, ,  Barthes, Roland, n Bataille, Georges,  Beatty, Bernard, – Bede, – belief, see toleration, Catholicism, Dissent (Protestant), Judaism, Methodism Bell, Andrew, , ; see also Lancaster, Joseph Bender, John, n Bentham, Jeremy, –, –, –, , ,  Bewell, Alan, n Bible, – Blackstone, Sir William,  Blake, William, , ,  blasphemy, see law, blasphemy Bloom, Harold, , ,  Boulger, James,  Bourdieu, Pierre,  Brantley, Richard,  Broad Church, see latitudinarianism Brougham,  Burdett, Sir Francis, ,  Burke, Edmund, , –,  Burney, Fanny,  Butler, Marilyn, , n Byron, George Gordon, Lord , –; works: Cain, –; Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, –, ; Don Juan, , –; Hebrew Melodies, ; Turkish Tales, –, ; The Vision of Judgement, – Calvin, John, ,  Carlile, Richard, ,  Carlson, Julie, ,  Catholicism, –, , ; “Catholic Question” and, , –; see also Inquisition, monasticism Chandler, James, ,  Church, Anglican established, –; intolerance in, –; national definition and, –; naturalizing of, –, ; toleration in, ,  Church of Scotland, ,  Christensen, Jerome, , ,  Clark, J C D.,  Clark, Timothy,  Cobbett, William, ,  Coleridge, S T C., , –; poetry, –; prose: On the Constitution of Church and State, , –; The Friend, , –, –, –; “The Rime of the Ancyent Marinere,” ; Lay Sermons, , –, –, , –; The Watchman, –, –, –, – Colley, Linda,  Colmer, John,  confession, poetry and, –, –; social order and, –, –, –; see also Inquisition; Church, Anglican established conversion, ,  Corbett, Mary Jean,  Cowper, William,  Cox, Jeffrey, – Croker, John Wilson, ,  Davies, Sir John,  Dawson, Paul M S.,  De Certeau, Michel,  De Man, Paul, – Dean, Mitchell,  Dickens, and critique of utilitarianism,  Dissent (Protestant), – dissent, see Catholicism, Dissent (Protestant), Judaism, Methodism  Index Donzelot, Jacques, n Doody, Margaret Anne, n Druids,  Dumont, Etienne, – Durkheim, Emile,  Dyer, George, , –,  Goldsmith, Steven,  Gothic novel, –, , –; national tale versus,  Greene, Thomas,  Griffin, Robert,  Guillory, John,  Eagleton, Terry,  Eaton, Daniel Isaac,  economy, as basis for toleration, –, –, – Edgeworth, Maria, , –, –; works: The Absentee, , –, ; Belinda, ; Castle Rackrent, , , ; Ennui, , –, ; Harrington, –; Essay on Irish Bulls, ; Popular Tales, ; Practical Education (with R L Edgeworth), –; Review of The Stranger in Ireland (with R L Edgeworth),  Edgeworth, Richard Lovell,  Eldon, John Scott, Lord, ,  Elgin, Thomas Bruce, Lord,  Ellison, Julie,  embarrassment, – Engels, Friedrich,  enlightenment, toleration and, , –; see also Gibbon, Hume, Rousseau, Voltaire enthusiasm,  established religion, see Church, Anglican established Everest, Kelvin, Ewald, Franácois, n Habermas, Jăurgen, Hacking, Ian,  Hale, Sir Matthew,  Hamilton, Paul,  Hartman, Geoffrey, ,  Hazlitt, William, , , –, ,  Hegel, G W F.,  Hempton, David,  Hewitt, Regina, n Hickey, Alison, ,  Hobbes, Thomas,  Hobhouse, John Cam, – Holland, Lord Henry, , ,  Hone, William, , , ,  Hume, David, ,  Hunt, Leigh, ,  Hurd, Richard,  Faber, Frederick William,  fanaticism, , –,  Ferguson, Frances, n, n Ferris, Ina, , n Fish, Stanley, – Foucault, Michel, , , –, n French Revolution,  Frend, William, ,  Freud, Sigmund,  Fulford, Tim,  Furneaux, Philip,  Gallagher, Catherine,  Galperin, William,  Geertz, Clifford,  Gibbon, Edward, ,  Gill, Stephen,  Gilmartin, Kevin,  Girard, Ren´e,  Godwin, William, , , ; works: Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, , –, –; Mandeville, –, ; St Leon,   imperialism, – Inchbald, Elizabeth,  Inglis, Sir Robert, ,  Inquisition, –, – intolerance, see Church, Established anglican Ireland, –; national tale and, ; Protestant Ascendancy in, , – Irlam, Shaun, n Janowitz, Anne,  Jeffrey, Francis, , , , , – Jewett, William,  Johnson, Claudia, n Johnson, Samuel,  Johnston, Kenneth, , n Judaism, , ; Harrington and, –; national tale and, – Keats, John, , –, –; works: The Eve of St Agnes, –; The Fall of Hyperion, ; Lamia, –; “Ode on a Grecian Urn,” ; “Ode to Psyche,” ; “Lines on Seeing a Lock of Milton’s Hair,” –; “Written in Disgust of Vulgar Superstition,”  Keble, John,  