CHINA’S LESSONS FOR INDIA: VOLUME II The Political Economy of Change Sangaralingam Ramesh www.ebook3000.com China’s Lessons for India: Volume II www.ebook3000.com Sangaralingam Ramesh China’s Lessons for India: Volume II The Political Economy of Change Sangaralingam Ramesh University of Oxford Oxford, UK ISBN 978-3-319-58114-9 ISBN 978-3-319-58115-6  (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-58115-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017940624 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Cover credit: Massonstock/iStock/Getty Images Plus Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland www.ebook3000.com For my father and my mother, Nallathamby Sangaralingam and Pathmarani Sangaralingam, Inuvil and Karinagar, Ceylon Preface Volume focused on the analysis of the political economy of development of China and India In this regard, it was found that the Indian economy is characterised by institutional rigidity and a lack of entrepreneurship at the microeconomic level However, in the case of the Chinese economy, it was found that it is characterised by institutional flexibility and a high level of entrepreneurial activity Volume of ‘China’s Lessons for India’ focuses on the political economy of a change as it evaluates the nature of entrepreneurship in China and India as well as on the nature of innovation systems between the two countries Another aspect of this study will be to establish how entrepreneurship and innovation have been responsible for economic change in India and China Furthermore, in order to analyse the impact of the economic reforms on China’s economy, a comparative case study, using propositions set out in Volume is conducted in order to determine the impact of the reforms at a regional level China’s economic reforms have had the effect of increasing China’s internal and external markets, accompanied by high levels if economic growth However, Britain’s route to expanding its ‘market’ was to integrate more and more with the European Union through a customs vii www.ebook3000.com viii     Preface union followed by the single market The results for both countries have been different A comparative study is presented in order to analyse the differences in economic growth between China and Britain from the 1970s to the present day While the Chinese economy has experienced high levels of economic growth since the late 1970s, the British economy has not This would indicate that in terms of increasing market size, effective integration is brought about through investment in infrastructure, incentivising innovation and entrepreneurship; and strengthening the institutional links between government, centres of innovation and commercial enterprises This is in contrast to increasing market size as a result of a cumulative process of moving from a customs union to a single market and then to a union of a group of countries The book series would be of interest worldwide especially with regard to government for policy formulation, economists, NGO personnel, business professionals and also has general interest reading The title suggests the context of the book is China’s lessons for India However, the policy findings of the book series are generally also applicable to countries in Europe, Africa and Latin America as well as Asia and North America This is because the knowledge accumulated in the book series would be equally applicable not only to countries in Asia but also outside Asia The material is timely, in view of Brexit, the rise of China and the potential of India In this case the usefulness of the book series can be more than twenty years Oxford, UK Sangaralingam Ramesh Acknowledgements The story of writing this book series is a long one At its