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Bài viết nghiên cứu về đường lối không liên kết của Ấn Độ nhận thức từ hiệp ước hòa bình, hữu nghị và hợp tác Ấn Độ - Liên Xô năm 1971. Để nắm chi tiết nội dung nghiên cứu mời các bạn cùng tham khảo bài viết.
DUOfNG LOI KHONG LIEN KET CUA AN DO: NHAN THtrC Ttr HIEP lX6C HOA BINH, HUU NGHf VA HOP TAC AN DO - LIEN X d NAM I97I L £ T H f CUdNG* he An Dp - Lien Xd la mdt Quan nhflng md'i quan he dac biet Chie'n tranh lanh Day la quan he gifla hai nUdc ldn khac ve y thflc he, the che chinh tri nhflng lai g i n bd chat che vdi bang Hiep Udc Hoa binh, Hflu nghi va h(?p tac - mdt loai hinh hiep Udc ve quan he dac biet ciia Lien Xo vdi cac nUde ddng minh Chie'n tranh lanh Mat khac, An Dp la qud'c gia ludn giUdng cao ngpn cd khdng lien ke't, nhUng lai hdp tac chat che vdi Lien Xd tren nhieu phUdng dien, dd cd ca hdp tac ve chinh tri va quan sil Trong bai nghien cflu "An Do cd phdi Id mgt cUdng qudc khong?", hpc gia H Harpur •vie't: "Chdc chdn Id viec ky mgt hiep Udc nhu vdy - hiep Udc ddu tien td ddt nUdc dugc dgc lap dd xdc dinh the lien kit An Xo Xet vi viec An Do quyet dinh ky kit mgt lien minh nhU thi Id vi phgm nguyen tdc cua J.Nehru nen hiep Udc da Id khdi diem khie'n cdn phdi xet lgi phUcfng hUdng ciia An Do he thdng an ninh chdu A" (1) Nhdn xdt ve md'i quan he nay, nhieu y kie'n cho rang vdi Hiep Udc 1971, An Dp da rdi xa dUdng ldi khdng lien ke't Day la v i n de phflc tap bdi nd la sU danh gia toan (hen ve dudng ldi ddi ngoai cua An Dp Chie'n tranh lanh * ThS Khoa Lich sd - TrUcing Dai hgc Vinh TrUdc het, phai nhin nh^n rd npi ham khai niem khdng lien ke't dudng lo'i ddi ngoai cua An Dp P h i n ldn cac hpc gia phUdng Tay nhin nhan ve dudng ldi khdng lien ket cua An Do tfl mdi ddi la chu nghia trung ldp, hoac la mang tinh chit trung ldp, trung ldp tich cUc, trung ldp lac (heu (2) Xem xet toan bp dUdng ldi dd'i ngoai cua An Dp chien tranh lanh va qua cac phat bieu cua J.Nehru, LGancihi, cd the t h i y ddc trUng cita chinh scich khong lien kit b An Dp la: chdng Chien tranh lanh, bao dam rdi xa cac khdi quyen lUc cho'ng dd'i nhau, chdng lai hen minh quan sil bd'i canh xung dot gifla cic nUdc ldn; khdng phai la mpt chinh sach ngoai giao trung lap thu dpng hoac dia vi trung lap, trung lap tich ciic; la mpt chinh sach hanh dpng thilc te, ung hp dudng lo'i ddi ngoai dpc lap, chung sd'ng hoa binh va khdng can thiep Cd sd ddi chinh sdch khong lien ket b An Dp x u i t phat tii sd x u i t hien trdt tU hai cUc va Chie'n tranh lanh, sU hinh cac lien minh quan sU song phUdng va da phUdng lam x u i t hien nguy cd chie'n tranh the gidi mdi; mau t h u i n sau sac vdi chu nghia de qud'c va chu nghia thilc dan nhUng khdng mudn di theo chu nghia cpng s i n Vi tri nUdc ldn va nhflng 44 dac trUng ve lich sU, van hda cho phep An Dp thUc hien chinh sach khdng lien ke't