Kelsall, Malcolm, , n King, Lord,  Klancher, Jon,  Knapp, Steven, n, n  Index Kohler, Michael,  Kramnick, Isaac, ,  Kripke, Saul A.,  Kroeber, Karl,  Lamb, Charles, – Lancaster, Joseph, , , ; see also Bell, Andrew Langan, Celeste, ,  Laqueur, Thomas, – latitudinarianism,  law: heresy and blasphemy, –, –; “Jew Bill,” ; toleration and, , –; Treasonable Practices and Seditious Meetings,  Leask, Nigel,  Levinson, Marjorie, , , – Lewis, Matthew (“Monk”),  liberalism, , ; toleration versus,  Liu, Alan,  Locke, John, , – Lowth, Robert,  Luk´acs, Georg, – Magnuson, Paul,  Makdisi, Saree,  Malthus, Thomas,  Manning, Peter, , ,  Marcuse, Herbert,  Marsh, Joss,  Marx, Karl, – Maturin, Charles, , ,  McCalman, Ian,  McConnell, Frank D.,  McClure, Kirstie, , n McFarland, Thomas,  McGann, Jerome, –,  Merivale, John Herman,  Methodism, ,  Mill, John Stuart, , , –,  Miller, D A., n Miller, J Hillis,  Milman, Henry Hart, – Milton, John, , , , –,  monasticism, –; Monastic Institutions Bill and, – Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley Moran, Richard,  More, Hannah,  Moretti, Franco, , n Morgan, Lady (Sydney Owenson), –, , ,  Morrow, John,  Mounier, Jean-Joseph,  mythology, – Napoleon, , , , ,  nationalism, –; “nation effect” and, ; see Church, Anglican established national tale, –; Gothic novel versus,  Newey, Vincent,  Newman, Gerald,  Nietzsche, Friedrich,  Nussbaum, Martha, n Oxford Movement, ,  Paine, Thomas, , , ,  Paley, William, ,  Pasley, William,  Peacock, Thomas Love,  Perera, Suvendrini,  Perkins, David,  Peterfreund, Stuart, n Pfau, Thomas,  Phelan, William,  Plumpetre, Anne,  Pocock, J G A., n Poole, Thomas, ,  Poovey, Mary, , n Post, Robert,  prejudice, , , –; alliance with property, –, –, – Price, Richard,  Prickett, Stephen, n Priestley, Joseph, , ,  Priestman, Martin,  privacy, , –, ,  Protestant Ascendancy, see Ireland Pyle, Forest,  Quakerism, ,  Radcliffe, Ann, –; works: The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne, ; The Italian, , –; Journey Made in the Summer of  , –; The Romance of the Forest, –; A Sicilian Romance, – Ragussis, Michael, ,  Rajan, Tilottama, n Rawls, John, , n Reed, Arden,  Reeve, Clara, , – Reiman, Donald,  religion, established, see Church, Anglican established; see also Catholicism, Dissent (Protestant), Judaism, Methodism Rice, Thomas Spring,  Richardson, Alan, – Robertson, Fiona,  Robinson, Robert,  Index Roe, Nicholas, , , , – Romanticism; negotiation with belief, and ; “secularization” and, , – Romilly, Samuel,  Ross, Marlon, n Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, ,  Russell, Lord John, –, , – Ryan, Robert, , , ,  Rylstone, Ann L., n Rzepka, Charles, n Said, Edward, – Sadler, Michael,  Sandel, Michael,  Schmitt, Cannon,  Schneewind, Jerome, n Schock, Peter A., n Scott, Sir Walter, , , –, –,  secularization, as individual versus institutional, ; in institutions, see toleration, institutions and Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky,  Sha, Richard C.,  Shaffer, Elinor, n, n Shakespeare,  Shelley, Percy Bysshe, , –, ; works: The Cenci, –; Mask of Anarchy, ; Prometheus Unbound, –; review of Mandeville,  Simpson, David, , n Singer, Brian,  Siskin, Clifford,  slave trade, , – Smith, Adam, , , , n Smith, Horace,  Smith, Thomas Southwood,  Socinianism,  Southey, Robert, , , Sperry, Stuart, n Staăel, Madame de (Anne-Louise-Germaine), Stillinger, Jack, , n Summers, Montagu,  superstition, –, –,  Swann, Karen, n  Taylor, Charles,  Taylor, Isaac, – Thelwall, John,  Thomas, Keith,  Thompson, E P.,  toleration, defined, ; contemporary political debate about, –; history of, –, –; institutions and, –, –, ; literature and, –, –, –, , –, –; permissiveness versus,  Tractarian movement, see Oxford Movement Trilling, Lionel,  Trumpener, Katie, , n, n Tully, James, n Turner, Sharon, – Viswanathan, Gauri, n Voltaire, , , , –,  Waldoff, Leon, n Walpole, Horace, , – Walzer, Michael, – Warburton, William, , –, –,  Weber, Max,  Welsh, Alexander, , n Wilberforce, William,  Wiley, Michael, n Williams, Anne,  Williams, Bernard,  Williams, Raymond,  