2 COMPUTER SYSTEMS ORGANIZATION CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt Central processing unit (CPU) Control unit Arithmetic logical unit (ALU) I/O devices Registers … … Main memory Disk Printer Bus Fig 2-1 The organization of a simple computer with one CPU and two I/O devices CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt A+B A Registers B A B ALU input register ALU input bus ALU A+B ALU output register Fig 2-2 The data path of a typical von Neumann machine CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt public class Interp { static int PC; // program counter holds address of next instr static int AC; // the accumulator, a register for doing arithmetic static int instr; // a holding register for the current instruction static int instr type; // the instruction type (opcode) static int data loc; // the address of the data, or −1 if none static int data; // holds the current operand static boolean run bit = true; // a bit that can be turned off to halt the ma public static void interpret(int memory[ ], int starting address) { // This procedure interprets programs for a simple machine with instructions // one memory operand The machine has a register AC (accumulator), used // arithmetic The ADD instruction adds an integer in memory to the AC, for e // The interpreter keeps running until the run bit is turned off by the HALT ins // The state of a process running on this machine consists of the memory, the // program counter, the run bit, and the AC The input parameters consist of // of the memory image and the starting address PC = starting address; while (run bit) { instr = memory[PC]; // fetch next instruction into instr PC = PC + 1; // increment program counter instr type = get instr type(instr); // determine instruction type data loc = find data(instr, instr type);// locate data (−1 if none) if (data loc >= 0) // if data loc is −1, there is no operand data = memory[data loc]; // fetch the data execute(instr type, data); //execute instruction } } private static int get instr type(int addr) { } private static int find data(int instr, int type) { } private static void execute(int type, int data){ } } Fig 2-3 An interpreter for a simple computer (written in Java) CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Instruction fetch unit Instruction decode unit Operand fetch unit Instruction execution unit Write back unit (a) S1: S2: 6 S3: S4: S5: Time (b) … Fig 2-4 (a) A five-stage pipeline (b) The state of each stage as a function of time Nine clock cycles are illustrated CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt S1 Instruction fetch unit S2 S3 S4 S5 Instruction decode unit Operand fetch unit Instruction execution unit Write back unit Instruction decode unit Operand fetch unit Instruction execution unit Write back unit Fig 2-5 (a) Dual five-stage pipelines with a common instruction fetch unit CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt S4 ALU ALU S1 S2 S3 Instruction fetch unit Instruction decode unit Operand fetch unit S5 LOAD STORE Floating point Fig 2-6 A superscalar processor with five functional units CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt Write back unit Control unit Broadcasts instructions × Processor/memory grid Processor Memory Fig 2-7 An array processor of the ILLIAC IV type CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt Local memories Shared memory CPU CPU CPU CPU Shared memory CPU CPU CPU CPU Bus (a) Bus (b) Fig 2-8 (a) A single-bus multiprocessor (b) A multicomputer with local memories CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt Address Address Cell Address 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 16 bits 7 (c) 12 bits (b) 10 11 bits (a) Fig 2-9 Three ways of organizing a 96-bit memory CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt Polycarbonate substrate 0.6 mm Single-sided disk Semireflective layer ; ;; ;; ;; Aluminum reflector Adhesive layer Aluminum reflector 0.6 mm Single-sided disk Polycarbonate substrate Fig 2-27 A double-sided, dual layer DVD disk CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt Semireflective layer SCSI controller Sound card Modem Card cage Edge connector Fig 2-28 Physical structure of a personal computer CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt Monitor CPU Memory Video controller Keyboard Floppy disk drive Hard disk drive Keyboard controller Floppy disk controller Hard disk controller Bus Fig 2-29 Logical structure of a simple personal computer CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt ; ;; Memory bus SCSI bus SCSI scanner SCSI disk Sound card Main memory PCI bridge CPU cache SCSI controller Printer controller Video controller ISA bridge Network controller PCI bus Modem ISA bus Fig 2-30 A typical modern PC with a PCI bus and an ISA bus The modem and sound