Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
Following the contents section 1 book English for nursing and health care, section 2 presents the following contents: Unit 3 - The human body inside and out, unit 4 - Diet and nutrition. Invite you to refer to the disclosures.
UNIT THE HUMAN BODY Inside and Out 3A U N IT - ® LEVELS OF ORGANISATION £Q E veryone is in te rested in th e h u m a n [hju:man] body, w hat happens w hen it is affected by disease [dazi:z] and how to stay healthy [heiei] A rticles on h ealth and m edicine appear daily in newspapers and m agazines O rd in a ry people w ho are n o t specifically train ed in science are freq u en tly asked to m ake decisions o n scientific m atters w hich affect society T h e scientific [saian'tifikl term for th e study of body stru c tu re is anatom y |on'a?tomi| Part of this word m eans to ‘c u t’ because early an ato m ists dissected (cut) the hum an body to learn about its stru ctu re T h e p ractice of any h e a lth care professional requires a basic u n d e rstan d in g of a n ato m y a n d m ost an ato m ic d a ta o b tain e d th ro u g h th e use of is now c o m p u te d tom ography, m agnetic resonance im aging and p o sitro n em issio n to m o g p h y , th e r th a n through experim ental studies Physiology [fiziWadji] is th e study of how body p a rts fu n c tio n , including th e ir chem ical and physical processes A natom y and physiology are closely related A n y th in g th a t d isturbs th e no rm al w orking o f th e body is co n sid ered a disease |dazi:z] and is studied as th e science of pathology [paB'oladjil A ll living things are organised from very simple levels to m ore com plex levels L iving m a tte r begins w ith sim ple ch em icals [kemikalzl w hich are form ed in to th e com p lex substances th a t m ake living cells, w hich are th e basic u n its of life |l,iif| G ro u p s of specialised cells form tissues and differen t tissues fu n c tio n to g eth e r to form o rg a n s V arious organs fu n c tio n to g e th e r to m,ike up th e system s ot the h u m an body All the human sciences study different aspects of th e hum an body, its structure and function, its b e h av io u r and its a sso c iatio n w ith its Dover Pictorial Archive Serie> 11982) - Margaret Mitt Human Anatomv Coloring IWk e n v iro n m e n t To study th e awesom e com p lex ities of the hum an body, it is necessary to break it dow n into sections th a t can be exam ined in detail, rem em bering th a t all the parts must interact w ith one a n o th er successfully to ensure our survival To study different parts of the body, we can divide the body in various ways to give us po sitio n or lo ca tio n G e n era l divisions are th e head, the th o rax , the abdom en, th e pubes and the lim bs o r extrem ities Diagram s are show n w ith th e figure sta n d in g in the anatom ical p o sitio n unless stated otherw ise T h e pictures show figures in th e anatom ical position w ith hands facing the front and feet slightly apart NB S tanding in this way, the anatom ical right is on th e left of the diagram and the anatom ical left is on your right! T h e hum an body is marvellously com plex and it is amazing how well it works m ost of the tim e How does it start and how does it develop? T h e h u m an gam etes or germ cells are th e ova (p i.) ovum (s ) in th e fem ale and th e sp e rm cells (sperm ato zo a/sp erm ato zo o n ) in the m ale M eiosis occurs during th eir form ation (oogenesis) w hen these germ cells d evelop w ith a haploid number (h a lf th e n u m b er) of chromosomes A ll o th e r cells in the body c o n tain th e full num ber of chrom osom es and are called diploid cells During fe rtilisa tio n , th e hap lo id cells fuse to g eth er and becom e a zygote w ith the com plete num ber of chrom osom es, so a fem ale germ cell + m ale germ cell = zygote = the beginnings of a hum an life O th e r cells reproduce by m itosis, w hich is the equal division of nuclear m aterial ( karyokinesis), followed by division of the cell body (cytokinesis) T h e result of this division is daughter cells, each containing 23 pairs of chrom osom es (i.e 46 chrom osom es altogether) Because all tissues increase in size during childhood, a lot more cells divide in a growing child th an in an adult Specialised groups