mpt each tich ciic Do vay, muc tieu cua khdng lien kit la cho'ng chie'n tranh lanh, cho'ng lai cac lien minh quan sil da phUdng bdi canh xung dot gifla cic nUdc ldn; chdng chu nghia de quo'c va chu nghia thUc dan, chdng chie'n tranh; khang dinh chu nghia dan tpc, ldi ich qud'c gia, sU cin thie't phai phat trien kinh te; yeu chupng hoa binh, khang dinh vai trd tich cUc cua An Dp nen chinh tri the gidi Day cung la muc tieu chinh tri xuyen sud't cua Dang Qud'c dai (3) Khong lien ke't dUdc Nehru khang dinh la "khong gia nhdp lien minh qudn sU vdi khdi ndy de chdng lgi khdi kia, CO the gdy nen chien tranh the gidi thd ba, An Do cd gdng thiet lap quan he hOu nghi vdi tdt ca cdc nUdc, dgc biet la cdc nUdc chdu A Mgt nUdc An Do dgc lap se xdy diing quan he hOu nghi vdi Anh, vdi cdc nUdc thugc khdi Lien hiep Anh, cUng nhU vdi My, Lien Xo " (4) Nhflng luan (hem tren hinh qua met qua trinh lau dai lich sU - van hda An Dp, khai quat h o i Nam nguyen t i c chung sd'ng hda binh, MUdi nguyen tac Bang Dung, Nam (heu kien tham gia Phong trao Khdng Lien ke't ThUc chit, chinh sach khdng lien ket la de cua Chien tranh lanh vdi npi ham can ban nha't la khdng lien minh quan sU song phUdng hoac da phUdng xung dot nUdc ldn Thiet lap quan he tfl thang 3-1947, quan he An Dp - Lien Xd da trai qua nhieu bUdc thang t r i m nham nhdn thflc •vi the lan tren trUdng qudc te Cupc chie'n tranh bien gidi Xd - Trung 1969 va sU xich lai g i n quan he Trung - My da de dpa de'n vi the cua Lien Xd Trong dd, quan h§ cang chat che gifla Trung Qud'c My - Pakistan cung dat cho An Dp nhflng thach thflc khdng nhd Nhflng xung Rghien euru Lieh sii-, s6'1.2011 dot leo thang b Ddng Pakistan day quan he An Dp - Pakistan dflng trUdc mpt cupc chie'n tranh khdng the t r i n h khdi, de dpa vi the cua An Dp d tieu luc dia Trong bd'i canh dd, sau qua trinh vdn dpng keo dai tfl nam 1969, 8-8-1947, An Dp va Lien Xd da ky Hiep (hnh Hoa binh, hflu nghi va hdp tic Hiep Udc gdm cd 12 (heu, cd gia tri 20 nam danh dau bUdc ngoat quan he hai nUdc, tfl giai doan tim tdi, nhan thflc l i n sang giai doan hdp tac chie'n lUdc toan dien, tin cay tren cd sd hda binh va hflu nghi Ngoai cic (heu khoan ve h(3p tic kinh te, van hda, "hon dd tdng" cua hiep dinh la cic (heu khoan ve an ninh quan sU - nhflng npi dung lam diy len nhflng nghi ngd ve sil tan vd cua chinh sich khdng lien ke't Dieu cua Hiep Udc ghi rd: "Trong sU phu hop vdi tinh hOu nghi truyin thd'ng dugc thiet lap giaa hai qud'c gia, moi ben tham gia hiep Udc long trgng tuyen bo' se khong tien hdnh hoac tham gia lien minh qudn sU nhdm chdng lgi ben Hai ben tham gia hiep Udc cam kit khdng xdm lUcfc ben vd khong cho phep sa dung ldnh thd cua minh gdy bd't ldi cho ben xung dot qudn sU giaa moi ben tham gia hiep Udc vdi ben ngodi" (5) Dieu khang dinh: "Moi ben ky hiep Udc cam kit ta chdi bdt ky sU trcf giup ndo