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Land use cropping pattern are altering the hydrologic system and have potentially large impacts on water resources. The present study aims at analyzing the impact of various cropping patterns on water quality parameters of rivers located at Pantnagar, for a duration of three months from August, 2017 to October, 2017. Three sites Barour (S1), Beni (S2) and Chakpheri (S3) were selected which exhibits different cropping pattern in their catchment area i. e. Paddy (Oryza sativa), Dhaincha (Sesbania bispinosa) and Maize (Zea mays) respectively. Study concludes that variation in cropping pattern exhibits changes in the water quality parameters of their respective riverine ecosystem.
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(10): 420-429 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume Number 10 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.810.044 Impact of Cropping Pattern of Catchment Area on Water Quality Characteristics of Riverine Ecosystem Kusumlata Goswami*, Mahima Tamta, Sumit Kumar and R N Ram Department of Fisheries Resource Management, College of Fisheries, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Cropping pattern, Hydrologic system, Riverine ecosystem, Water quality Article Info Accepted: 04 September 2019 Available Online: 10 October 2019 Land use cropping pattern are altering the hydrologic system and have potentially large impacts on water resources The present study aims at analyzing the impact of various cropping patterns on water quality parameters of rivers located at Pantnagar, for a duration of three months from August, 2017 to October, 2017 Three sites Barour (S1), Beni (S2) and Chakpheri (S3) were selected which exhibits different cropping pattern in their catchment area i e Paddy (Oryza sativa), Dhaincha (Sesbania bispinosa) and Maize (Zea mays) respectively Study concludes that variation in cropping pattern exhibits changes in the water quality parameters of their respective riverine ecosystem So, to manage our water quality parameters we should perform integrated management along with agriculture sector Introduction Agriculture is the mainstay of many developing economies, contributing significantly to GDP, food security, direct employment, export earnings and raw materials for other sectors (Kutywawo et al., 2012) With the world’s population continuing to rise, greater demands are being placed on our natural resources The growing demand of population has resulted in an expansion of agriculture There is a large probability that nutrients and sediment will be delivered to nearby surface waters from both urban and agricultural land Krantz and Kifferstein (2005) have argued the importance of understanding water quality problems associated with land use effects, in order that we can be instrumental in helping solve these problems This reinforces the notion of how critical it is to understand the effects of landbased developments on our rivers and lakes, in order to consider appropriate and sustainable management of these activities 420 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(10): 420-429 Land use changes have potentially large impacts on water resources (Stonestrom et al., 2009) The relationship between land use and water quality is helpful for identifying primary threats to water quality, and the relationships are meaningful for effective water quality management because they can be used to target critical land use areas and to institute relevant measures to minimize pollutant loadings (Abler et al., 2002) Agricultural activity results in ground and surface water pollution from nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, which results from the excessive use of fertilizers containing these ingredients (Wolska et al., 2001) Water pollution occurs because human activities such as agriculture, forest harvest, and urbanization have altered the structure of the rural landscape and increased the quantity of substances like sediments, nitrogen, chlorine, etc loaded to the river system (Anbumozhi et al., 2005) The rapid expansion of agriculture over the past few centuries led to conversion of natural or native vegetation to cultivated agricultural systems Such changes to land use and agricultural practices have significantly increased leaching of chemicals to surface and ground waters (Carpenter et al., 1998) Several studies also reported a strong relationship between cropping pattern changes and nutrient level enhancements in watersheds (Liu et al., 2000) Thus, water quality in agro-ecosystems has become an important environmental concern, which has resulted in an expansive body of literature investigating the relationships between agricultural land use/land cover and water quality The present study was carried out to evaluate the impact of cropping pattern of catchment area on water quality characteristics of riverine ecosystem in three riverine ecosystems located at Pantnagar of Uttarakhand, India Materials and Methods Experimental Site The present study was carried out in three riverine ecosystems i.e., Barour (S1), Beni (S2) and Chakpheri (S3) located in Pantnagar region, Udham Singh Nagar district of state Uttarakhand, India Sampling of water was done from these three rivers located at Pantnagar, which were approximately 1-2 kms apart from each other These rivers exhibit different cropping pattern in their catchment area as presented in Table Duration of Experiment Experiment was performed for the duration of three months from August, 2017 to October, 2017 Weekly sampling of water and soil quality parameters was performed