HANDBOOK OF ALTERNATIVE THEORIES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Erik S Reinert, Jayati Ghosh and Rainer Kattel - 9781782544661 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 12:04:16PM via University College London REINERT_97817825444661_t.indb i 03/10/2016 11:36 Erik S Reinert, Jayati Ghosh and Rainer Kattel - 9781782544661 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 12:04:16PM via University College London REINERT_97817825444661_t.indb ii 03/10/2016 11:36 Handbook of Alternative Theories of Economic Development Edited by Erik S Reinert Professor of Technology Governance and Development Strategies, Talllinn University of Technology, Estonia and Head of The Other Canon Foundation, Norway Jayati Ghosh Professor, Centre for Economic Studies and Planning, Jawaharlal Nehru University, India Rainer Kattel Professor of Innovation Policy and Technology Governance, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia Cheltenham, UK • Northampton, MA, USA Erik S Reinert, Jayati Ghosh and Rainer Kattel - 9781782544661 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 12:04:16PM via University College London REINERT_97817825444661_t.indb iii 03/10/2016 11:36 © Erik S Reinert, Jayati Ghosh and Rainer Kattel 2016 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher Published by Edward Elgar Publishing Limited The Lypiatts 15 Lansdown Road Cheltenham Glos GL50 2JA UK Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc William Pratt House Dewey Court Northampton Massachusetts 01060 USA A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2016931786 This book is available electronically in the Economics subject collection DOI 10.4337/9781782544685 ISBN 978 78254 466 (cased) ISBN 978 78254 468 (eBook) Typeset by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire 01 Erik S Reinert, Jayati Ghosh and Rainer Kattel - 9781782544661 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 12:04:16PM via University College London REINERT_97817825444661_t.indb iv 03/10/2016 11:36 Contents List of contributors Introduction by Erik S Reinert, Jayati Ghosh and Rainer Kattel PART I viii xiii DEVELOPMENT THINKING ACROSS HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY Giovanni Botero (1588) and Antonio Serra (1613): Italy and the birth of development economics Erik S Reinert Economic emulation and the politics of international trade in early modern Europe Sophus A Reinert 42 Cameralism and the German tradition of development economics Erik S Reinert and Philipp R Rössner 63 Friedrich List: the international dynamics of mindpower Arno Mong Daastøl 87 Kathedersozialismus and the German Historical School Wolfgang Drechsler 109 Chinese development thinking Ting Xu 124 The economic cycle of Imperial China and its development Xuan Zhao 137 Islam and capitalism: military routs, not formal institutions Ali Kadri 161 Unity and diversity in the Ottoman school of national economy: a reappraisal of Ziya Gökalp and Ethem Nejat Eyüp Özveren, Mehmet Salih Erkek and Hüseyin Safa Ünal 10 Indian development thinking Goddanti Omkarnath 11 Latin American structuralism: the co-evolution of technology, structural change and economic growth Mario Cimoli and Gabriel Porcile 12 194 212 Revisiting the debate on national autonomous development in Africa Issa G Shivji 228 240 v Erik S Reinert, Jayati Ghosh and Rainer Kattel - 9781782544661 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 12:04:16PM via University College London REINERT_97817825444661_t.indb v 03/10/2016 11:36 vi Handbook of alternative theories of economic development 13 Development as the struggle for liberation from hegemonic structures of domination and control Yash Tandon 256 14 The League of Nations and alternative economic perspectives Carolyn N Biltoft 270 15 The Havana Charter: when state and market shake hands Jean-Christophe Graz 281 16 The UNCTAD system of political economy Ricardo Bielschowsky and Antonio Carlos Macedo e Silva 291 PART II APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING DEVELOPMENT 17 Marxist theory and the ‘underdeveloped economies’ Prabhat Patnaik 307 18 Economic development as an evolutionary process Richard R Nelson 323 19 Classical development economists of the mid-twentieth century Rainer Kattel, Jan A Kregel and Erik S Reinert 336 20 Development and régulation theory Robert Boyer 352 21 The dependency school and its aftermath: why Latin America’s critical thinking switched from one type of absolute certainties to another José Gabriel Palma 386 22 Feminist approaches to development Maria Sagrario Floro 416 23 Reading Freeman when ladders for development are gone Rodrigo Arocena and Judith Sutz 441 24 Albert O Hirschman Michele Alacevich 456 25 Michal Kalecki Jayati Ghosh 475 PART III 26 27 ISSUES IN DEVELOPMENT The agrarian question and trajectories of economic transformation: a perspective from the South Sam Moyo, Praveen Jha and Paris Yeros The effective demand approach to economic development Jan A Kregel 487 504 Erik S Reinert, Jayati Ghosh and Rainer Kattel - 9781782544661 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 12:04:16PM via University College London REINERT_97817825444661_t.indb vi 03/10/2016 11:36 Contents vii 28 Development planning C.P Chandrasekhar 519 29 The Nordic route to development Lars Mjøset 533 30 Competitiveness and development: a Schumpeterian approach Mehdi Shafaeddin 570 31 Innovation systems and development: history, theory and challenges Bengt-Åke Lundvall 594 32 Latecomer industrialization John A Mathews 613 33 The developmental state in the late twentieth century Elizabeth Thurbon and Linda Weiss 637 34 Development, ecology and the environment Edward B Barbier and Jacob P Hochard 651 35 Competition, competition policy, competitiveness, globalization and development Ajit Singh 666 Knowledge governance: intellectual property management for development and the public interest Leonardo Burlamaqui 689 Legal structures and economic development: towards an ideal economic analysis of a legal problem Jürgen G Backhaus 703 36 37 38 Deindustrialization and premature deindustrialization Fiona Tregenna 39 The post-Soviet industrial extinctions and the rise of jihadi terrorism in the North Caucasus Georgi Derluguian 729 Epilogue: the future of economic development between utopias and dystopias Erik S Reinert, Sylvi Endresen, Ioan Ianos, and Andrea Saltelli 738 40 Index 710 787 Erik S Reinert, Jayati Ghosh and Rainer Kattel - 9781782544661 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 12:04:16PM via University College London REINERT_97817825444661_t.indb vii 03/10/2016 11:36 Contributors Michele Alacevich is the Director of the Global Studies Program and Assistant Professor in the History Department of Loyola University, Maryland, USA Rodrigo Arocena is Full Professor of Science and Development in the Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de la República, Uruguay Jürgen G Backhaus holds the Krupp Chair in Public Finance and Fiscal Sociology at Erfurt University, Germany Edward B Barbier is the John S Bugas Professor of Economics, Department of Economics and Finance, University of Wyoming, USA Ricardo Bielschowsky is Professor of Economics at the Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Brazil Robert Boyer is Professor at Institut des Amériques, France Leonardo Burlamaqui is Associate Professor at the Department of Economic Evolution, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Research Scholar at the Levy Institute – Bard College, USA, and Adjunct Professor at the Graduate Program in Public Policies and Development Strategies at the Federal University at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Carolyn N Biltoft is an Assistant Professor in International History at the Graduate Institute for International and Development Studies in Geneva, Switzerland C.P Chandrasekhar is Professor of Economics at Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India Mario Cimoli is the Director of the Division of Production, Productivity and