of cells form tissui [ti/u:z] Tissues functioning together are organs [sgsnzl O rgans functioning together for the same general purpose = body system [sisom) cell + cell = tissue tissue + tissue = organ organ + orSan = ^ sVstem THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF BODY SYSTEMS STRUCTURE S tructure refers to th e arrangem ent of parts, organs, tissues, cells or particles Function is th e norm al, unique [ju:ni:k] activity A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of any living organism C ells may be different shapes and sizes and perform a variety o f functions Tissue is m ade up o f a specialised group o f cells T h e re are basic types of tissue: • Epithelial [epi’eirUsl] tissue forms th e skin th a t covers th e body, lines cavities and forms glands • Connective [kanektiv] tissue is extensive and forms th e support and framework of the w hole body Bone, cartilage, tendons, fat, blood and lym ph are all made up of different types of connective tissue • M uscle [mAsal] tissue is designed to produce m ovem ent by forcible c o n tra c tio n and includes different groups: skeletal muscle, sm ooth (or visceral [visarall) muscle and cardiac muscle • N ervous [ra iv a s ] tissue m akes up th e com m u n icatio n netw o rk o f th e body The c e n tra l agency is th e b in a n d e a c h stru c tu re in th e body is in direct com m unication w ith th e b rain by nerves w h ic h come to g eth e r to form the spinal cord A n organ is m ade up o f groups of specialised tissues, w orking together w ith a specific function A system is a group o f organs w orking to gether w ith th e sam e specialised function © C a n you na m e a n y o f the m ajor organs in the h u m a n body? s M atching Exercise P u t the words in the box below in the space provided to com plete T h e process o f cell division involving th e D N A w hich doubles itself to produce identical daughter cells is called the definition A group o f specialised cells w ith th e sam e fu n c tio n is c a lle d T h e th ick , m uscular [mAsk'ju:ia] layer of th e h e a rt wall is know n as t h e cartilage [kaitalid^] tissue [ti/u:] myocardium [mai'aukaidiam] T h e largest mass o f nerve tissue in th e body - th e ‘central agency’ for co m m unication w ith th e rest of th e body - is an organ called t h e A type of hard c o n n ec tiv e [kanektiv] tissue th a t acts as a epithelium [epiffcWam] shock absorber a n d reduces fric tio n b e tw ee n b ones in cell [sell m oveable jo in ts (or a rticu la tio n s) o f th e body is called function [fAgk/an] brain [brein] organ b:gan] smooth muscle T h e tissue th a t forms a protective covering for th e body and also lines th e intestinal [intest'ainall tract, th e respiratory [ra'spira'tri] trac t and th e urinary [jurranril passages is called [smu8 mAsl] mitosis [mai'taosis] T h e basic u n it o f life is t h e D ifferent tissues working together w ith th e same function form a n T h e a ctio n o f peristalsis [peri'stolsisl - th e m o v em en t of food dow n th e oesophagus [a'sDfagasl a n d th ro u g h th e intestine - is formed by involuntary o r 10 T h e norm al, unique [ju:ni:k] activity of various body parts is its A lth o u g h each body sy ste m can n o t u w k independently, w e can look a t the stru c tu re of each a n d its various com plicated fu n ctio n s to see how the body w orks as a single u n it 3B U N IT iy Study the pictu re w ith the body system s m a rked w ith nu m b ers to 11 on page 124 and n a m e th e m u sin g th e follow ing nam es: (W rite th e m again u n d e r N a m e of S y stem below ) r—i [n3:vas] RESPIRATORY [ra'spira'tri] SYSTEM [di'djestiv] I C j drcuiatm ry [ssikyieitni System " „ - t i -git*? w V,fltvCv' M uscular ImAskHida) System Cl U rinary [ju:ranril System ' ' sM i ,// c I _ J >Sfem ' T R e p r o d u c tiv e [ripra'd/iktiv) S y s te m ■* ,n ^ ntegUm f entary •V & 8,u^ System) JL STRUCTURE (is m ade u p o f ) NAME OF SYSTEM ^ eletal E n d o crin e lendaJkrin] System .b ones [baonzl (+ cartilage, ligam ents) Function(s): skeletal, cardiac a n d sm o o th m uscles [nusslz] (+ ten d o n s) Function(s): h e a rt [ha:t] a n d blood vessels (a rte rie s, v ein s a n d capillaries) F unction(s): Function(s): lu n g s [Lujz] a n d a ir p assag es N a s a l p a ssa g es, u v u la [jurv'juia], p