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(BQ) Part 1 book “Imaging anatomy of the human brain” has contents: Introduction to the development, organization, and function of the human brain, color illustrations of the human brain using 3d modeling techniques, MR imaging of the brain,…. And other conetnts.
Imaging Anatomy of the Human Brain Imaging Anatomy of the Human Brain A Comprehensive Atlas Including Adjacent Structures Neil M Borden, MD Neuroradiologist Associate Professor of Radiology The University of Vermont Medical Center Burlington, Vermont Scott E Forseen, MD Assistant Professor, Neuroradiology Section Department of Radiology and Imaging Georgia Regents University Augusta, Georgia Cristian Stefan, MD Medical Education Consultant Former Professor, Departments of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Neurology and Radiology Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University Augusta, Georgia Illustrator Alastair J E Moore, MD Medical Illustrator Clinical Instructor, Department of Radiology The University of Vermont Medical Center Burlington, Vermont New York Visit our website at www.demosmedical.com ISBN: 978-1-936287-74-1 e-book ISBN: 978-1-617051-25-8 Acquisitions Editor: Beth Barry Compositor: diacriTech © 2016 Demos Medical Publishing, LLC All rights reserved This book is protected by copyright No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher Illustrations in Chapter © Alastair J E Moore, MD Medicine is an ever-changing science Research and clinical experience are continually expanding our knowledge, in particular our understanding of proper treatment and drug therapy The authors, editors, and publisher have made every effort to ensure that all information in this book is in accordance with the state of knowledge at the time of production of the book Nevertheless, the authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the contents of the publication Every reader should examine carefully the package inserts accompanying each drug and should carefully check whether the dosage schedules mentioned therein or the contraindications stated by the manufacturer differ from the statements made in this book Such examination is particularly important with drugs that are either rarely used or have been newly released on the market Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Borden, Neil M Imaging anatomy of the human brain : a comprehensive atlas including adjacent structures / Neil M Borden, Scott E Forseen, Cristian Stefan pages ; cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-936287-74-1 Brain—Anatomy Brain—Imaging I Forseen, Scott E II Stefan, Cristian (Medical Education Consultant) III Title QM455.B67 2015 612.8—dc23 2015015004 Special discounts on bulk quantities of Demos Medical Publishing books are available to corporations, professional associations, pharmaceutical companies, health care organizations, and other qualifying groups For details, please contact: Special Sales Department Demos Medical Publishing, LLC 11 West 42nd Street, 15th Floor New York, NY 10036 Phone: 800-532-8663 or 212-683-0072 Fax: 212-941-7842 E-mail: specialsales@demosmedical.com Printed in the United States of America by Bang Printing 15 16 17 18 / Contents Contributors ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction xv Share Imaging Anatomy of the Human Brain: A Comprehensive Atlas Including Adjacent Structures INTRODUCTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT, ORGANIZATION, AND FUNCTION OF THE HUMAN BRAIN Gray and White Matter of the Brain Embryology/Development of the Central Nervous System (CNS) Meninges, Meningeal Spaces, Cerebral Spinal Fluid Supratentorial Compartment Cerebral Hemispheres Frontal Lobe Temporal