heart is the essence of a Ph.D I completed at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London in 2008 This Ph.D started in October 2004 on a part-time basis, with the final year being ‘full-time’ although I was teaching at SOAS I would like to thank Prof Ben Fine for enrolling me, at the last minute, on the Ph.D program at SOAS in October 2004 And I would also like to thank Dr Dic Lo, Reader in Economics at SOAS for his generous support throughout and even beyond my studies I would also like to thank Prof Peter Nolan, Chong Hua Professor in Chinese Development, University of Cambridge and Prof Christopher Cramer, Professor of the Political Economy of Development at SOAS, for their feedback following my Ph.D Viva in October 2008 Anna Reeves of Palgrave Macmillan also gave me very useful advice with regard to the draft manuscript as did three anonymous reviewers Finally, Lynda Cooper and Rachel Sangster, also with Palgrave Macmillan, helped with initiating the production process and I am also very grateful for their help While the main idea behind this book series was formulated during the time I was writing my Ph.D., the book series is an extension ix www.ebook3000.com x     Acknowledgements of the Ph.D in many ways These extensions include the applicability of China’s economic success story to Indian economic development, the role of institutions as well as the role of entrepreneurship in facilitating economic development and economic growth in the context of China’s economic reforms For many years after the completion of the Ph.D the ideas for this book series remained in my mind, but time could not be found to write them in words due to my teaching duties Furthermore, while writing the book series began in 2012, it was sporadic and periodically interrupted It was not until September 2015 when I started teaching at Kings College London on a part-time basis that time became more than sufficient for completing the writing of the series Then following the completion of teaching at the University of Oxford’s Summer School for Adults in early August 2016, I stayed at Keble College, Oxford and completed the writing of the draft manuscript at the Social Sciences Library, Manor Rd Final amendments to the manuscript were completed at Bush House, Kings College London in my spare time 260     S Ramesh then in the second phase to produce high-technology goods In doing so, foreign capital was more efficiently utilised Thirdly, there was preponderance for the industry in the interior of China to specialise in heavy industry and machinery, while Coastal provinces such as Jiangsu had already begun to develop small-scale rural enterprises specialising in the manufacture of light goods as early as the 1970s How can India learn from China’s experience? Specifically, India should focus on facilitating economic growth through a combination of infrastructure investment, facilitating innovation, facilitating entrepreneurship at the microeconomic level; as well as facilitating dynamism, adaptability and flexibility in the evolution of institutions over time In general, India should: (a) Do more to promote entrepreneurship, especially amongst lower castes and females (b) Repeal draconian labour laws which make it expensive for firms and entrepreneurs to hire workers (c) Set up a small-scale venture capital fund for entrepreneurs This will enable small-scale (rural and urban) entrepreneurs to acquire the finances required to start a business (d) Promote and strengthen equality legislation and more to empower women so that they can side-step the constraints of discrimination and contribute towards the country’s economic growth (e) Increase government funding for R&D at universities and research institutes, so