Management at the UN’s Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean and Professor of Economics at the University of Venice, Italy Arno Mong Daastøl runs a small consultancy, Innotrans, in economics and advanced transportation, based in Oslo, Norway Georgi Derluguian is Professor of Social Research and Public Policy at New York University Abu Dhabi Wolfgang Drechsler is Professor and Chair of Governance at the Ragnar Nurkse School of Innovation and Governance at Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia Sylvi Endresen is Associate Professor of Human Geography at the University of Oslo, Norway Mehmet Salih Erkek is Assistant Professor of History at Uşak University, Turkey Maria Sagrario Floro is Professor of Economics at American University in Washington, viii Erik S Reinert, Jayati Ghosh and Rainer Kattel - 9781782544661 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 12:04:16PM via University College London REINERT_97817825444661_t.indb viii 03/10/2016 11:36 Contributors ix DC and co-director of the Graduate Program on Gender Analysis in Economics (PGAE), USA Jayati Ghosh is Professor at the Centre for Economic Studies and Planning, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India She is also Executive Secretary of International Development Economics Associates Jean-Christophe Graz is Professor of International Relations at the Institut d’Études Politiques, Historiques et Internationales of the University of Lausanne, Switzerland Jacob P Hochard is an economics PhD candidate at the University of Wyoming, USA Ioan Ianos is Professor of Geography and Director of the Interdisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research on Territorial Dynamics at the University of Bucharest, Romania Praveen Jha is Professor of Economics with the Centre for Economic Studies and Planning (CESP), and concurrent faculty as well as Chairperson of the Centre for Informal Sector and Labour Studies (CISLS), School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India Ali Kadri is Senior Research Fellow at the National University of Singapore (NUS) Rainer Kattel is Professor and Chair of Innovation Policy and Technology Governance at the Ragnar Nurkse School of Innovation and Governance at Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia, and Visiting Scholar at the Earth Institute, Columbia University, USA Jan A Kregel is Director of Research at the Levy Institute and Head of its Monetary Policy and Financial Structure program, and Professor of Development Finance at the Ragnar Nurkse School of Innovation and Governance at Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia Bengt-Åke Lundvall is Professor of Economics at Department of Business and Management at Aalborg University, Denmark John A Mathews is Professor of Strategy at Macquarie Graduate School of Management, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia Lars Mjøset is Professor of Sociology and Director of the Oslo Summer School for Comparative Social Science Studies at the Social Science Faculty, University of Oslo, Norway Sam Moyo was a pioneer of the analysis of agrarian change and development in Africa Until his untimely death, he was Executive Director of the African Institute of Agrarian Studies (AIAS), based in Harare, Zimbabwe Richard R Nelson heads the Program on Science, Technology, and Global Development at the Earth Institute, and is George Blumenthal Professor Emeritus of International and Public Affairs, Business, and Law, both at Columbia University, NY, USA Goddanti Omkarnath is Professor at the School of Economics, University of Hyderabad, India Erik S Reinert, Jayati Ghosh and Rainer Kattel - 9781782544661 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 12:04:16PM via University College London REINERT_97817825444661_t.indb ix 03/10/2016 11:36 x Handbook of alternative theories of economic development Eyüp Özveren is Professor of Economics at the Middle East Technical University in Ankara, Turkey José Gabriel Palma is Senior Lecturer Emeritus at the Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge, UK, and Professor of Economics at the University of Santiago, Chile (USACH) Prabhat Patnaik is Emeritus Professor of Economics at Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India Gabriel Porcile is Economic Affairs Officer of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Professor of Economics at the Federal University of Paraná, Brazil, and Researcher of CNPq, Brazil Erik S Reinert is Professor of Development Strategies at Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia and heads The Other Canon Foundation in Norway Sophus A Reinert is Marvin Bower Associate Professor of Business Administration in the Business, Government and the International Economy Unit at Harvard Business School, USA Philipp R Rössner is Lecturer in Early Modern History, University of Manchester, UK Andrea Saltelli is Researcher at the European Centre for Governance in Complexity, Barcelona, Spain Mehdi Shafaeddin is a freelance consultant to international development organizations, based in Mies, Switzerland Antonio Carlos Macedo e Silva is faculty member at the University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil Ajit Singh was a prolific and influential economist who taught and researched at the University of Cambridge, UK, until his death in 2015 Issa G Shivji is Director of Nyerere Resource Centre and Emeritus Professor of Law at the University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Judith Sutz is Full Professor at the Universidad de la República, Uruguay Yash Tandon is from Uganda and has worked at many different levels as an academic, a teacher, a political thinker, a rural development worker, a civil society activist, and an institution builder Elizabeth Thurbon is a Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the School of Social Sciences, UNSW, Australia Fiona Tregenna holds the South African Research Chair in Industrial Development and is a Professor in the Department of Economics and Econometrics at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa Hüseyin Safa Ünal is a PhD student in economics at University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Erik S Reinert, Jayati Ghosh and Rainer Kattel - 9781782544661 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 12:04:16PM via University College London REINERT_97817825444661_t.indb x 03/10/2016 11:36 798 Handbook of alternative theories of economic development import substitution industrialization (ISI) 369, 377–8, 395, 400–401, 510 in India 213, 218–25 Kalecki on 475, 479 latecomer see latecomer industrialization in Latin America 284–5, 357, 391–2, 394, 396, 400 newly industrialized countries 582, 622, 629, 679 and the Nordic model 534, 538, 542–3, 546 and the Ottoman school 201–2, 209 and UNCTAD system 293–4, 299 inflation 243, 300, 313, 316–17, 319–20, 345, 389, 390n5, 420n2, 478–81, 560, 586, 745, 751, 780 information and communication technology (ICT) 339, 445, 535, 565, 644 information asymmetries 181, 262, 674 information feudalism 694, 699 infrastructure 479, 596, 779 and competition 672, 684–5 and competitiveness 579–80, 582, 585–6 and development planning 521, 523, 527 and national innovation systems 594 and the Nordic model 546, 558–9 Ingushetia 730 inheritance 185 Innis, Harold xxi, 769 innovation 9–10, 26–7, 95, 101, 126, 186, 213, 228–9, 234–5, 313, 325–6, 329–30, 345, 348, 399, 477, 628, 755, 761, 770, 781 and competitiveness 573, 575, 577, 588–9 and Islam 174 and knowledge governance 689, 692–3, 695–7, 699 national systems see national innovation systems paradoxes 594 and régulation theory 360, 362–3, 365, 367, 377 role of in Freeman 441, 444–6, 448, 452–4 Institute for International Assistance and Solidarity (IFIAS) 595 institutionalism 348, 354, 362, 420, 434, 533–4, 536, 709 institutionalization 48–9, 49n18, 50, 100, 223, 360–61, 365–8, 370–71, 375–6, 378–81, 417, 731 insurance 6, 81, 523, 547–8, 550, 554, 558, 560–61, 658 intellectual production 295–8 intellectual property