cho ben thd ba xung dot vu trang vdi cdc ben Trong trUdng hcfp mgt hai ben tham gia hiep Udc bi tdn cdng hoac bi de doa tdn cdng, hai ben tham gia hiep Udc se lap tac tien hdnh cdc cugc trao doi y kien ldn de logi trd mdl de dga vd tien hdnh nhang bien phdp cd hieu lUc thich ddng nhdm ddm bdo hoa binh vd an ninh cua hai nUdc" (6) Tfl cac (heu khoan tren cho thiy, day la mpt hiep Udc cd y nghia phdng thu tUdng ho, khdng mang tinh t i n cdng, lien minh quan sU xung dot gifla cac nUdc ldn, ma chii ye'u la ung hp l i n Eu(tog lo'i hh6ng lien he! eiia ^ B6 n h i m dam bao an ninh qudc phdng Dieu cua Hiep Udc cdn khang dinh: "Lien bang Cgng hba Xd hgi chit nghla Xo viet cam kit ton trgng chinh sdch khong lien kit ciia An Do vd xdc nhgn mgt ldn naa rdng chinh sdch ndy la nhdn td'quan trgng viec tri hba binh the gidi vd an ninh qud'c ti vd viec ldm diu tinh hinh cdng thdng cua the gidi" (7) Qua dd cd the thiy, vi ly thuyit, Hiep Udc Hoa binh, Hflu nghi va hdp tac Lien Xd - An Dp ky 98-1971 phu hdp vdi dUdng lo'i dd'i ngoai cua An Dp, khdng -vi pham nguyen t i c cua khdng lien ke't Trong Hdi ky "Chan ly cua tdi", LGandhi nha'n manh: "Mgt sd ngudi cho rdng vdi hiep Udc do, An Do ta bo chinh sdch ddi ngogi truyin thdng cua minh Diiu dy khong dung Hdi do, Pakistan khoe rdng hg dUdc cd the gidi ung hg cbn d An Do tinh thdn sa sut khd ngng Trong cugc xung dot dy, Lien Xo ddng vi phia chung toi nhUng hiep Udc khong cd mgt diiu khodn ndo thay the chinh sdch khong lien kit cua chung toi Tren thiic te, hiep Udc cbn ghi ro rdng An Do dang vd se la mgt nUdc khong lien kit Mat khdc, quan he hOu nghi giaa chung toi vdi Lien Xo se khong gdy cdn trd quan he chung toi vdi cdc nUdc khdc" (8) Tren thiic ti, anh hudng cua Hiep Udc An Dp - Lien Xd 1971 da tac dpng ldn den cue dien cua Chie'n tranh lanh Hiep Udc 1971 da hinh nen quan he hdp tac chien lUdc mat thiet An Dp - Lien Xo, tao nen the can b i n g chie'n lUdc vdi lien minh My - Trung Qud'c va Pakistan tren ban cd (ha chinh tri chau A Nd cung la nhan to' thuc day quan he My - Trung tie'n xa hdn sau chuye'n tham Trung Qud'c cua Td'ng thd'ng My R.Nixon thang 2-1972 Sau hiep dinh dUdc ky ke't An Dp cd dUdc sil hau t h u i n c i n thie't de gianh thang lpi 45 quan trpng cudc chie'n tranh b Ddng Pakistan nam 1972, sap nhap Sikkim vao An Dp nam 1974, chdng lai cac luan (heu thu dich LGandhi ban bd' tinh trang k h i n cip nam 1975 Hiep Udc 1971 la mpt budc lfli thflc te cua chinh sach khdng lien ke't, nhUng la bUdc lui cin thie't n h i m khang dinh ldi ich dan tpc cua An Dp bd'i canh mdi Hai nUdc da cd lap trUdng chung nhieu v i n de qud'c te quan trpng nhu giai quye't chien tranh Viet Nam (1973), v i n de Campuchia (1979-1989), sil ung hp lan sau Tuyen bd' Delhi ve mpt the gidi khdng cd vu hat nhan (1986) Mac dfl vay, de gifl dfldc vi tri cua minh d phong trao khdng lien