More than the Sum of the Parts Karen Savage Dominic Symonds Economies of Collaboration in Performance Karen Savage · Dominic Symonds Economies of Collaboration in Performance More than the Sum of the Parts Karen Savage University of Lincoln Lincoln, UK Dominic Symonds University of Lincoln Lincoln, UK ISBN 978-3-319-95209-3 ISBN 978-3-319-95210-9  (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95210-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018947396 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Cover illustration: Primsky/Getty images Cover design by Tom Howey This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland To V, Evi, Max and Truffle, our collaborators at home Acknowledgements This is a book about collaboration, and it’s therefore appropriate that we acknowledge the many collaborators who have contributed to making it possible It’s also a book about economics, and like many economies, it’s sometimes the very minor elements that end up having an enormous effect So we would like to recognise all of the passing comments and conversations from friends, families and colleagues that have set our thoughts stirring, sometimes knowingly, but often unwittingly In particular, we’d like to thank all the cast and crew of Sweet FA (2009), a collaborative project during which our thinking about this topic first began We’re grateful to colleagues and students at the University of Lincoln and the University of Portsmouth with whom we’ve been able to test some of these ideas and to both those institutions for enabling our research by funding periods of research leave, study trips and opportunities to share our work at conferences We have presented many elements of this material over the last ten years, some of which have been developed to appear in the final publication, and some which have been discarded as our thinking moved on In particular, we’ve been hugely supported by members of the Intermediality and Music Theatre working groups of the International Federation for Theatre Research and participants at various iterations of Song, Stage and Screen and Performance Studies International Aside from our scholarly networks, this book has been stimulated by an array of performances, productions and events, and by the creative work of dozens of practitioners whose collaborative projects have inspired us We’re indebted to our publisher and the staff vii viii    Acknowledgements at Palgrave Macmillan who have encouraged us in the writing of this book In particular, we’ve valued the assistance of Paula Kennedy with whom we first shared this idea, and subsequently Tomas Rene and Vicky Bates, who have taken the reins to guide us through the process And finally, we’re humbled by the enthusiasm and support of the anonymous readers of our draft material, whose faith in this project has given us the confidence to see it through Without them and without the valuable process of peer review, we are sure that this endeavour would have been far less rewarding and the result a very different book Contents 1 Introduction 2 Economics 27 3 Collaboration 57 4 Biopolitics 97 5 Network 121 6 Audience 159 7 Host 187 8 Swarm 213 9 Crowd 239 10 Conclusion 279 Bibliography 285 Index 297 ix List of Figures Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2 Fig. 3.3 Fig. 6.1 Fig. 9.1 Fig. 9.2 Fig. 9.3 Fig. 9.4 Fig. 9.5 Fig. 9.6 George Cruikshank’s illustration of The British Bee Hive (1840) Writing together, example Co-written extract emerging from discussion Writing together, example Two separate pieces interspliced Karen in bold, Dominic in regular text Realms of spectator-participant engagement (Lavender, adapted from Pine and Gilmore) The inverse S-curve of a typical crowdfunding model, according to Ordanini et al (2011) Analysis of the overall investment path in four examples from Crowdfunder campaigns, showing few trends and little evidence of the inverse S-curve Correlation between number of backers (right-hand axis; line) and amount received (left-hand axis, columns) across sample of 43 theatre productions at Edinburgh Festival Fringe 2017 Backers banded proportionately and indicating three clear yield groupings Backers banded proportionately and indicating an inverse S-curve based on crowd size The cumulative emergence of Edinburgh Festival’s collaborative economy 63 67 68 168 248 252 255 256 257 267 xi List of Tables Table 7.1 Table 9.1 Table 