British Economic Growth, 1270–1870 This is a definitive new account of Britain’s economic evolution from a backwater of Europe in 1270 to the hub of the global economy in 1870 A team of leading economic historians reconstruct Britain’s national accounts for the first time right back into the thirteenth century to show what really happened quantitatively during the centuries leading up to the Industrial Revolution Contrary to traditional views of the earlier period as one of Malthusian stagnation, they reveal how the transition to modern economic growth built on the earlier foundations of a persistent upward trend in GDP per capita which doubled between 1270 and 1700 Featuring comprehensive estimates of population, land use, agricultural production, industrial and service-sector production and GDP per capita, as well as analysis of their implications, this will be an essential reference for anyone interested in British economic history and the origins of modern economic growth more generally stephen broadberry is Professor of Economic History at the London School of Economics, Research Theme Leader at CAGE and Director of the Economic History Programme at CEPR bruce m s campbell is Emeritus Professor of Medieval Economic History at the Queen’s University of Belfast alexander klein is an Assistant Professor at the School of Economics, University of Kent mark overton is Professor of Economic and Social History at the University of Exeter bas van leeuwen is a postdoc researcher in economic history at Utrecht University British Economic Growth, 1270–1870 stephen broadberry London School of Economics bruce m s campbell The Queen’s University of Belfast alexander klein University of Kent mark overton University of Exeter and bas van leeuwen Utrecht University University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107070783 © Stephen Broadberry, Bruce M S Campbell, Alexander Klein, Mark Overton and Bas van Leeuwen 2015 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2015 Printed in the United Kingdom by Clays, St Ives plc A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data British economic growth, 1270–1870 / Stephen Broadberry, London School of Economics and others pages cm ISBN 978-1-107-07078-3 (Hardback) – ISBN 978-1-107-67649-7 (Paperback) Great Britain – Economic conditions Economic history I Broadberry, S N., editor HC253.B85 2015 330.941–dc23 2014026528 ISBN 978-1-107-07078-3 Hardback ISBN 978-1-107-67649-7 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Contents List of tables List of figures xvi List of appendices xix Preface and acknowledgements xxi List of weights, measures and money page x xxix Prologue: Historical national income accounting xxxi part i measuring economic growth Population 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The building blocks of medieval population estimates 1.2.1 A benchmark for 1086 1.2.2 A benchmark for 1377 1.2.3 Population trends, 1086–1317 1.2.4 Population trends, 1300–1377 1.2.5 Population trends, 1377–1541 10 13 15 1.3 New population estimates, 1086–1541 1.4 The distribution of the population by county 20 22 1.5 English population, 1541–1700 28 1.6 British population, 1700–1870 1.7 Conclusions 30 31 Agricultural land use 46 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The potential agricultural area of England 46 47 2.3 Land use in the 1830s and 1871 51 v vi contents 2.4 Changing land use, from 1290 to the mid-nineteenth century 54 2.4.1 The effects of land