h a ry n x [fce'rinks], lary n x [laerinks], tra c h e a [traTdal, b ro n c h i fbrngld], bron ch io les [brogki'Dlz], alveoli [alViWiMair sacs) b in , spinal co rd a n d nerves Function(s): Function(s): m o u th (te e th , to n g u e a n d salivary glands), epiglottis, oesophagus [a'sofagas], s to m a c h [stAmak], in te s tin e s 111140513112] + accessory o rg a n s: liv e r [liva], g a llb la d d e r [go l'blaeda], p a n c re a s [paerfkhas) P a rts of this system are sometimes referred to as the gut Function(s): F unction(s): k id n ey s [kidnizl, u re te rs [jutrataz], b lad d e r [blaeda], u r e th r a [juAiAal M a le: te s te s , d u c ts /s e m in a l v e sic le s, p ro s ta te g la n d , penis F e m ale : o v a rie s, F a llo p ia n tu b e s (o v id u c ts ), u te r u s [ju.-ta'rasl, vagina lvald3aina], b re asts Ibrests) Function(s): G la n d s: p itu ita ry [pitju.Jitri]I p in e a l [pm'ial], th y ro id lea?™!] and p a th y r o id [paera^ai'rad], th y m u s [Oaimas], a d re n a l [adrimal], p an creas [paegk'rias], ov aries [auva'riz] a n d te ste s [testizl F unction(s): 1 F unction(s): 128 lym ph nodes (to n sils a n d a denoids [aeda 'noidz]), ly m p h vessels, valves [vaelvz], th e spleen [spli:n] e p id e rm is, d e rm is, se b a ce o u s M xi/as] (o il-p ro d u c in g ) glands, su d o rife ro u s |su:daWaras] (sw eat-producing) glands L istening - Body sy ste m s L isten to th e recording and c h ec k your a n sw ers UNI T GRAMMAR NOTES T a lk in g a b o u t s t r u c tu r e 3B ‘to be m ade up o f ’, ‘consists o f ’ or ‘to be com posed o f ’ T h e re are subtle differences in the use of th e above phrases: ‘to be m ade up o f’ is used for a detailed breakdown of a part or a structure e.g The joints (or articulations) are made up of bones, cartilage and ligaments ‘consists o f’ is used in a general way w hen all the m ain parts of a structure are nam ed e.g The respiratory tract consists of the pharynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli ‘to be com posed o f’ is used w hen the m aterials or substances from w hich the structure is formed, are nam ed e.g Both the brain and the spinal cord are composed of nerve cells and fibres /y Now, com plete th e follow ing sentences T he p h a ry n x .the naso-pharynx, the oro-pharynx and the laryngo-pharynx T h e brain s t e m the m id-brain, the pons and the m edulla T h e in te stin e s parts, the large and the small intestine T he duodenum , the jejunum and the ile u m the small intestine W h at does th e skeletal sy s te m ? Bones, joints and ligaments T he female reproductive system .the ovaries, the oviducts, the uterus and the vagina T h e s k i n .epithelial tissue, collagen fibres, nerves, blood vessels and glands © W ith a partner, look a t questio n M ake questions for the other sentences Using the information you have, ask your partner some questions about the structure of other systems VERBS AND NOUNS f C om plete th e table w ith the m issing w ord Verb N oun Verb transport transportation circulate tek'juleit] form ation remove digestion regulate Ireg1juleit] secrete (d irectly in to e lim ination the bloodstream ) destruction filter reproduction conceive cover(ing) develop storage situate excrete (in to a duct) production defend lining provide dilate N oun p rotection function(ing) 129 FUNCTION fe z N ow m a ke som e sentences usin g this form at: e.g The circulation of blood to the tissues is the function of the heart T h e excretion of waste products th e liver Blood circulation is a/the* function o f W aste excretion th e kidneys th e h e art W ater regulation Production of bile Storage of protein and glycogen (*T hc function is used when it is the only function, a function indicates one of several functions) F u n c tio n (s): R ea d the (a) T h e purpose o f this system is to take in air, filter it and take it to the tissues responsible for gas exchange O xygen [nksi'djan] is th e n transported description o f the by th e blood to all th e tissues in th e body C a rb o n dioxide, a waste fu n ctio n s of each body system Identify the system and label each [weist] product, is re-absorbed in to th e blood and th e n excreted from the body (b) N ow tu rn back to T h is system forms th e basic fram ew ork o f th e body - it supports and page 128 a n d w rite