during the mentioned post monsoon period and observed for further analysis Parameters observed Different water and soil quality parameters were observed to estimate the impact of cropping pattern of catchment area on physico-chemical characteristics of water quality Soil analysis Assessment of soil quality of catchment area was done by estimating parameters like soil pH, organic carbon, nitrate nitrogen and phosphate phosphorous Soil samples were collected, air dried and sieved for analysis of various parameters Water quality parameters Sampling for analysis of water parameters was performed during desired period Water samples were taken in sampling bottles and 421 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(10): 420-429 then analyzed by following standardized methods of APHA, 2012 Physical parameters including water temperature and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and chemical parameters including water pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), free carbon dioxide (CO2) and total alkalinity were estimated from the water samples Results and Discussion Water Quality Parameters Temperature It plays very important role in functioning of chemical and biological activities of organisms in the aquatic media (Bera et al., 2014) Riperian zone reduce water temperature by shadow effect, decrease sediment input, filter fertilizer and chemical substances and thus increase water quality (Gyawali et al., 2013; Mello et al., 2017) It ranges from 25.2 ºC in October to 30.8 ºC in September Due to monsoon season in August temperature was moderate Maximum temperature was recorded in September but as winter approaches it starts decreasing from October Out of these three rivers highest temperature was recorded in Beni river due to its less depth and blockage of river flow by artificial impoundment, whereas minimum temperature was observed in Chakpheri river due to its turbulent water flow conditions Similar trend of decrease in temperature as winter approaches was observed in the water quality among different ghats of river Ganga at Kanpur, India (Khatoon et al., 2013) (Fig 1) pH It is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a water body (Jadhav et al., 2013) It shows inverse relation with carbon dioxide content because CO2 increases the acidity of water body by formation of carbonic acid, therefore with increase in CO2 content pH of waterbody decreases It also shows positive correlation with alkalinity of water body Average pH value of all the three rivers is approximately same but its value increases as winter approaches due to increase in DO and decrease in CO2 content Santhosh and Singh (2007) reported that suitable pH range is 6.7 to 9.5 for fish culture whereas above or below this level of pH is stressful to the fishes The present value of pH is lies between the reported pH range which depicts that water condition is grossly suitable for fish and fisheries (Fig and Table 2) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Its value ranges from 245-319 mg/l Similar findings have been reported by Thirupathaiah et al., 2012 TDS of August is high then September because of high influx of sediments in monsoon season and TDS value shoots up invariably in all the three rivers in October which may be due to reduction in growth of primary producers (phytoplanktons), which utilizes the dissolved solids of water and hence large amount of dissolved solids remain in waterbody Out of these three rivers maximum dissolved solids are present in Beni river (Fig 3) Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Dissolved oxygen content is indispensable for many aquatic organisms and it also affects the solubility and availability of many nutrients which has direct influence on primary productivity (Salahuddin et al., 2014) As winter approaches, temperature of waterbody decreases which causes increase in concentration of dissolved oxygen content of water body, so DO content increases from August to October in all the three water bodies Among the three rivers maximum dissolved oxygen content was present in river 422 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(10): 420-429 Chakpheri due to its flow and turbulence Kulkarni (2016) also concluded that water flow regime has a great impact on dissolved oxygen content of water body (Fig 4) Free carbon dioxide (CO2) It varies inversely with dissolved oxygen concentration of water So minimum concentration of free CO2 was found in winters i.e in October Similar pattern of inverse correlation between dissolved oxygen and free CO2 was indicated by Nimgare et al., 2014 Free CO2 content of these three rivers varies from - 2.4 mg/l Its value for Beni and Barour river was higher than Chakpheri due to their higher temperature and less DO content (Fig 5) Alkalinity It indicates the presence of carbonate and bicarbonate salts present in waterbody It shows positive correlation with pH of water body means high alkalinity tends to increase the pH of waterbody (Fig 6) Total alkalinity in the lake followed increasing trend as winter approaches Agarwal and Thapliyal (2005) also obtained maximum alkalinity during winter months in Bhilangana Soil Quality Characteristics Soil pH It is an important indicator of soil health, which affects crop yields, crop suitability, plant nutrient availability, and soil microorganism activity It is determined largely by soil composition, cation exchange processes and hydrolysis reactions associated with the various organic and inorganic soil components (Narsimha et al., 2013) It varies inversely with organic carbon content, when soil is more carbonic it