drainage and reclamation 2.4.2 Conversion from tillage to permanent grass 2.4.3 Other changes of land use 55 57 64 2.5 Land use in 1290 2.6 Land use in 1086 and 1290 65 72 2.7 Arable land use, 1270–1871 73 Agricultural production 80 3.1 Introduction 80 3.2 Data sources 81 3.2.1 The late-medieval period, c.1250 to c.1500 3.2.2 The early modern period, c.1550 to c.1750 3.2.3 The modern period, c.1700 to c.1870 81 84 86 3.3 3.4 Arable farming in England, 1270–1870 3.3.1 Sown acreage by crop 3.3.2 Grain yields 3.3.3 Net output from arable farming Livestock farming in England, 1270–1870 3.4.1 Stocking densities and animal numbers 3.4.2 Proportions of animals producing specific products on an annual basis 3.4.3 Yields per animal of milk, meat and wool and 3.4.4 Livestock sector net output 107 Total agricultural output in England, 1270–1870 3.5.1 Agricultural output in constant prices 113 3.5.2 The changing shares of the livestock and arable sectors 3.5.3 114 Agricultural output during the statistical Dark Age, 1493–1553 3.6 100 108 110 113 outputs of hides and hay 3.5 87 87 90 97 99 Conclusions 120 124 contents Industrial and service-sector production 130 4.1 Introduction 130 4.2 Industrial output 130 137 144 150 155 159 4.3 4.4 4.2.1 Metals and mining 4.2.2 Textiles and leather 4.2.3 Other industries 4.2.4 Aggregate industrial production Service-sector output 4.3.1 Government services 4.3.2 Commercial and financial services 4.3.3 Housing and domestic services 4.3.4 Aggregate service-sector output Conclusions 162 165 174 175 177 GDP and GDP per head 187 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Sectoral shares of GDP 187 189 5.2.1 Sectoral price indices 5.2.2 Relative prices 5.2.3 Sectoral output shares 189 192 194 5.3 Real and nominal GDP 197 5.4 Population, real GDP and GDP per head 5.5 Conclusions 203 214 part ii analysing economic growth 245 Real wage rates and GDP per head 247 247 6.2 Income-based and output-based measures of GDP per head 250 6.1 6.3 Introduction 6.2.1 Alternative nominal-wage-rate series 6.2.2 Alternative aggregate price indices 252 255 Reconciling income-based and output-based measures of GDP per head 257 vii viii contents 6.3.1 Explaining divergences between real wage rates and GDP per head 6.4 6.3.2 Variations in labour supply per head 6.3.3 The representativeness of the wage-rate data Breaking out of the Malthusian interpretation of pre-industrial economic development 6.5 The Malthusian framework 6.4.2 The Smithian alternative Conclusions 266 266 270 276 279 7.1 279 280 7.3 7.4 Introduction Food consumption 7.2.1 The kilocalorie supply of foodstuffs 7.2.2 Trends in kilocalorie consumption per head 7.2.3 Alternative estimates of kilocalorie consumption 281 288 per head 292 Non-food consumption 295 296 297 7.3.1 Wealth per testator 7.3.2 Household goods Conclusions 302 The social distribution of income 307 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The dividing line between sufficiency and want 307 310 8.3 Social tables and the proportions of households living in poverty 314 Conclusions 328 Labour productivity 340 9.1 8.4 6.4.1 Consumption 7.2 260 263 265 9.2 Sectoral output shares 340 343 9.3 Sectoral labour-force shares 345 9.3.1 346 Introduction Late-medieval labour-force shares contents 9.4 Sectoral labour productivity 351 360 364 9.5 Conclusions 369 9.3.2 Labour-force shares 1688–1871 9.3.3 Long-run trends in labour-force shares 10 Britain in an international context 