9.2 Table 9.3 Frequency analysis of selected vocabulary appearing in YouTube viewer comments to Virtual Choirs 1–4 Data gathered June 2017 Crowdfunding platforms used to fund 43 out of 200 productions from survey sample Statistics from sample survey of 43 theatre productions at Edinburgh Festival Fringe 2017 Top ten largest donations by amount and proportion of total yield 196 250 251 254 xiii Index A Affect, 60, 103, 109, 147–9, 154n56, 167, 175, 179, 195 Airbnb, 5, 82, 126 Amazon, 128 Assemblage, 98, 104, 112, 115 Audience, 12, 18–19, 144–8, 155n56, 159–185, 191, 192, 195, 198, 202, 206, 227, 240–2, 258, 260, 261, 266, 270n18, 271n29 See also spectatorship B Balance, 30, 35, 43, 78, 80, 110, 141, 147, 148, 192, 214 See also imbalance Bartering, 28–9, 129, 130, 150n18 Bees, 1, 27–8, 57–8, 62–4, 97–8, 121–2, 159–61, 187, 213–15, 215–16, 239–40, 279–80 and art, 97, 213–14, 240 “Bears and Bees, The” (Silly Symphony, 1932), 215–16 bee-keeping, 121–2, 215, 239–40 “British Bee Hive, The” (Cruikshank), 62–4 and collaboration, 57–8, 279–80 colony collapse disorder, 121, 159 economics of food production, affect of bees on, 1–3, 27 Fable of the Bees, The (Mandeville) See economic theory as metaphor, 97 and pollination, 1, 27, 98 swarming, 213–15, 215–16 See also swarm swarm running, 214–15 See also Hive, hive mind, Pollination Benefit See Gain Benkler, Yochai See economic theory Biopolitics, 4, 5, 8, 18, 37, 45, 97–120, 154n56, 219, 262 See also Hardt and Negri Biopower, 49, 100–2, 105–7 See also Foucault, Michel Bishop, Claire, 149, 161–3, 167, 170–1, 174–5 relational antagonism, 161, 170–1, 172, 178, 180 “Black Sun”, 216–17 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 K Savage and D Symonds, Economies of Collaboration in Performance, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95210-9 297 298  Index Border, boundary, 75, 99, 105, 109, 161, 170, 177, 188, 206, 220, 265, 281 Bourdieu, Pierre, 184n47, 198 aristocracy of culture, 171 Bourriaud, Nicholas, 18, 149, 161–5, 170, 171, 175 dot on the line, 162, 165 relational aesthetics, 18, 161–2, 164, 170, 171 Boutang, Yann Moulier See economic theory Brainstorming, 78–9 Brownian Motion, 228 Business, 7, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 44, 45, 48, 49, 51, 70, 72, 128, 135, 137, 138, 242, 262 framework, 16 model, 12, 44, 48, 128 start-up, 48, 134–5 C Capital, 29–31, 43, 47, 49, 104, 115, 154n56, 242–7, 267 cultural, 60, 138–40, 200, 241 global, 7, 242 human, 148 intellectual, 44 social, 100, 199 Capitalisation, 243, 262 Capitalism, 29–31, 37–40, 43–4, 46–50, 62–3, 100, 104, 106, 108, 111, 115, 123–4, 128, 281 See also society anti-capitalist, 107, 172 cognitive capitalism, 4, 5, 8, 17, 37, 45, 46–50 See also economic theory neo-capitalism, post-capitalism, 4, 5, 8, 17, 37, 45, 46–50, 81, 123, 126, 200 See also economic theory Carpool, rideshare, 125, 127, 130, 133, 266 Change, 5, 6, 14, 16, 46, 73, 102, 106, 110, 218 Charity, charity porn, development porn, 139, 153n27 Choice, 33–6, 146, 199, 218, 226, 231, 241 rational choice theory, 36, 199, 218, 226 Choreography, 19, 83–4, 173, 178, 207, 215–7, 223–4, 227, 229–31 Climate change, 121 Cloud data, 121 Cluster, 78–80, 216, 219 Co-creation, 47, 168, 176 Collaboration, working together, 3–11, 14–20, 23n30, 27, 32, 33, 34, 36–9, 40, 42, 44, 46–8, 51, 77–95, 98, 103, 110, 112, 113, 115, 122–3, 131, 136–7, 143, 145, 146, 161–3, 165–72, 174–6, 178, 179, 187–204, 206–7, 215, 218, 221, 224, 226, 229, 231–2, 236n92, 241–4, 247, 262–8, 281, 282, 283 artistic, creative, 1, 3, 6–7, 9, 51, 58–9, 69–87, 121–157, 159–185, 187–212, 213–238, 239–277, 281–2 collective innovation concentration of, 82, 221–2, 263–7 efficient, 3, 5, 6, 12, 58, 59, 70, 76, 87, 109, 114, 122, 128, 200–1, 220, 281 orbits of, 83, 165–70, 171, 174, 179–80, 281 collective innovation orientation of (communo-ludic; telo-specific), 82, 221–2, 263–7 Index productivity of, 3–5, 7, 8, 10, 17– 18, 20, 38–40, 58, 62, 78, 83, 85, 99–100, 102–4, 108–10, 114–116, 148, 154n56, 179, 262 successful, 58, 59, 64, 69–73, 76, 79, 80, 85, 244–5, 257–8, 269 types of, models of, 44, 57, 72, 73, 80, 263–7; distributed, 80; complementary, 76–7, 80, 86; family, 80, 165–6, 274n78 See also crowdfunding, 3Fs; implicated, 162, 176; inadvertent, 162, 176, 178; integrated, 80; invited, 162, 176, 179–80; unknowing, 162, 165, 169–70, 176, 178, 179–80; web, 71, 80–2; wiki, 46–8 See also crowd, hive, mob, swarm