a b rief su m m a ry of protects all th e in tern al organs Bones serve as levers (w ith th e attached m uscles) for m ovem ent, produce blood cells and store calcium [luel'siaml salts w hich c an be absorbed in to th e blood w h en th ere is n o t enough calcium in th e diet the fu n ctio n (s) of each body system (c) T h e se c re tio n o f h o rm o n es Ih^'maunz], w h ic h re g u la te th e body's functions chem ically, is th e fun ctio n o f this system (d) T h is system is also called th e excretory system and filters body liquids, e lim inating chem icals and excess fluids from th e body (e) T h is system c o n ta in s a n im p o rtan t organ w hich pum ps blood round the e n tire body T h is is necessary to supply cells w ith n u trie n ts and oxygen and to transport waste products for excretion (f) T h is system is e sse n tia l for re p ro d u c tio n a n d th e p ro d u c tio n of horm ones, sex cells (gam etes) [gsmi:ts] and it also enables conception [kon’sepjan] and perm its th e carrying and b irth of babies (offspring) (g) T h e system w hich converts (changes) food in to sim pler substances for th e cells to use for energy also takes away (or elim inates) waste products from th e body sensory receptor 3B body from disease, helps to regulate body tem perature a n d acts as a UNI T (h) I T h is com plex system, w hich is also th o u g h t of as a n organ, protects the (0 A system w hich runs parallel w ith th e veins th roughout th e body, drains fluid from th e tissues and helps to defend th e body against infection and disease (j) W e n e ed th is system to p roduce m ov em en t, b o th v o lu n ta ry a n d involuntary, and to keep our hearts beating to keep us alive [alaiv] (k) T his is th e m ost com plex system in th e body and its functions are to regulate all th e o th er systems in th e body, to receive and send messages and to provide us w ith inform ation about our e n v iro n m en t len'vai'ran'mant] Complete T h e c a rrie s through the arteries to the body cells O n e function of t h e is t o the am ount o f w ater the sentences using the correct Miordfs.) from the box in the body T h e also urea [ju:ri:a] (a n itro g e n waste product) from the body ovaries eproduc lines ire situate 4- T h e .functions as b oth an organ of digestion and excretion T h e is an accessory organ of digestion T h e beats 80 tim es per m inute on average T h e are only found in females T hey are endocrine glands nary syste blood pancreas cartilage w h i c h horm ones and o v a here A n accessory lask'sesa'ri] organ of d igestion, w h ich is also an e n d o crin e g la n d , insulin and is called t h e on ceptior regulate A ll th e bones in th e skeletal system from a fibrous c o n n ec tiv e tissue c a lle d .T h is tissue eventually hardens w ith calcium covers bone kidneys ( x ) ; liver (x2) deposits to b e c o m e 10 T h e the ureters, the urinary bladder and u reth m ake up the w hich can also be called t h e secrete 11 B oth the spinal cord and the b r a i n nerve cells oxygen 12 C e l l s b y - a process called mitosis excrete h e art 13 T h e skin w h ic h the outside of the hum an b o d y ire produced ■ cells, sw eat glands, oil-producing glands, blood vessels and nerve endings form : com posed :da meda'kei/anzl (i + n.) W hen a doctor prescribes or orders som ething, he tells you w hat to or w hat to take 1-B/C/D p r e s c r ip tio n [pra'skrip/an] (n ) A n official piece of paper on which a doctor writes the types of m edicine you should have and which allows you to buy it from a pharm acy or chem ist’s 1-B/C/D p r e s e r v a tiv e [prs'zxva'tivl (n.) A substance that stops food from decaying (or ‘going off!’), e.g Some people have adverse reactions to preservatives and colourings in food to p reserve so m e th in g [pra'z3:v] ( i ) To make sure that something is kept in optimal condition, e.g Sugar, salt, smoking and lining are some methods used to preserve food p r o c e d u r e s [pra'si:djaz] (n.) T he usual or correct way of doing something, e.g the procedure for setting up an intravenous line 1-B/C/D p ro fessio n a l [pra'fe/a'nll (n.) A person who has a job th a t requires advanced education or training 1-A p asta d ish e s [pa:sta| or [pssta di/szl (n ) Recipes or food p rep ared using p asta, sp a g h e tti, m acaroni, sheets