that innovative projects can be undertaken This will strengthen the links between centers of research and firms so that knowledge can be more easily commercialised in the context of products and services (f ) Implement high-technology zones and incubators for start-ups at universities in order to facilitate horizontal linkages between centres of research and commercial firms (g) Incentivise researchers by strengthening intellectual property rights so that researchers will be able to profit from innovation 7 Conclusion     261 (h) Designate Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata to become open coastal cities with preferential economic and business policies for both domestic firms and overseas firms These policies could include lower corporate tax rates, the right to repatriate profits to other countries and private property rights (i) Implement special economic zones in Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Gujarat close to ports with government-funded infrastructure and preferential policies to attract foreign MNCs to engage in manufacturing The preferential policies could include those discussed in (h) In return, the MNCs should be obliged to bring to India, advanced technology and advanced management skills (j) Improve all types of physical infrastructure within India as well as infrastructure connecting India to its surrounding countries, especially China, in the long term This will improve trade between India’s states as well as improve India’s trade with neighbouring countries by lowering transport costs and integrating markets within India and with India and its neighbouring countries, thus expanding markets The main findings of Vols and of this book series would suggest the following Firstly, the Indian government should instigate policies which focus on the evolution and development of more efficient institutions Secondly, the Indian government should instigate policies which form a better link between research institutions and firms Thirdly, the Indian government should better ensure that the primary purpose of infrastructure is not only to lower firms’ transport costs but also that it is efficient and integrates markets within India as well as with India and its neighbours Infrastructure development would tend to more effective, based on China’s experience, when it is dense and near the Coastal region It is for this reason that the three Coastal cities of Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata should be classed as open cities with a preferential economic and business environment for domestic and overseas firms so that they are incentivised to invest in manufacturing in these cities The need for more workers in these areas will attract more and more of the rural unemployed and underemployed Their rising incomes in conjunction with the market integrating effects of dense local infrastructure www.ebook3000.com 262     S Ramesh and not so dense nationwide infrastructure will more effectively promote national economic growth These are China’s economic lessons for India However, although this book series has not analysed the economic implications of corruption and tax collection, the government of India could also implement measures to tackle corruption, as it did recently with changes in the value of cash denomination, and to improve the efficiency of the tax collection system Moreover, reforms could also be introduced so that banks accounts are mandatory for salary payment Note Tracy, N (1997) ‘The South East: The Cutting Edge of China’s Economic Reform’, in ‘China’s New Spatial Economy: Heading Towards 2020’, Linge, L (Eds) Index A Academic papers 184 Aeolux Automotive Company 206 Age group 34 Agglomeration economies 12, 45, 65, 103 