Lobe Parietal Lobe Occipital Lobe Insular Lobe Limbic Lobe Basal Nuclei Diencephalon 10 Cranial Nerves I (Olfactory), II (Optic), and III (Oculomotor) — Supratentorial Location 12 Infratentorial Compartment 12 Anterior (Ventral) Aspect of the Brainstem 13 Posterior (Dorsal) Aspect of the Brainstem 13 Cranial Nerves IV Through XII 14 Cerebellum 15 Intracranial CSF Spaces and Ventricles 16 COLOR ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE HUMAN BRAIN USING 3D MODELING TECHNIQUES 17 Illustrator’s (Artist’s) Statement 17 The Process 18 Further Information 18 Freesurfer 18 Blender 18 Sketchfab 18 Color Illustrations (Figures 2.1–2.18) 19–36 Surface Anatomy of the Brain (Figures 2.1–2.7, 2.9–2.10) The Basal Ganglia and Other Deep Structures 26 The Cranial Nerves (CN) (Figures 2.11–2.18) 29–36 19–25, 27, 28 v vi CONTENTS MR IMAGING OF THE BRAIN 37 MRI Brain Without Contrast Enhancement (T1W and T2W Images)—Subject 1: Introduction 38 MRI Brain Without Contrast Enhancement—Subject (Figures 3.1–3.61) 39 Axial (Figures 3.1–3.25) 39 Sagittal (Figures 3.26–3.36) 64 Coronal (Figures 3.37–3.61) 75 MRI Brain With Contrast Enhancement (T1W Images)—Subject 2: Introduction 38 MRI Brain With Contrast Enhancement—Subject (Figures 3.62–3.94) 100 Axial (Figures 3.62–3.74) 100 Sagittal (Figures 3.75–3.82) 104 Coronal (Figures 3.83–3.94) 107 MR IMAGING OF THE CEREBELLUM 111 Introduction 111 Nomenclature Used for Cerebellum 112 T1W and T2W MR Images Without Contrast (Figures 4.1–4.29) Axial (Figures 4.1a–c to 4.10a–c) 113 Sagittal (Figures 4.11a,b–4.19a,b) 123 Coronal (Figures 4.20a,b–4.29a,b) 132 113 MR IMAGING OF REGIONAL INTRACRANIAL ANATOMY AND ORBITS Pituitary Gland (Figures 5.1a–5.5) 144 Orbits (Figures 5.6–5.33) 148 Liliequist’s Membrane (Figures 5.34–5.40) 157 Hippocampal Formation (Figures 5.41–5.80) 160 H-Shaped Orbital Frontal Sulci (Figures 5.81–5.86) 174 Insular Anatomy (Figures 5.87–5.90) 176 Subthalamic Nucleus (Figures 5.91–5.108) 177 Subcallosal Region (Figures 5.109–5.113) 183 Internal Auditory Canals (IAC) (Figures 5.114a–i) 184 Virchow–Robin Spaces (Figures 5.115–5.117) 186 THE CRANIAL NERVES 187 Cadaver Dissections Revealing the Cranial Nerves (CN) (Figures 6.1–6.4) 188 CN in Cavernous Sinus (Figures 6.5–6.7) 190 Cranial Nerves I–XII 191 CN I (1)—Olfactory Nerve (Figures 6.8a–c) 191 CN II (2)—Optic Nerve (Figures 6.9a–j) 192 CN III (3)—Oculomotor Nerve (Figures 6.10a–i) 195 CN IV (4)—Trochlear Nerve (Figures 6.11a–c) 198 CN V (5)—Trigeminal Nerve (Figures 6.12a–z) 199 CN VI (6)—Abducens Nerve (Figures 6.13a–6.14c) 207 CN VII (7)—Facial Nerve (Figures 6.13a,b, 6.14a–n, and 6.14p) 207 CN VIII (8)—Vestibulocochlear Nerve (Figures 6.13a,b, 6.14a–c, and 6.14g–p) 207 CN IX (9)—Glossopharyngeal Nerve (Figures 6.14o, 6.15, and 6.18) 212 CN X (10)—Vagus Nerve (Figures 6.16 and 6.18) 213 CN XI (11)—Accessory Nerve (Figures 6.17, 6.18, and 6.19a) 214 CN XII (12)—Hypoglossal Nerve (Figures 6.19a,b) 214 ADVANCED MRI TECHNIQUES 215 Introduction to Advanced MRI Techniques 216 SWI (Susceptibility Weighted Imaging): Introduction 216 SWI Images (Figures 7.1a–7.1h) 217 fMRI (Functional MRI): Introduction 220 fMRI Images (Figures 7.2a–7.9d) 221 DTI (Diffusion Tensor Imaging): Introduction 230 DTI Images (Figures 7.10a–7.13i) 231 Tractography Images (Figures 7.14a–7.25d) 239 MR Spectroscopy: Introduction 248 MR Spectroscopy Images (Figures 7.26a–7.30) 250 143 CONTENTS CT IMAGING 257 Introduction to Principles of CT Imaging 258 Head CT 258 Normal Young Adult CT Head Without Contrast (Figures 8.1a–m) 260 Elderly Subject CT Head Without Contrast (Figures 8.2a–8.4e) 265 Select CT Head Images Without Contrast (Figures 8.5a–d) 275 Arachnoid Granulations CT (Figures 8.6a–f ) 277 3D Skull and Facial Bones—CT Reconstructions (Figures 8.7a–8.8i) 279 Skull Base CT (Figures 8.9a–8.11g) 285 Paranasal Sinuses CT (Figures 8.12a–8.14g) 295 Temporal Bone CT (Figures 8.15a–8.20b) 303 Orbital CT (Figures 8.21a–8.23e) 316 VASCULAR IMAGING 323 Introduction to Vascular Imaging 324 Introduction to MRA/MRV 324 Introduction to CTA 324 Introduction to 2D DSA and 3D Rotational Angiography 325 Introduction to CTP 325 Legend for Branches of the External Carotid and Maxillary Arteries Arterial Neck 327 MR Angiography (MRA) (Figures 9.1a,b) 327 CT Angiography (CTA) (Figures 9.2a–9.6g) 328 Catheter Angiography (Figures 9.7a–9.8n) 338 Arterial Brain 344 MRA (Figures 9.9a–9.14b) 344 CTA (Figures 9.15a–9.19c) 353 Catheter Angiography (Figures 9.20a–9.33b) 365 Intracranial Venous System 376 MR Venography (MRV) (Figures 9.34a–9.35f ) 376 CT Venography (Figures 9.36a–9.39g) 379 Catheter Angiography (Figures 9.40a–9.42d) 390 CT Perfusion (CTP) (Figures 9.43a–9.45e) 395 10 NEONATAL CRANIAL ULTRASOUND Suggested Readings Master Legend Key Index 427 415 419 405 326 vii Contributors Steven P Braff, MD, FACR Former Chairman, Department of Radiology The University of Vermont Medical Center Burlington, Vermont Andrea O Vergara Finger, MD Clinical Instructor, Department of Radiology The University of Vermont Medical Center Burlington, Vermont Dave Guy, AS, RDMS Ultrasound Technologist The University of Vermont Medical Center Burlington, Vermont Timothy J Higgins, MD Assistant Professor of Diagnostic Radiology The University of Vermont Medical Center Burlington, Vermont Scott G Hipko, BSRT, (R)(MR)(CT) Senior MRI Research Technologist UVM MRI Center for Biomedical Imaging The University of Vermont Medical Center Burlington, Vermont Alastair J E Moore, MD Medical Illustrator Clinical Instructor, Department of Radiology The University of Vermont Medical Center Burlington, Vermont Sumir S Patel, MD Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia Thomas Gorsuch Powers, MD Clinical Instructor, Department of Radiology The University of Vermont Medical Center Burlington, Vermont Mitchell Snowe, BS The University of Vermont NERVE Lab Burlington, Vermont ix 172 IMAGING ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BRAIN: A COMPREHENSIVE ATLAS INCLUDING ADJACENT STRUCTURES KEY ccsp frxc hipcom hipf hipt lvat 5.80a FIGURE 5.80a splenium of corpus callosum crura of fornix hippocampal commissure fimbria of hippocampus hippocampal tail atrium (trigone) of lateral ventricle CHAPTER 5.80b 5.80c FIGURES 5.80b,c KEY ccb ccsp cp frxc hipcom hipf hipt lvat MR IMAGING OF REGIONAL INTRACRANIAL ANATOMY AND ORBITS body of corpus callosum splenium of corpus callosum choroid plexus crura of fornix hippocampal commissure fimbria of hippocampus hippocampal tail atrium (trigone) of lateral ventricle 173 174 IMAGING ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BRAIN: A COMPREHENSIVE ATLAS INCLUDING ADJACENT STRUCTURES ■ H-SHAPED ORBITAL FRONTAL SULCI (FIGURES 5.81–5.86) Axial Plane 5.82 FIGURES 5.81–5.86 Axial T2W (5.81–5.83) and T1W (5.84–5.86) images demonstrate the normal arrangement of the orbital frontal gyri The asterisks in Figures 5.83, 5.85, and 5.86 indicate the “H” shaped sulci creating this configuration 5.81 KEY aog gr log mog pmol pog 5.83 anterior orbital gyrus gyrus rectus lateral orbital gyrus medial orbital gyrus posteromedial orbital lobule posterior orbital gyrus CHAPTER 5.84 MR IMAGING OF REGIONAL INTRACRANIAL ANATOMY AND ORBITS 5.85 FIGURES 5.84–5.86 KEY aog gr log mog pmol pog 5.86 anterior orbital gyrus gyrus rectus lateral orbital gyrus medial orbital gyrus posteromedial orbital lobule posterior orbital gyrus 175 176 IMAGING ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BRAIN: A COMPREHENSIVE ATLAS INCLUDING ADJACENT