of lasagne pasta, etc to p r o te c t [pra'tekt] (v.) To prevent someone or p a th o lo g y [paG'ola'djil (n uncountable) T h e study o f disease - its causes, m e c h a n ism s an d effects o n th e body p r o t e c t io n p e r so n a l h y g ie n e |p3:sanal hai'djim] (adj + n.) To look after your personal hygiene, you keep yo u rself cle a n , esp ecially to p re v e n t th e spread of disease 1-l-Q p e r s o n n e l [p3sa'nel] (n.pl.) T h e people w ho work for a n o rg an isatio n (or th e arm ed forces) 1-A p h y sio lo g y [fiziWadji] (n uncountable) T h e study of body fu n ctions, in cluding physical and chem ical processes of cells, tissues, organs and systems, and th eir various interactions to p la n a d ie t [plsn a daiatl ( t + n ) To m ake a d etailed list of foods and q u a n titie s o f food w h ich can be e a te n by a person w ho needs to ch an g e his eating habits 238 Good posture consists of balancing the body weight around the body's centre of gravity in the lower spine and pelvis M aintaining good posture helps prevent neck and back pain p r e -p a c k a g e d ipri: p.skadjd| (adj.) Food that is processed and packed before you buy it p o stu re Iprs't/s] (n ) T h e relativ e p o sitio n ot parts ot th e body a t rest o r d u rin g m o v e m e n t som ething from being harmed or damaged Ipra'tek'/an] (n uncountable) If som ething gives or offers p ro tec tio n , it prevents people or things from being harmed or damaged to p r o v id e for s o m e b o d v /s o m e b o d v w ith ( v ita m in s /n o u r is h m e n t) [ta pravaid vaitamanz-n.\ri/mant] (v + n ) To give vm eN >dv the necessary (vitam ins/nourishm ent' needed to live, e.g A balanced diet skndd prr*ide all the necessary' vitamins p u rse [p3:s] (n.) A small bag, usually for coins but may refer to a woman’s handbag l-C H ndj (t + n ) A dressing is a (sterile) cover ui:ts|: th e rh y th m ic b e a tin g of th e h e a r t p u m p in g b lix x l a ro u n d th e body, f e lt m a n u a lly a t th e w ris t [nsil, o v e r th e te m p o r a l b o n e [tempral'bacnl t h e c a r o tid a rte ry Ika'rotid' a:tri| in th e n e c k o r o v e r th e fe m o l a rte ry i'femral 'a tnl in t h e g ro in Igrcml (in g u in a l [i^gwanal] a re a ) 1-E/F to ta k e a risk [teik u1risk] (v + n ) If y o u ta k e a risk, y ou c h o o s e to a c t in a b o ld w av possibly w ith u n p le a s a n t o r u n d e s ira b le re su lts 1-l-Q to ta k e b lood pressure |teik'bl.\d ‘prejal (i + n.) To m easu re th e systolic a n d d ia sto lic pressure of th e b lo o d c irc u la tin g in th e body, u sin g a m a c h in e c a lle d a s p h y g m o m a n o m e te r |lsfig,mau'manDmata] 1-E/F to ta k e d ru gs, ta b lets o r m e d ic a tio n Iteik dr.\R/, tieblatz meda'keijanl (v + n ) T o in je c t o r in g e st th e s e s u b sta n c e s (re g u la rly ) 1-B/C/D tall (t3:l| (adj.) Som eone or som ething th at is tall has a greater height th a n average norm al or 1-C/H to te a c h p ro ced u res Iti t/ pra'si:djaz| (t + n ) To show or teach someone the usual and correct way or m ethod of doing something 1-B/C/D t e n d o n [ten'danl (n.) A strong, flexible, fibrous cord th a t joins muscle to bone or muscle to muscle but is inelastic to test a s p e c im e n Itest a'spesaman] (i + n.) To analyse or examine a sample of N>dv tissue to identify it or make a diagnosis 1-B/C/D involves cutting open the body and often removing or replacing parts 1-A tissu e [ti'/u:] (n.) A collection of cells specialised su r v iv a l (n uncountable) Isa'vaivall M anaging to t o ile tr ie s [tailat'rizl (n pi) T hings you u-e when live and not circumstances to s w a llo w [sw D lau] die following difficult to perform a particular function washing or taking care of your k>dv 1-C/H to o l |tu:l] (n ) Any hand-held instrum ent or -imple (v ) W hen you swallow piece of equipm ent you need to your job properly som ething, you cause it to go from your mouth down into your stomach s w o lle n (swaulanl (adj.) W hen swollen, part of the body becomes larger and rounder than normal, usually as the result ot injury or disease 1-E/F s y lla b u s [sila'bas] (n.) T h e subjects studied in a particular course the tools of your trade The skill? or abilities, instruments or equipment you need t >be able 1-A to your job properly tr a in ee |trei'ni:| (n.) Someone who i- employed at a junior level in a particular job in rder to learn the skills needed for that job l -E F tr a in in g [tremigl (n uncountable) Learning the 1-A skills for a particular profession r icuvitv nursing training (n + n.) i- the c urn.