has less pH than low carbon containing soil Soil contains more pH during winter months because of less dissociation of organic matter due to relatively less microbial activity The value of catchment area soil pH ranges from – 7.8 as indicated in Figure Organic carbon content Organic carbon content of soil plays an important role as a source of plant nutrients and in maintaining the soil integrity (Solanki and Chavda, 2012) Out of the three catchment area soil, maximum organic carbon is present in the soil around Chakpheri river due to high rate of organic matter decomposition in relatively moist condition In August, catchment area around Chakpheri is barren containing more organic matter, whereas catchment area of Beni contains Paddy which utilizes more nutrients including organic carbon from soil, thus this soil contain less carbon content The organic carbon content of soil ranges from 0.6-1.8% as presented in Figure 8, which is in accordance with Fomenky et al., (2018) Available Nitrogen Nitrogen is unique among major nutrient elements in that soil reserves are almost entirely in the organic form Most of the nitrogen in the soil is organically bound Available nitrogen is usually used to measure the basic fertility of soil and crop growth (Gao et al., 2018) Its value ranges from 125.4kg/ha to 288.5kg/ha, which is represented in Figure Available phosphorous Phosphorus is a major essential plant macro nutrient which is needed for plant growth and development (Koralage et al., 2015) Its primary role in a plant is to store and transfer 423 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(10): 420-429 energy produced by photosynthesis for use in growth and reproductive processes Soil organic phosphorous generally accounts for 15% to 80% of the total phosphorous in soils (Havlin et al., 2005) Phosphorus is lost from crop lands via erosion or runoff Table.1 Variation of cropping pattern in the catchment area of different rivers Site River Crop of catchment area S1 Beni Paddy (Oryza sativa) S2 Barour Dhaincha (Sesbania bispinosa) S3 Chakpheri Maize (Zea mays) Table.2 Variations in water quality of rivers and soil quality of catchment area Month August River Parameters Water quality Soil quality of catchment area September October Beni Barour Chakpheri Beni Barour Chakpheri Beni Barour Chakpheri Temp (ºC) 30 29 28.5 30.6 30.8 29.3 27 26.5 25.2 pH 7.4 7.3 7.2 7.2 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.7 7.6 TDS (mg/l) 290 283 275 261 245 259 328 314 319 DO (mg/l) 6.2 5.9 6.5 5.9 5.7 6.2 6.2 6.7 Free CO2 (mg/l) 1.3 2.1 1.7 2.4 1.0 1.6 1.4 Alkalinity (mg/l) 120 112 105 128 125 118 148 135 128 pH 7.2 7.3 7.0 7.4 7.6 7.2 7.5 7.8 7.5 Organic Carbon (%) 0.8 1.1 1.8 0.9 1.0 1.3 0.6 0.8 1.4 Available Nitrogen (kg/ha) Available Phosphorus (kg/ha) 150.5 213.2 233.3 137.9 200.7 263.4 125.4 225.8 288.5 23.4 29.3 32.4 26.3 26.9 30.1 25.1 30.6 33.9 424 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(10): 420-429 Fig.1Mean variation in water temperature (ºC) during the study period Fig.2 Mean variation in water pH during the study period Fig.3 Mean variation in TDS (mg/l) during the study period Fig.4 Mean variation in DO (mg/l) during the study period 425 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(10): 420-429 Fig.5 Mean variation in free CO2 (mg/l) during the study period Fig.6 Mean variation in free alkalinity (mg/l) during the study period Fig.7 Mean variation in soil pH during the study period Fig.8 Mean variation in organic carbon (%) during the study period 426 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(10): 420-429 Fig.9 Mean variation in available nitrogen (kg/ha) during the study period Fig.10 Mean variation in available phosphorus (kg/ha) during the study period Out of the catchment area of the three rivers maximum phosphorus content is present in Chakpheri river and minimum in Beni river and the range varies from 23.4 – 33.9 kg/ha, as indicated in Figure 10 In the given experiment we observed the impact of cropping pattern of catchment area on water quality conditions It was observed that during the experiment in site S1 at Beni river Paddy (Oryza sativa) is planted in catchment area, which utilizes most of the nutrients from soil, thus soil at this site is deficient in organic compounds Also the stagnant conditions of water at Beni river make it more warm and less saturated with water Site S2 is located at Barour river which contain Dhaincha (Sesbania bispinosa) at its catchment area, just like other legumes, it can be planted to improve the 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2001 Bacterial luminescence test screening of highly polluted areas in the Odra River B Environ Contam Tox., 67: 51 How to cite this article: Kusumlata Goswami, Mahima Tamta, Sumit Kumar and Ram, R.N 2019 Impact of Cropping Pattern of Catchment Area on Water Quality Characteristics of Riverine Ecosystem Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci 8(10): 420-429 doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.810.044 429 ... and water quality The present study was carried out to evaluate the impact of cropping pattern of catchment area on water quality characteristics of riverine ecosystem in three riverine ecosystems... to estimate the impact of cropping pattern of catchment area on physico-chemical characteristics of water quality Soil analysis Assessment of soil quality of catchment area was done by estimating... the impact of cropping pattern of catchment area on water quality conditions It was observed that during the experiment in site S1 at Beni river Paddy (Oryza sativa) is planted in catchment area,