STRUCTURES ■ INSULAR ANATOMY (FIGURES 5.87–5.90) Sagittal Plane 5.87 5.88 5.89 5.90 FIGURES 5.87–5.90 Normal anatomy of the insular region from lateral to medial on T1W sagittal images (5.87–5.89) and a T2W (5.90) sagittal image KEY alg alin api asg ces csi fop frgi frgio frgiop frgit frgm frsi anterior long insular gyrus anterior lobule of insula apex of insula anterior short insular gyrus central sulcus central sulcus of insula frontal operculum inferior frontal gyrus pars orbitalis of inferior frontal gyrus pars opercularis of inferior frontal gyrus pars triangularis of inferior frontal gyrus middle frontal gyrus inferior frontal sulcus heg hip hmk ic lotg lvth m2 mca msg par phg Heschl’s gyrus (transverse temporal gyrus) hippocampus hand motor knob insular cortex lateral occipital temporal gyrus (lotg)/fusiform gyrus temporal horn of lateral ventricle m2 (Sylvian/insular branches mca) middle cerebral artery middle short insular gyrus posterior ascending ramus of Sylvian fissure parahippocampal gyrus pis plg pli pocg pocs pog pop precg precs psg sbcg sf tegs tlo peri-insular (circular) sulcus posterior long insular gyrus posterior lobule of insula post-central gyrus post-central sulcus posterior orbital gyrus parietal operculum pre-central gyrus pre-central sulcus posterior short insular gyrus subcentral gyrus Sylvian fissure (lateral sulcus) superior temporal gyrus temporal lobe CHAPTER MR IMAGING OF REGIONAL INTRACRANIAL ANATOMY AND ORBITS 177 ■ SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS (FIGURES 5.91–5.108) Coronal Plane 5.91 FIGURE 5.91 5.92 Sagittal orientation reference image FIGURES 5.91–5.108 Normal subthalamic nucleus on coronal T2W images (5.92–5.96) from posterior to anterior, on axial T2W images (5.97–5.99), on coronal T1W images (5.100, 5.101), on axial T1W images (5.102–5.104), on sagittal T2W images (5.105–5.107) medial to lateral and on a sagittal T1W image (5.108) KEY cped rn sn 5.93 cerebral peduncle red nucleus substantia nigra 178 IMAGING ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BRAIN: A COMPREHENSIVE ATLAS INCLUDING ADJACENT STRUCTURES 5.94 5.95 5.96 FIGURES 5.94–5.96 KEY fof hiph inpc rn sn sth v3v fields of Forel hippocampal head interpeduncular cistern red nucleus substantia nigra subthalamic nucleus third ventricle CHAPTER MR IMAGING OF REGIONAL INTRACRANIAL ANATOMY AND ORBITS Axial Plane 5.98 FIGURES 5.97–5.99 KEY frxac mtt rn sth vrs 5.97 5.99 ascending columns of fornix mammilothalamic tract red nucleus subthalamic nucleus Virchow-Robin spaces 179 180 IMAGING ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BRAIN: A COMPREHENSIVE ATLAS INCLUDING ADJACENT STRUCTURES Coronal Plane 5.100 5.101 FIGURES 5.100–5.101 KEY cped fof pu sn sth th cerebral peduncle fields of Forelc putamen substantia nigra subthalamic nucleus thalamus CHAPTER MR IMAGING OF REGIONAL INTRACRANIAL ANATOMY AND ORBITS Axial Plane 5.103 KEY 5.102 5.104 FIGURES 5.102–5.104 ac clt frxac lgn lt mgn mtt opt rn sca sth anterior commissure cistern of lamina terminalis ascending columns of fornix lateral geniculate nucleus lamina terminalis medial geniculate nucleus mammilothalamic tract optic tract red nucleus subcallosal area subthalamic nucleus 181 182 IMAGING ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BRAIN: A COMPREHENSIVE ATLAS INCLUDING ADJACENT STRUCTURES Sagittal Plane 5.106 5.105 5.107 5.108 FIGURES 5.105–5.108 KEY cn ctg sn sth th caudate nucleus caudo-thalamic groove (notch) substantia nigra subthalamic nucleus thalamus CHAPTER MR IMAGING OF REGIONAL INTRACRANIAL ANATOMY AND ORBITS 183 ■ SUBCALLOSAL REGION (FIGURES 5.109–5.113) Sagittal Plane 5.109 5.110 5.112 5.111 KEY apofs aqs ccb ccg ccr cgs cig clt frxac frxb gr icv irv3 5.113 lt mb anterior parolfactory