ke't va dam bao khdng trd dd'i thu trilc tie'p tfl phia My, cac nUdc chau Au, An Dp khdng the budc xa hdn Nhin nhdn quan he An Dp - Lien Xd cd phu (iinh chinh sach khdng lien ke't hay khdng chu ye'u xem xet chfnh sach cua An Dp ddi vdi cac vdn de lien quan trilc tie'p de'n hai nUdc mang tinh chit Chie'n tranh lanh nhU: Chie'n tranh An Dp Pakistan nam 1971, sang kie'n an ninh tdp the chau A cua Lien Xd, Lien Xd dUa quan vao Afghanistan sil dd'i sanh vdi cac v i n de trUdc nam 1971 nhU Lien Xd dUa quan vao Hunggari (1956), Tiep Khic (1968) Ngay 3-12-1971, An Dp dUa quan vao Ddng Pakistan vdi danh nghia la ung hp cupc dau tranh chinh nghia ciia nhan dan Ddng Pakistan cho'ng lai bao lUc quan sU cua Tay Pakistan, ngan chan ddng ngUdi ty nan dd xd vao An Dp va dam bao an ninh cho nudc Tuy nhien, sU hinh lien minh Pakistan - Trung Qud'c - My va sU hau t h u i n cua Lien Xd cho An Dp da lam cho cupc xung dot khu -vile mang tinh chat cua Chie'n tranh lanh Hiep Udc Lien Xd - An Dp dU(3c ky ket vao 9-8- 46 1971 bd'i canh mau thuan An Dp Pakistan dang len cao cd tac dung ran de thilc te dd'i vdi Pakistan va cic lilc lUdng hau t h u i n nUdc Nhflng dpng thai cua Lien Xd nhU tuyen bd' ung hp, tang cUdng •vien trd quan sil trUdc va sau chie'n tranh cho An Dp, gay sflc ep vdi Pakistan, dieu lUc lUdng hai quan de'n •vinh Bengal My dUa Ham dpi vao khu vile dfl n i m khudn khd cua dieu Hiep Udc 1971, nhUng cd anh hudng nhU la lien minh quan sil thilc te chdng lai mpt lien minh khac Day la mpt nhflng ly de phUdng Tay va cac lUc lUpng do'i lap nUde nghi ngd dUdng ldi khdng lien ket cua An Do Hiep Udc 1971 va cic hanh dpng cua Lien Xd bd'i canh dd ve ly thuyet khdng vi pham dUdng ldi khdng lien ket nhUng thilc te t i m anh hudng nd da vUdt khdi khudn khd cua dUdng ldi Su kien Lien Xd dUa quan vao Afghanistan tfl 1979 de'n 1989 la thd thach khd khan dd'i vdi An Dp •viec vda gifl vflng dudng ldi khdng lien ke't va vfla t n quan he hflu nghi vdi Lien Xd Ngay 2612-1979, Lien Xd dUa quan vao Afghanistan, Chinh phu lam thdi An Dp C.Singh lap tflc tuyen bd' phan dd'i bat cfl sii can thiep nao tfl nUdc ngoai tdi cdng viec ndi bd Afghanistan, dd cd sU can thiep cua Lien Xd va cac dpng thai cua My nhu trien khai quan dpi d An Dp DUdng, vien trd cho Pakistan, ho trd cac lilc lUdng doi ldp b Afghanistan cua My Lap trUdng diem cua Dai sfl An Dp tai Lien hdp quoc B.Mishra 12-1-1980 chi ro: "chung toi phdn doi sU hien dien ciia qudn dgi nUdc ngodi vd cdc cdn cd qudn sU tgi bdt ky qud'c gia ndo" nhUng dng cung khang dinh ring: "Chinh phu Xo viei dd ddm bdo vdi chung tdi rang lUc lUcfng qudn sU gOi tdi Afghanistan theo yeu cdu cua chinh phu Rghien emi Lieh sJr 561.2011 Afghanistan thd nhdt bdi Thu tUdng Amin ta 26-12-1979, vd nhiiu ldn bdi ngUdi ki tuc dng dy td 28-12-1979 Vd hcfn nda chung ta tin tudng rdng qudn dgi Lien Xd se rut