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The peripheral nervous system and reflex activity (part c) provides knowledge of spinal nerves. The goal is for you to learn: Describe the formation of a spinal nerve and the general distribution of its rami; define plexus, name the major plexuses and describe the distribution and function of the peripheral nerves arising from each plexus.
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College CHAPTER 13 The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity: Part C Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Spinal Nerves • 31 pairs of mixed nerves named according to their point of issue from the spinal cord • cervical (C1–C8) • 12 thoracic (T1–T12) • Lumbar (L1–L5) • Sacral (S1S5) ã Coccygeal (C0) Copyright â 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Cervical plexus Brachial plexus Cervical enlargement Intercostal nerves Cervical nerves C1 – C8 Thoracic nerves T1 – T12 Lumbar enlargement Lumbar plexus Sacral plexus Cauda equina Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Lumbar nerves L1 – L Sacral nerves S1 – S Coccygeal nerve Co1 Figure 13.6 Spinal Nerves: Roots • Each spinal nerve connects to the spinal cord via two roots • Ventral roots • Contain motor (efferent) fibers from the ventral horn motor neurons ã Fibers innervate skeletal muscles) Copyright â 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Spinal Nerves: Roots • Dorsal roots • Contain sensory (afferent) fibers from sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia • Conduct impulses from peripheral receptors • Dorsal and ventral roots unite to form spinal nerves, which then emerge from the vertebral column via the intervertebral foramina Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Dorsal root ganglion Dorsal ramus of spinal nerve Ventral ramus of spinal nerve Spinal nerve Gray matter White matter Ventral root Dorsal root Dorsal and ventral rootlets of spinal nerve Rami communicantes Sympathetic trunk ganglion Anterior view showing spinal cord, associated nerves, and vertebrae The dorsal and ventral roots arise medially as rootlets and join laterally to form the spinal nerve Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 13.7 (a) Spinal Nerves: Rami • Each spinal nerve branches into mixed rami • Dorsal ramus • Larger ventral ramus • Meningeal branch • Rami communicantes (autonomic pathways) join to the ventral rami in the thoracic region Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Spinal Nerves: Rami • All ventral rami except T2–T12 form interlacing nerve networks called plexuses (cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral) • The back is innervated by dorsal rami via several branches • Ventral rami of T2–T12 as intercostal nerves supply muscles of the ribs, anterolateral thorax, and abdominal wall Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Dorsal ramus Ventral ramus Spinal nerve Rami communicantes Sympathetic trunk ganglion Intercostal nerve Dorsal root ganglion Dorsal root Ventral root Branches of intercostal nerve • Lateral cutaneous • Anterior cutaneous Sternum (b) Cross section of thorax showing the main roots and branches of a spinal nerve Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 13.7 (b) Cervical Plexus • Formed by ventral rami of C1–C4 • Innervates skin and muscles of the neck, ear, back of head, and shoulders • Phrenic nerve • Major motor and sensory nerve of the diaphragm (receives fibers from C3–C5) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Posterior divisions Cords Roots (ventral rami): C4 C5 Dorsal scapular Nerve to subclavius Suprascapular C6 C7 Lateral C8 Posterior T1 Medial Axillary Musculocutaneous Radial Median Ulnar Upper Middle Trunks Lower Long thoracic Medial pectoral Lateral pectoral Upper subscapular Lower subscapular Thoracodorsal Medial cutaneous nerves of the arm and forearm (a) Roots (rami C5 – T1), trunks, divisions, and cords Anterior divisions Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Posterior divisions Trunks Roots Figure 13.9 (a) Anterior divisions Posterior divisions Major terminal branches (peripheral nerves) Musculocutaneous Median Ulnar Radial Axillary Trunks Cords Roots Divisions Anterior Lateral Posterior Medial Anterior Posterior Posterior Anterior Posterior Trunks Upper Roots (ventral rami) C5 C6 Middle C7 C8 Lower T1 (d) Flowchart summarizing relationships within the brachial plexus Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 