Agglomeration effects 14, 45 Airports 82 Alcatel Shanghai Bell 28 Andrew Yao 96 Annual average percentage changes for freight traffic 170 Ansghan 18 ANZAC countries 15 Arbitration Law 127 AT&T 27, 28 B Baiyun 217 Bangalore 136 Bank Loans 159 Bank of Japan 242 Barriers to trade 230, 238 Bay-Dohle Act of 1980 82 Beijing 11, 19–21, 23, 27, 35, 44, 48, 51, 61, 62, 83, 85, 88, 89, 96, 130 Beijing-Fuzhou 194 Beijing-Guangzhou and BeijingKowloon railway 208 Beijing University 19, 83 Biotechnology 84, 90, 100, 224, 225, 228 Bo Hai Rim (BHR) 14, 48 Bo Hai Sea Rim 189 Boye-Dole Act 39 Brahmin 137 Brain drain 21, 96, 168, 221, 225 Bretton Woods fixed exchange rate 241 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 S Ramesh, China’s Lessons for India: Volume II, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-58115-6 www.ebook3000.com 263 264     Index Brexit referendum 233, 249 Britain 4, 98, 100, 135, 149, 229, 231, 232, 236, 238, 244, 248 British East India Company 135, 149 British Empire British EU referendum British Raj 135 BTHMA 130 Bulgaria 238, 239, 241 Bulgarian economy 245 Business volume of post and telecommunications 192 C Cable networks 30 Cancer and cardiovascular disease 16 CAP 236 Capital accumulation 16 Case study analysis 189 Caste system 135, 137, 142, 149 CDMA mobile system 26 Central Asia 135 Centralised political system 59 Central planned economy 20 Central planning 64 Central province 3, 129 Centre for Entrepreneurship Development (CDE) 138 Changcheng Switchgear Factory 217 Changzhou Benniu Airport 193 Changzhou Hi-Tech Industry Development Zone 196 Cheezheng Industrial Group Co, Ltd 217 China 1, 2, 4, 9, 11, 14–19, 21–23, 25–28, 30, 32–34, 36–39, 41–45, 47, 48, 50–53, 59–62, 65–70, 72–74, 76, 78–81, 84, 86, 87, 89–94, 96, 99, 101, 102, 104–108, 115, 116, 118, 120–128, 131, 133, 134, 138, 144, 148, 230, 231, 239, 240, 242, 246, 247, 249, 251 China Golden Bridge Network 32 China Mobile 27–29 China Science and Technology Network 32 China’s economic reforms 1, 2, 5, 86, 125, 129, 241, 246, 248 China Telecom 26–29 China Telecoms PHS network 28 China Unicom 26, 29 China University of Geosciences 212 China via 100 channels 96 Chinese Academy of Sciences 19, 38 Chinese economic growth 157 Chinese entrepreneurship 117, 123 Chinese Intellectually Property Office 167 Chinese IT industry 224 Circular flow of income 232 Clean Coal Technologies 225 CNNIC 33 Coastal cities 3, 17, 89 Coastal province 3, 129 Colonial Office 244 Common agricultural policy 236 Common external tariff 234 Common market 233, 234, 236, 238 Commonwealth 248 Commonwealth trade balance 242 Commonwealth trade office 244 Company Law in 1993 119 Competence Block 1, 15, 16, 48, 60, 65–67, 104 Competition and Entrepreneurship Competitive advantage 2, 92, 130 Competitive Advantage of Nations Index     265 Corporate R&D 2, 37, 52 Council of Ministers 4, 233 Council of Scientific and International Research 99 Creative destruction 114 CSIF 95 CU 234, 235 Cultural perception 121, 123 Cultural Revolution 24, 68, 70, 78, 96, 195, 212, 248 Customs union 4, 230, 231, 234, 236, 238, 247, 249 D Dark Particle Matter Explorer’ 59 Datang 18, 31 Datong Mobile 31 Decision of 1985 71 Decision on Profound S&T System Reform 39 Decision on Science & Technology Reform 86 Decision on Several Major Questions about Deepening Reform 76 Decision on the S&T System 38 De Gaulle 236 Deng Xiaoping period 67 Developmental Biology 224 Diffusion of information 22 Directorate General of Telecommunications (DGT) 23, 26 Director General of Posts 26 Disparities 5, 79, 90, 144, 161, 167, 168, 177, 223 Disparity in innovation 62 Dispute Mediation 127 Division of labour 20, 45, 113, 235, 237 Dongfeng Automobile Company 206 Donghu New Technology Development