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Bài giảng Xử lý tín hiệu số - Chapter 2: Quantization has contents: Quantization process, quantization error, digital to analog converters, A/D converter, A/D converter-example,...and other contents.
Chapter p Quantization Ha Hoang Kha, Ph.D.Click to edit Master subtitle style Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology @ Email: hhkha@hcmut.edu.vn CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt Quantization process Fig: Analog to digital conversion The quantized sample xQ(nT) is represented by B bit, which can take 2B possible values values An A/D is characterized by a full-scale range R which is divided into 2B quantization levels l l Typical T l values l off R in practice are between 1-10 volts Ha H Kha CuuDuongThanCong.com Quantization https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt Quantization process Fig: Signal quantization Quantizer resolution or quantization width Q = A bipolar bip l ADC − R R ≤ xQ (nT ) < 2 R 2B A unipolar p ADC ≤ xQ (nT ) < R Ha H Kha CuuDuongThanCong.com Quantization https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt Quantization process –Quantization error Quantization by rounding: replace each value x(nT) by the nearest q antization le quantization level el Quantization by truncation: replace each value x(nT) by its below quantization level Quantization error: e(nT ) = xQ (nT ) − x(nT ) Consider rounding quantization: − Q Q ≤e≤ 2 Fig: i Uniform if probability b bili density d i off quantization i i error Ha H Kha CuuDuongThanCong.com Quantization https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt Quantization process –Quantization error The mean value of quantization error e = Q /2 ∫ Q /2 ep (e) de = − Q /2 ∫ − Q /2 Q /2 e de =0 Q Q /2 Q The mean mean-square square error (power) σ = e2 = ∫ e p(e)de = ∫ e de = Q 12 − Q /2 − Q /2 Root-mean-square Root mean square (rms) error: erms = σ = e2 = Q 12 R and Q are the ranges g of the signal g and quantization q noise,, then the signal to noise ratio (SNR) or dynamic range of the quantizer is defined as ⎛R⎞ SNR dB = 20 log10 ⎜ ⎟ = 20 log10 (2 B ) = B log10 (2) = B dB ⎝Q⎠ which is referred to as dB bit rule rule Ha H Kha CuuDuongThanCong.com Quantization https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt Quantization process –Example In a digital audio application, the signal is sampled at a rate of 44 KHz andd each h sample l quantized d using an A/ A/D converter h having a full-scale range of 10 volts Determine the number of bits B if the rms quantinzation error mush be kept below 50 microvolts microvolts Then, Then determine the actual rms error and the bit rate in bits per second Ha H Kha CuuDuongThanCong.com Quantization https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt Digital to Analog Converters (DACs) We begin with A/D converters, because they are used as the building blocks of successive s ccessi e approximation appro imation ADCs ADCs Fig: B-bit D/A converter Vector B input bits : b=[b1, b2,…,bB] Note that bB is the least significant f bit b (LSB) while h l b1 is the h most significant f bit b (MSB) For unipolar signal, xQ є [0, R); for bipolar xQ є [-R/2, R/2) Ha H Kha CuuDuongThanCong.com Quantization https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt DAC-Example DAC Circuit Rf Full scale R=VREF, B=4 bit 2Rf 4Rf ∑I 8Rf MSB i xQ=Vout 16Rf bB b1 LSB -VREF Fig: DAC using binary weighted resistor ⎛ b1 b3 b2 b4 I V = + + + ⎜ ∑ REF ⎜ R R 8R 16 R f f f ⎝ f ⎞ ⎟⎟ ⎠ ⎛ b1 b2 b3 b4 ⎞ xQ = VOUT = ∑ I ⋅ R f = VREF ⎜ + + + ⎟ ⎝ 16 ⎠ xQ = R 2−4 ( b1 2−3 + b2 2−2 + b3 2−1 + b4 20 ) = Q ( b1 2−3 + b2 2−2 + b3 2−1 + b4 20 ) Ha H Kha CuuDuongThanCong.com Quantization