Wilson, John, ,  Wilt, Judith,  witchcraft, – Wordsworth, Christopher,  Wordsworth, William, , –, –, –; works: Descriptive Sketches, , ; Ecclesiastical Sonnets, , –; “Essay, Supplemental to the Preface,” –; The Excursion, , –, –; The Prelude, , , –; Sonnets on the River Duddon, – Yates, Richard,  Yeazell, Ruth, n Zaret, David,         , University of Oxford  , University of Chicago  Romantic Correspondence: Women, Politics and the Fiction of Letters     British Romantic Writers and the East: Anxieties of Empire    Edmund Burke’s Aesthetic Ideology Language, Gender and Political Economy in Revolution    Poetry as an Occupation and an Art in Britain, –    In the Theatre of Romanticism: Coleridge, Nationalism, Women     Keats, Narrative and Audience    Romance and Revolution: Shelley and the Politics of a Genre    Literature, Education, and Romanticism: Reading as Social Practice, –    Women Writing about Money: Women’s Fiction in England, –    Shelley and the Revolution in Taste: The Body and the Natural World    William Cobbett: The Politics of Style    The Rise of Supernatural Fiction, –     Women Travel Writers and the Language of Aesthetics, –     Napoleon and English Romanticism    Romantic Vagrancy: Wordsworth and the Simulation of Freedom    Wordsworth and the Geologists    Wordsworth’s Pope: A Study in Literary Historiography     The Politics of Sensibility: Race, Gender and Commerce in the Sentimental Novel    Reading Daughters’ Fictions, – Novels and Society from Manley to Edgeworth    Romantic Identities: Varieties of Subjectivity, –     Print Politics: The Press and Radical Opposition in Early Nineteenth-Century England    Reinventing Allegory     British Satire and the Politics of Style, –    The Romantic Reformation: Religious Politics in English Literature, –     De Quincey’s Romanticism: Canonical Minority and the Forms of Transmission    Coleridge on Dreaming: Romanticism, Dreams and the Medical Imagination    Romantic Imperialism: Universal Empire and the Culture of Modernity    Ideology and Utopia in the Poetry of William Blake     Sexual Politics and the Romantic Author    Lyric and Labour in the Romantic Tradition    Poetry and Politics in the Cockney School: Keats, Shelley, Hunt and their Circle     Rousseau, Robespierre and English Romanticism    Contesting the Gothic: Fiction, Genre and Cultural Conflict, –    Romanticism, Aesthetics, and Nationalism     Romantic Poets and the Culture of Posterity    The Crisis of Literature in the s: Print Culture and the Public Sphere    Romantic Atheism: Poetry and Freethought, –    Romanticism and Slave Narratives: Transatlantic Testimonies    Imagination Under Pressure, –: Aesthetics, Politics, and Utility    Romanticism and the Gothic: Genre, Reception, and Canon Formation, –    Romanticism and the Human Sciences: Poetry, Population, and the Discourse of the Species   c  The Poetics of Spice: Romantic Consumerism and the Exotic    British Fiction and the Production of Social Order, –     Women Writers and the English Nation in the s    Literary Magazines and British Romanticism    Women, Nationalism and the Romantic Stage: Theatre and Politics in Britain, –    British Romanticism and the Science of the Mind    The Anti-Jacobin Novel: British Conservatism and the French Revolution     Romantic Austen: Sexual Politics and the Literary Canon    Byron and Romanticism  c     The Romantic National Tale and the Question of Ireland    Byron, Poetics and History    Religion, Toleration, and British Writing, –   ... left blank RELIGION, TOLERATION, AND BRITISH WRITING, – In Religion, Toleration, and British Writing, – Mark Canuel examines the way that Romantic poets, novelists, and political... could personify the Church of England as a parent to the  Religion, Toleration, and British Writing, – nation’s children and a repository of proper values and human affect In a particularly... either side of the Atlantic and elsewhere For a complete list of titles published see end of book RELIGION, TOLERATION, AND BRITISH WRITING, – MARK CANUEL The University of Illinois at