Collective, 3–4, 13–16, 64, 65, 88n28, 104, 109, 113, 115, 140, 162–3, 165–7, 171, 191, 193, 198, 204, 207, 219–20, 222, 224–5, 228–9, 249, 266 consciousness, 75, 79–80 creation, 15, 16, 64, 72, 89n28, 204 intelligence, 50, 217 See also swarm intelligence knowledge, 46 protection, 42 theatre, 13, 16 thinking, 74, 75 Common, 40, 47, 98–9, 103–10, 112–13, 115, 128, 162, 229 Common Wealth (2011) See Hardt and Negri currency, 17 decision-making, 14, 57 goal See goal good, 11, 27 people, 14 purpose, 206   299 thinking in, 75 values, 73 Common(s), 10, 14, 169 collaborative, 5, 37 creative, 5, 169, 262 cultural, 14 social, 11, 28n88 Communality, communalism, 8, 11–14, 38, 99, 112, 122, 140, 162, 194, 227–8, 265–6, 269 Commune, 11, 13–14, 16, 204 Communication, 58, 61, 62, 71, 74, 75, 78, 89n28, 102, 103–7, 109, 111, 162, 231, 245, 248, 283 Communism See society Communitas, 198, 279–83 Community, 8, 10, 14, 18, 27, 28, 41, 47, 48, 64, 73, 75, 82, 83, 89n28, 104, 121, 125, 128–30, 132–3, 135–40, 143, 146, 149, 159, 160, 162, 170, 171, 175, 178, 191, 200, 203, 207, 214, 221–6, 229–31, 236n92, 243, 260, 267, 271n30, 280, 281, 282, 283 bonded, 231 bounded, bordered, 229 cohesion, 74, 82, 129, 215, 225 needs of, 33, 140 online, 121–2, 125, 130, 200, 236n92, 243 organic, 224, 229, 231 sense of, 130, 132, 139, 141, 170, 219, 224, 227, 229, 247, 266, 268 spirit of, 13, 82, 141–2, 229, 247, 266, 268, 280 tradition, 280 Complementarity, 4, 69, 73, 77, 78, 236n92 conceptual, 77 Conflict, discord, tension, 60, 67, 69, 72, 79, 86, 100, 104 300  Index Connection, correspondence, 7, 50, 58, 65, 66, 80, 81, 85, 86, 103, 129, 132, 139–40, 161, 173, 194–5, 198, 205, 206, 228, 230, 236n92, 247, 264 Control, 48, 60, 62, 71, 75, 80, 100–2, 106, 108, 111, 128, 147, 217–18, 220–2, 228 of the state, 10, 14, 100 Cooperativity, cooperation, 1, 3, 8, 11, 12, 14–17, 38–41, 49, 50, 57, 62, 73, 75, 104–6, 108–10, 112–13, 115–16, 128, 204, 221 Co-production, 147 Cost, 1–3, 21n7, 46, 48–50, 53n37, 101, 109, 126, 128, 129, 137, 138, 139, 188, 199, 201, 239, 247, 262 actual, cost/benefit, 126, 137–8, 188, 199, 201 invisible, money, 2, 201, 239, 262, 270n15 of living, opportunity, real, 2, 262 unseen, zero marginal cost See economic theory Craigslist, 18, 123–49, 178, 243, 266, 281 Craigslist Joe (2012), 18, 124–5, 130–143, 147, 148, 178, 281 Creativity, 15, 20, 51, 59, 61, 66, 69, 70–5, 83, 97, 104, 110, 112, 115, 124, 136, 138–41, 146, 149, 161, 171, 176, 179, 188–9, 197, 199, 204, 242, 259, 262, 269 empathetic creativity, 74 Criticism, 69, 79, 130 Crowd, 12, 46, 60, 82–3, 167, 172, 191, 217–19, 222–3, 239–277 Crowdfunder, 243, 249–50, 252, 274n76 Crowdfunding, 19–20, 127, 221, 242, 243–262, 263, 264, 267, 268, 271n30, 274n76 3Fs (family, friends and fools), 247, 248, 251, 257, 260, 261, 268, 282 engagement moment, 248, 262 equity-based, 246 intrinsic motivation, 247 inverse S-curve (Ordanini), 248, 251, 252, 256, 257 mum and dad donations, 251, 254 royalty-based, 246 lending-based, 246 participation spirit, 247, 268 yield, 244, 246, 251, 254, 256–7, 260 Crowdsourcing, 46, 243 Crypto-currency, 152n19 See also timebanking Cunningham, Merce, 19, 215, 223–4, 230 Beach Birds (1991), 19, 215, 223–4, 229, 231 D Dawn chorus, 19, 187–9, 191, 193, 202, 282 De-centralization, 200 De Certeau, Michel, 202–3 Deep listening, close listening, 70–1, 74–6 Deficit, 188, 201 Deleuze and Guattari (Deleuze, Gilles and Guattari, Félix), 98, 101, 111 deterritorialization, 111 Democracy, democratic, 8, 10–12, 47, 61, 62, 64, 79, 100, 102, 103, 107, 109, 113, 114, 116, 128, 130, 145, 146, 151n18 Index Dialogue, 17, 65, 66, 69, 79, 80, 130, 162, 180, 230 Documentary, 18, 124, 130, 133, 135–143, 148, 162, 206 film See film theatre See theatre Dramaturgy, 146, 166, 168, 177 E Economics, economy, 1–3, 6, 7, 20, 27–55, 58, 76, 81, 84, 87, 98, 101–3, 108–9, 111, 112, 123, 127–33, 135, 137–40, 143, 149, 152n19, 154n56, 162, 163, 167, 169, 172, 174, 176–8, 179–80, 188, 198–201, 205, 207, 218, 224–6, 231, 239–242, 244, 248, 260, 261, 262, 263, 266–8, 269, 271n29 actual cost, biopolitical economy, 98 capitalist economics, 30, 44 collaborative economy, 6, 16, 18, 34, 36, 42, 44, 87, 125, 131, 143, 163, 231, 242, 263, 266–8, 274n78, 281, 283 drain on economy, economic climate, 239 economic downturn, recession, 5, 132, 160, 172 economic framework, 35 economic model, 5, 28, 30, 126, 129 economic system, 4, 6, 29, 43–4, 176, 