rights 263–4, 332, 571, 576, 585, 628, 689–700 see also knowledge governance Intelligenzblätter 74 interest rates 65, 158, 164, 186, 189, 299n6, 300, 342, 476, 511, 513–15, 528 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 566, 615 International Competition Authority (ICA) 684–6 International Development Economics Associates (IDEAS) 498 international financial institutions (IFIs) 572, 588, 590, 721 International Labour Organization (ILO) 712n4 International Medicinal Products AntiCounterfeit Taskforce (IMPACT) 264 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 224, 243, 266, 281–2, 301, 343, 358, 428, 480n1, 571, 618–19, 678 International Trade Organization (ITO) 281, 281n1, 282–6, 288, 295 internationalization 368, 381, 396, 562 Intifada 256, 265, 267 invisible hand 410 Iraq 8, 175–7, 183, 190, 730, 773–4 Ireland 266, 606, 644, 751 irrigation 135, 140, 167, 171, 219, 243, 317–18, 467, 479, 519, 530, 658, 780 Islam 91, 161–2, 189–91, 202–3, 729–32, 735, 742, 752 development in context 162–5 development in the ancient Mashriq 165–6 and the East 170–71 equality in 166–9 expansion by economic zeal 169–70 infanticide of early Islamic development 178–80 involution and the Asiatic way of life 171–5 a not so stagnant world 175–8 thingified institutions 180–89 Isola, Francesco 47 Israel 182, 266n13, 581 Istria 273 Italy 10–12, 16, 20–23, 25–6, 42–3, 47, 49–50, 200, 273–5, 456–7, 581, 606, 745, 775, 780 and birth of capitalism 6–8 and cameralism 64–5, 70–71, 74–5, 77 city-states 6–7, 13–14, 43–4, 49, 176, 188, 772, 775–6, 781 Jackson, Cecile 416 Jacobs, Jane xxx Jaffe, Adam B 695, 698 Jameel Poverty Action Lab (MIT) xxix Japan 63–4, 82, 103–4, 133n31, 262, 273–4, 299, 308, 330–31, 403, 516, 566, 595, 752 Erik S Reinert, Jayati Ghosh and Rainer Kattel - 9781782544661 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 12:04:16PM via University College London REINERT_97817825444661_t.indb 798 03/10/2016 11:37 Index and competition 572–3, 581, 668, 674, 676–7, 679–81, 684, 686 and the developmental state 637–40, 642, 645–8 and industrialization 613–14, 616–18, 620, 622, 624n27, 625, 627, 629–30, 632 and the Ottoman school 198, 208 jati system see caste system Java 187 Jealousy of trade 42–3, 54 Jensen, Morten B 604 Jerome, St Jesuits 16, 21, 56, 126–7, 132 Jews xiv, xxx, 185, 388, 456–7, 474n43 jihadi terrorism 729–36 jingoism 271 jingshi zhiyong 134–5 Johansson, Egil 539 Johnson, Bjørn 601 Johnson, Chalmers 620–22, 629, 637–8, 645–6 MITI and the Japanese Miracle 637–8 Jones, Eric 126 Jordan 673 Jorio, Michele de 45, 54 Joshi, Ganesh V 219 journals 74, 81, 87, 195, 197, 201–3, 206–7, 334, 489n1, 490n2, 769 Junker capitalism see landlord capitalism Junker path 497–8 Justi, Johann Heinrich Gottlob von 66, 68, 74–6 Factories and Manufacturers 75 Justinian 46 Kabardino-Balkaria 730 Kaldor, Nicholas xxx, 30, 34, 233, 292, 300n8, 399, 515, 573, 614, 623–7, 679, 724–6 Kaldor paradox 573 Kaldor’s laws 623–5 Kalecki, Michal xxix, 224, 317, 475–84, 521–2, 530, 573–4, 586–7, 745 ‘The Political Aspect of Full Employment’ 477 Kaleckianism 228–30, 237, 292, 300n8 approach to competitiveness 586–7 Kambhampati, U.S 673 Kant, Immanuel 56, 79, 113–14, 271, 758 Kaplan, Steven L 55 Kathedersozialisten 79–80, 109–10, 109n1, 110n2, 111–13, 117–18, 120–21 Kattel, Rainer 109, 110n2, 113n8, 718–19, 721 Kaufmann, Moritz 738 Kautilya 213–15 Kautsky, Karl 488, 492 Keller, Mathew 690 799 Kemal, Kara 202 Kemal, Yusuf 196 Kenya 241, 247, 261, 269, 654, 712 Kepler, Johannes 10 Keynes, John Maynard 21, 220, 224–5, 237, 258, 258n6, 273–4, 301, 309, 319, 347, 386, 402, 408–10, 475–6, 514–15, 740, 749, 767, 771, 777–9 General Theory 475, 505, 508 as guide to post-war development economics 505–6, 508–10 How to Pay for the War 505 ‘National Self-Sufficiency’ 777–8 Keynesianism 73, 220, 228–30, 237, 275, 282, 292, 295, 301, 345, 372, 379–80, 390n5, 401, 407, 409–10, 420n2, 423, 475, 507, 509, 512, 515, 554 kharaj 167 killer apps (Fergusson’s and Reinert’s) 773–7 Killick, Tony 469 King’s Mirror see Fürstenspiegel Kissinger, Henry 182 Klare, Michael T 33 Knapp, Georg F 514 Knies, Karl 78–9, 115, 118 Die politische Oekonomie vom geschichtlichen Standpunkte 110 Knight, Frank 325, 470 knowledge governance 689–700 see also intellectual property rights Kondratiev, Nicolai xivn2 Korea 6, 103–4, 299, 330–31, 346, 410, 516, 527 and competition 668–9, 673, 675–7, 679–81 and the developmental state 638–46, 648 and industrialization 614, 616, 618, 620–22, 624n27, 625, 627, 629–32 Krugman, Paul xviii–xix, xxi, xxiv, 30–33, 258n6, 339–40, 344, 442–3, 459, 461, 667, 678, 717–18, 746 Kucera, David 717–18 Kuznets, Simon xxii, 307 Kyrgyzstan 734 labor mobility 70, 276, 729, 761–2 labor parties 553–4, 556, 560–61 labor productivity 27n51, 315, 319–21, 392, 400, 482, 571, 623–4, 626n33, 630n42, 719, 758, 760–65 La Court, Johan de 45 La Court, Pieter de xv ladders for development 441–3 Lafayette 87 Laffemas, Barthélémy de 49 Laffont, Jean-Jacques 675, 677 Erik S Reinert, Jayati Ghosh and Rainer Kattel - 9781782544661 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 12:04:16PM via University College London REINERT_97817825444661_t.indb 799 03/10/2016 11:37 800 Handbook of alternative theories of economic development laissez-faire economics 76, 78–80, 118, 120, 149–52, 194, 271, 283, 299, 348, 409, 475, 745 Lall, Sanjaya 618, 628 Lamy, Pascal 281–2 land grabs 491, 494, 498 land reforms 104, 168, 223, 249, 265n12, 312–14, 464, 479, 483, 489, 489n1, 496–9, 646, 763 Landes, David xiii, xxii, 691n5, 694n12, 771–2 landlord capitalism 311–13 landlords 132n29, 141–8, 151–2, 155, 158, 219, 311–14, 479, 483, 493, 497, 698, 766 Lanteri, Giacomo 43–4 Laos 653–4 Lassalle, Ferdinand 112–13 latecomer industrialization 613–22, 685 and the developmental state 629–30, 639–44 developmentalism and developmental state 629–30 greening of development strategy 630–33 manufacturing as the engine of development 622–6 strategic factors in 626–9 Latin America 6n8, 242, 254, 265, 269, 284, 287, 311, 336–8, 345–7, 347n16, 409–13, 448, 463–4, 512, 633, 721, 741, 747 see also individual countries and the agrarian question 497, 499 approach to demand 507–10 critical tradition in political economy 386–8 and the developmental state 640, 644 downfall of critical thinking 397–402 and environmental issues 653, 656 and feminism 425, 428–30 Hirschman on 464–7, 472 and régulation theory 352–3, 357, 362, 366, 368–9, 377, 379–82 structuralism 228–37, 340n3, 378–80, 388–97, 401–2, 441–2, 479–80, 507–10 switching forms of absolute belief 402–9 and UNCTAD system 291, 296, 299 Latin American Council for the Social Sciences (CLASCO) 498 Latini, Brunetto 775 Lawson, Tony 406–7 Lazonick, W 573, 589 League of Nations 270–79, 343 least-developed countries (LDCs) 263, 297, 471n18, 587, 590–91, 649 Lee, Keun 628–30 Lee Kuan Yew 743 legal structures 703–9 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von 10, 67–9, 71, 78, 80 Lend-Lease policy 282 Lenin, Vladimir 31, 311–13, 398, 488, 492, 497, 733, 745, 750 Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution 745 Leonardo da Vinci 14 Lerner, Abba P 514 Lerner, Josh 695, 698 Levenstein, Margaret 684 Lewis, Bernard 161 Lewis, W Arthur xiv, xxxiii, 220, 231, 277, 340, 470, 489, 507, 519, 522–6, 528, 531, 619 Lewis dualism model 418 lex talionis 166 Lexis, Wilhelm 117, 121 liberal capitalism 271–2, 536, 564–5 liberal democracy 111, 213, 222, 253 liberalism 52, 55, 77, 81, 94, 104, 111, 167n6, 194, 270–73, 286, 288, 409, 426, 544, 742 see also Manchester liberalism embedded 556–7, 565–6 liberalization 244, 271, 301, 345, 357, 369, 380, 420, 428, 430, 477, 497, 511, 516, 556, 666, 677, 713, 722, 724, 748, 763 trade liberalization 180, 278, 284, 299–300, 557, 571–2, 586–8, 719–21, 726 Liberia 711–12 liberty 45–9, 51–4, 92, 113, 115, 272 individual 53, 66, 94 Libya 273 life expectancy 244, 549 Limits to Growth 25, 33 Lin, Justin Yifu, xix, Lincoln, Abraham 83, 336 Lindblom, Charles E 466 List, Friedrich xxv, xxxii, 3, 20, 52, 64, 68, 75, 77–8, 83, 110, 115, 194–5, 213n6, 292, 349, 