THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY NGUYEN MINH CHAU TOPIC TITLE: TREATING WASTEWATER FROM HOUSEHOLDS ALONG MAE KHA CANAL USING HEDYCHIUM CORONARIUM A PILOT STUDY IN THAILAND BACHELOR THESIS Study mode : Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Program Office Batch : 2014-2018 Thai Nguyen, 21/10/2018 i DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name Nguyen Minh Chau Student ID DTN1454290003 Thesis title Treating wastewater from households along Mae Kha canal using Hedychium coronarium – a pilot study in Thailand Associate Prof Dr.Arunothai Jampeetong Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University Supervisors PhD Hoang Hai Thanh Advanced Education Program Office, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Supervisor’s signature Abstract: Chiang Mai, Thailand is one of the most famous destinations for tourists worldwide Unfortunately, the water pollution is a problem that has been interfering residents’ life and economic development due to rapid urbanization One of the most serious cases is Mae Kha canal which is an important feature in Chiang Mai's water system This research, therefore, aims to help local resident building cost-effective wastewater treatment models called Constructed Wetlands (CWs) in order to filter sewage at household level before it was release into the environment The experiment consisted of four tanks covered with Hedychium coronarium and four control tanks, all set up at Department of Biology, Faculty of Science - Chiang Mai University The water sample was collected from municipal sewer then separated by two different buckets in which it was treated with and without oxygen addition throughout six weeks In this study, Hedychium coronarium – a non-common wetland plant, was selected as it is recorded able to lessen mosquito appearance which certainly is one of the drawbacks of CWs The experiments goals were to estimate the average percentage of parameters removed by Hedychium coronarium in terms of COD, TSS, PO4-P, NH4-N, NO3-N The percentage removal in COD, TSS, PO4-P, NH4-N, NO3-N were ii 83%, 82.6%, 93%, 89%, 84.7% respectively It initially proved that the removal efficiency of Hedychium coronarium is as high as others wetland plants and expected to inspire future researchers in continuing to apply new plants to lessen CWs’ perennial problems and optimize its benefits in wastewater treatment Keywords: Constructed wetlands (CWs), water quality, Hedychium coronarium, percentage removal Number of pages 48 pages Date of submission 21/10/2018 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor Assoc Prof Dr Arunothai Jampeetong for being supportive during my difficult time She had set an example of excellence as a researcher, mentor, instructor, who always prioritize her students and science I would like to thank my instructor, Tararag Pincam for always being so patient with me even though I misunderstood and made troubles many times She always supported me with my works as well as treated me as a sister and gave me various valuable advices in life I would like to thank my supervisor Dr Hoang Hai Thanh from Vietnam for her constant support I would like to say thank to all members in Biology laboratory of Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, they were always kind to me and never hesitated to give me a hand Finally, I would like take this opportunity to extend my sense of gratitude to my family and friends who always believe in me and backing me unceasingly NGUYEN MINH CHAU iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .vii LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF ABBREVIATION ix PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1.Background and rationale 1.2.Objectives 1.3 Research questions and hypotheses 1.3.1 Research questions 1.3.2 Research hypotheses .3 PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Water pollution in Mae Kha canal 2.2 How about solutions? 2.2.1 Previous solutions 2.2.2 Constructed Wetland 2.3 Hedychium coronarium (White Ginger) 12 PART III MATERIALS AND METHODS 15 3.1 Surveying 15 3.2 Domestic wastewater treatment using CW models with Hedychium coronarium 16 3.2.1 Materials .16 3.2.2 Experimental set up .17 3.2.3 Water Sampling and analysis 19 3.2.4 Statistical analysis 20 PART IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 21 4.1 Surveying results: 21 v 4.1.1 General background of the communities 21 4.1.2 Household’s wastewater management 21 4.1.3 How can water pollution in Mae Kha canal affect resident’ lives? 