226, 230–1; endogenous, 176–7; exogenous, 19, 176–8, 180 economic theory; Arrow, Kenneth, 35;    rational action, 35–6; Backhouse and Medema (Backhouse, Roger E and Medema, Steven G.), 33–6;   301 Bastiat, Frédéric, “That Which is Seen and That Which is Not Seen” (1850), 2; Becker, Gary, 33–5; Benkler, Yochai, 48, 81, 127–8; Wealth of Networks, 48, 128; Boutang, Yann Moulier, 37, 44, 45, 49, 50;    Cognitive Capitalism See capitalism; Buchanan, James, 34–6; Carlyle, Thomas, 33; Coase, Ronald, 34, 36; Friedman, Milton, 34–5; Jevons, William Stanley, 33–5; Keynes, John Maynard, 4, 17, 28, 32, 34, 36, 37, 41–2, 45, 49, 52n27, 86;    fallacy of composition, 4;    multiplier, 41, 50, 86; Keynes, John Neville, 34; Malthus, Robert, 33; Mandeville, Bernard, 27, 32, 39, 98;    Fable of the Bees, The (1705), 27–8, 35, 39, 98; Marginal Revolution, 33; Marshall, Alfred, 33–5; Marx, Karl, 3, 7, 10, 13, 17, 28, 30, 32, 36–41, 50;    capacity to produce, 29;    Communist Manifesto, The, 37, 111;    Kapital, Das, 38–40;    means of production, 12, 29, 40, 43, 115; Mason, Paul, 6, 37, 49–50, 81;    post-capitalism (concept of) See capitalism;    PostCapitalism, 81; Menger, Carl, 33–5; Mill, John Stuart, 33–4; Ricardo, David, 34; Rifkin, Jeremy, 6;    zero marginal cost, 37, 48, 50; Robbins, Lionel, 33–5; Samuelson, Paul, 34–5; Say, Jean-Baptiste, 33–4; Smith, Adam, 17, 29–30, 32, 34, 37, 39–41, 44–5, 302  Index 76;    all things being equal, 28, 31;    First Fundamental Theorem, 29;    invisible hand, 17, 30, 41, 58;    self-interest, 8, 29–30, 171, 175;    Wealth of Nations, 40; Stigler, George, 35; Tapscott and Williams (Tapscott, Don and Williams, Anthony D.), 3–4, 37, 46–8, 53n51, 123;    ideagoras, 47, 53n51, 123;    wikinomics (concept of), 3–5, 8, 17, 18, 37, 45, 46–8, 123–4;    Macrowikinomics, 46;    Wikinomics, 3, 47; Wicksell, Knut, 35; Wicksteed, Philip, 35; See also Bartering; Capital; Capitalism; Choice; Complementarity; Emergence; Exchange; Externalities; Free trade; Labour, division of; Scarcity; Value, exchange, use economics as the analysis of choice, 35–6 economics/economy as metaphor, 5–7, 42–3, 179–80, 231, 282 economics of food production, affect of bees on, 1–3, 27 economies of scale, 12 economy of dispersal, 200–201 experience economy, 7, 154–n56 Experience Economy, The (Pine and Gilmour), 168 externalities, 3, 17, 38, 44–5, 48, 98, 104, 105, 108, 110, 155n56, 162, 178–80, 283; positive, 3, 38, 44–5, 48, 108, 179 free market economy, 30, 101 immaterialities, 44; immaterial capital, 49; immaterial gain, 45; immaterial knowledge, 103; immaterial labour, 7, 11, 50, 99, 104; immaterial production, 48–9, 106, 108; immaterial wealth, 104 information economy, 5, 128 invisible economy, the, 2, 3, 17, 20, 30, 32, 38–9, 41, 50, 110, 126, 129, 141, 149, 232, 282; invisible cost, 2; invisible gains, 44, 50, 149, 269; invisible hand (Smith), 17, 30, 41, 58 knowledge economy, the, 5, 48–50 macroeconomics, 2, 4, 6, 17, 20, 30–1, 242 microeconomics, 4, 30–1 peer-to-peer economy, a, 126, 131 political economics, 29, 32, 35, 38, 45, 110 real cost, real economy, the, 2, 45 unseen cost, wiki economy, a, 125 Edinburgh Festival, 20, 232, 240–2, 263–9, 270n20, 271n29 Fringe, 19, 127, 144–5, 147, 240– 2, 247–262, 263–9, 270n20, 271n29, 282 Education, 5, 49, 109, 111, 121, 194 Efficiency, 3, 5, 6, 12, 27, 32, 35, 37–41, 43–5, 58, 59, 70, 76, 87, 109, 122, 128, 200–1, 217, 220, 262, 280 Emergence, 4, 15, 17–20, 21n12, 50, 61, 65, 81, 86, 106, 179, 217, 224–6, 263–8 Empire See Hardt and Negri Engels, Friedrich, 10, 38 Entitativity, 194, 199 Entrepreneurship, 8, 115, 121, 124, 137–8, 147–8, 243, 245, 247 Equality, 13–14, 16, 28, 30–1, 40, 61, 62, 64, 69, 71, 78, 80, 100, 108, 109, 115, 130, 150n18, 152n19, 226 See also Inequality Index Excess, 3, 20, 29, 43, 60, 62, 69, 109–10, 281 Exchange, 5, 8, 17, 18, 28, 29, 31, 33, 35, 36, 44, 48, 50, 66, 73, 80, 82, 99, 124–9, 131–4, 139, 141, 148, 150–1n18, 152n19, 161, 162, 178, 240, 247, 261, 262 Experience, 7, 18, 47, 59, 62, 64, 66, 67, 70, 71, 77, 82, 85, 124, 131–3, 136, 140, 144, 147–9, 154–5n56, 162–4, 167–8, 171, 173–6, 178–9, 180, 188, 192, 193, 194, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 206, 213, 214, 215, 228, 230, 239, 241, 258–62, 265, 266, 281 embodied, 107, 146, 174, 176, 192 shared, 77, 193, 265, 281 Externalities See economic theory F Facebook, 243, 249, 264, 265 Film, 6, 7, 22n23, 61, 66–7, 72, 