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Britain and the reversal of fortunes within Europe 10.3 Britain and the Great Divergence between Europe 10.4 Understanding Britain’s rise to global economic and Asia hegemony 10.5 Conclusions 11 Epilogue: British economic growth, 1270–1870 371 371 374 384 387 397 402 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Trends in population, GDP 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marriage, 390 agricultural demand function, 120–4 agricultural land area, 47 potential, 47–50 agricultural land use, 48 agricultural revolution, 114, 129 Allen, R C., 85, 103, 305, 309, 310–12, 323, 328, 331, 390, 393, 420 agricultural output from demand function, 120–4 real wage-series, 15, 254, 257, 258 Allen, R C and Weisdorf, J., 263, 264 Álvarez-Nogal, C., 374, 379 Amsterdam, 381 Angeles, L., 260–1 arable, 48 acreage, 70, 87–90, see also sown acreage by county, 67 acres per head, 68, 74 balance with pasture, 50, 62–4 output, 97–9, 114 and population density, 65–71 and population trends, 76–7 prices relative to livestock prices, 119 proportion of total area, 53, 68, 70 proportions by county, 51 back-projection, 28–9 barley, 94, 281, 283, 290, 294 acreage, 88, 89 kilocalories, 282 output, 98, 99 price share, 116 proportion brewed, 283 regional weights, 92 yields, 92, 95, 97 basket of consumables, 216, 310, 311, 329, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 421 beans and peas, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339 kilocalories, 282 yields, 95 Bedfordshire, 23, 25, 26, 51, 53, 58, 63, 66, 88, 101, 102 beef, 106, 108 kilocalories, 282 output, 112 price share, 117 yield per animal, 109 beer, 99, 132, 133, 134, 135, 152, 186, 295, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339 benches, 299 Berkshire, 23, 25, 26, 51, 57, 63, 66, 88, 102 Black Death, 14, 21, 191, 207, 281, 290 Blanchard, I S W., 4, 263, 264 blast furnaces, 140, 219, 389 books consumption, 300 output, 151 production, 154–5 Boserup, E., 128, 271–2 bread, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339 brewing, 98, 281, see also kilocalories, extraction rates brewing industry, 152 Broadberry, S N., 387, 390 Buckinghamshire, 23, 25, 26, 51, 57, 63, 66, 88, 102 building, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 152–4, 186 output, 138, 151 building workers, 15, 247, 254 butter, 284, 285, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339 kilocalories, 282 output, 285 by-employment, 345 calves, 106 Cambridgeshire, 23, 25, 26, 51, 53, 58, 63, 65, 66, 72, 88, 90, 101, 102 Cameron, R., 172 Campbell, B M S., 5, 9, 316 candles, 132, 133, 134, 135, 186, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339 Canterbury, 17 455 456 index carpets, 299 cattle, 103, 106, 107, see also livestock slaughter rate, 107 stocking density, 104 cauldrons, 299 chairs, 299 charcoal, 141, 142, 219, 223, 389 Chatham Hall (Essex), 13, 14 cheese, 284, 285, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339 kilocalories, 282 output, 285 Cheshire, 8, 11, 23, 25, 26, 51, 58, 63, 67, 72, 88, 101, 102 chests of drawers, 299 China, 385–7 GDP per head, 373, 375 church building, 153 Clark, G., 71, 85, 90, 248, 295, 341 GDP estimates, 250–7 prices index, 113, 254–7 real wage-series, 15, 254, 257 Clark, G and Werf, Y van der, 263, 264 clocks, 300 cloth, 105, 144, 146, 148, see also linen, cotton, wool exports, 165–6 clover, 50, 90, 129 coal, 132, 133, 134, 135, 137, 142–3, 185, 223, 225, 299 output, 138 as substitute for wood, 