- vou while learning the skills and r h e r\ to become a professional nurse l-A s y s t e m Isistam] (n.) T he body’s organs and other to treat Itri t] (t.) W hen a doctor or nurse tre a t' a parts that are grouped together to perform a particular function e.g To treat minor illnesses at home the rutient n u rs in g s y lla b u s T h e subjects included in the nursing degree (university) course 240 to ta k e a d ressin g o f f Iteika dresiij Wl ( i + n ) To patient, they try to make them well again, u m b ilic a l co rd ['Ambilikal 'ko dl (n.) The tube [tju:b] connecting an unborn baby to its mother, through which it receives oxygen loksidjan] and nourishm ent I n A r i f m a n t ] 1-E/F In a sleep-like state due to injury or illness, not able to use the senses u n iq u e [ju:'ni:k] (adj.) T he only one of its kind to u p d a te U p 'd e i t ] (n u rsin g care p la n s) (v + n.) To add the most recent information 1-l-Q v a lu a b les [vael'jubalzl (n pi) Small objects you own that are usually worth a lot of money, e.g w ard c h a r g e n u rse [wa:d 't/a:d3 Ws] ( n ) A senior nurse who is in charge and has the responsibility of a ward or departm ent 1-B/C/D (n ) Som ething th at is communicated, said or written, to tell people 1-l-Q of a possible problem or danger w a r n in g |w a:n ig | to w e ig h ( s o m e o n e or so m e th in g ) |w ei] (v ) To measure how heavy something is 1-C/H 1-C/H w e ig h t Iweit] (n.) The weight of a person or thing v eg eta b les Ivedj'tabalz] (n.) Plants which you can cook and eat is how heavy they are, measured in grams, ounces, kilos, pounds, tons or tonnes 1-C/H mobile phone, jewellery, etc viru s Ivai'rasJ (n ) T he sm allest know n type of infectious agent It is debatable w hether viruses are truly living organisms or just collections of m olecules capable of selfreplicating under specific conditions Outside living cells, viruses are inert visib le Ivizabl] (adj.) T h at can be seen v isitin g h o u rs Iviza'tig auaz) (n.) T he times when friends or relatives are perm itted to come into the hospital to visit patients 1-E/F v ita m in s [vitam inz] or [vaitam inz] (n ) N atural substances found in food that are essential to health and grow th of hum ans and animals, e.g Broccoli is rich in vitamins and cereals are enriched with vitamins w ard ( u a d i (n.) A room in a hospital which has beds for many people w h o le g r a in Ihaul'grein] (adj.) Made w ith, or containing whole grains w h o le m e a l lhaul'm iall (adj.) Bread or flour made using whole grains (ot wheat) including the husk (the outer covering) w o rk ers [w3:kaz| ( n pi.) Particular people who the kind of work m entioned 1-A w o r k p la c e [w 3:k'pleis| ( n ) or w o r k p la c e T he place where you work 1-l-Q to w r a p [raep] (i1 ) To told som ething around a thing to cover or protect it, e.g Vou urap a gift, you urap up' to keep uarm and you can wrap the cuff of a sphygmomanometer (a blood-pressure measuring device) around a person's arm 1-C//H - Glossary u n c o n s c io u s /c o m a to s e [An'konfaskaiymatauz] (adj.) s u r g ic a l w a r d (s3:d3ikl wadi (n.) T he departm ent or rooms in a hospital for patients who will have or have had surgical operations 1-B/C/D APPENDIX is not seriously ill and can stay at home and be cared for by his family 1-l-Q - Weights and measures APPENDIX WEIGHTS A N D MEASURES L ength METRIC kilom etre (km ) m etre (m ) ce n tim etre (cm ) = 1,000 m etres = 100 ce n tim etres = 10 m illim etres = 6214 miles = 094 yards = 0.394 inches = 1,760 yards = feet = 12 inches = = = - 1.609 kilom etres 0.914 m etres 30.48 ce n tim etres 25.4 m illim etres = 0 hectares = 100 ares = 100 square m etres = = = = 0.3 2.471 119.6 1.196 = = = = = = = = = 2.59 square kilom etres 0.405 hectares 0.8 square m etres 929 square ce n tim etres 6.452 square ce n tim etres NON-METRIC mile yard (yd) foot (ft) inch (in ) A rea METRIC 1 1 square kilom etre (km ) hec tare (ha) are (a) square m etre (m 2) square miles acres square yards square yards NON-METRIC 1 1 square acre square square square mile yard foot inch 640 acres 4,840 square yards square feet 144 square inches W eight METRIC to n n e kilogram (kg) gram (g) = 1,000 kilogram s = 1,000 grams = 1,000 milligram s = 19.688 h u n d red w eig h t = 2.205 pounds = = = = = = = = = NON-METRIC to n 1 1 h u n d red w eig h t (cw t) sto n e (st) p o u n d (lb) ou n ce (oz) 20 hundredw eig h t stone 14 pounds 16 ounces 1.016 to n n es 50.8 kilogram s 6.3 kilogram s 454 gram s 28.35 gram s C apacity METRIC d ecalitre (dal) litre (1) c e n tilitre (cl) = 10 litres = 100 ce n tilitres = 10 m illilitres = 2.2 gallons (2.63 L > gall n.