Zone 209 E East Asian 17, 242, 251 East Asian economies 17 East Lake New Technology Development Zone 207 Economic and social development 72, 81 Economic decentralisation Economic density of space 66 Economic development 4, 13, 18, 25, 43, 48, 67, 68, 70, 74, 84, 86, 92, 97, 102, 114, 115, 118, 129, 134, 139, 142 Economic discrimination 234 Economic feature 158, 161 Economic growth 1, 3, 4, 8, 19, 29, 36, 37, 39, 42–44, 48, 61, 66, 69, 70, 83, 84, 86, 88, 93, 95, 100, 102, 113–115, 117, 132, 133, 137, 139, 143, 148, 229, 235, 239, 246, 247, 249 Economies of scale 45, 72, 80, 103, 137, 235, 237 ECSC 233 Education 2, 3, 8, 11, 14, 15, 17, 19–22, 32, 34–37, 41, 46–48, 50, 60, 66–69, 71–76, 78–81, 86, 94, 99–101, 103–107, 115, 120, 123, 125, 133, 141, 146, 232 Eleventh Five Year Plan 74, 105, 129 Employment Promotion Law 127 Endogenous growth theory 43 Energy technology 84, 224, 227 www.ebook3000.com 266     Index Enterprise funds 41, 45, 159, 160, 183 Enterprise R&D funding 158 Entrepreneurial activity 3, 17, 64, 65, 89, 115–117, 133, 142, 160, 161, 167, 169, 180, 195, 222 Entrepreneurship 1–4, 8, 11, 15–18, 22, 38, 50, 63, 65, 83, 92, 104, 114, 116–118, 120–123, 125, 129, 131–137, 139–141, 143, 144, 148, 149, 229–231, 247, 249 Entrepreneurship Development Program 138 Erzhou 206 EU 4, 85, 230–232, 234, 235, 238–240, 242, 244–247, 249 EU migrants 239 Europe 4, 196, 214, 229, 230, 233 European Coal and Steel Community 233 European Community 4, 236 European Economic Community (EEC) 4, 230, 231, 233, 239, 242, 244, 248 European Free Trade Area 4, 235, 238 European integration strategy 248 European paradox 114 European Union 4, 230, 239 Eurozone 240, 242 Exports 243 Externalities 42, 103, 114 F FDI 3, 14, 18, 43, 61, 62, 66, 101, 103, 158, 165, 167, 180, 196, 197, 247 Fixed assets over time 173 Fixed capital 158 Foci Herb Group 217 Formal sector 140, 142, 146 Four freedoms 230 Four modernizations 187 Fragmented markets 42, 43, 117 Free flow of the factors of production 234 Free movement Free movement of labour 232, 236, 238, 241 Free trade 4, 229, 231, 234, 238, 244 Free trade area (FTA) 4, 234, 238 Freight Traffic 162, 164, 169–171, 173, 174 Frontier Technology 224 Fuel Cell Technology 225 Fujian province 62 G Ganlin 213 Gansu 2, 35, 36, 82, 129, 157–159, 161–163, 165, 167–169, 171, 172, 174, 177–179, 181, 183, 185–187, 189, 190, 199, 201, 203, 212–223, 225, 227 Gaokao 75 GATT 229, 231 Geographical concentration 14, 44 Gini coefficient 115 GIOV 174, 178, 179, 226 Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index (GEDI) 116 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 116, 140 Government Funds and Enterprise Funds 41 Index     267 GPRS Packet network 28 Gram Mooligai Company Limited 142 Grand Canal 191, 193 Great Leap Forward 23, 24, 78, 194, 212, 248 Great Wall Electric Group Co Ltd 217 Green Revolution 136 Gross Regional Product 129, 173, 174, 178 Gross Regional Product Per Capita 174 GRP per Capita and Total Investments 173 Guanhe River 193 Guanxi 118, 122 Gujarat 138, 142 Huai-Yang-Zhen Railway 191 Huangshi 203, 206 Huawei 31, 90 Huazhong Normal University 212 Huazhong University of Science and Technology 212 Hubei 2, 35, 44, 95, 129, 157–159, 161–163, 165, 167–169, 171, 172, 174, 177–179, 181, 183, 185–187, 189, 190, 199, 202–214, 216, 219, 223, 225 Hu Jintao period 67 Hukou 125, 127, 247 Hundred talents program 96 Hu-Ning Intercity Railway 191 Huting Economic and Technological Development Zone 208 Hu-Tong Railway 191 Hydrogen Technology 225 H Hangzhou Xixi Eco Park 86 Harish Hande 147 Hexi 213 High school education 34 High Technology Development Zones 91, 102, 187, 218 Highway and railroad length 169 Highway freight 164, 171, 174, 192, 204, 215 Highway G020 194 Highway G045 