card are ISA devices; the SCSI controller is a PCI device CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt Horizontal scan Grid Screen Electron gun Spot on screen Vacuum Vertical deflection plate Vertical retrace Horizontal retrace (a) (b) Fig 2-31 (a) Cross section of a CRT (b) CRT scanning pattern CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt Liquid crystal Rear glass plate Rear electrode ; @ @ ; Rear polaroid Front glass plate Front electrode Front polaroid y Dark z Bright Light source Notebook computer (b) (a) Fig 2-32 (a) The construction of an LCD screen (b) The grooves on the rear and front plates are perpendicular to one another CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt Character Attribute Analog video signal CPU Main memory Video board Monitor A2B2C2 Video RAM ABC Bus Fig 2-33 Terminal output on a personal computer CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt CPU Serial I/O card Memory UART RS-232-C connector Terminal Telephone line (analog) ABC ABC Modem Modem Keyboard Some signals: Protective ground (1) Transmit (2) Receive (3) Request to send (4) Clear to send (5) Data set ready (6) Common return (7) Carrier detect (8) Data terminal ready (20) Fig 2-34 Connection of an RS-232-C terminal to a computer The numbers in parentheses in the list of signals are the pin numbers CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt Pointer controlled by mouse Window Menu Cut Paste Copy Mouse buttons Mouse Rubber ball Fig 2-35 A mouse being used to point to menu items CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt (a) (b) Fig 2-36 (a) The letter ‘‘A’’ on a × matrix (b) The letter ‘‘A’’ printed with 24 overlapping needles CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt Rotating octagonal mirror Laser Drum sprayed and charged Light beam strikes drum Drum Toner Scraper Discharger Heated rollers Blank paper Stacked output Fig 2-37 Operation of a laser printer CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Fig 2-38 Halftone dots for various gray scale ranges (a) 0–6 (b) 14–20 (c) 28–34 (d) 56–62 (e) 105–111 (f) 161–167 CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt (a) Voltage V2 0 Time 1 0 0 V1 High amplitude Low amplitude High frequency Low frequency (b) (c) (d) Phase change Fig 2-39 Transmission of the binary number 01001011000100 over a telephone line bit by bit (a) Two-level signal (b) Amplitude modulation (c) Frequency modulation (d) Phase modulation CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt ISDN terminal Digital bit pipe T U NT1 ISDN telephone ISDN terminal ISDN alarm Customer's equipment ISDN exchange Carrier's equipment Fig 2-40 ISDN for home use CuuDuongThanCong.com To carrier's internal network https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt Hex A B C D E F Name NUL SOH STX ETX EOT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI Hex 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 2F Char (Space) ! " # $ % & ’ ( ) * + , / Meaning Null Start Of Heading Start Of Text End Of Text End Of Transmission Enquiry ACKnowledgement BELl BackSpace Horizontal Tab Line Feed Vertical Tab Form Feed Carriage Return Shift Out Shift In Hex 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E 3F Char : ; < = > ? Hex 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 4A 4B 4C 4D 4E 4F Hex 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F Name DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESC FS GS RS US Char @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O Hex 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 5A 5B 5C 5D 5E 5F Meaning Data Link Escape Device Control Device Control Device Control Device Control Negative AcKnowledgem SYNchronous idle End of Transmission Bloc CANcel End of Medium SUBstitute ESCape File Separator Group Separator Record Separator Unit Separator Char P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ˆ Fig 2-41 The ASCII character set CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt Hex 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 6A 6B 6C 6D 6E 6F Char ‘ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Hex 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 7A 7B 7C 7D 7E 7F ... (c) CuuDuongThanCong .com https://fb .com/ tailieudientucntt Word size 16 32 64 128 25 6 5 12 Check bits Total size Percent overhead 12 50 21 31 38 19 71 11 136 26 5 10 522 Fig 2- 13 Number of check... 3600 CDC Cyber Bits/cell 12 16 18 24 27 32 36 48 60 Fig 2- 10 Number of bits per cell for some historically interesting commercial computers CuuDuongThanCong .com https://fb .com/ tailieudientucntt Address... endian J I M S M I T H 0 12 16 M I J J I M T I M S S M I T 0 H H 0 12 21 0 0 0 21 12 16 0 0 M I J T I M S 0 0 H 0 21 0 21 0 (a) (b) Transfer and swap (c) 16 (d) Fig 2- 12 (a) A personnel record