55 coffee, 287 coke smelting, 141, 219, 389 Colquhoun, Patrick, 325 commons, 48 consumer industries, 155 consumption, 414–19 food consumption, 280–95 non-food consumption, 295–302 cooking equipment, 299 copper, 132, 133, 134, 135, 139, 224 corn bounties, 62 Cornwall, 11, 22, 23, 25, 26, 51, 58, 63, 64, 67, 84, 85, 88, 101, 102, 137, 224, 296, 297, 298, 301, 305, 350, 419 Cornwall, J., 21–2 cotton, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 144, 190 cotton industry, 148–9 court cupboards, 299 Coventry, 349 Crafts, N F R., 121, 131, 174, 202, 340 Crafts, N F R and Harley, C K., 136, 160, 176, 199, 202, 204, 340 output estimates, 159 crop return, 1801, 73 crop yields, 95, 97, see also grain yields, individual crops Cumberland, 23, 25, 26, 51, 58, 63, 67, 72, 88, 101, 102 cushions, 299 dairy products, 285, see also butter, cheese, milk consumption per head, 293 dairying, 101 Darby, H C., 6, databases See Medieval Accounts Database, Early Modern Probate Inventories Database, Modern Farm Accounts Database days worked per year, 263–5, see also industrious revolution Deane, P and Cole, W A., xxi, xxxvi, 161, 174, 201, 202, 340 Derbyshire, 23, 25, 26, 51, 53, 57, 63, 66, 69, 72, 88, 101, 102 deserted medieval villages, 57–60 Devon, 11, 23, 25, 26, 51, 58, 62, 63, 67, 88, 101, 102, 137, 224, 284 diets, 288–92, see also basket of consumables Domesday Book and arable area, 72–3 and population, 6–8 social structure from, 315–16 Dorset, 11, 23, 25, 26, 51, 57, 62, 63, 66, 69, 88, 101, 102 double-counting, xxxiv dredge, 98 acreage, 88, 89 Durham, 8, 17, 23, 25, 26, 51, 57, 63, 64, 67, 71, 84, 85, 88, 101, 102, 142, 223 Early Modern Probate Inventories Database, 81, 84, 85–6 eggs, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339 Epstein, S R., 383, 392 Essex, 9, 11, 13, 14, 17, 23, 25, 26, 37, 51, 53, 56, 58, 64, 66, 88, 101, 102 European Marriage Pattern, 270, 389 European State Finance Database, 161 extensive economic growth, extraction rates See kilocalories extraction rates fallow, 74, 77–9 acreage, 89 fattening of cattle, 101 feather beds, 299 index 457 fens, 54, 55, 56 fish, 287 consumption per head, 293 Floud, R., 293, 331 Floud, R Wachter, K and Gregory, A., 294 flour milling, 152 food imports, 286–7, 289, 417 food industry, 150–2 food processing output, 151 foodstuffs output, 138 forest law, 48, 49 French Revolutionary War, 192, 202 fruit and vegetables consumption per head, 293 fuel, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339 furniture and furnishings, 299 GDP in Britain, Sweden, Low Countries, Germany, Spain and Italy, 423 Clark’s estimates, 250–7 Deane and Cole’s estimates, 201 deflator, 202 expenditure based, xxxiii income-based, xxxii–xxxiii, 250–66 Lindert and Williamson’s estimates, 201 long-term growth rates, 408–10 long-term trends, 403–8 Mayhew’s estimates, 201 nominal, 201, 202, 205 output approach, xxxiv–xxxvii per head, 203–14 long-term trends, 403–8 and population, 204, 409 pre-modern growth, 378 proxy measures, xxxv–xxxvii real, 197, 205, 226–44 per head, 204, 205, 206 per head and personal wealth, 297 per head in Britain and Holland, 380 per head in Spain and Italy, 378 and real wages, 253, 258, 414 sectoral shares, 189–97 Snooks’ estimates, 201 trends in nominal, 200–2 trends in real, 198–202 Gini coefficients, 308 glass bottles, 299 glass industry, 155 Gloucestershire, 23, 25, 26, 52, 57, 64, 66, 69, 88, 101, 102 grain consumption per head, 293 yields, 97, see also crop yields, individual crops