194 Highway G065A 194 Hindu religion 135 Hong Kong 11, 26, 82, 86, 105, 107, 128, 196, 204, 208, 246, 247 Hong Kong Stock Market 26 Huaihe River 193 I ICICI Bank 145 ICT’s 23 IMF 229 Importation of technology 38 Imports 243 Income disparities 36, 66 Income inequality 115 Increased mobility of labour 237 Increasing returns to scale 60 Increasing specialisation 237 Incubators 82, 85, 91–93, 133 India 1, 2, 5, 9, 11, 15, 21, 28, 76, 82, 96, 97, 99–101, 103, 104, 108, 116, 135–138, 140, 141, 143, 146–149, 230, 244 Indian Companies Act 1913 136 www.ebook3000.com 268     Index Indira Gandhi 98 Industrial Experiment Program 84 Industrial Research Planning Committee 99 Indus Valley civilisation 135 Informal sector 139, 140, 142, 146 Infrastructural capacity 161, 203, 207 Infrastructural differences 116 Infrastructure 1, 3, 4, 12, 14–16, 18, 22, 23, 25, 26, 29, 35, 37, 42, 44, 48, 50, 65, 66, 82, 83, 86, 89, 90, 97, 99, 101, 102, 104, 138, 141, 143, 146, 230, 231, 236, 246, 247, 249 Innovation 1, 4, 7, 10, 12, 14–16, 18–20, 23, 30, 36–38, 40, 42–45, 47, 48, 59–64, 66, 73–75, 79, 81, 84, 86–88, 90–94, 97, 99–102, 104–108, 130, 132–134, 136, 141, 144, 148, 229–231, 247, 249 Innovation systems 1, 9, 12, 14, 44, 48, 50, 60, 61, 64, 97, 104– 106, 145, 165–167, 181, 189 Innovative capacity Innovative Milieu Approach 10 Institute of High-Energy Physics 32 Institutional and regulatory uncertainty 30 Institutional change Institutions 1–4, 7, 10, 16, 20, 22, 25, 32, 37, 39, 41, 47, 50, 60, 62, 65, 68, 71, 73, 76, 79, 81, 89, 99, 101, 106, 117, 121, 133, 141, 145, 146, 234, 235, 238 Intellectual Property Rights 81 Internet 2, 16, 30, 32–34, 36, 45, 49, 52, 60, 66, 104, 121 Internet penetration rate 36 Internet usage 33, 35–37 Internet users in China 32–35 Internet user survey 33 Invention by type of institution 167 Investment Climate Private Enterprise Survey 132 Invisible Raj 135, 139 J Jiangsu 2, 19, 35, 44, 82, 85, 97, 129, 157–159, 161–163, 165, 167, 168, 171, 174, 177–179, 181–183, 185–187, 189–194, 196, 197, 199–204, 206, 209, 213, 214, 216, 219, 220, 223, 225, 226 Jiang Zemin period 67 Jinchuan 213, 217, 218 Jinchuan Group Limited 218 Jinghu Railway 193 Jingmen 206 Jingzhou 206 Jiuquan Iron and Steel (Group) Co, Ltd 217 Jugaad Raj 135, 136 K Karakoram highway Karnataka 142 Kerala 142 Kirznerian entrepreneurship Knowledge Based Parks 86 Knowledge creation 1, 2, 3, 10, 16, 24, 32–37, 40, 43, 45, 47, 48, 50, 59, 60, 65, 66, 81, 94, 96, 102, 104, 114, 231 Knowledge creation capacity 185 Index     269 Knowledge diffusion 34 Knowledge filter 82, 114 Knowledge linkages 15 Knowledge spillovers 1–3, 7, 30, 38, 60, 103, 114, 148, 231 Kshtriya 137 L Labour Contract Law 127 Labour Dispute Mediation 127 Labour market 2, 8, 11, 51, 124, 125, 127, 142, 149, 232 Lack of resources 232 Lanzhou 213, 214, 217–219, 221, 227 Baotao 214 Longhai 214 Qinghai 214 Xinjiang 214 Large and Medium Sized Enterprises 181 Law on Foreign Funded Enterprises 134 Law on Joint Chinese and Foreign Investment Enterprises 134 Legend 22, 90 Legend Co 90 Length of Highways 191, 192, 204, 215 Length of Railways 192, 204, 215 Lian-Yan Railway 191 License Raj 135, 136 Lifelong learning 81 Limited liability corporations 132 Liuzhou City 63 LME’s 41, 45 Longhai Railway 193 Longnan (south) 213 Long run 60, 95, 113, 235, 237 Longxi 213 M Maastricht Treaty 238 Mao Zedong period 67 Market mechanism 8, 69 Marshallian Industrial Districts 9, 48 Mars Orbiter Mission 97 Maven Mars Mission 97 Medium and Long Term S&T Plan 225 Medium to Long Term Plan for Science and Technology Development 40, 85 Mega Engineering Projects 224 Mega Science Projects 224 Migration 168 Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) 29 Ministry of Information Industry (MII) 