83, 130, 136, 137–43, 149, 178, 207, 230, 244, 245, 270n21 documentary, 18, 124, 130, 133, 135–143, 148 film-making, 6, 16, 66, 72, 125, 137–8, 140–1, 143, 281 game cinema, 136 filmic metaphors See Metaphor production, 124, 135, 245 Five Encounters on a Site called Craigslist (2017), 18, 124, 125, 130, 144–9, 168, 281 Flexibility, 44, 45, 48, 49, 75, 108, 177, 221 Flock, shoal, swarm, herd, 19, 105–6, 216–17, 219, 221–6, 228–31 See also swarm logic of, 222–3   303 Flock Logic (2011), 19, 215, 223, 225–6, 229–31 Flow, 58–9, 71, 75, 201, 281 group flow, 71, 73–5 of ideas, 79, 81, 83, 167, 222 of money, of value, 28, 42, 99, 176, 179–80, 243, 247 of people, 99, 108 Focus, 73, 75, 78, 82, 222 Forced Entertainment, 16, 241 Fosse, Bob, 83 Foucault, Michel, 100, 101, 105, 106, 111, 112 Fragmentation, 201 Free trade, 29, 64 Freedom, 5, 11, 13, 16, 30, 50, 64, 69, 75, 108, 109, 115, 130, 138, 147 Funding, 139–40, 179, 190, 205, 240, 242, 243–62, 267, 268 See also Crowdfunding threshold, 245–6, 256–7 Fund-raising, 136, 139, 153n27, 239, 245, 260 See also crowdfunding, Hurricane Katrina G Gain, benefit, 2–5, 11, 12, 13, 17– 19, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 50, 59, 60, 62, 67, 77, 83, 85–6, 89n36, 98, 100, 104, 106, 108, 110, 126–7, 129, 136–9, 141, 147–9, 160, 167, 169, 171, 178–9, 180, 188, 192–4, 199, 200, 201, 206–7, 221, 226, 231–2, 240, 242, 244, 258, 261, 262, 268–9, 281, 283 invisible, 44, 50, 149, 269 profit, 3, 29, 31, 45, 49, 51, 85–6, 127–8, 135, 149, 243, 269 reputational, 138, 201, 242 304  Index Global, 8, 21n7, 46, 48, 53n51, 64, 99, 100, 103, 108, 109, 111, 114, 124, 126–8, 130, 159, 200, 201, 202, 207, 242 capital, 7, 242 enterprise, 6, 126–8 forces, 5, 46 management of disease, Globalisation, 6, 17, 37, 99, 105, 242 Goal, 13, 14, 60, 71, 73, 78, 80, 82, 147, 218, 222, 244, 245, 247, 248, 264, 274n76 common, mutual, shared (also objective, vision), 10–11, 15, 40, 46, 73–5, 80, 86, 89, 122 Gob Squad, 16, 18, 161, 163–71, 179 Western Society (2013–18), 18, 161, 163–71, 174 Gramsci, Antonio, 8, 101 Group, 32, 58–62, 64–5, 69–80, 82–3, 86, 88–9n28, 105, 107, 114, 127, 135–6, 159, 161, 163, 165, 166, 169, 172, 191, 204–6, 217–19, 221, 222, 224–30, 232, 243, 247, 261, 263–5, 267 behaviour, 226 decision-making, 10, 14, 57, 75, 78, 107, 109, 113–14 dynamic, 58–9, 70, 72, 80–1, 97 groupness, 64–5, 192–4, 197 groupthink, 78–9 ownership, 75, 228 Gumtree, 126 Common Wealth (2011), 17, 98, 107–10 Declaration (2012), 17, 98, 111, 113 Empire (concept of), 99, 100, 102, 107–8 Empire (2000), 17, 98, 99–102, 111, 114 Exodus, 108 multitude (concept of), 18, 99, 102–8, 111, 113–15, 162, 180, 207, 219, 222, 224, 230–1 Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire (2004), 17, 98, 99, 102–7, 114 people, the, 99, 100, 114, 162, 219 singularity, 98, 105, 106, 207, 219, 222, 224, 231 Hierarchy, 11, 29, 61, 64, 65, 81, 100, 109, 113, 128, 145, 147, 165–6 Hive, 27, 32–33, 35, 44, 57–8, 63–4, 82, 121–2, 159–61, 213–14, 222, 228, 239, 240, 242, 263, 279, 280 “British Bee Hive, The” (Cruikshank), 63–5 hive mind, 121–2 Honesty, 28, 30, 69, 130, 166 Horizontal, 4, 46, 61, 80, 83, 113–14 Hurricane Katrina, 132–3, 137–40, 148 Fundred Dollar Bill Project, 139–40 H Hardt and Negri (Hardt, Michael and Negri, Antonio), 8, 17, 37, 87, 97–120, 162, 219 Assembly (2017), 17, 97–8, 105, 111 biopolitics, 4, 5, 8, 18, 37, 45, 97–120, 154n56, 219, 262 I Ideagoras, 47, 53n51 See also Tapscott and Williams Imbalance, 62, 64, 262 Improv, improvisation, 15, 20, 58, 61, 62, 69–74, 86, 136, 143, 145–6, 166, 189–90 Indiegogo, 243, 245, 249–50, 259 Index Inequality, 28–31 See also Equality Information society, Infrastructure, 48, 109, 129, 142–3, 242, 280 Innovation, 8, 15, 47, 49, 70, 71, 73, 79, 81, 82, 84, 115, 145, 188, 190, 220–2, 247 Instagram, 249, 265 Interdependence, 46, 61, 69, 77, 78, 89n28, 130, 214 Internet See World Wide Web Investment, 5, 43, 49, 59, 78, 127, 136–8, 179, 199, 202, 242, 243–262, 266, 268, 273n72 return, 41 Invisible economics See economics Invisible hand See economic theory J Jazz ensemble, 61, 62, 70, 72, 73, 76, 205 John-Steiner, Vera, 15, 17, 58–9, 61, 65, 69–73, 75–80, 85, 89n28, 130, 176, 236n92 Joint, 66, 74, 77 joint action theory, 193 agreement, commitment, 69, 130 stock, 13 Joint Stock (Theatre Company), 13 K Kander and Ebb (Kander, John and Ebb, Fred), 84 Keynes, John Maynard See economic theory Kickstarter, 243, 244, 250, 