qudn cd sii di nghi eda chinh phu hien thdi d Afghanistan hi vgng cdc lUc lUdng cua Lien Xd se khdng tri d ddy ldu hcfn cdn thiet" (9) An Do phdn ddi vdi cdc liic lugng dinh liu den cugc xung dot gom My, Trung Qudc vd Pakistan, hg da che chd vd ddo tgo cdc phdn tH phdn logn Afghanistan, cdc qudc gia ldng gieng nho khdc tich cUc ung hg lUc lUdng lgt vd cdc lUc lUcMg hdi qudn dang tich cUc hogt dgng d An Do DUcfng Cdc hogt dgng cua hg dd de dog tdi An Do (10) An Dp da bd phie'u trang Nghi quye't len an Lien Xd cua My d Dai hpi ddng Lien hdp qud'c, du nghi quye't cd 104 phie'u ung hp, dd cd nhieu qud'c gia khdng lien ke't, chi cd 18 phie'u chdng va 18 phie'u t r i n g (11) Til LGandhi len lam Thii tudng, quan (hem cua An Dp la khdng cd sil thay ddi nao dil cd sU tac dpng lien tuc tii phia Lien Xd qua cac chuye'n tham cua Bp trUdng Ngoai giao Lien Xd A.Gromyko (12 de'n 14-2-1980); Phd Chu tich Hpi ddng Bp trudng Arkhipov (2-1980); Thfl trudng Ngoai giao Lien Xd N.Firjoibin (4-1980); Bp Qud'c phdng An Dp (5-1980); Tong bi thU Brezhnev 12-1980; Thdm chi An Dp cdn cd' ging thuyet phuc Lien Xd rut quan bd phan hoac toan (hen cac cupc hpi dam gifla lanh dao hai nUdc suot nhflng nam 80 Cd the thiy, quan (hem ve v i n de Afghanistan cua chinh phu An Dp khdng phai la mot sU lung tung hay nhan nhUdng sau Hiep Udc 1971 Quan diem so vdi v i n de Hunggari (1956), Tiep Khic (1968) ' '^ ' ' Cd ban la gidng An Dp bo phieu trang tat ca cac nghi quye't len an Lien Xd tfl v i n de Hunggari, Tiep Khac, Afghanistan VI Budng 16'i hh6ng lien kei ciia ^ B6 nhUng cung bay td sU thai dp khdng ddng tinh vdi Lien Xo ve hanh dpng can thiep vao cdng viec npi bp cua nUdc khac Tuy nhien, mflc dp phan flng qua cac sU kien cua An Dp cd phan khac Trong y V * ' ^ vdn de Hunggari nam 1956, An Dp phan ling khdng qua gay git, tap trung sU chu y vao v i n de qud'c hflu hoa kenh dao Suez (hen cung thdi ky An Dp phan ddi nghi quye't b i u c^ dan chu b Hunggari dUdi sU bao trd cua Lien hdp qud'c -vi nd tao tien le x i u vdi v i n de Kashmir De'n nam 1968, phan flng cua An Dp vdi v i n de Tiep Khic cd p h i n quye't liet hdn phe dd'i ldp Dang Qud'c dai dang rat manh, Lien Xo tie'p tuc xiic tie'n vien trd quan sU cho Pakistan De'n v i n de Afghanistan nhflng nam 80, An Dp phan flng than trpng va thilc hien nhieu hoat dpng ngoai giao da phUdng hdn nham mpt mat chflng td ldp trUdng khdng ung hp hanh dpng can thiep cua Lien Xd, mat khac chip nhdn cd' gang phan flng cd chflng miic va hau trUdng, linh hoat nham mang lai ldi thoit cho nUdc Ben canh dd, An Dp lai phan dd'i quye't liet sil -vien trd quan sU cua My, Trung Qud'c va cac nude phUdng Tay cho Pakistan, dao tao cac lUc lUdng phien loan, de doa den an ninh nUdc Tii nam 1981, Lien hdp qud'c lien tuc cac nghi quye't yeu ciu Lien Xo rut quan, An Dp van ludn gifl ldp trfldng khdng thay ddi: khdng