13.9 (d) Brachial Plexus: Nerves • Axillary—innervates the deltoid, teres minor, and skin and joint capsule of the shoulder • Musculocutaneous—innervates the biceps brachii and brachialis and skin of lateral forearm • Median—innervates the skin, most flexors and pronators in the forearm, and some intrinsic muscles of the hand • Ulnar—supplies the flexor carpi ulnaris, part of the flexor digitorum profundus, most intrinsic muscles of the hand, and skin of medial aspect of hand • Radial—innervates essentially all extensor muscles, supinators, and posterior skin of limb Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Axillary nerve Anterior divisions Posterior divisions Trunks Roots Humerus Radial nerve Musculocutaneous nerve Ulna Radius Ulnar nerve Median nerve Radial nerve (superficial branch) Dorsal branch of ulnar nerve Superficial branch of ulnar nerve Digital branch of ulnar nerve Muscular branch Median nerve Digital branch (c) The major nerves of the upper limb Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 13.9 (c) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Table 13.4 Lumbar Plexus • Arises from L1–L4 • Innervates the thigh, abdominal wall, and psoas muscle • Femoral nerve—innervates quadriceps and skin of anterior thigh and medial surface of leg • Obturator nerve—passes through obturator foramen to innervate adductor muscles Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Ventral rami Iliohypogastric Ilioinguinal Ventral rami: L1 L2 Genitofemoral L3 Lateral femoral cutaneous Obturator L4 Femoral Lumbosacral trunk L5 (a) Ventral rami and major branches of the lumbar plexus Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Iliohypogastric Ilioinguinal Femoral Lateral femoral cutaneous Obturator Anterior femoral cutaneous Saphenous (b) Distribution of the major nerves from the lumbar plexus to the lower limb Figure 13.10 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Table 13.5 Sacral Plexus • Arises from L4–S4 • Serves the buttock, lower limb, pelvic structures, and perineum • Sciatic nerve • Longest and thickest nerve of the body • Innervates the hamstring muscles, adductor magnus, and most muscles in the leg and foot • Composed of two nerves: tibial and common fibular Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Ventral rami Ventral rami: L4 Superior gluteal Lumbosacral trunk Inferior gluteal Common fibular Tibial Posterior femoral cutaneous Pudendal Sciatic L5 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Co1 Ventral rami and major branches of the sacral plexus Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 13.11 (a) Superior gluteal Inferior gluteal Pudendal Sciatic Posterior femoral cutaneous Common fibular Tibial Sural (cut) Deep fibular Superficial fibular Plantar branches (b) Distribution of the major nerves from the sacral plexus to the lower limb Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 13.11 (b) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Table 13.6 Innervation of Skin • Dermatome: the area of skin innervated by the cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve • All spinal nerves except C1 participate in dermatomes • Most dermatomes overlap, so destruction of a single spinal nerve will not cause complete numbness Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 C2 C3 C4 C5 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T2 C5 C6 C6 C7 L1 C8 L2 T12 S2 S3 T2 C5 C6 L1 C8 L2 C8 L2 S1 L4 S2 S3 S4 S5 C6 C7 S2 C6 C7 C8 S1 L1 L3 L5 L4 T11 T12 L1 L3 L5 C7 C6 S1 S2 L3 C5 L2 L5 L4 L3 L5 L5 L4 S1 Anterior view Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc S1 (b) Posterior view L4 L5 L4 L5 S1 Figure 13.12 Innervation of Joints • Hilton’s law: Any nerve serving a muscle that produces movement at a joint also innervates the joint and the skin over the joint Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc ... Musculocutaneous—innervates the biceps brachii and brachialis and skin of lateral forearm • Median—innervates the skin, most flexors and pronators in the forearm, and some intrinsic muscles of the hand • Ulnar—supplies... limb, pelvic structures, and perineum • Sciatic nerve • Longest and thickest nerve of the body • Innervates the hamstring muscles, adductor magnus, and most muscles in the leg and foot • Composed... neurons in the dorsal root ganglia • Conduct impulses from peripheral receptors • Dorsal and ventral roots unite to form spinal nerves, which then emerge from the vertebral column via the intervertebral