grassland, 47, 48, 49 by region, 47 Great Divergence, 372, 384–7, 393 Great Famine, 21 Great Waltham, 13, 14 gross domestic product See GDP Gupta, B., 390 Hajnal, J., 389 Hallam, H E., 10–13 Hampshire, 23, 25, 26, 52, 57, 59, 64, 66, 88, 101, 102 Harley, C K., 131 Harvey, B., Harvey, S., Hatcher, J., 137, 224, 265–6 hay, 110, 115 output, 112 price share, 117 Hayami, A., 263, 390 Herefordshire, 23, 25, 26, 52, 58, 62, 63, 66, 88, 101, 102 Hertfordshire, 23, 25, 27, 52, 53, 57, 63, 66, 72, 84, 85, 88, 102, 296, 297, 305, 419 hides, 110 output, 112 price share, 117 High Easter (Essex), 13, 14 high farming, 51 histoire immobile, 247, 378 Hoffmann, W G., 130 output estimates, 159 Holland, 167, 168, 258–60, 308, 372, 374 comparison with Britain, 380–2 Hollingsworth, T H., 17, 18 horses, 54, 103, 111, 283 household income, 250 households, 313 Humphries, J., 355 Hundred Years War, 207 Huntingdonshire, 23, 25, 27, 52, 57, 63, 65, 66, 72, 88, 101, 102 income inequality, 308–9 long-term trends, 419–22 India, GDP per head, 373, 375 industrial output, 136 industrial revolution, 212, 213, 410 ‘industrious revolution’, 263–5, 390, 391, 415 institutional development, 167–8 intensive economic growth, involution, 391 458 index iron, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 140–2, 158, 159, 185, 219, 389 output, 138 Italy, 258–60, 377, 380 GDP per head, 373, 375 Japan, 384–5 GDP per head, 373, 375 Kent, 11, 23, 25, 27, 52, 56, 57, 63, 66, 84, 85, 88, 102, 296, 297, 298, 299, 301, 305, 419 kilocalories composition, 289 consumption per head, 288–95, 417 extraction rates, 281–5 in foodstuffs, 281–8 losses through food processing, 282 per unit of agricultural output, 282 storage losses, 282 King, Gregory, 321 knives and forks, 299 Komlos, J., 294 Kussmaul, A., 62–4 Kuznets, S., 3, 211, 212, 278, 307, 371 labour force output per worker, 344 participation rate See participation rate sectoral shares, 195, 196–7, 344, 345–64, 411 labour productivity by sector, 364–9 in agriculture, 411–12 labour supply per head, 263–5, see also ‘industrious revolution’ lamp oil, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339 Lancashire, 23, 25, 27, 52, 53, 56, 58, 63, 67, 72, 88, 101, 102, 147, 148, 149 land drainage, 54, 55, 56, see also soil underdrainage land reclamation, 54 lead, 140, 224 leather, 132, 133, 134, 135, 139, 186 leather industry, 149–50 output, 138, 146 Leeuwen, B van, 374 legumes, 114, 129 Leicestershire, 23, 25, 27, 52, 57, 60, 63, 64, 66, 69, 88, 101, 102 Lincolnshire, 23, 25, 27, 52, 56, 57, 63, 64, 65, 66, 84, 85, 88, 101, 102, 296, 297, 305, 419 Lindert, P H and Williamson, J G., 200, 201, 322, 326, 351 linen, 132, 133, 134, 135, 144, 146, 148, 149, 186, 298, 302, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 419 domestic consumption, 300 Little Divergence, 372, see also Reversal of Fortunes Little Ice Age, 55 livestock, 113 numbers, 106 output, 110–13, 114 prices relative to arable prices, 119 share of total agricultural output, 114–20 slaughter rates, 107–8 stocking densities, 100–7 working, 111, see also horses, oxen yields, 108–10 livestock farming, 99–113, 388–9, see also individual animal types London, 253, 271–2, 278, 370, 371, 406, 412–13 Maddison, A., xxxi, 371, 373 Malanima, P., 374 male replacement rates, 16–17, 18 malt, 99, 132, 133, 134, 135 Malthus, T R., 187 Malthusian model, 203, 206, 209, 212, 266–70, 277, 341 manorial accounts, 81–3 Margaret Roding (Essex), 13, 14 maslin acreage, 88, 89 Massie, Joseph, 324 