26, 29 Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications 23 MLTPDST 2006-2020 85 MLTPSTD 40 MNC 9, 19–22, 30, 47, 48, 102, 136, 139, 167, 181, 196, 198, 246 Mobile phone operators 28, 30 MPT 23, 25 Multicollinearity 43 N Nanjing New & High Technology Industry Development Zone 196 Nanobiology 224 www.ebook3000.com 270     Index Nanotechnology 85, 224, 225, 227 Nantong 189, 191, 193, 194 National Bureau of Statistics 51–53, 108, 158, 159, 163–166, 168, 170–179, 182, 184–186, 192, 197, 200, 201, 204, 209–211, 215, 218, 221, 222 National Commission of Science 100 National Guideline on Medium and Long Term Program for Science and Technology Development 31 National Innovation System (NIS) 1, 2, 60, 99 National Natural Science Foundation 84 National Program for Key S&T Projects 84 National Program for Science & Technology for Sustainable Development 84 National S&T Achievements Dissemination Program 84 National System of Innovation National Systems of Entrepreneurship NATO 229 Neoclassical and Endogenous strands 43 Network 5, 16, 17, 22, 23, 25–29, 32, 44, 50, 62, 65, 81, 118, 122 New Economic Geography 14, 59, 66, 70, 102, 103 New Economic Policy 98, 101 NHTIDZs 3, 10, 19, 66, 102, 167, 173, 178, 181, 188 Ning-An Intercity Railway 191 Ning-Hang Intercity Railway 191 Ninghang Railway 193 Ninghe Railway 193 Ning-Qi Railway 191, 193 Ningwu Railway 193 Ningxia 61–64, 105 Northeast University 83 NPV 38, 40 Nuclear Fusion and Reactor 225 Number of Highway Passengers 192 Number of Railway passengers 191 Number of Telephone Subscribers 192 Number of Waterway passengers 192 Numbers of Science & Technology Parks 160 Numbers of Universities 160 O Open Door policy 69, 89 Optimal Currency Area (OCA) 240 Over competition 232, 247, 249 P Panchayati Raj 135 Pareto efficient outcome 232 Partnership Enterprise Law 119 Passenger Traffic 162, 164, 169, 170, 172, 175 Patent applications 9, 40, 46 Patent regulations 15 Patents 2, 9, 15, 40, 43, 44, 46, 47, 62, 100, 130 Pearl River Delta (PRD) 14, 48, 86, 107, 129, 189 Period 1947 to 1964 98 Personnel in experimental development 158 Petro China Co Ltd 218 Index     271 Poland 238, 239, 241 Polish economy 245 Population Density 158, 160 Post and Telecommunications sectors 25 Posts and Telecommunications Administrations (PTA’s) 23 PPF 42 Pre-1947 colonial period 97 President Xi 76 Primary Industry 124, 125 Prime Minister Nehru 98, 99 Prime Minister Singh 101 Private enterprises 2, 94, 120, 128, 130, 131, 134, 148, 185 Private sector investment 16 Production function 8, 113 Projection of China’s Economic Future, 1996-2010 187 Protein Science 224 Provincial data 158 Provincial land area 160 Q Qingshan Foreign Trade 208 Qinhuai River 193 Quantum Research 224 Quanzhou City 62 R R&D 9, 10, 13, 14, 18, 21, 22, 37, 39–42, 44–46, 49, 61, 63, 65, 81, 84, 89, 101, 102, 130, 131, 133, 134, 136 R&D Expenditure 180, 186 Rare Earth Group Co, Ltd 217 Raw resources 171 Red hat firm 118 Regional heterogeneity of institutional development 81 Regional innovation policy 12 Regional innovation systems 10, 14, 17, 46, 48, 50, 61, 105–107 Regional integration 4, 230, 231, 238, 247 Rent responsibility system 39 Research institutes 2, 3, 19, 20, 31, 37–39, 65, 75, 81, 85, 87, 93, 148, 149 Reserve Bank of India 145 Resource diversion 232 Romania 238, 239, 241 Romanian economy 245 Rote learning methodology 75 S S&T institutes 61 S&T Parks 86, 180, 196, 198 S&T policy 181 S&T research 3, 38, 41, 94 S&T resources 61 Sanxia 204 SASAC 29 Scaling the Heights Program 84 Schuman Declaration 233 Schumpeterian 8, 114 Schumpeterian System Science Advisory Council 101 Science and Technology Incentive Enterprises 89 Science and Technology Parks 187, 188, 198 Science and Technology Plan (STP) for 