447–8, 566, 573, 589, 595–7, 601, 608, 646 criticism of materialism 88–90 implications 104–5 inspiration 87–8 legacy (as transmitted by Gökalp) 101–4, 199–202 life of 87 National System of Political Economy, The 75, 194, 197, 202, 206, 208–10 pragmatic protection and nurture 95–7 productive forces 90–93 regulation and politics 94–5 sovereignty and international power 97–100 literacy 244, 355, 433–4, 531, 539, 541–3, 545, 563–4, 689 Little, Ian M.D 469–70 Liu, James T.C 129 Erik S Reinert, Jayati Ghosh and Rainer Kattel - 9781782544661 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 12:04:16PM via University College London REINERT_97817825444661_t.indb 800 03/10/2016 11:37 Index living standards 182, 278, 341, 519, 560, 562, 571, 576, 588, 639, 641, 675, 678 Livy 46 local value chains 265 Locke, John 67 London School of Economics 456, 768 López-Feldman, A 657 Lorenz, Edward 605 Lorenzo il Magnifico 14 Louis XIV (France) 42, 69 Louis XVI (France) 55 Lowe, Adolph 525 Loyd, Henry 53 Lü Zuqian 134 Lucretius 13 Lula da Silva, Luiz Inácio 407–8, 411, 412n27 Lumpenproletariat 493 Lumumba, Patrice 241 Lundvall, Bengt-Åke 448, 594, 596n5, 599, 601 Luther, Martin 11, 751 Lutsky, Vladimir B 180 Luxemburg 581, 606 Luxemburg, Rosa 258, 311 MacDonald, Martha 419 Machiavelli, Niccolò 43, 46, 51 Art of War, The 54 Machlup, Fritz 101 Mackinder, Halford 102 Madagascar 661, 712 Mafeje, Archie 495 Magdoff, Harry 319 Magnusson, Lars 64n6, 73 Mahalanobis, Prasanta Chandra 222, 224 and development planning 519, 524, 528–30 Mahbubani, Kishore 743–5 maize 730–31 Malawi 657, 660, 712 Malaysia 398, 581, 619, 629, 670, 673 Maliki School 186 Malinowski, Wladek 293 Malta 196 Malthus, Thomas xxxi, 4, 33, 88–9, 118, 756 Malthusianism 32, 48, 355, 719, 752, 756 Malynes, Gerard de 20 Mamdani, Mahmood 268 Manchester capitalism 566 Manchester liberalism 742, 745–8, 751n28 see also neoliberalism Manchester School 201–2 Manchuria 104 Mandeville, Bernard 775 Mann, Michael 444 Manoilescu, Mikhail 275–8 manufacturing 5n8, 6n10, 20, 23–8, 29n52, 801 34–6, 49–52, 54, 89, 93, 98–9, 178, 274, 333, 364, 392, 515–16, 541, 587n6, 604, 749, 756, 763, 772, 776–7, 780 in Africa 243, 260, 263 and cameralism 66, 70, 73, 75–8 and Chinese development thinking 140, 142, 151–2, 158 and competition 574, 583, 681 cycle of crisis in 142–51 and deindustrialization 710–26 and demand-side approach 506–10 and development planning 526, 528–9 and knowledge governance 692, 696 and latecomer industrialization 614–15, 615n9, 617, 619, 621–6, 628, 631–3 in Latin America 395, 400n12 and the Ottoman school 200, 208 and supply-side approach 513–14 Mao Zedong 257–8, 308, 492–3, 617 Marglin, Steven 469–70 Mariátegui, José Carlos 388 market failure 69, 282, 323, 326, 356, 420n2, 572, 582, 603 Markusen, Ann 425 marriage 538–9 Marshall, Alfred 4, 31–2, 759, 772 Principles of Economics 4, 24 Marshall, George 3–4, 83 Marshall Plan xxv, 3–4, 28, 83, 285, 336, 340, 457, 557, 721–722, 752, 754, 758, 771, see also Morgenthau Plan Marwan, Abd al-Malik bin 169–70 Marx, Karl xxv, xxxiii, 65, 68, 101–2, 112, 173, 177–8, 189, 224, 256, 256n1, 257–8, 316, 336, 364, 398, 402, 444–5, 447, 472n20, 475, 492, 499–500, 597, 747, 749, 752, 760, 779 Communist Manifesto 4, 79, 308 Das Kapital 597, 744 Marxism 94, 120, 217, 217n18, 258, 268, 393, 401, 476, 733, 744–5 in Africa 241–2, 251 and the agrarian question 487–9, 489n1, 490–91 and deindustrialization 724 in the era of neoliberalism 316–22 and feminism 420, 423, 426, 428 and the genesis of underdevelopment 307–11 and Islam 171, 177, 181 post-decolonization trajectory of development 311–15 Mashriq 165–6 mass production 81, 534, 551, 583, 757 see also Fordism mass unemployment 273, 317, 322, 557 Erik S Reinert, Jayati Ghosh and Rainer Kattel - 9781782544661 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 12:04:16PM via University College London REINERT_97817825444661_t.indb 801 03/10/2016 11:37 802 Handbook of alternative theories of economic development Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 33, 222, 330, 451, 463, 620 materialism 88–90, 88n2, 101, 104, 186–7 maternity leave 562 Mathews, John 33 Mathur, Purushottam N 224 Mattei, Lauro 496 Matthaei, Julie 425 Mauryan Empire 213, 215, 215n16, 216 Mazzini, Giuseppe 54 McAfee, Andrew 748 McCarthyism 752 McEwan, Cheryl 416 McIlwaine, Cathy 416 McKinnon, Ronald 511 Meade, James 273, 283 Mecca 186 Medici, Cosimo de 10 Meiji Restoration 104 Meinecke, Friedrich 16 Mencius 137, 140 Mendoza, Ronald U 669 Menger, Karl xix, 68, 81–2 mercantilism 8, 13, 15–16, 23, 35, 42, 52–3, 76–7, 83, 88, 90, 94–5, 98, 100, 104, 282, 288–9, 504, 535, 703 mergers and acquisitions 582, 627, 668, 668n3, 669, 684–5 meritocracy 129, 563, 743 Merton, Robert K 461 Mesut Köy project 203–6 Methodenstreit 81–2 Mexico 5n8, 299–300, 398, 512–13, 516, 581, 719 and competition 673, 675–6 and environmental issues 654, 657, 659, 661 and régulation theory 352, 368, 377, 381 Meyen, Johan Jacob 336, 773 Meynes, Peter 268 Microsoft 27, 32, 693, 694n12, 697n16 migration 4, 24, 28, 242, 247, 256, 266, 276, 310, 430, 447, 681, 729, 740–41, 752, 759, 779 see also refugees Milberg, William 717–18 militarism 490–91, 494, 555 Mill, John Stuart 4, 52, 82, 186, 271, 447, 777 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) xxvi, xxviii, 260, 531, 565 see also welfare colonialism and welfarism Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 651 Mills, David 429 mining 27, 103, 153, 157, 220, 240, 262, 288, 311, 496, 540, 581, 758–9 see also extractive industries Minsky, Hyman P xxi, 513–14 Mirowski, Philip 769 Mirrlees, James A 469–70 Misselden, Edward 16, 20–21 Mitchell, Wesley Clair xxv Mkapa, Benjamin 245 modernization 104, 175, 178–9, 202, 222, 242, 245, 247, 310, 331, 352, 354, 368, 377, 391–2, 395, 403, 424–5, 457, 463, 563, 631n46, 719, 730, 760–66 Moghadam, Valentine 416 Mohammad Ali of Egypt 180–81 Mokyr, Joel 124–6, 128, 131 Enlightened Economy, The 125 monetarism 89, 258 Mongol invasions 175–8, 188–9 Mongolia 721 monoeconomics 471 monopolies 30, 52–3, 70, 94, 97, 149–51, 258, 273, 275, 317, 377, 393–4, 476, 553, 575, 735, 742 and the agrarian question 487, 489–90, 493–5, 497, 499–501 and competition 668–9, 674, 684 and knowledge governance 690–92, 694, 696–700 Montaigne, Michel de Montesquieu 76, 119, 336, 751, 776 Moore, Barrington 312 morality 68, 72n28, 89, 91, 104, 119, 129–30, 134, 177, 214–15, 250, 406, 494 morbidity 531 Morgenthau, Henry 82 Morgenthau Plan 3, 29, 82–3, 721–722, 753 see also Marshall Plan Morocco 732 mortality 531, 729 Moses the Lawgiver 46 most-favoured nation clause/status 273, 286, 669, 677, 682 Mozambique 658 Mroueh, Hussein 162 Mugabe, Robert 265 Mughal Empire 213, 215–17 Muhammad, Prophet 161, 166–7, 169, 175, 186, 731–2 multifibre agreements 297 Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) 682 multinational corporations 396, 666, 669, 682–6 Mun, Thomas xv, 50 Münchau, Wolfgang 747 Murmann, Peter 328 Mwalimu see Nyerere, Julius Mwanza Textile Mill 248 Erik S Reinert, Jayati Ghosh and Rainer Kattel - 9781782544661 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 12:04:16PM via University College London REINERT_97817825444661_t.indb 802 03/10/2016 11:37 Index Myrdal, Gunnar xvii, xxxiii, 31, 36, 277, 340–41, 344, 507–8, 515, 607, 764 Naastepad, C.W.M 626 Nabudere, Dani 256–8, 269 Political Economy of Imperialism, The 257–8 Rise and Fall of Money Capital 258 Najemy, John 776 Nakayama, Shigeru 129 Nakbah 256, 266–7, 266n13 Nakhimovsky, Isaac 758 Naoroji, Dadabhai 218 Naples 22–3, 24n46, 26, 42, 47, 50, 74, 117, 200 Napoleon 56, 77, 87–8, 99 Napoleonic Wars 6, 80, 535, 540–42, 563 National Agriculture and Food Corporation (NAFCO) 249 national autonomous development (NAD) 245–53 National Economy, Ottoman school of 194–5, 197, 199, 201–2, 206, 209 national income 220, 339, 374, 390, 410, 476, 480, 519, 521–2 national innovation systems 594, 609 as analytical focusing device 600–603 challenges for research 603–9 history of 595–600 national question 493, 495 National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) 