22 4.1.4 How resident think about Constructed wetlands? 23 4.2 Domestic wastewater treatment using CW models with Hedychium coronarium 24 4.2.1 Removal of COD 24 4.2.2 Removal of TSS 26 4.2.3 Removal of PO4-P .28 4.2.4 Removal of NH4-N and NO3-N: 30 PART V CONCLUSION 35 REFERENCES 36 APPENDIX 43 Appendix 44 Appendix 48 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Mae Kha canal in city moat Figure 2.1: Wastewater sources to Mae Kha canal Figure 2.2: Hedychium coronarium 13 Figure 3.1: Study sites 16 Figure 3.2: Designed constructed wetland models 17 Figure 4.1: Domestic wastewater effluents in resident’ view 22 Figure 4.2: Main sources of wastewater before drained out 23 Figure 4.3: Resident’ preference towards two constructed wetland size 24 Figure 4.4: Percentage removal in COD by mass 26 Figure 4.5: Percentage removal in TSS by mass 27 Figure 4.6: Percentage removal in PO₄-P by mass 29 Figure 4.7: Nitrogen transformation in nature 31 Figure 4.8: Percentage removal in NH₄-N by mass 32 Figure 4.9: Percentage removal in NO₃-N by mass 33 Figure A1: Residents worried when talking about Mae Kha canal 48 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: The difference between before and after domestic wastewater was added oxygen……………………………………………………………………………… 18 Table 3.2: Water analysis using standard methods ………………………………… 19 Table 4.1: COD removal mass in percentage after each week …………………… 26 Table 4.2: TSS removal mass in percentage after each week……………………… 28 Table 4.3: PO₄-P removal mass in percentage after each week …………………… 29 Table 4.4: NH₄-N removal mass in percentage after each week…………………… 32 Table 4.5: NO₃-N removal mass in percentage after each week…………………… 33 viii LIST OF ABBREVIATION CWs Constructed wetlands FWS Free water surface HSF Horizontal subsurface flow SSF Subsurface flow VF Vertical flow ix PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and rationale In this era, human being is facing water crisis and water pollution due to rapid economic growth since the First Economic Revolution in 18 century Water pollution is not an unfamiliar topic nowadays, especially in the case of developing countries, where economic development is still depending significantly on natural resources Moreover, the anthropogenic pollutants from industrial, domestic and agricultural waste are ultimately absorbed by aquatic plants and animals Thailand, one of Southeast Asia’s tiger economies is facing the same environmental problem Water quality in Thailand has declined, alarming health risks if water is not purified before consumption According to Brianna in 2017 there are approximately 43 million Thai people drinking contaminated water, allowing diseases like diarrhea, typhoid and dysentery to enter their system; this water is contaminated primarily by pollutants disposed into rivers and streams Water quality in Thailand varies throughout the country In Chiang Mai city, which located in northern Thailand, a city famous for its rich culture heritage but water degradation here has been a serious concern for both resident and local authority in many years, one of the prominent polluted water bodies is Mae Kha canal Many projects and researches had been carried out to solve that problem, but until now, resident live along the water source still find Mae Kha canal is in poor conditions and gradually turn their back on the canal (Sunantana , 2016) The current situation is shown in Figure 1.1 below People have complained that the wastewater from local houses especially slums was the main cause of pollution, besides, resident littering also add to the problem (Sunantana, 2016; Harmony, 2006; Unchulee, 2014) This is worsened by environmental policies, which are concerned uptake can play a significant role in nitrogen removal which was showed in previous researches (Konnerup, 2008) In H coronarium treatments, the percentage mass removal in NH₄-N and NO₃-N were 89% and 84.7% in average respectively The percentage mass removal in NH₄-N was much more effective than the combination of Canna, Phragmites and Cyperus (57%) (Sohair et al., 2013) and the same as Canna lily (89%) (Haritash et al., 2015) And