ung hp sil cd mdt cua quan dpi Lien Xd d Afghanistan, bd phie'u t r i n g cac nghi quye't chdng Lien Xd nhUng lai thien ve len an cac hanh dpng quan sU cua My, Trung Qud'c, Pakistan Ldp trUdng gdp phan lam giam sflc ep cho Lien Xo, tao sU can b i n g n h i t dinh tren ban cd chie'n lUdc Nam A An Dp thilc te da cdng •viec t n chinh sach khdng lien ke't, dam bao ldi ich dan tpc, han che nhflng tac dpng ma Lien Xd mong mud'n gay anh hudng len nUdc Sang kie'n ldp He thd'ng an ninh tdp the chau A dUilc Lien Xd dUa tfl nam 1969 nhflng chfla luc nao nhdn dUdc thai dp nhiet tinh tfl An Dp Tfl nam 1969 de'n 1985, Lien Xd da nhieu l i n de cdp de'n v i n de nhflng An Dp deu khdng ung hp Dfldi thdi R.Gandhi va M.Gorbachev, y tudng ldp Hpi nghi an ninh chau A va xay dUng long tin l i n theo kieu an ninh chau Au b Hpi nghi Hensinki nam 1975 dUdc hai nUdc thd'ng nhit, nhUng ke't cue van khdng hien thilc An Dp khdng man ma vdi sang kie'n vi ban chit cua nd la hinh nen lien minh nham phuc vu nhflng y dd chinh tri - quan sil cua Lien Xd, •vi pham nguyen t i c khdng lien ke't Mat khac, he thd'ng an ninh tdp the cd sfl tham gia cua Lien Xd se anh hudng de'n •vi the cua An Dp b chau A, lam xdu (h quan he An - Trung dang qua trinh binh thudng hoa Ben canh dd, Lien Xd cung khdng the thuyet phuc An Dp cho phep ho lam trung gian hoa giai "kieu Tasken 1965" gifla An Dp va Pakistan sau cupc chie'n tranh 1971 Lien Xo cung khdng dat dUdc ke't qua nd lilc thuyet phuc An Dp ky Hiep Udc khdng phd bien vu hat nhan (NPT) hoac khdng phat trien •vu hat nhan Su cd' gang cua Lien Xd viec tac dpng len An Dp nham ngan chan binh thUdng hoa quan he An Dp - Trung Qud'c sau nam 1971 ke't ciic cung chi lam chdm qua trinh iy Day la nhflng chu trUdng ldn cua Lien Xd Chie'n tranh lanh nhUng nUdc da khong cdng viec ldi keo An Dp phuc vu y dd chien lUdc cua minh Du vdy, nhflng b i t ddng moi quan he An Dp - Lien Xd it hdn nhieu so vdi My Dd khdng phai la '^ qua Lien Xd tac dpng tdi An Dp, ma "nhihig diem bdt ddng thUc sU gida An Do vd My chinh Id nhdn thac qud'c tecua hg cd nhiiu diem khdc biet" (12) 48 Rghien ciJru Lich sit 56' 1.2011 Nhu vdy, xdt b gdc dp cic (hem ndng lien quan tnic tie'p de'n Lien Xd trUdc va sau hiep fldc nam 1971, An Dp van khdng thay ddi dudng ldi cua minh, nghia la khdng hoan toan dflng ve phia Lien Xd nhU khai niem "ddng minh" ma phUdng Tay thUdng hay sd dung An Dp khdng vi pham nhflng dudng lo'i khdng lien ke't each flng xd vdi cic v i n de cd lien quan trflc tie'p de'n Lien Xd, nhUng thai dp cua nUdc cung cd p h i n "thie'u quye't liet", "khdng tich cUc" nhu nhflng van de khic Thdm chi, each hanh xfl "cd p h i n nghieng ve phia Lien Xd" nhu cac hpc gia phUdng Tay nhan xet cung cd cd sd n h i t dinh Tdm lgi, nhdn thflc chfnh sach khdng lien ke't cua An Dp sau Hiep dinh Hoa binh, hflu nghi va h(3p tac An Dp - Lien