224 National System of Innovation (NSI) 229, 233–4, 236–7 nationalism 11, 43, 43n2, 102–4, 170n7, 195–6, 203, 241–2, 245, 253–4, 544, 551, 734–5, 741, 745 economic 54, 194, 202, 217–19, 274, 284 national liberation 162, 196, 199, 241, 244, 269, 489, 491–3 nation-building 241, 497, 534, 539 natural disasters 176, 217 natural resources 16, 23, 93, 182, 200–201, 209, 212, 229, 256n1, 403, 405, 457, 487–8, 493–4, 523, 575 natural science 116, 127, 545–6, 604, 769 natural selection 406–7 Naturrecht 67 Nazism 82, 388 Necker, Jacques 55 Needham, Joseph 124–6 Nelson, Horatio 48 Nelson, Julie 419 Nelson, Richard xxiv–xxv, 323n1, 329–30, 333, 348n17, 595, 598n9, 599–600, 609, 690, 758 803 neoclassical economics 4, 8, 21, 23–4, 31, 35, 212n1, 258, 292, 323, 329–30, 334, 389, 420, 511, 646, 740–42, 755–7, 759, 781 and competition 666, 678, 680–81 and competitiveness 572, 576–7, 580, 590 and deindustrialization 718 and demand-side approach 506, 509 difference to evolutionary economic theory 323–6 and Islam 181–2 and latecomer industrialization 618, 624 and national innovation systems 599, 601–2 and régulation theory 352–3, 367 neocolonialism 256 neo-Confucianism 129–30, 133 neo-Keynesianism 258n6, 259, 265 neoliberalism 213, 386, 407, 745–8, 780–81 see also Manchester liberalism in Africa 243–5, 250, 253–4, 266 and the agrarian question 489–91, 496–7 and competitiveness 570–71, 584–5 and development planning 524, 531 and feminism 428, 430 and Islam 163, 167n6 in Latin America 386, 399, 402, 404, 406–10, 412 and Marxism 307, 316–22 and UNCTAD system 290, 292, 295–8, 301 Nepal 495, 658–9 nepotism 243, 346, 347n16 Netherlands 21–2, 24, 56, 63, 70, 72, 99, 176, 188, 581, 603, 605–6, 749 Neumann, Michael 161 New Deal 284, 457, 507 new developmentalism 515–16 New Institutional Economics (NIE) 180–84 New International Economic Order 295 New School movement 203 New Zealand 6, 284, 551 newly industrialized countries 582, 622, 629, 679 Newton, Isaac 10 Nickell, Stephen 718 Nicolas of Cusa xxii–xiii, 10, 13 Nietzsche, Friedrich 56, 67–8, 79 Nigeria 352 Nisbet, Robert 760–61 Nkrumah, Kwame 241 nominalism 88–90, 88n4 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) 221, 250, 254, 424, 431 see also individual organizations nongshu 132 Norberg, Kathryn 416 Nordic Council 533, 563 Erik S Reinert, Jayati Ghosh and Rainer Kattel - 9781782544661 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 12:04:16PM via University College London REINERT_97817825444661_t.indb 803 03/10/2016 11:37 804 Handbook of alternative theories of economic development Nordic model 533, 563–6 1780s–1830s 541–3 1830s–1870s 543–5 1870–1910s 545–50 1910s–1940s 550–56 1940s–1970s 556–63 layering of institutions in 533–7 preconditions 537–41 North, Douglas xxv North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 190, 285, 556 Norway 15, 50, 262, 533, 539–57, 559, 561–5, 581, 763, 776–7 see also Nordic model Noueihid, W 168 Nurkse, Ragnar xxxiii, 273, 275, 277–8, 314, 339–44, 346, 349, 458–9, 461, 506, 514 Nussbaum, Martha 433 Nyerere, Julius 240, 250–53, 251n2, 256–7, 269 Obote, Milton 265, 269 occupation movement 267 Odagiri, Hiro 690 Ogus, Anthony I 709 Ohlin, Bertil 273–8 Course and Phases of the World Economic Depression 275 Interregional and International Trade 275 Ohmae, Kenichi xxxi oikonomics 65 oil crises 224, 243, 286, 512, 678, 780 old-age pensions see pensions oligopolies 30, 377, 393–4, 476 Oliveira, Francisco de 406, 408, 412 Olson, Mancur 466, 747 Oman 187 openness 167, 328, 344, 364, 365, 373, 534–5, 557, 644, 680–81, 754, 756 opium 308 Oresme, Nicolaus 24, 72, 749, 751 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 285, 343, 352, 405, 570–71, 575–6, 595, 599, 603, 677, 680, 682, 713–14, 718, 758 Frascati Manual 449 Organisation for European Economic Cooperation 285 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 512 Orientalism 177–8 Ortega y Gasset, José 387–8, 411 Ortiz, Fernando 72 Ortiz, Luis 49 Oslo school 554 Other Canon, The xviii, xxii, 6, 8, 82, 623n22, 780 Ottoman Empire 53, 175, 177–80, 182, 194–203, 206–9 see also Turkey agriculture in 198, 201, 203–4, 206–7, 209 Ottoman School of National Economy see National Economy, Ottoman school of Pacioli, Luca 14, 775 Pack, Howard 329–30 Pagaduan, Maureen 425 Palestine 256, 265 Palma, José Gabriel 397, 716 Palmer, Ingrid 427 Pan-Africanism 253–4, 257, 257n2 Papalexiou, Olga 763 Paracelsus Pareto, Vilfredo 196 Paris Club 243 Pascual, Unai 660 patents 94, 96, 589, 628n36, 690–95, 697–8 paternalism 104, 271, 407, 535, 537, 545–50, 552, 742 Patnaik, Prabhat 213 Patomäki, Heikki 744 patriarchy 425–6, 429, 433, 436, 496, 538 patronage 131n22, 132, 648, 734–6 Pattanayak, Subhrendu K 658 pauperization 217–18, 311, 500 Pavitt, Keith 599–600, 628 Pearson, Ruth 416, 425 peasantry 139, 214, 217, 223, 309, 312, 479, 483 and the agrarian question 488–9, 492–3, 495–7, 499–500 and Islam 172, 174, 180, 188 mobilization of 536, 543–5, 552, 554, 557 and national innovation systems 241–2, 252 and the Nordic model 536, 540–45, 552, 554, 557 Peel, Robert 99 Peloponnesian War 43 Penrose, Edith T 573, 578 pensions 548–50, 554, 558, 560–61 Perez, Carlota xxxi, 329, 447, 533, 558, 564–5, 766 perfect competition 27, 30, 32, 34, 36, 755, 758–9 Perrotta, Cosimo 73 persistence of profitability (PP) 672–4 Peru 5n8, 436 Pettis, Michael 744 Petty, William 21, 72, 214 petty production 225, 314, 321, 491, 500 Pétursson, Pétur 544 Pfeiffer, Johann Friedrich xv, 75–6, 76n33 pharmaceuticals 328, 333 Erik S Reinert, Jayati Ghosh and Rainer Kattel - 9781782544661 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 12:04:16PM via University College London REINERT_97817825444661_t.indb 804 03/10/2016 11:37 Index Philippines 425, 428, 436, 659, 671 physiocratic theory xiv–xv, 36, 66, 68, 76, 504 Picasso, Pablo 399 Pieper, Ute 725 Pietism 539–40, 542 Piketty, Thomas xvi, 387n1 Pinochet, Augusto 406 Pinto, Aníbal 394 Pitt, William 98 Plant, Arnold 692–3, 696 Plato 10, 127, 166 Plethon, George Gemistos 10 Pocock, John G.A 43 Poland 11, 22, 538, 734 Polanyi, Karl xxix, 5, 89, 258, 775 Polhem, Christopher 16 Polinsky, A Mitchell 709 pollution 566, 779 see also environmental issues Pomeranz, Kenneth 615 Ponzi schemes 341, 513 pop internationalism 667 see also competitiveness Popper, Karl 13 population density 3, 12, 21, 562, 659 population growth 141, 172, 541, 576 Portugal 200, 266, 338, 509, 605–6 positive-sum game 9, 13, 692 Posner, Richard A 707, 709 post-colonialism 425–6, 564, 608 influence on feminism 428–30 post-Keynesianism 379–80, 420, 423 Postlethwayte, Malachy 47 post-modernism 55, 426, 760 post-structuralism 412, 426 poverty 4, 21, 23, 26–8, 32, 36–7, 49, 70, 105, 271, 276–7, 298, 378, 433, 449, 458, 496, 507, 531, 639, 729, 740, 754, 756, 763–4, 774, 781 ‘assetless’ poor 651, 656–60 and environmental issues 651–6, 660–62 and Indian developmental thinking 216, 218, 223–4 and latecomer industrialization 613, 618, 626n32 and Marxist theory 309–10, 317–18 and the Nordic model 545, 549, 560 vicious circles of 27, 29 of women 418, 423, 430, 434 power relations 184, 214, 271, 361, 388, 600, 608, 646 and gender inequality 416, 421–3, 426–7, 431, 433–4, 435n10, 437, 564 see also feminism role of in Freeman 443–5, 451 805 Prahalad, Coimbatore K 615, 627 Praxisnähe 67 Prebisch, Raul 284–5, 291–3, 299, 340n3, 378, 389, 442, 507–8, 514–15 see also Singer– Prebisch thesis Preobrazhensky, Yevgeni 488, 492–3 Presidential Commission on Industrial Competitiveness 570, 575–6 Presidential Land Commission 252 Price, Derek de Solla 740, 769 Priddat, Birger P 68, 119–20 primitivization 719, 759, 763 primogeniture 185 private property 7, 163, 177, 182, 184, 187, 422, 692, 694, 765 see also property rights private sector 43n3, 149–50, 231n2, 248, 348, 514–15, 585, 629, 643–5, 694 and competition 675–6 and development planning 521–5, 527–8, 530 privatization 244, 298, 300, 357, 400, 405, 497, 561, 666, 668 productive resources 256, 256n1, 258, 258n7, 266, 292, 343, 579 professorships in economics 26n48, 64–5, 74–5, 103, 111 proletariat 