1 INTRODUCTION CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt Virtual machine Mn, with machine language Ln Level Virtual machine M3, with machine language L3 … Level n Level Level Level Programs in Ln are either interpreted by interpreter running on a lower machine, or are translated to the machine language of a lower machine Virtual machine M2, with machine language L2 Programs in L2 are either interpreted by interpreters running on M1 or M0, or are translated to L1 or L0 Virtual machine M1, with machine language L1 Programs in L1 are either interpreted by an interpreter running on M0, or are translated to L0 Actual computer M0, with machine language L0 Programs in L0 can be directly executed by the electronic circuits Figure 1-1 A multilevel machine CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt Level Problem-oriented language level Translation (compiler) Level Assembly language level Translation (assembler) Level Operating system machine level Partial interpretation (operating system) Level Instruction set architecture level Interpretation (microprogram) or direct execution Level Microarchitecture level Hardware Level Digital logic level Figure 1-2 A six-level computer The support method for each level is supported is indicated below it (along with the name of the supporting program) CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt *JOB, 5494, BARBARA *XEQ *FORTRAN FORTRAN program *DATA Data cards *END Figure 1-3 A sample job for the FMS operating system CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt Year 1834 1936 1943 1944 1946 1949 1951 1952 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1964 1965 1970 1974 1974 1978 1981 1985 1987 1990 Name Analytical Engine Z1 COLOSSUS Mark I ENIAC I EDSAC Whirlwind I IAS PDP-1 1401 7094 B5000 360 6600 PDP-8 PDP-11 8080 CRAY-1 VAX IBM PC MIPS SPARC RS6000 Made by Babbage Zuse British gov’t Aiken Eckert/Mauchley Wilkes M.I.T Von Neumann DEC IBM IBM Burroughs IBM CDC DEC DEC Intel Cray DEC IBM MIPS Sun IBM Comments First attempt to build a digital computer First working relay calculating machine First electronic computer First American general-purpose computer Modern computer history starts here First stored-program computer First real-time computer Most current machines use this design First minicomputer (50 sold) Enormously popular small business machine Dominated scientific computing in the early 1960s First machine designed for a high-level language First product line designed as a family First scientific supercomputer First mass-market minicomputer (50,000 sold) Dominated minicomputers in the 1970s First general-purpose 8-bit computer on a chip First vector supercomputer First 32-bit superminicomputer Started the modern personal computer era First commercial RISC machine First SPARC-based RISC workstation First superscalar machine Figure 1-4 Some milestones in the development of the modern digital computer CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt Memory Control unit Input Arithmetic logic unit Output Accumulator Figure 1-5 The original von Neumann machine CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt CPU Memory Console terminal Paper tape I/O Other I/O Omnibus Figure 1-6 The PDP-8 omnibus CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt Property Relative performance Cycle time (nsec) Maximum memory (KB) Bytes fetched per cycle Maximum number of data channels Model 30 1000 64 Model 40 3.5 625 256 Model 50 10 500 256 4 Figure 1-7 The initial offering of the IBM 360 product line CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt Model 65 21 250 512 16 100000000 16M 64M 10000000 1M Transistors 1000000 100000 256K 4K 10000 1000 4M 64K 16K 1K 100 10 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 Figure 1-8 Moore’s law predicts a 60 percent annual increase in the number of transistors that can be put on a chip The data points given in this figure are memory sizes, in bits CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt Type Disposable computer Embedded computer Game computer Personal computer Server Collection of Workstations Mainframe Supercomputer Price ($) 10 100 1K 10K 100K 1M 10M Example application Greeting cards Watches, cars, appliances Home video games Desktop or portable computer Network server Departmental minisupercomputer Batch data processing in a bank Long range weather prediction Figure 1-9 The current spectrum of computers available The prices should be taken with a grain (or better yet, a metric ton) of salt CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt Chip 4004 8008 8080 8086 8088 80286 80386 80486 Pentium Pentium Pro Pentium II Date MHz Transistors Memory Notes 4/1971 0.108 2,300 640 First microprocessor on a chip 4/1972 0.108 3,500 16 KB First 8-bit microprocessor 4/1974 6,000 64 KB First general-purpose CPU on a chip 6/1978 5-10 29,000 MB First 16-bit CPU on a chip 6/1979 5-8 29,000 MB Used in IBM PC 2/1982 8-12 134,000 16 MB Memory protection present 10/1985 16-33 275,000 GB First 32-bit CPU 4/1989 25-100 1.2M GB Built-in 8K cache memory 3/1993 60-233 3.1M GB Two pipelines; later models had MMX 3/1995 150-200 5.5M GB Two levels of cache built in 5/1997 233-400 7.5M GB Pentium Pro plus MMX Figure 1-10 The Intel CPU family Clock speeds are measured in MHz (megahertz) where MHz is million cycles/sec CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt Pentium II 10M Pentium 1M Transistors 80286 100K Moore's law 8080 4004 1K 8008 10K 80486 Pentium Pro 80386 8086 8088 100 10 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 Year of introduction Figure 1-11 Moore’s law for CPU chips CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt ... 1- 3 A sample job for the FMS operating system CuuDuongThanCong .com https://fb .com/ tailieudientucntt Year 18 34 19 36 19 43 19 44 19 46 19 49 19 51 1952 19 60 19 61 1962 19 63 19 64 19 64 19 65 19 70 19 74 19 74... Model 65 21 250 512 16 10 0000000 16 M 64M 10 000000 1M Transistors 10 00000 10 0000 256K 4K 10 000 10 00 4M 64K 16 K 1K 10 0 10 19 65 19 70 19 75 19 80 19 85 19 90 19 95 Figure 1- 8 Moore’s law predicts a 60 percent... CuuDuongThanCong .com https://fb .com/ tailieudientucntt Pentium II 10 M Pentium 1M Transistors 80286 10 0K Moore's law 8080 4004 1K 8008 10 K 80486 Pentium Pro 80386 8086 8088 10 0 10 19 70 19 72 19 74 19 76 19 78 19 80