Xd 1971, cd the thiy: Quan he An Dp - Lien Xd khdng •vi pham nhflng nguyen tac can ban cua dUdng ldi khdng lien ke't xet tren phUdng (hen ly thuyet lan thUc tien Tuy nhien, ban than sU gan bd mdt thie't quan he hai nUdc da tao nhflng anh hudng n h i t dinh ve thai dp, phUdng thflc hanh xfl cua An Dp ddi vdi mpt so' van de khu vile va qud'c te Sfl anh hudng ngam ngim hdn la hien hflu, giin tie'p va lau dai hdn la tnic tie'p va tflc khac, tinh t h i n va thai dp hdn la nguyen tac phap ly qud'c te Day khdng phai la sil thay ddi chfnh sach, ma la bieu hien sU thfla nhan vai trd, vi tri cua vi ldi ich chung cua hai nUdc Dieu CHU dfldc hpc gia Robert Wesson nhdn dinh: "Cd sd cua quan he vd quan diem giaa Matxccfva vd New Delhi dUdng nhU Id sU nhgn thdc ldn ddng vai trb rdt quan trgng mdl quan he hdn la cdc bien phdp triiu tUcing md hai ben dUa nhdm tdc dgng ldn nhau" (13) Trong bo'i canh the gidi bi phan cflc manh me, viec mpt qud'c gia ldn tham gia vao tfch cflc vao cac hoat dpng chfnh tri qudc te nhU An Dp gifl vflng dfl(3c nguyen t i c khdng lien ke't, (heu hoa nguyen t i c phu hdp vdi ldi fch dan tpc va quo'c te la dieu rat khd An Dp da cdng •viec (heu hoa quan he vdi ca hai khoi, khdng day quan he cua minh (h q u i xa vdi ca Lien Xd va My - du Hiep Udc 1971 cd the da tao cd sd cho (heu dd xay quan he An Dp - Lien Xd ThUc te, chi cd the xem xdt chfnh sach ' ^ khdng lien ket tren cd sd ldi fch dan tpc An Dp dan xen vao nhau, nhieu chinh sach khdng lien ke't la hien than cua lOi fch dan tpc An Dp mdi quan he vdi cic nfldc ldn, dac biet la vdi Lien Xd Nhfl Bp trfldng Ngoai giao An Dp N Rao phat bieu: "An Do khdng ung hg My cdng khdng ung ho Lien Xd, An Do ung hg An Do An Do ddng tren Icii ich qud'c gia ciia minh" (14) Sfl phat 9 «' trien cua quan he An Dp - Lien Xd la h§ qua t i t ye'u cua mpt qua trinh tim hieu l i n tfl nam 1947, tflng bfldc cd nhflng nhan thflc ve \6i fch chie'n Ifldc song trung bd'i canh Chie'n tranh lanh THICH (1) H.Rapur, An Dp cd phdi Id mpt cUdng qudc'?, Thfl vien quan dgi luc, 1980, tr (2) Day la quan diem cua cac hgc gia phfldng Tay nhu Peter Lyon, Morgenthou, H.F Armtrong Cac nha lanh dao Lien Xo trUdc nfim 1953 nhu I.Stalin, E.Zhukov, M.Molotov cung cho rfing dUdng loi khong lien ket cua An Dg la "xoa diu mau thuSn vdi cac nfldc phfldng Tay" B.S.Gupta, The fulcrum of Asia Relation Among China, India, Pakixtan an the USSR, Pegasus, New 49 Butmg 16"i Khong lien het e i a An B6 (8) LGandhi, Chdn ly cua toi, Nxb P h u Nfl, York, 1970, tr 48 (3), (14) N.Jayapalan, Foreign Policy of Publishers Atlantic& Distributors Ltd, India, Delhi, 2001, tr 84, 101 chinh hieu tU sdch ddi ngogi nUdc Cpng hod An Dp, Tap chi Nghiin ciu Lich cua si, so 3-1998, t r 62 and Cooperation, Treaty, Treaty of Peace, (7) Friendship Issues tr 182 (10) S.R.Sharma (2003), Indo-Soviet 1972-1991, A Brief