308, 311–12, 483, 492–3, 495–7, 551, 734, 745 proletariatization 171–2, 487, 492, 495–9 property rights 181–3, 352, 372, 403, 421–2, 479, 703, 745, 773 see also private property protectionism 77, 95, 101, 103, 208, 289, 317, 346, 373, 779 and the League of Nations 271–4, 276 and the Nordic model 550–51, 553 and UNCTAD system 296–7 Protestantism xiv, 14–15, 91, 126, 538–40, 563, 742, 773 Prussia 66, 110n3, 114, 311, 539 public domain 690, 695–9 public happiness 51, 71, 781 public opinion 55, 111, 186, 194, 218, 543 public sector 241, 244, 250, 313–14, 332, 405, 522, 524, 527–8, 563, 648, 748n21 purchasing power 27, 319, 509 Qian Wenyuan 126 Quality Index of Economic Activities 577, 7545 Quesnay, Franỗois xiv–xv, 214 Quran 167 see also Islam race 272n5, 421, 425, 430, 436, 492–4, 497, 499, 742 Erik S Reinert, Jayati Ghosh and Rainer Kattel - 9781782544661 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 12:04:16PM via University College London REINERT_97817825444661_t.indb 805 03/10/2016 11:37 806 Handbook of alternative theories of economic development Rae, John 77, 202 Raj, Kakkadan N 223, 483n2 Raleigh, Walter 16, 21 Ramaswamy, Ramana 717–18 Ranade, Mahadev G 218–19 randomized control trial (RCT) xxix Ranke, Leopold von 11, 80 Rao, Vijayendra K.R.V 220–21, 506 Rapetti, Martin 721 Ratzel, Friedrich 102 Ravetz, Jerome R 769–70 raw materials 3–4, 5n8, 6, 20–21, 23–4, 29, 34–6, 49–50, 54, 67, 89, 98–100, 251, 273–4, 276, 371, 551, 586, 616, 756, 759, 780 Rawls, John 355 Raymond, Daniel 64, 77 Raynal, Guillaume Thomas 42, 47 Reagan, Ronald 343, 386 Reaganomics 31, 295, 744 see also supply-side approach real income 318–19, 343, 391, 508, 575–6, 678, 779 real wages 28–9, 313, 319–21, 339, 342, 478–82, 508–10, 515, 556, 560, 571, 576, 659–60, 667, 722, 741, 745, 753–4 realism 102, 109, 114–18, 121, 768 reason of state 43–4, 49–52 recessions see financial crises 765 Rechenpfennige 749–50 reciprocal control mechanisms (RCMs) 621 reductionism 88–9, 88n3, 183, 267, 407, 491, 770 redundancies 244 see also unemployment Rees-Mogg, William 744 Reformation 11 reformism 494, 558–9 refugees 4, 29, 141, 203–4, 256, 266, 456, 565, 742, 747, 752 see also migration regional monetary agreements (RCAs) 265 regional value chains 265 régulation theory 352–6, 367–74, 381–3 and contemporary development theories 356–60 new theories of development 378–81 origins of the main institutional forms 360–62 past and contemporary modes of development 374–8 as a viable mode of development 362–7 Reichmann, Jerome 690 re-industrialization 3, 83, 720, 722–3, 765 Reinert, Erik S xiv, 27, 33, 41, 110n2, 120, 168, 176, 269, 449, 573, 576, 718–19, 721, 724–5, 769, 773–4 How Rich Countries Got Rich 120 Reinert, Sophus A 26 relative labor unit cost (RULC) 572–3, 572n1 religion xiii–xv, xxiii, xxxi, 9–11, 13–16, 53, 69–70, 89, 127, 167, 169, 456, 539–40, 542, 545–6, 550, 564, 648, 652, 729–32, 736, 741–3, 745, 747, 774 see also individual religions Renaissance 5, 7–12, 14, 20–21, 42–44, 70, 88, 127, 137, 258, 336, 345, 632, 745, 774–5, 777, 780–81 renewable energy 33–4, 460, 551, 566, 615, 627, 631n46, 632 rentier economics 365–7, 374, 377–9, 477 rent-seeking 67, 176, 345–6, 347n16, 412, 512, 690, 734 research and development (R&D) 235, 314, 326, 331, 333, 755 and competitiveness 571, 576–8, 583, 589–90 and knowledge governance 690, 694–5, 697, 697n19 and national innovation systems 597–9, 603–7 role of in Freeman 442, 444–5, 447, 449, 452–3 Reuter, Peter 709 Ricardian economics 31, 77, 79–80, 102, 168, 199, 274, 276, 345, 390n7, 745–6, 768, 770, 779–80 Ricardian rents 510, 691 Ricardian Vice 79, 90, 746 Ricardo, David xiii, xvii, xix–xxi, xxv, 7n12, 29, 36, 64–5, 67, 76, 80, 90, 118, 168, 258, 271, 275–6, 386, 390, 698, 698n21, 741–2, 745–6, 760, 767, 774 Ricci, Matteo 16, 132 Rifkin, Jeremy 748 Rimmer, Douglas 275 Roberts, Michael 744 Robeyns, Ingrid 433 Robinson, James 5, 5–6n8, 69n20, 180n10, 771–3, 775n48, 776 Robinson, Joan 30, 102, 316, 475, 505–6 Rodinson, Maxime 162, 190 Rodrik, Dani 292, 471–2, 613, 624n25, 625–6 Rokkan, Stein 534, 537, 540 Roman Empire 7, 172, 732, 745 Romania 766–7 Romer, Paul 4, 746, 769–71 Roosevelt, Franklin D 278, 284, 409–10, 457, 507 Roscher, Wilhelm 12, 71, 79, 114–15, 118 System der Volkswirtschaftslehre 110 Erik S Reinert, Jayati Ghosh and Rainer Kattel - 9781782544661 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 12:04:16PM via University College London REINERT_97817825444661_t.indb 806 03/10/2016 11:37 Index Rosenberg, Nathan 598n9 Rosenstein-Rodan, Paul xxxiii, 277, 340–42, 458–9, 461, 504, 506 Rössner, Philipp Robinson 73 Rostow, Walt W 242, 340n3, 489, 620 Stages of Economic Growth 242, 509 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 747 Rowthorn, Robert 716–18 Roy, Raja Rammohan 218 Rural Integrated Programs 249 Russell, Bertrand 162, 176 Russia 64, 95, 102–4, 173, 399, 492–3, 541–3, 609, 763–4, 767 see also Soviet Union and industrialization 613, 615n8, 620 and jihadi terrorism 729–36 and the Nordic model 552, 559 and the Ottoman school 199, 208 and régulation theory 367, 371, 374 Russian miracle 273 Russian Revolution 220, 492, 551–2, 613 Rwanda 654–5 Rweyemamu, Justinian 251n2 Sachs, Ignacy 522 Sachs, Jeffrey 7, 717 Sachsenspiegel 15, 65 Saeger, Steven S 717–18 Said, Edward 177, 258 Sakolski, Aaron M 744 Saltelli, Andrea 769 Samuels, Warren J 709 Samuelson, Paul xviii, 36, 339 Samuelsson, Kurt 14–15 Sappho study 598, 600 Sarewitz, Daniel 771 Sartre, Jean-Paul 404 Saudi Arabia 374 Savary, Jacques 47 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von 110n2 Savonarola, Girolamo 11 Say, Jean-Baptiste 87, 90, 94 Say’s Law 277, 386 scale effects 27, 31, 81 Scherer, Frederic M 668–9 Schlettwein, August 66n14 Schmalz, Theodor 66n14 Schmid, A Allan 709 Schmitt, Carl 53 Schmoller, Gustav von 56, 65, 78–82, 110–11, 113–20, 745–6, 748 Grundriß der allgemeinen Volkswirtschaftslehre 119–20 Rektoratsrede 115 Schmookler, Jacob 598 scholasticism 8, 13 807 Schumpeter, Joseph xx–xxi, xxxiii, 23, 25–6, 65, 68, 76, 79, 89–90, 116–17, 196, 228, 237, 292, 324–6, 328–9, 388, 444, 597–8, 691–2, 744, 749–50, 758, 764, 772, 775, 779, 781 Business Cycles 328–9 Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy 325, 597 and competitiveness 573–5 History of Economic Analysis 292 Theory of Economic Development 65, 325, 504, 597 Schumpeterianism 32, 230, 346, 348, 353–4, 756, 764, 780 approach to competitiveness 570, 574–8, 583–4, 590 and deindustrialization 719 and knowledge governance 690–96, 700 Science Policy Research Unit (SPRU) 595, 598, 600 scientism 116 Scott, Bruce 575–6 Seckendorff, Veit Ludwig von 11, 16, 49, 53, 69–71, 80 Teutscher Fürstenstaat xv, 63, 69–70 second enclosure movement 694, 699 Second World 441, 741 see also communism; individual countries Seers, Dudley 466 Sejersted, Francis 761 self-reliance 245, 247–8, 257, 538 self-sufficiency 488 Seligman, Edwin A xvin3, 78, 115, 118 semi-feudal capitalism 311–12 semi-proletarianization 487, 492–3, 495–9 Sen, Amartya 428, 432–3, 443, 452, 461, 469–70, 482 Sen, Gita 416, 425 Senghaas, Dieter 541 Senn, Peter R 121 serfdom 46, 92, 147, 173, 410 Serra, Antonio xxxi, 3–5, 12–13, 20, 22–8, 30–33, 35–7, 44n6, 48–50, 70, 75, 77–8, 84, 504, 623n22 Brief Treatise 22–3, 49–50 Seven Years War 42, 51 Seyfettin, Ömer 195 Shafaeddin, Mehdi 578–9 Shamil, Imam 732–3 sharaka 184–5 Sharia 161, 167, 186 Shavell, Steven 709 Shenkar, Oded 744 Shively, Gerald E 661 Shivji, Issa 268 Erik S Reinert, Jayati Ghosh and Rainer Kattel - 9781782544661 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 12:04:16PM via University College London REINERT_97817825444661_t.indb 807 03/10/2016 11:37 808 Handbook of alternative theories of economic development Shleifer, Andrei xxiv Sierra Leone 675, 712 Silicon Valley 364, 768 Silk Road 185–6 silver 22–3, 25–6, 72–3, 165, 173–4, 178, 188 see also mining Silverberg, Gerald 599 Simiand, Franỗois 196 Simon, Herbert 324 Singapore 331, 336, 398, 742–3 and the developmental state 640–41 and industrialization 614, 620, 629–30 and knowledge governance 696 