NO₃-N removal effectiveness in H coronarium was nearly that high in Canna Lily (86%) 34 PART V CONCLUSION From the interview, constructed wetlands are potentially accepted by resident who live near Mae Kha canal due to its friendly affects to environment and significant pollutant removal abilities 57% of the respondents prefer to utilize community CWs From the experiment, this study found that H coronarium treatments showed a significant reduction in all pollutant parameters Especially, H coronarium had shown a significant mass removal in NH₄-N and NO₃-N which were 89% and 84.7% respectively On the other hand, the effectiveness of planted beds showed less effective than that in unplanted beds in terms of COD, TSS and PO₄-P In particular, H.coronarium treatments had reduced 83% of COD, 82.6% of TSS and 93% of PO₄-P In conclusion, there is no significant between H coronarium percentage removal and other wetland plant Once again, author expects that this study can inspire future researchers in continuing to apply new plants in order to lessen CWs’ perennial problems and optimize its benefits in wastewater treatment 35 REFERENCES Book Norio, T.; Wun, J.NG (2014) Wetlands for tropical applications: wastewater treatment by constructed wetlands Imperial College Press London Article in 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1960-2018 Retrieved from: https://tradingeconomics.com/thailand/gdp (accessed on June 13, 2018) 42 Appendix 43 Appendix Questionnaire In order to find out the main causes that led to water problem in Mae Kha Canal, the author would like to distribute this questionnaire to have the first impression about normal life of local people who live along the Mae Kha Canal With your help, this study could contribute to the attempts of scientists to bring back Mae Kha Canal cleanness How many people are there in your family? Please give us the age of each members in your family? Age 0–3 – 20 21 – 40 41 – 60 More than 60 The number of people 3, Do you know about the severe contamination in Mae Kha Canal? A -Yes B - No 4, What you think is the main source of wastewater poured into Mae Kha Canal? (you can choose more than option) A - Household B - Market C - Farm D - Industrial plant E - Hotels F – Others 44 5, Do you think the water pollution in Mae Kha Canal can affect you? A - Yes B – No 6, How it affect you? (you are allowed to choose various answers) A - Smell B - Colors C - Mosquitos D – Others 7, What time of a day does the smell annoy you most? A - Morning B - Noon C - Afternoon D - Evening 8, Do you want water quality in Mae Kha Canal to be improved? Why? A - Yes, … B - No, … 9, How far is it from your house to the Mae Kha Canal? A - ≤ meters B - From to 10 meters C - From 10 to 20 meters D - ≥ 20 meters 10, Do you have a house filter? A - Yes B - No, I would like to have 45 C - No, I don’t like using it 11, How about pipe system in your house? Is water directly drained into the canal? A - Directly B - Municipal sewer C - Pour to the soil D – Septic tanks E – Others 12, How you use water in daily life? (you are allowed to choose various answers) A - Washing dishes and clothes B - Taking shower C – Cooking D - Gardening E – Animal F – Others 13, How much water you drain into the canal? A - Less than 100 liters per day B - 100-300 liter per day C - 300-600 liter per day D - More than 600 liter per day 14, How much is your total income per month? A - < 3,000 Bahts B - From 3,000 Bahts to 5,000 Bahts C - From 5,000 Bahts to 10,000 Baht D - 10,000 – 50,000Baht 46 E - Above 50,000 15, How you prefer the methods below? Methods No at all A little Medium A lot Household constructed wetland Community Constructed Wetland 47 Appendix Figure A1: Resident worried when talking about Mae Kha canal 48 ... Thesis title Treating wastewater from households along Mae Kha canal using Hedychium coronarium – a pilot study in Thailand Associate Prof Dr.Arunothai Jampeetong Department of Biology, Faculty of... parts: Surveying and Treating domestic wastewater using CW models with Hedychium coronarium 3.1 Surveying To have a deeper understanding of what stands behind the contamination of Mae Kha canal. .. the Mae Kha canal was already heavily polluted at that time, with the water quality being classified as standard type 5, that indicated water source was unsuitable for drinking or bathing based