Mayhew, N J., 173, 200, 201 meat, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339 consumption per head, 293 kilocalories, 280 Medieval Accounts Database, 81–3 metals and mining, 137–44 output, 138 Middlesex, 23, 25, 27, 52, 53, 58, 63, 66, 71, 72, 88, 102 Milanovic, B., 307–8, 315 milk, 106, 108, 109, 282, 284 kilocalories, 282 output, 112, 285 price share, 117 yield per animal, 109 mirrors, 300 mixed farming, 49, 50, 114, 119, 127, 389 modern economic growth, 211, 212, 214 Modern Farm Accounts Database, 81, 86–7 Monmouth, 56 moral restraint, 269 index 459 Muldrew, C., 294–5 kilocalorie estimates, 293 muster rolls, 349 mutton, 108 kilocalories, 282 output, 112 price share, 117 yield per animal, 109 napkins, 300 Napoleonic Wars, 192, 212 Netherlands, see also Holland GDP per head, 373, 375 Norfolk, 11, 17, 23, 25, 27, 52, 53, 56, 57, 64, 65, 66, 72, 84, 85, 88, 99, 101, 102 Northamptonshire, 23, 25, 27, 52, 57, 59, 63, 66, 69, 88, 102 Northumberland, 23, 25, 27, 52, 57, 59, 63, 67, 72, 88, 101, 102, 142, 223 Nottinghamshire, 23, 25, 27, 52, 57, 63, 64, 66, 69, 88, 101, 102 oats, 75, 94, 115, 283, 290, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339 acreage, 88, 89 consumption by horses, 284 as fodder, 96, 283, 284 kilocalories, 282 output, 98, 99 price share, 116 regional weights, 92 yields, 92, 95, 97 organic economy, 211 overseas trade, 170 Overton, M and Campbell, B M S., 71, 80 oxen, 54, 103, 106, 111, 129 Oxfordshire, 23, 25, 27, 52, 57, 60, 64, 66, 88, 102 paper, 186 participation rate, 348, 352, 360, 364, 390 pasture, 49 balance with arable, 50, 63 ploughing up, 54 peas, 333 personal wealth, 296–7, 306 Phelps Brown, H and Hopkins, S V., 248, 249, 254, 265 pictures, 300 pigs, 103, 106, 107, see also pork slaughter rate, 107 stocking density, 104 plates, 299 platters, 299 poll tax, 8–10, 346, 347 poor relief, 313 population, 226–44 and agricultural output, 125–7 and economic growth, 378, see also Malthusian model long-term growth rates, 408–10 long-term trends, 403–8 urban, 153 pork, 108 kilocalories, 282 output, 112 price share, 117 yield per animal, 109 Postan, M M., 4, 8–10 potatoes, 75, 90, 291 acreage, 89 kilocalories, 280, 282 output, 98, 99 price share, 116 yields, 97 pottery industry, 155 poultry, 287 poverty line, 309 Prados de la Escosura, L., 374, 379 press cupboards, 299 price revolution, 191, 202 prices, see also individual commodities agricultural, 189 data sources, 113, 218–26 indices, 189–94, 218–26, 256 industrial, 189 ratio agricultural to industrial, 193 ratio livestock to arable, 61 relative prices, 192–4 services, 189 printed books, 186 output, 138 printed matter, 132, 133, 134, 135, 154 probate inventories, 84–6, 296–302, 305, 419 yields from, 84–5 pulses, 94, see also beans, peas acreage, 89 as fodder, 96 output, 98, 99 price share, 116 regional weights, 92 yields, 97 real output, 226–44 real wages, 15, 60, 247–50, 254 in England, Spain, Holland and Tuscany, 259 rates, 252–5 460 index relative prices See prices, relative rent, 333 Reversal of Fortunes, 372, 374–83, 390, 393, 395, 424, 428 Asian, 372, 385, 428 Ricardo, D., 187 Russell, J C., 4, 6–10 Rutland, 11, 23, 25, 27, 52, 57, 59, 63, 66, 69, 88, 102, 349, 350 rye, 94, 98, 115, 290 acreage, 88, 89 kilocalories, 282 output, 98, 99 price share, 116 regional weights, 92 yields, 95, 97 saucepans, 299 seeding rates, 94 seigniorial sector comparison with non-seigniorial sector, 82–3, 90–1 service sector and population trends, 175–7 output, 161, 164 