Singer, Hans xxxiii, 292, 340, 506, 508, 515 Singer–Prebisch thesis 293 Singh, Ajit 667–8, 673–4, 676, 678–81, 685, 710, 721, 725 Sivin, Nathan 125 slavery 93, 95, 149, 161, 165–6, 172, 174, 178–9, 183, 188–9, 215, 240, 258, 271, 747, 772 small and medium-sized enterprises 685 Smith, Adam xiv, xvi, xxx, 7, 14, 21, 42, 64, 66, 68, 76, 87–9, 89n5, 90–91, 94–5, 98, 102, 115, 118, 194, 213n6, 214, 258, 271, 292, 340, 342, 347–9, 364, 365, 448, 504, 572, 595–6, 596n5, 745, 760, 781 Theory of Moral Sentiments 348 Wealth of Nations 30, 48, 66, 171, 324, 349, 595–6 Smith, Erasmus Peshine 33–4 social capability 585 social Darwinism 742 social democrats 112–13, 113n9, 456, 552–3, 558–61 social justice xvi, 166, 286, 451, 648, 760 see also income inequality social partnership 535–6, 550–52, 554–9, 562–3, 565 social policy 112–14, 117, 121 social protection 233, 535–6, 547–52, 554–5, 557–63 Social Question 109, 117–18 see also Kathedersozialisten social reform 81, 101, 112–14, 134, 218, 465 social sciences 15, 67, 121, 196–7, 387–8, 397, 412, 447, 450, 470, 498, 633, 760, 768, 777 social security 278, 380, 497, 547–8, 554 socialism 104, 247, 249–50, 258, 268, 291, 311, 395, 398, 402, 406, 411–12, 426, 477, 480, 488–92, 522, 559, 766 sociology 53, 89, 195–7, 387, 416, 447, 729 Sodefra 248 Soete, Luc 445, 449–51, 599 Sokoine, Edward 250–51 Solow, Robert xxii, 91, 354 Solow growth model 418 Somalia 429 Somary, Felix 745 Sombart, Werner xiv, 6n9, 7, 14, 65, 77, 79, 110, 120, 772, 775n45 Song Yingxing 132 Soros, George South Africa 259, 262, 352, 367, 402–3, 407, 429, 495, 609, 647–8, 657, 717, 721, 742 Southern Rhodesia see Zimbabwe sovereign debt 287, 300, 747 sovereignty 53, 55–6, 97–100, 190, 514, 760 and the agrarian question 487, 489, 491, 493–5, 498, 500–501 and capital controls 515–16 and development planning 525 Soviet Union 162, 224, 244, 338, 403, 442, 489, 492–3, 528, 555, 559, 721, 734–5, 766–7 see also Russia Spain 5n8, 22, 25, 44, 47, 49, 64, 69–70, 188, 200, 266, 338, 432, 456, 509, 581, 605–6, 759, 761, 776 special drawing rights (SDRs) 301 Spence, Michael 631 spillover effects 234, 263, 282, 372, 389, 461, 576, 587, 589, 623 Spinelli, Altiero 456 Sri Lanka 654, 759 Ssewakiryanga, R 429 stages of growth 5, 489, 509 stagnation 170–71, 177–8, 217–18, 223, 260, 312–13, 379, 760, 762 Stalin, Joseph 493 standard textbook economics (STE) 116–17, 119, 121 standardization 165, 546, 757–8 Standards Employed by Customs for Uniform Rights Enforcement (SECURE) 264 standards of living see living standards Starkey, Thomas 49 static approach to competitiveness 572–3 Steindl, Josef 235 Stewart, Frances 607 STI mode of learning 596, 603–4, 603n14, 608, 608n15 Stiglitz, Joseph 258n6, 264, 357, 618, 700, 748 Stockholm school 275, 554 Stockman, David 744 Storm, Servaas 626, 633 Streeck, Wolfgang 748 strike action 250, 553, 558–60 structural adjustment programs (SAPs) 244–5, 264 Erik S Reinert, Jayati Ghosh and Rainer Kattel - 9781782544661 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 12:04:16PM via University College London REINERT_97817825444661_t.indb 808 03/10/2016 11:37 Index structuralism 378–9, 389–95, 397–402, 420, 428, 479–80, 710 see also Latin America, structuralism Strukturzusammenhänge 67 Struve, Peter 321, 321n7 subprime mortgage crisis 266 sub-Saharan Africa 584, 653, 655–6, 711–15, 722, 726 see also individual countries subsidies 43, 94, 147, 244, 283, 288, 290, 331, 377, 490, 497, 499, 522, 524, 548, 589, 621, 626, 628, 640, 642, 761, 763 subsidization 31, 52, 139, 147–8, 223, 547, 589, 675, 680, 695 Sudan 712 suffrage 550–51 Summers, Lawrence xxv Sun Yat-sen 102 Sunkel, Osvaldo 394 supply-side approach 511–15, 597, 614, 744 see also Reaganomics sustainable development xxviii, 25, 168, 262, 354–5, 387–8, 488, 501, 594, 661, 691, 722, 725 Sweden 21, 64, 69, 74, 103, 533, 538–56, 559–65, 581, 603, 605–6 see also Nordic model Sweetman, Caroline 432 Sweezy, Paul 173, 394 Switzerland 9, 275, 277, 284, 538, 581, 776 Sylla, Richard 619–20 Symcox, Geoffrey 16 Syria 654 Szirmai, Adam 725 Sztompka, Piotr 761 Taiwan 103–4, 299, 330–31, 333, 377, 680 and the developmental state 638–43, 645–8 and industrialization 614, 618–22, 624n27, 627, 629–30 Tandon, Yash 268–9 Tanucci, Bernardo 42 Tanzania 240–42, 245–50, 252, 257, 268–9, 655, 660–61, 712 Taoism 129n17 Taqoush, Suheil 162 tariffs 6, 52, 82, 88, 93–7, 102–3, 247, 262, 274, 281, 283–4, 286–7, 289, 296, 349, 404, 557, 572, 590, 627, 680, 721–2 Tawney, Richard 10 tax collection 215, 215n16, 218 Taylorism 605–6 technological retrogression 711, 715, 719–20, 740, 758–67 technology 119, 207, 256–7, 263–4, 295, 326–9, 809 331–3, 340, 344–7, 371, 399, 403, 424, 444–5, 450, 740, 742, 766, 779 and Chinese development thinking 125–6, 128 and competition 572–3, 575, 577–8, 583–6, 588–90, 666–7, 676, 681 and deindustrialization 718–20, 723–5 and demand-side approach 508–9 and development planning 520, 528 and the developmental state 637, 639–40, 644, 646 dystopia of technological regression 758–65 ICT see information and communication technology and Islam 162, 164, 172–4, 184, 186 and knowledge governance 690–92, 695–7 and latecomer industrialization 618–19, 622, 626–8, 631–3 and Latin American structuralism 228, 237 and Marxist theory 310, 314–15 and national innovation systems 597, 604, 608 and the Nordic model 536, 541, 543, 556–7 optimism/pessimism debate 25, 33–4, 446 role of in Freeman 446–7, 449, 452–4 STI mode of learning 596, 603–4, 603n14, 608, 608n15 technology gap 229–37 technology transfer 202n4, 346, 446, 452, 557, 585 Technology Economy Programme (TEP) 599 Telesio, Bernardino 22 Temple, William xv Tendler, Judith 463 Tequila Crisis 513 terrorism 267, 729–36 Thailand 398, 618–19, 659, 671, 677 Thatcher, Margaret 386, 402, 406 Thatcherism 295 ‘there is no alternative’ (TINA) 386 Third World 4, 6n8, 29, 83, 162–3, 180, 183, 309–11, 313, 316–20, 441–2, 446, 462, 489, 491, 563–6, 607, 685, 754, 756 see also individual countries Third World Forum 498 Thirlwall, Anthony P 614, 623n23,24, 624, 625n29, 626 Thirty Years War 22, 63, 65–7, 69–70, 82 Thünen, Johann Heinrich von xxxi, 75 time, as a vector of progress 8–9, 12 Tirole, Jean xxv Tittoni, Tommaso 272–3 Tocqueville, Alexis de 336 Toffler, Alvin 447 Toniolo, Gianni 619–20 Erik S Reinert, Jayati Ghosh and Rainer Kattel - 9781782544661 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 12:04:16PM via University College London REINERT_97817825444661_t.indb 809 03/10/2016 11:37 810 Handbook of alternative theories of economic development total factor productivity (TFP) 399 Toulmin, Stephen 770 trade liberalization 180, 278, 284, 299–300, 557, 571–2, 586–8, 719–21, 726, 748 trade unions 250, 360, 547–8, 553–5, 561, 563 trademarks 689, 691 Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) 263, 330, 690 Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMS) 263 Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership 281 translations 6n9, 8, 11, 16, 20–22, 22n37, 45, 47, 49–51, 71n27, 74–5, 80, 109n1, 110n2, 168, 199, 623n22 transnational corporations 263, 572, 579, 581, 585, 587, 589–90, 684 Trans-Pacific Partnership 281 transparency 213, 680, 682–3, 686 transportation 98–9, 101, 523 Treaty of Ghent 103 Treaty of Versailles 271 Tregenna, Fiona 710, 717, 724 Truman, Harry S 3, 284–5 Tucker, Josiah 768 Tudor substitution strategy 6, 24, 73, 340 Tullock, Gordon 709 Turkey 194–9, 201–3, 206–8, 668n2, 721 see also Ottoman Empire Turner, Bryan 177, 187 Tyson, Laura 678 Uganda 245, 258, 265, 654–5, 657, 659, 661 Maoist movement in 268–9 Ukraine 338–9 unbalanced growth 34n54, 340, 342, 347, 457–61, 471, 507, 510 see also balanced growth underconsumption 14, 176, 750, 757, 777, 779 underdevelopment 28, 31, 72, 208, 251, 276, 365, 366, 388, 390, 420, 447, 463–4, 471n18, 478–9, 509, 582 and development planning 521–2, 524, 531 genesis of 307–11 and Islam 161, 185 and Marxism 317, 320–22 post-decolonization trajectory of development 311–15 and supply-side approach 511 underemployment 72, 231, 478, 521–2 unemployment 35, 72, 232, 374, 389–90, 