258, 261, 262 Kopfkino, 258–62 Bearpit, The (2017), 258   305 Knowledge, 4–5, 8, 15, 17, 32, 45, 46, 48–50, 59, 67, 69, 70, 71, 74, 77, 79, 80, 81, 85, 103, 106, 108, 109, 115, 119n115, 226, 261, 282 economy See economics production, 58 sharing, 58 transfer, 81, 261 L Labour, 5, 7, 8, 11, 28, 29, 31, 38–41, 44, 49–50, 62, 64, 106, 108, 127, 169–70, 199–201, 203, 224, 262, 268 co-labour, 3, 17, 62, 122, 168, 282 division of, 39–41, 49, 58, 62, 76, 80 free, unpaid, 44, 167, 203, 262, 266, 268 See also Volunteering immaterial labour, 50, 99, 111 labour time, 2, 39–40 mass labour, 8, 40 unacknowledged, 127 Language, 14, 17, 42–3, 45, 48, 59, 61, 66, 67, 74, 83, 86, 102, 104, 105, 107, 109, 112, 123–4, 218, 219, 228 Laurents, Arthur, 84 Leader, 61, 64, 65, 76, 107, 113–15, 135, 193, 203, 223, 262 absence of, 13, 113, 165, 217–19, 222, 226, 228 leadership, 13, 15, 75, 82–3, 114, 203, 218, 226, 228 political, 10, 16, 107, 113–15 Lefebvre, Henri, 202–3 Linux, 200–1 Lloyd Webber, Andrew, 61, 83–4 Love, 98, 108, 109, 135, 144, 195–8, 209n49 See also Power of love 306  Index M Macroeconomics See economics Magnifier See economic theory Marx, Karl See economic theory Marxism, 13, 89, 98, 111, 154n56 Mason, Paul See economic theory Material, 45, 47, 49, 60, 76, 84, 98, 103, 104, 106, 111, 123, 166, 200–1, 203, 215–16, 230, 246, 261, 266 existence, 13 immateriality, 99, 103, 104, 106–8, 111 Materialism, 13, 37 prosperity, 32 raw, 110, 169 reintentioned, 169 Metaphor, 7, 12, 17, 30, 59–62, 72, 76, 80–1, 103, 119n115, 122–4, 213, 215, 219, 231 audience, 12, 18, 83, 159–185, 281 bees, 97 of collaboration, 59–69, 122, 282 crowd, 12, 239–277, 281 economics, 5–7, 42–3, 179–80, 231 ensemble, 17 filmic, 66–8; cut, jump-cut, 67–8; fade, 66, 68, 69; wipe, 66 hive, 63–4, 82, 242, 263 host, 12, 19, 83, 187–212, 281 invisible hand See economic theory language, 42–3 map, 42–3 Mexican wave, 221 musical, 59, 66–8; chamber group, 59, 76; chorus, 59, 76, 188, 203; chorus line, 221; harmony, 67–8, 171; orchestra, 17, 60–2, 76, 193; symphony, 60, 187–8, 203 network, 12, 18, 80, 81, 83, 121–57, 281 organism, 80–1, 83 pollination, 50, 58 surf, 122–4 swarm, 12, 19, 82–3, 97, 103–4, 114–15, 213–32, 263, 265, 268, 281 we, 17, 65–7, 166 web, 122–3, 161 Microeconomics, 2, 4, 6, 17, 31 Migration, 105, 108, 172, 175, 218, 224 of people, 105, 108, 172–5, 180, 204 See also Refugee of birds, 188, 224 Mirror neuron theory, 193 Mob, 46, 82, 222, 263, 267, 268 Modernity, 107–8 antimodernity, 108 altermodernity, 108 More than the sum of the parts, 3, 4, 6, 10, 21n8, 40, 43, 62, 69, 72, 110, 116, 139, 148, 179, 222, 231, 232, 244, 263, 282–3 phrase used by others, 3, 21n8, 58, 193, 195 summing (concept of), 116, 232, 282 Multitude, concept of See Hardt and Negri Mutual, 8, 12, 15, 58, 62, 66, 72, 74, 75, 77, 78, 80, 89n28, 127, 177, 193, 265–6 aid, 11, 12, 98 benefit, 10, 12, 112, 161 consent, 11 dependence, goal See Goal support, 69, 130, 265–6 N Nash equilibrium, 221 Network, 4, 5, 6, 16, 17, 31, 37, 42, 46–9, 51, 71, 78, 82, 83, 100, Index 103, 104, 109, 112, 121–57, 180, 194, 201, 205, 207, 225, 230, 243, 248, 257, 262 bipartite affiliation network, 83–4, 236n92 economy, 49 of enterprise (Gruber), 69 as metaphor, 12, 18, 80, 81, 83, 121–57 social, 46–7, 51, 115, 127, 150n18, 257, 262, 265 wealth of See economic theory New Deal, 42, 101 O Open access, 49, 109 Open platforms, 47, 123 Open-source, 46, 122, 149, 232, 281 Openness, 6, 46, 71, 73, 74, 122, 124, 148, 166, 243–4 P Participation, 16, 18, 61, 69–71, 75, 77, 80, 82, 107, 109, 115, 116, 128, 137, 187, 192, 195, 198–9, 201, 203–7, 218, 220, 225, 227–8, 242, 243–4, 246–7, 263, 266, 268 of audience See Performance in network, 31, 46, 129, 243–4 Patience, 69, 130 Patronage, 239–40, 246–7, 251 Pattern, 57, 61, 194, 203, 215–16, 219, 221–2, 224, 226–8, 230, 231, 236n92, 245, 247–8 of communication, 42 of spending, 41 Peer-to-peer, peering, 34, 46, 78, 124, 126, 129, 131, 221, 246 Performance, 6, 7, 9, 14, 16, 18–19, 59, 60, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 106,   307 107, 123–4, 144–9, 163–8, 173–5, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 183n41, 188–90, 194–5, 197, 198, 201, 206, 213, 220, 223, 226, 227, 240, 242, 260, 261, 264, 266 aesthetics of the invitation, 146–7, 175–80 co-created, 168, 175–6 co-executed, 176 durational, 177 immersive, 18–19, 123–4, 145–9, 155n56, 161, 163, 164, 175, 177, 213–15, 230; narcissistic, 