per head, 181 weights, 162 services commerce, 163 commercial, 165–72 domestic, 163, 164, 174 financial, 164, 171, 172–4 government, 162–3, 164 housing, 163, 164, 174–5 trade and transport, 164, 171 Shaw-Taylor, L., 341, 348, 351 sheep, 103, 105, 106, 107, see also mutton slaughter rate, 107 stocking density, 104 sheep-scab epizootic, 206 sheets, 300 shipbuilding, 185 Shropshire, 23, 25, 27, 52, 58, 63, 66, 88, 101, 102 silk, 132, 133, 134, 135, 146, 185 silver, 140, 224 Smith, Adam, 211, 271 Smith, R M., 4, 16 Smithian growth, 270–1, 272, 407 Snooks, G D., 200, 201 soap, 132, 133, 134, 135, 186, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339 social tables, see also Domesday Book, social structure from 1381, 320–1 Campbell 1290, 308, 316–20 Colquhoun 1801/03, 325–6, 327 King 1688, 308, 321–3 Massie 1760, 324–5 soil underdrainage, 56 Somerset, 11, 23, 25, 27, 52, 56, 58, 62, 63, 66, 69, 72, 88, 101, 102 sown acreage, 76, 89, 90 per head, 74 Spain, 258–60, 380 GDP per head, 373, 375 spirits, 286, 287 Staffordshire, 23, 25, 27, 52, 58, 62, 64, 67, 88, 101, 102 steam engine, 143, 223 structural economic change, 410–13 Suffolk, 11, 23, 25, 27, 52, 53, 56, 58, 62, 64, 65, 66, 72, 84, 85, 88, 101, 102, 349 sugar, 132, 133, 134, 286, 287 Surrey, 11, 23, 25, 27, 52, 58, 64, 66, 71, 88, 102 Sussex, 11, 23, 25, 27, 52, 57, 64, 66, 88, 102 tablecloths, 300 tables, 299 tea, 286, 287 tenants-in-chief, 7, 16, 17 textile industry, 144–9 output, 138, 146, 178 Thrupp, S L., 16–17 tillage See arable tin, 132, 133, 134, 135, 137, 158, 371 output, 137–40, 178, 224 tithe receipts, 76 tobacco, 132, 133, 134, 135, 186, 286, 287 towels, 300 trade internal, 168–72 international, 381–3 overseas, 165–72 trade route, 387–8 turnips, 90 Tuscany, 259 upholstered furniture, 299 urbanisation, 152, 412–13 rate, 153 ratio, xxxviii, 274, 278, 340, 342, 363, 402 value added, xxxiv, 136–7 veal, 108 output, 112 yield per animal, 109 index 461 velocity of monetary circulation, 172–3 Voth, H.-J., 263, 264 wages, 252–5, 311, see also real wages war, 165 Warwickshire, 24, 26, 27, 52, 57, 60, 63, 66, 88, 102 wealth, personal, 296–7, 419 weapons, 300 Westminster, 17 Westmorland, 24, 26, 27, 47, 52, 53, 58, 67, 69, 72, 88 wetland reclamation See land reclamation wheat, 91, 94, 97, 290 acreage, 88, 89 kilocalories, 282 output, 98, 99 price share, 116 regional weights, 92 yields, 95, 97 Williamson, T., 67 Wiltshire, 24, 26, 27, 52, 57, 59, 63, 64, 66, 69, 88, 102 Winchester, 17 window curtains, 300 wine, 286 woodland, 47, 48 wool, 108, 109, 146, 371 exports, 145–7, 165–6 output, 112 price share, 117 yield per animal, 109 woollen and worsted yarn and cloth, 133 woollen textiles, 145–8 location, 147 Worcestershire, 24, 26, 27, 52, 58, 62, 63, 66, 84, 85, 88, 102, 296, 297, 305, 419 work intensity, 414–19 Wrigley, E A., 55, 341, 345 Yorkshire, 24, 26, 27, 52, 53, 56, 57, 59, 63, 64, 66, 67, 72, 88, 101, 102, 147, 156 Zanden, J.-L van, 374 .. .British Economic Growth, 1270 1870 This is a definitive new account of Britain’s economic evolution from a backwater of Europe in 1270 to the hub of the global economy in 1870 A team... publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data British economic growth, 1270 1870 / Stephen Broadberry, London School of Economics and others pages... postdoc researcher in economic history at Utrecht University British Economic Growth, 1270 1870 stephen broadberry London School of Economics bruce m s campbell The Queen’s University of Belfast