392, 395, 458, 515, 639, 667, 729, 747, 766, 779 and the agrarian question 497, 500 and demand-side approach 505–6 and development planning 520–21 Kalecki on 476–8, 483 and Marxist theory 315–16 mass unemployment 273, 317, 322 and the Nordic model 547–50, 553–5, 561 uneven development 41, 180, 240, 389–92, 420, 534, 566 Unit of Account for Preference Trade Area (UAPTA) 265–6 United Kingdom see Great Britain 261–2, 269, 284–5, 288, 420, 432, 551, 571, 581, 595, 606 and competition 668, 674–5, 678, 680–81 and deindustrialization 716–18 United Nations 221, 278–9, 285, 287–8, 291, 293, 295, 389, 422, 480n1, 506, 511, 519, 564–5, 614, 631 Conference for Women 434, 436 Conference on Human Rights 434 Conference on Population 434 Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) 263, 281, 284–6, 291–302, 614, 669 see also Havana Charter Decade for Women 428–9 Development Decade 511 Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) 430 Development Programme (UNDP) 433, 564–5, 614 ECLAC see Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Economic Commission for Africa 256, 259–65 Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 564–5 General Assembly 264, 288, 291 Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) 614 International Conferences on Women 426, 429 Population Fund (UNFPA) 565 Security Council 269 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 432, 434–5 United States 5n8, 29n52, 35, 50, 54–5, 87–8, 95–6, 99–100, 103–4, 120, 262–6, 281–8, 300, 309n2, 327–8, 337, 339, 341, 398, 400, 403, 442, 456–7, 459, 513, 741–3, 745, 769, 772–3, 779 and the agrarian question 494 and cameralism 63–4, 77–8, 82–3 and competition 570, 581–2, 585, 667, 674–6, 676n4, 677–81, 684, 686 and deindustrialization 718 and demand-side approach 507–8 and the developmental state 637–8, 642, 646 Erik S Reinert, Jayati Ghosh and Rainer Kattel - 9781782544661 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 12:04:16PM via University College London REINERT_97817825444661_t.indb 810 03/10/2016 11:37 Index and feminism 420, 424–5, 428 and industrialization 616, 628–9 and Islam 162, 182, 190 and knowledge governance 690, 694–5, 697 and national innovation systems 241, 248, 250, 595, 598n9, 599 and the Nordic model 534–5, 550–51, 553, 556–7, 565–6 and the Ottoman school 194, 197, 200, 202–3, 208 and régulation theory 362–3, 367, 377–8, 381 United States Agency for International Development (USAID) 247 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 432, 434–5 ‘untouchables’ 216–17 urbanization 63, 87, 92–3, 219, 496, 655, 729 Uruguay 451 Uruguay Round 296–7, 686 useful knowledge definition and criteria 124–5 and development 133–5 the European criteria 125–8 institutional context 128–30 role of the elites 131–3 utopias 15–16, 56, 111, 175, 465, 738–42, 767 failed understanding of 771–3 unrealistic utopias as curse 745–9 Uztáriz, Gerónimo de 16, 21, 26n48 Valeyre, Antoine 605 value chains 34, 50, 180, 188, 260–61, 583, 626, 628 global value chains 260, 265, 626, 628 local value chains 265 regional value chains 265 value creation 174, 180, 186, 371, 691 value-added 3, 51, 64, 73, 75, 190, 248, 260, 262, 264, 392, 576, 626, 713 Varoufakis, Yanis 747 Vattel, Emerich 46 Veblen, Thorstein xvii, xxi, xxv, xxx, 7–8, 21, 28–9, 196, 741, 751n28, 752, 768, 774–5 Vedas 215 Vedeld, Paul 657 Veljanovski, Cento G 709 Venezuela 352, 374, 398, 404, 411n25 and the agrarian question 495 Venice xxx, 10, 13, 16–20, 25, 44, 47, 70, 176, 188, 751–2, 775–6, 781 Ventotene Manifesto 456 venture capital 328, 698 Verein für Sozialpolitik 68, 79–81, 101, 112, 114, 751n28 Verri, Pietro 781 811 Verspagen, Bart 573, 725 Via Campesina 495 vicious circles see also virtuous circles and cumulative effects 25, 27, 29, 83, 201, 207–8, 276, 321, 364, 582, 722, 752–7, 765 Vienna Congress 541 Vietnam 398, 653–4, 661 villagization 249–50, 252 Viner, Jacob xvii–xviii violence 267, 434, 466, 490 see also warfare virtuous circles see also vicious circles and cumulative effects xxx, 3, 25, 27–8, 34–5, 83, 92, 208, 233, 299, 300, 341–3, 371, 449, 537, 541, 563, 752–7, 765 Vishnugupta see Kautilya Vizard, Polly 433 Volcker, Paul 386 Voltaire 54, 336 voluntary export restraints (VERs) 297 voodoo economics see Reaganomics Wade, Robert 638n4, 639 wage labor 172–4, 176, 180, 188, 188n12, 496 wage–labor nexus 361, 364–7, 370–71, 373–9 Wagner, Adolph 79, 110–11, 113, 116, 118–19 Wall Street crash 553 Wallerstein, Immanuel 31, 258 Walrasian model 65, 325–6, 329 Wang Anshi 130, 130n21, 139 War of the Comuneros 776 warfare 12, 43, 45, 53–4, 56, 69, 83, 98, 141–2, 174, 176, 178, 181–2, 189, 195, 212, 215, 241, 282, 308, 534, 538, 541, 742–3, 745, 747 see also civil war; individual wars Washington Consensus 6, 72–3, 83, 289, 296–7, 300, 336–7, 339–41, 344–5, 347, 347n16, 352, 357, 380, 406–7, 512, 571–2, 584, 614, 618–19, 668 Weber, Max xiv, xxxii, 14–15, 79, 186–7, 196–7, 542, 638, 747 Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 14–15 Wehler, Hans-Joachim 112 welfare colonialism, xxvi, 266 welfare state 70, 77, 80, 109, 282, 284, 320, 407, 559, 562, 565 welfarism 451, 494, 526, 531, 547, 549, 558, 704 Westbeck, Gustav 21 Westernization 429 Wicken, Joan 251n2 Wield, David 589 Wilcox, Clair 284–5 Wilen, James E 657 Willkür 776 Williamson, John xxiv, 345, 347, 512, 572 Erik S Reinert, Jayati Ghosh and Rainer Kattel - 9781782544661 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 12:04:16PM via University College London REINERT_97817825444661_t.indb 811 03/10/2016 11:37 812 Handbook of alternative theories of economic development Wilson, Woodrow 271–3, 278 Winter, Sidney xxv, 323n1, 325, 333, 599, 758 Witte, Sergei 102 Wolf, Martin xxiii, 616 Wolff, Christian 10, 67–8, 71 women, role of 416, 538, 564, 657, 659 see also feminism; gender inequalities women and development (WAD) approach 417, 423–6, 429, 430n7, 434, 436 women in development (WID) approach 417, 423–6, 434, 436 women’s rights 434–6 see also feminism Wood, Adrian 717–18 World Bank xiii–xiv, 35, 35n55, 241, 245, 247, 249, 252, 266, 281–2, 337–8, 355, 358, 428, 457–8, 467–9, 480n1, 499, 507, 514, 571, 613–14, 618, 652, 661, 667, 667n1, 675, 679–81, 711n2 1991 World Development Report 667, 679–81 Accelerated Development for Africa 243–4 East Asian Miracle 299 World Commission on Environment and Development 651 World Customs Organization (WCO) 264 World Health Organization (WHO) 264 World Trade Organization (WTO) 264, 281–2, 287, 289, 296–7, 331, 333, 571, 576, 590, 619, 626n32, 627–8, 666, 668–9, 677–8, 682–4, 694, 700 Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) 682–3 TRIMS 263 TRIPS 263, 330, 690 World War I 180, 194, 196, 199, 202, 206, 271, 552, 742 World War II 82, 283, 338, 556–7, 566, 641, 730, 742 Wu of Han 139, 150–51 Wyne, Ali 743 Xenophon 8, 65 Poroi 8, 15 Xu Guangqi 132, 133n32 Ye Shi 134 Yeremolov, Alexei 732 Young, Allyn 30, 292, 342, 624 Young, Kate 416, 424 Young Turk Revolution 194–5, 197, 206 Yucatán 659–60 Yurtöglu, B Burcin 673 zakat 167 Zaman, Azad 170 zamindars 217 Zein-Elabdin, Eiman 429 Zeno of Elea 13 zero-sum games 5, 8–9, 13, 176, 460, 694 Zhu Xi 129–30, 130n20, 133–4 Zhu Youjian 132 Zimbabwe 6, 265, 489, 495–6, 498, 673 Zincke, Georg Heinrich 74 Zollverein 78, 99, 102–4, 194 Erik S Reinert, Jayati Ghosh and Rainer Kattel - 9781782544661 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 03/31/2017 12:04:16PM via University College London REINERT_97817825444661_t.indb 812 03/10/2016 11:37 ... 11:36 xiv Handbook of alternative theories of economic development A massive two-volume work on economic development edited by two World Bank economists, the 1988 Handbook of Development Economics,... 03/10/2016 11:36 Handbook of Alternative Theories of Economic Development Edited by Erik S Reinert Professor of Technology Governance and Development Strategies, Talllinn University of Technology,... REINERT_97817825444661_t.indb ix 03/10/2016 11:36 x Handbook of alternative theories of economic development Eyüp Özveren is Professor of Economics at the Middle East Technical University in