124, 145, 147–8, 179–80; entrepreneurial, 124, 147–8, 179–80 interactive, 18–19, 124, 145, 148, 170, 175, 178, 227 interdisciplinarity, 73, 177, 190 intermediality, 67, 177 mass, 83, 194, 204, 216, 227 participatory, 18–19, 144–9, 161, 163–5, 167–80, 183n41, 227–231 permanent, 50 site-specific, 172, 177, 183n41, 202–4, 227–231 Performativity, 107, 162, 165, 178 Philanthropy, 5, 247, 261 Policy, 52n29, 102, 112, 129–30, 166 Pollination, 1–2, 27, 45, 50, 98, 110, 121–2, 159 Polyphony, 67, 76 Pooling, 11–12, 121, 135, 262 resources, 11–12, 62, 127 risk, 12 Poverty, 12, 27, 30, 102, 105, 107, 108, 137–8, 153n27, 261, 280 Power of love, the, 107, 114 See also love Prince, Hal, 83–4 308  Index Productivity, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12–13, 20, 29, 30, 32, 38–40, 43, 47, 48, 58, 62, 78, 83, 85, 99, 100, 102, 104, 108–10, 114–16, 148, 154n56, 179, 262, 280 Prosumer, 18, 46–7, 128–9, 168, 179, 243–5 Prosumption, 47–8, 123 Punchdrunk, 183n41 R Rational choice theory See Choice Recession See economic downturn Refugee, 136 Relational, 82, 149, 161–3, 165, 170–2, 174–5, 180 relational aesthetics See Bourriaud, Nicholas relational antagonism See Bishop, Claire Representation, 66, 101, 102, 148, 162, 174–5, 215, 218, 224 political, 13, 100, 114–15 Rhythm, 66, 202–3, 231 Rice, Tim, 84 Rideshare, carpool, 125–7, 130, 133, 152n19 free ride (literal), 125–6, 131–2, 139, 141 free ride (metaphorical), 135 Risk, 12, 71, 79, 82, 84, 129, 134, 145, 155n56, 246, 261, 273n72 management, 71, 245 Rivalry, 40, 240 Robbins, Jerome, 84 Role, 11, 18, 31, 35, 40, 42, 49, 60, 65, 70, 72, 76, 80, 84, 100, 102, 105, 113, 114, 128–9, 140–2, 146–7, 162, 166–9, 173–4, 177, 203, 230, 244, 248, 262, 264 S Sawyer, R Keith, 15, 17, 58–61, 69–76, 78–9, 81, 85–6, 89n36, 176 Scarcity, 33–5, 81, 100 Schechner, Richard, 165 Seghal, Tino, 215, 223, 227–230, 236n92 These Associations (2013), 215, 223, 227–231, 236n92 Self, 51, 124, 147, 166, 197, 227, 231 binding, 12 confidence, 129 congratulatory, 171 consciousness, 13, 228 determination, 229 esteem, 282 fulfilling, 244, 282 improvement, 129 interest, 8, 29–30, 171, 175 investment, 268 organization, 48–9, 115, 217, 221 reflection, 128 regulation, 13, 108–9 responsibility, 16 Sharing, 6, 8, 46, 48, 57, 58, 66, 69, 70, 73–8, 80, 82, 86, 88n28, 104, 106, 107, 116, 124, 127, 129, 131–2, 134–5, 144, 145, 146, 148, 164, 165, 169, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 197, 224, 229–30, 251, 265, 266 See also Rideshare agreement, 36 experience, 77, 193, 265 expression, 223–4 finances, 14 goal, objective, vision See Goal ideas, 171 ideals, 10, 88n28 knowledge, 57 living, 14 Index good, 11 powersharing (political), 23n30 practice, 10, 229 principle, 10, 16 responsibility, 165, 214, 263 Shared Affective Motion Experience (SAME), 194 understanding, 80, 229 Singularity See Hardt and Negri Six degrees of separation (Milford), 93n149, 236n92 Skype, 206 Small world system, 83–4, 236n92 Smart firms, 47–8 Smith, Adam See economic theory Social common See Common Society, 3, 7, 8, 10, 11, 27–30, 34–8, 40, 43, 47, 49, 50, 63–4, 98–101, 109, 170, 171, 201, 280 information, network, 49 structure of; capitalism, 38, 104, 108, 111, 123–4, 128 See also neo-capitalism, post-capitalism; communism, 11–14, 37, 89; primitive communism, 28, 38; slave society, 3, 38 Sondheim, Stephen, 83, 84, 205 Gypsy (1959), 84 Sunday in the Park with George (1984), 205 West Side Story (1957), 84 Space and time See Time and space Spectatorship, 18–19, 145–6, 162, 163 167, 168, 169, 174–7, 179–80 active, 175 horizon of expectation (Jauss), 177 horizon of participation (White), 177 invited, 177 passive, 167   309 Spectactor, 184n58 implicated spectaction (Lavender), 175, 177, 227 Sponsume, 274n76 Spotify, Squire Lane Theatrical / Baby Crow Productions, 259–62 Stakeholder, 137, 176 Summing See More than the sum of the parts Surfing (the web, internet), 122–4 Sustainability, 33, 35, 69, 80, 130, 160, 169, 171, 240, 262 Swarm, shoal, herd, flock, 19, 28, 82– 3, 107, 207, 213–32, 263, 265, 268 See also Flock; Metaphor behaviour, 213–32 as entity, 207, 215–16, 219–20, 224, 231–2 swarm intelligence, collective intelligence, 19, 104, 215, 217–22 Symbiosis, 78, 106, 161, 214 Synchrony, 71, 191, 194, 204, 214m 224 Syncopation, 67 Synergy, 44, 46, 59, 85, 199, 222, 282 Synthesis, 80, 85, 166, 224 T Taskrabbit, 126 Tapscott and Williams (Tapscott, Don and