-1 = 1.76 p in ts (2.1 L > p i n t ' = 0.018 pint> (0.021 L > p r. * = quarts = 4.5 litres = pints = 20 fluid ounces = 1.136 litre" = 56.8 ce n tilitres NON-METRIC gallon (gal) q u art (qt) p in t (pt) fluid ou n ce (tl o :) = 28.4 m illilitre^ N ote th a t A m erican n on-m etric m easurem ents are different from B ritish m easurem ents O n e U S p in t is equivalent to 0.833 UK pints, and contains 16 U S fluid ounces Elements Listed by Atomic Number < 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 28 ?B 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 39 40 41 42 43 14 45 Name Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Carbon Nitrogen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganose ron Cobalt Nickol Copper Zinc Gallium G orm anlum Arsonlc Selenium Bromlno Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium M olybdonum Tochnotlum 3uthonlum Rhodium S ym bo l H Be c N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Tl V Cr Mn Fe Nl Cu Zn Ga Go As So Br Kr Rb 5r Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh A to m ic N um ber 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 Name Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Cesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmlum Erbium Thulium S ym bo l Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm 71 Lutotium Lu 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 Tantalum W olfram Rhonium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Ta W Re Os Ir Pt 61 82 Thaliium Load Bismuth Polonium Astatlno Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Tl Pb 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 r > N um ber Po At Fr Ra Ac Ato m ic N um ber 91 92 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 Name Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Am ericium Curium Berkellum Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium 77 77 S ym bo l Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Ha Periodic Table of the Elements la 2a | b | 4b | 6b | 6b | 7b | H Li Be Na Mg 11 12 K Ca Sc Cr Mn Fe II 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Kb Sr Nb Mo Zf Ic Ru 41 37 38 39 40 42 43 44 Cs Ba La Hf la W Re Os 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 hr Ka Ac HI Ha 77 87 88 89 104 105 106 LantnraM Ce 58 Th M M 90 Pr 59 Pa 91 Nd 60 U 92 Pm 61 Np 93 62 Pu 94 Co 27 Hh 45 77 Eu 63 Gd 64 95 96 | 1b I 2b I 3a I 4a I 6a I 6a I 7« Nl 28 Pd 46 Pt 78 Cu 29 Ag 47 Au 79 Zn 30 Cd 48 Hg 80 B Al 13 Ga 31 In 49 Tl 81 C SI 14 Ge 32 Sn 50 Pb 82 Tb Dy Ho Er Tm 65 66 67 68 69 BK Cf Es Fm Md 97 98 99 100 101 N P 15 As 33 Sb 51 Bl 83 O S 16 So 34 Te 52 Po 84 Yb Lu 70 71 No Lf 102 103 F Cl 17 Br 35 53 At 85 H* No 10 Ar 18 Kr 36 X® 54 Rn 86 - English alphabet and phonetic symbols APPENDIX - © ENGLISH ALPHABET A a B b C c D d E e F f G g H h I i J j K k L l M m N n O o P p Q q R r S s T t U u V v W w X x Y y Z z TH E VOW ELS P ractise saying the vowels: a [ei] e [i:] i [ai] o [au] u [ju:] T H E P R O N U N C IA T IO N O F L E T T E R S O F T H E A L P H A B E T For pronunciation it is im portant to group the 26 letters of the alphabet according to the m ain vowel sound N o w read and practise the p ronunciation of all th e letters o f th e alphabet: [ei] a h j k [au] o [i:] b c d e g p t v [u:] q u w [el [a:] f l m n s x z r [ai] i v ENGLISH PHO NETIC SYMBOLS VOW ELS 10 11 12 [i:] [i] [e] [ae] [a :] as in b a th [si:] [m is] [ten] [keep] [ba:0] [d ] a s in h o s p ita l [ h D s p a t a l] [x ] as in m o rn in g [0 ] [u:] as in book as in [a ] as in you un d er [m oinig] [buk] [ju:] U nda] [3:] as in as in turn [t3 :n ] b e tte r [beta] [a] as in se e as in m iss as in te n as in cap N ote th a t long vowel