Survey Relations - P a r t II; Disccvery Shadow Friendship of the bear: The Indo - Published by Shri P.KDeo, South Indo - Soviet and Cooperation, Treaty of (11) P.J.S.Ducan (1989), The Soviet Union and India, Council on foreign relations press, New York, tr 45 Avenue Lance, Ne^w Delhi, India, 1971, tr 189 (6), Relation: Publishing House, Delhi, tr 86 (5) Indo - Soviet Soviet (9) R.C.Hom, Soviet - Indian and Influence, Praeger Publishers, New Yerk, 1982, (4) N g u y i n Canh Hue (1998), Tim tudng hod binh Ha Ngi, 1987, tr 185 Peace, Sdd, tr 189, 188 (12) R.C.Horn, sdd, tr 214 (13) R.C.Horn, sdd, tr 213 VUA LY ANH TONG, CHIEN LUOC BIEN (Tiip theo trang 7) (17) Theo sach Dgi Nam thUc luc, T.IV, B a n dinh vi t r i khong t h e t h a y t h e dUdc cua t i n h dich, Nxb Giao due H a Ngi, 2004, tr 1032- t h a n h Q u a n g Yen, da k h u y e n vua M i n h Menh 1033, thi vao nfim 1836, n h a n viec Tong do'c Hai khong nen nghe theo ldi t a u t h i e n kien cua Le Yen Nguyen Cong Trfl de nghi md rgng thfinh Due Dflc va vua M i n h M e n h da y t h e e ldi ban Q u a n g Yen, Hg p h u Le Due Dflc t a u khong n e n cua Bg Cdng Dieu n a y gop p h i n ly giai tai tiep t u c d lai Q u a n g Yen ma c i n phai chuyen tfl ra't sdm, cac n h a nfldc phong kien Viet N a m s a n g dia diem mdi thugc h u y e n Thiiy Dfldng deu chgn Q u a n g Yen (ma cu t h e la k h u vflc t i n h (nay la T h u y Nguyen, H a i Phdng), vua M i n h t h a n h Q u a n g Yen) iam t r u n g t a m tra'n gifl vflng M e n h giao cho Bg Cong xem x6t lai viec cila song Bach Dling va md rgng r a t o a n t u y e n Sau t i n h t o a n ky ludng mgt each tong the, duyen hai, bien va hai dao k h u vflc Dong Bfic Bg Cong cho rfing: "Xay dflng thfinh tri, co q u a n (18) That day cung chi Ifi ten ggi khac thi'tinh cila cung mgt dia diem Ten 16 An Bang da co tfl Yen, co the khd'ng che dUgc thdi T r i n Nfim 1466, Le T h a n h Tong dfit An Bang he de'n sU che cho'ng d bien cUdng Dia thdnh cd hgt, Qudng ngodi co thi trd'n dp dUdc uung hdi thfla tuyen Den ddi vua Le Anh Tong mdi doi An cUang, t h u c la ndi h i n h t h e dep Ldi cua do'c Bang Ifim An Quang va nfim 1822, vua Minh t h a n CO d i n h k i e n da'y" Bg Cong sau xac Menh doi An (Yin) Quang thfinh Quang Yen ... Pakistan - Trung Qud'c - My va sU hau t h u i n cua Lien Xd cho An Dp da lam cho cupc xung dot khu -vile mang tinh chat cua Chie'n tranh lanh Hiep Udc Lien Xd - An Dp dU(3c ky ket vao 9-8 - 46 1971. .. (12 de'n 1 4-2 -1 980); Phd Chu tich Hpi ddng Bp trudng Arkhipov ( 2-1 980); Thfl trudng Ngoai giao Lien Xd N.Firjoibin ( 4-1 980); Bp Qud'c phdng An Dp ( 5-1 980); Tong bi thU Brezhnev 1 2-1 980; Thdm... vi ly thuyit, Hiep Udc Hoa binh, Hflu nghi va hdp tac Lien Xd - An Dp ky 9 8-1 971 phu hdp vdi dUdng lo'i dd'i ngoai cua An Dp, khdng -vi pham nguyen t i c cua khdng lien ke't Trong Hdi ky "Chan