Williams, Anthony D.) See economic theory Taxation, 3, 45, 101, 102, 268 Team, 5, 16, 40, 46, 53n37, 58, 61, 70, 71, 72, 73, 76, 83, 84, 86, 142, 193–4, 217–18, 220, 242, 259, 260 TED talks, 198, 205 310  Index Theatre, 6, 7, 13, 15, 18, 20, 59, 61, 64, 70, 72–5, 83–4, 127, 130, 144–9, 161, 163–5, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172, 174, 175, 179, 183n41, 207, 239–40, 241–2, 244, 246, 248–62, 263–9, 270n15, 273–4n73, 274n76 See also Performance commercial, 128 documentary, 174 Edinburgh Festival See Edinburgh Festival Edinburgh Festival Fringe See Edinburgh Festival Fringe game theatre, 164, 167 headphone theatre, 144–5 immersive, 145, 155n56 interactive, 124 invisible, 178 participatory, 145, 148, 167 small-scale, 18, 20, 232, 248–62, 263–8, 268–9, 273–4n73, 274n76, 282 theatre-making, 59, 124–5, 143, 146, 148, 155n56, 172, 258–62, 281 Third sector, 128, 140 Thompson, Mark, 213–25, 230 House Divided, A (1989), 213–14 Immersion (1973–1976), 213, 230 Live-in Hive (1977), 213 Time and space, space and time, spacetime, 163, 180, 188–90, 200–4, 217, 231, 241–2, 281–2 Timebanking, 129, 150n18, 152n19 See also Crypto-currency Togetherness, affiliation, kinship, social harmony, 19, 46, 89n28, 122, 132, 160, 162–3, 171, 174, 189, 191–200, 202–7, 214, 216, 219, 223–4, 227–9, 240–1, 265–7, 271n30, 281 Transformation, 5, 41, 45, 58, 66, 73, 85–6, 104, 108, 126, 184n58, 196, 213–14, 216, 241–2, 243, 280 Trust, 69, 78–9, 130, 165–6, 193 Turner, Edith, 280–1 Turner, Victor, 280–1 Twitter, 249, 264–6 U Uber, 5, 82 Unexpected consequence, 169 Unity, 11, 14, 77–8, 112 Utopianism, 13, 30, 142 V Value, 4–7, 14, 20, 28, 29, 30, 31, 36, 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 58, 64, 73, 80, 104–6, 108, 110, 112, 126–7, 129–30, 138–41, 150–1n18, 152n19, 169, 178– 80, 188, 194, 199, 201, 206, 215, 222, 224, 232, 241, 261, 262, 269, 280, 282, 283 cultural, exchange, 36, 261 flow of, 176, 179–80, 283; centrifugal, 180; centripetal, 179–80 latent, 127 use, 40 Venture capitalist, 246, 271n30, 273n72 Verhoeven, Dries, 18, 161, 172–4, 178, 180 No Man’s Land (2008–2014), 18, 161, 172–4, 178 Voice, 10, 60–2, 64, 66, 69, 76–7, 99, 100, 112, 114, 138, 140, 174, 180, 187–9, 191–2, 197–8, 203, 206–7, 228, 260 Volunteering, 64, 125–6, 135–6, 225 Index W Wealth, 11, 32, 33, 35, 38, 42, 45, 48, 101, 104, 109–11, 115, 116, 245 Common Wealth See Hardt and Negri Wealth of Nations See economic theory Wealth of Networks See economic theory Web, concept of, 123–4, 203, 221, 227, 236n92, 282 Web (internet) See World Wide Web Web 2.0 See World Wide Web Welfare, 12, 29 Welfare State, 42–3 We-perspective, 17, 65–7, 166, 194, 199 Whitacre, Eric, 19, 180, 188, 190–2, 195–200, 201, 202–3, 205–6, 209n49, 281 Cloudburst (1995; 2013), 206 Fly to Paradise (2013), 191, 196, 200–2 Lux Aurumque (2000; 2010), 192, 195–6 Sleep (2000; 2011), 192, 196, 200 TED talks, 198, 205 virtual Choir, 19, 188, 190–2, 194–200, 202–3, 205–6, 281 Water Night (2012), 196, 200 Wiki, 18, 19, 46, 48, 53n37, 53n51, 121–5, 243 Wikinomics See economic theory Wikipedia, 5, 32–4, 46, 53n37, 243 Working together See Collaboration World Wide Web, internet, 5, 16, 18–19, 32, 37, 46–50, 70, 71, 80–2, 103, 121–4, 126–8, 130, 133, 164, 169, 188–9, 195–6, 198, 202, 207, 221, 242, 243, 244, 271n30, 281   311 Web 2.0, 46, 122, 243, 244, 265, 281 Wyer, Pete, 19, 180, 187–90, 202–5, 282 And Death Shall Have No Dominion (2014), 202–5 Four Bridges (2005), 189 Simultaneity Project, The (2004), 188, 202–4 Simultaneity projects (concept of), 19, 188–90, 202–4, 206 Time Structured Mapping, 19, 188–90 Traveller, There Are No Paths, Paths Are Made By Walking (2005), 189 vocamotive choir, 204 Y YouTube, 5, 47, 164, 169, 191, 195–6, 200, 202, 209n49, 209n54, 240 Z Žižek, Slavoj, 111 Zone, 74–5 of proximal development (JohnSteiner), 85 .. .Economies of Collaboration in Performance Karen Savage · Dominic Symonds Economies of Collaboration in Performance More than the Sum of the Parts Karen Savage University of Lincoln Lincoln,... and the other as painter, and then exploiting the unusual set-up of their work to stage critical discussions of the male gaze They certainly worked together and created something—a set of things—through... described the aims of each of these organisational strategies as the politics of communalism”: the furthering of the commons’ through a common decision-making”,38 though in preference to defining these