sounds are followed by a colon V [a:] [i:] [u:] [d:] and [3:] D IP H T H O N G S (2 vowel sounds together) 244 - 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 [ei] [ai] [au] [31] [ia] [eal [ua] [au] as as as as as as as as in in in in in in in in pain my how boy hear care pure go [p e in ] [m ai] [hau] [bai] [hia] [kea] [pjua] [gau] CO N SO N ANTS 21 (Pi 22 [b] 23 [t] 24 [d] 25 [k] 26 [g] 27 [f] 28 [v] 29 [s] 30 [z] 31 [1] 32 [m ] 33 [n] 34 [h] 35 [r] 36 [jl 37 [w ] 38 [6] 39 [ ^ 40 [J] 41 [3] 42 [tjl 43 [d 3] 44 tDl as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in patien t bottle take drug cardiac [p e i/a n t] [bDtl] [teik] [d r.\g ] [k a :d i'a e k ] go four venous serum size live milk no hurt run yes w indow th an k you the sheet television child geriatric ring (gaul [b :] [vi:nas] [si:ram ] [saiz] [liv] [m ilk] [nau] [h3:tj [r.\n] [jes] [w in 'd a c ] [0a?r)k'iu:] [5a] [Ji:t] [te la 'v ija n ] It/a ild ] I d 3e r i'a ;tn k ] [rig] N B In longer w ords, ['] m arks th e -ta rt stre-sed syllable f a © APPENDIX — — IRREGULAR VERBS Past Simple Past Participle Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle be was/were been draw drew drawn bear bore borne * dream dream t dream t beat beat beaten drink drank drunk become became becom e drive drove driven begin began begun eat ate eaten bend bent bent fall fell fallen bind bound bound feed fed ted bite bit bitten feel felt felt bleed bled bled hght fought fought blow blew blown find found found flew flown break broke broken fly breed bred bred forget forgot forgotten bring brought brought forgive forgave forgiven build built built forbid forbade forbidden burn burnt burnt freeze fro:e frozen buy bought bought get got got gave given catch caught caught give choose chose chosen go w ent gone/been** come cam e come grind ground ground cost cost cost grow grew grown creep crept crept hang hung/hanged cut cut cut have had had heard heard deal dealt dealt hear dig dug dug hide hid hidden did done hit hit hit ‘give b irth to ’ is form al, e.g she’s home him ** ‘G o n e ’ refers to m ovem ent away from a place, e.g h e ’s gone hom e (he isn't here) c hildren M odem usage: sh e s had children ** 'B een' is used as the past participle of both * T h e verb 'bear' (p.p ‘b o rn e ’) in the sense of T h e p.p is n o t used in the passive in this sense 'be and ‘go’, e.g I've never been in hospital - th e past p a rtic ip le ‘b o rn ’ is used in th e They ve been to the cinem a (= T hey w ent to passive, e.g she was bom in 1995 the cinem a and have returned.) - Irregular verbs Infinitive - Irregular verbs APPENDIX Infinitive Past Sim ple Past Participle Infinitive Past Sim ple Past Participle hold held held shoot shot shot hu rt hurt h urt show showed show n keep kept kept shut shut shut sang sung kneel [ni:al] k nelt [nelt] k nelt [nelt] sing know knew [nju:] know n Insun] sink sank sunk lay laid laid sit sat sat lead led led sleep slept slept lean leant leant slide slid slid leave left left smell smelt smelt lend lent lent sow sowed sown/sowed let let let speak spoke spoken lie lay lain spell spelt spelt light lit lit spend spent spent lose lost lost spread spread spread m ake m ade m ade spring sprang sprung m ean m eant [ment] m eant (ment] stand stood stood m eet m et m et steal stole stolen pay paid paid stick stuck stuck put put put strike struck struck swear swore sworn read |nau] [ri:d] read [red] read [red] ride rode ridden swell swelled swollen ring rang rung sweep swept swept rise rose risen swim swam swum run ran run take took taken teach taught [to:t] taught [D:t] say [sei] said [sed] said [sed] seek sought sought tear tore to m sell sold sold tell told told saw seen th in k th o u g h t [0D:t] th o u g h t [tot] sent sent throw threw |6ru: ] throw n set set set understand understood understood sew sewed sewn wake woke w oken shake shook shaken wear wore w orn shear sheared/shore shorn win won won shine shone shone write wrote w ritten see send Audio CD ... Epithelial [epi’eirUsl] tissue forms th e skin th a t covers th e body, lines cavities and forms glands • Connective [kanektiv] tissue is extensive and forms th e support and framework of the w hole... world, is pandemic - A ID S is now pandem ic - and the recent SA R S outbreaks appear to be pandem ic for several m onths a %