sulcus aqueduct of Sylvius body of corpus callosum genu of corpus callosum rostrum of corpus callosum cingulate sulcus cingulate gyrus cistern of lamina terminalis ascending columns of fornix body of fornix gyrus rectus internal cerebral vein infindibular recess of third ventricle lamina terminalis mammillary body mtt olfb pc pecs pitg pps ptg rgi rgis rgss rgsu rn sca sepv sorv3 tct mammilothalamic tract olfactory bulb (cn1) posterior commissure pericallosal cistern (sulcus) pituitary gland posterior parolfactory sulcus paraterminal gyrus inferior rostral gyrus inferior rostral sulcus superior rostral sulcus superior rostral gyrus red nucleus subcallosal area septal vein supra-optic recess of third ventricle tectum FIGURES 5.109–5.113 Sagittal T1 (5.109, 5.110), and T2W (2 different subjects, 5.111 and 5.112, 5.113) images demonstrating normal anatomy of the subcallosal area (continued) 184 IMAGING ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BRAIN: A COMPREHENSIVE ATLAS INCLUDING ADJACENT STRUCTURES ■ INTERNAL AUDITORY CANALS (IAC) (FIGURES 5.114a–i) Axial Plane 5.114a 5.114b 5.114c 5.114d 5.114e 5.114f FIGURES 5.114a–g Normal heavily T2W axial images targeted to the region of the cerebellopontine angle cistern and IACs from superior to inferior KEY aica basi cn5p cn6 cn7 cn7l cn7t cn8c cn8iv cn8sv anterior inferior cerebellar artery basilar artery pre-ganglionic segment trigeminal nerve abducens nerve facial nerve labyrinthine segment facial nerve tympanic segment of facial nerve cochlear nerve inferior division of vestibular nerve superior division of vestibular nerve coc comcr cpac dorc fcol geng iac mec pamp petv pon cochlea common crus cerebellopontine angle cistern Dorello’s canal facial colliculus geniculate ganglion internal auditory canal Meckel’s cave posterior ampullary nerve petrosal vein pons porus ptb ptr ss ssch sscp sscs tlo vest porus acousticus petrous temporal bone porus trigeminus sphenoid sinus horizontal semicircular canal posterior semicircular canal superior semicircular canal temporal lobe vestibule (continued) CHAPTER MR IMAGING OF REGIONAL INTRACRANIAL ANATOMY AND ORBITS 185 KEY aica basi cn6 cn8c cn8iv coc pamp pon ss sscp sscs vest anterior inferior cerebellar artery basilar artery abducens nerve cochlear nerve inferior division of vestibular nerve cochlea posterior ampullary nerve pons sphenoid sinus posterior semicircular canal superior semicircular canal vestibule 5.114g FIGURE 5.114g 5.114i 5.114h FIGURES 5.114h,i Axial T2W image with orientation reference line along Poschl’s plane (thick white arrow in 5.114h) and the normal T2W reformat (5.114i) along Poschl’s plane showing a normal superior semicircular canal 186 IMAGING ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BRAIN: A COMPREHENSIVE ATLAS INCLUDING ADJACENT STRUCTURES ■ VIRCHOW–ROBIN SPACES (FIGURES 5.115–5.117) 5.115 5.116 FIGURES 5.115–5.117 Normal axial T2 FLAIR (fluid attenuated inversion recovery) image (5.115) and axial T2W fast spin echo (FSE) images (5.116, 5.117) demonstrate the typical appearance of Virchow–Robin spaces (arrows in 5.117) 5.117 ... 6 .14 o, 6 .15 , and 6 .18 ) 212 CN X (10 )—Vagus Nerve (Figures 6 .16 and 6 .18 ) 213 CN XI (11 )—Accessory Nerve (Figures 6 .17 , 6 .18 , and 6 .19 a) 214 CN XII (12 )—Hypoglossal Nerve (Figures 6 .19 a,b) 214 ... 3.62–3.94) 10 0 Axial (Figures 3.62–3.74) 10 0 Sagittal (Figures 3.75–3.82) 10 4 Coronal (Figures 3.83–3.94) 10 7 MR IMAGING OF THE CEREBELLUM 11 1 Introduction 11 1 Nomenclature Used for Cerebellum 11 2 T1W... Contrast (Figures 4 .1 4.29) Axial (Figures 4.1a–c to 4 .10 a–c) 11 3 Sagittal (Figures 4 .11 a,b–4 .19 a,b) 12 3 Coronal (Figures 4.20a,b–4.29a,b) 13 2 11 3 MR IMAGING OF REGIONAL INTRACRANIAL ANATOMY AND ORBITS