https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt D/A Converters Unipolar natural binary xQ = R(b1 2−1 + b2 2−2 + + bB 2− B ) = Qm where m is the integer whose binary representation is b=[b1, b2,…,bB] m = b1 B −1 + b2 B − + + bB 20 Bipolar offset binary: obtained by shifting the xQ of unipolar natural binary converter by half-scale R/2: xQ = R(b1 2−1 + b2 2−2 + + bB 2− B ) − R R =Q Qm − 2 Two’s complement code: obtained from the offset binary code by complementing l the h most significant f b bit, i.e., replacing l b1 by b b1 = − b1 xQ = R (b1 2−1 + b2 2−2 + + bB 2− B ) − Ha H Kha R CuuDuongThanCong.com Quantization https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt D/A Converters-Example A 4-bit D/A converter has a full-scale R=10 volts Find the quantized analog l values l f the for h ffollowing ll cases ? a) Natural binary with the input bits b=[1001] ? b) Offset binary with the input bits b=[1011] ? c)) Two’s T ’ complement l binary bi with i h the h input i bits bi b=[1101] b [1101] ? Ha H Kha 10 CuuDuongThanCong.com Quantization https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt A/D converter A/D converters quantize an analog value x so that is is represented b B bits b=[b1, b2,…,b by bB].] Fig: B-bit A/D converter Ha H Kha 11 CuuDuongThanCong.com Quantization https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt A/D converter One of the most popular converters is the successive approximation A/D converter erter Fig: Successive approximation A/D converter After B tests, the successive approximation register (SAR) will hold the correct bit vector b Ha H Kha 12 CuuDuongThanCong.com Quantization https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt A/D converter Successive approximation algorithm ⎧1 if x ≥ where the unit-step function is defined by u ( x) = ⎨ ⎩0 if x < This algorithm is applied for the natural and offset binary with quantization truncation q Ha H Kha 13 CuuDuongThanCong.com Quantization https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt A/D converter-Example Consider a 4-bit ADC with the full-scale R=10 volts Using the s ccessi e approximation successive appro imation algorithm to find offset binary binar of truncation quantization for the analog values x=3.5 volts and x=-1.5 v volts Ha H Kha 14 CuuDuongThanCong.com Quantization https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt A/D converter For rounding quantization, we shift x b by Q/2 Q/2: Ha H Kha For the two’s complement code the sign bit b1 is treated code, separately 15 CuuDuongThanCong.com Quantization https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt A/D converter-Example Consider a 4-bit ADC with the full-scale R=10 volts Using the s ccessi e approximation successive appro imation algorithm to find offset and two’s t o’s complement of rounding quantization for the analog values x=3.5 vvolts Ha H Kha 16 CuuDuongThanCong.com Quantization https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt Homework Problems 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5, 2.6 Ha H Kha 17 CuuDuongThanCong.com Quantization https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt ... error e = Q /2 ∫ Q /2 ep (e) de = − Q /2 ∫ − Q /2 Q /2 e de =0 Q Q /2 Q The mean mean-square square error (power) σ = e2 = ∫ e p(e)de = ∫ e de = Q 12 − Q /2 − Q /2 Root-mean-square Root mean... b3 b2 b4 I V = + + + ⎜ ∑ REF ⎜ R R 8R 16 R f f f ⎝ f ⎞ ⎟⎟ ⎠ ⎛ b1 b2 b3 b4 ⎞ xQ = VOUT = ∑ I ⋅ R f = VREF ⎜ + + + ⎟ ⎝ 16 ⎠ xQ = R 2 4 ( b1 2 3 + b2 2 2 + b3 2 1 + b4 20 ) = Q ( b1 2 3 + b2 2 2 +... b=[b1, b2,…,bB] m = b1 B −1 + b2 B − + + bB 20 Bipolar offset binary: obtained by shifting the xQ of unipolar natural binary converter by half-scale R /2: xQ = R(b1 2 1 + b2 2 2 + + bB 2 B )