1974–1979 100 www.ebook3000.com 272     Index Science and Technology Research Parks 3, 17, 117, 167, 180, 197, 209 Science Resolution Policy of 1958 99 Scientific Personnel 180 Scientists & Engineers 41 Secondary and Tertiary Industry 124, 125 Second World War 229, 231 SELCO 147 SEZs 3, 10, 66, 102, 167, 173, 177, 180, 188, 193, 206, 246 Shanghai 17, 27, 28, 31, 35, 85, 189, 191, 193, 194, 203, 208 Shantou 246 Shareholding corporations 131, 132 Shashi 204 Shenzhen 11, 18, 62, 89, 90, 92, 246 Shenzhen Hi-Tech Industrial Park 11 Shi Zhengrong 97 Short run 60 Shudra 137 Shuhe River 193 Siemens 31, 207 Silicon Valley 23, 51, 93 Singapore 247 Single common currency 230 Single European Act (SEA) 230, 239, 244 Single Market 230, 232 Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Law 134 Small and Medium Enterprises Innovation Fund 95 Small Enterprises Promotion Law 93 SME’s 12, 63, 92–94, 107, 108 Social Capital 18, 32, 48, 72, 122 Socialist Market Economics 64 Software Technology Park 136 Solar Electric Lighting Company 147 Southern Jiangsu 195 Soviet educational model 68 Soviet system 68 Soviet Union 67, 242 Space Technology 84, 224 Spark Program 4, 84, 87, 117 Spatial distributions of clusters 14 Spatial proximity Special Economic Zones 102, 105, 178, 188, 246 Spill over effects 11, 42 Stability of institutions State Council 23, 25, 33, 38 State Owned Enterprises 2, 29, 38, 63, 76, 94, 119–121, 123, 125, 130, 131, 148, 179, 195, 196, 219 Stem cell 9, 15, 225 Stipulations on Private Enterprise 118 Student subsidies 71 Subei 189, 194 Su-Huai Railway 191 Sunan 189, 193–195 Supply side 4, 12, 117, 229, 231, 237, 246, 247 Survey of India 99 Sutong Bridge 193 Suzhong 189 Suzhou 18, 86 Suzhou Guangfu Airport 193 Suzhou Hi-Tech Industry Development Zone 196 T Tackle Key 95 Index     273 Taiwan 62, 76, 82, 105, 128, 196, 198, 208, 217 Tamil Nadu 142 Tangshan 18 Tariffs and quota’s 234 Tata Group 145 Tata Nano 145 TCP/IP Internet connection 32 TD-LTE technological standard 31 TD-SCDMA 30 TD-SCDMA technology standard 31 Technocracy 59 Technological transfer 20, 21, 61 Technology Development Zones 193 Technology Policy of 1983 100 Telecommunications 2, 11, 16, 23, 25, 26, 28–30, 45, 48, 49, 51, 52, 60, 66, 82, 85, 93, 104, 163, 164, 169, 192, 205, 207, 216 Telephone subscribers 163 Tenth Five Year Plan 73, 143 Textile industry 135 The Maoist period, 1952-1977 187 Third Front program 169 Third Plenum 76, 118 Thirteenth Five Year Plan 16 Three Gorges Hydroelectric Stations 205 Three orientations 69 Tianjin Eco City 86 Tianshui 129, 194, 213, 217, 227 Title to land 138 Tongji Creative Cluster 13 Tongji Knowledge Economic Zone 13 TongTech 22 Top Ten Industry Promotion Planning initiative 134 Torch Foundation 87 Torch Program 4, 84, 87, 89, 133 Total Fixed Investment in Fixed Assets (TFIFA) Total Investments in Fixed Assets (TIFA) 173, 174, 177, 178, 225 Total Investments in fixed assets 178 Town and Village Enterprises (TVE’s) 2, 62, 119, 120, 138, 195 Trade Creation 242 Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) 15 Transfer and creation of knowledge 160, 205 Transfer of technology 12, 14, 19, 48 Transmission of knowledge 93 Transport costs 60, 102, 103, 229, 230, 237 Treaty of Paris 233 Trickle down 17 Triple Helix Model (THM) 1, 2, 12, 60, 104, 198 Tsinghua University 19, 74, 96 TSPE 118 Twelfth Five Year Plan 74, 105 Types of paper 47 U UK trade deficit 242 UK’s trade balance 241, 248 UMTS/WCDMA 30 UN 94, 229 United States 4, 23, 85, 198, 231, 233 University-Industry-Government (UIG) linkages 60, 82 UN Millennium Development Goals 94 www.ebook3000.com 274     Index Urbanisation 17, 45, 66, 141 UTStarcom 28 V Vaishya 137 Venture capital funds 122 W Waterway Freight 192 Webs of local linkages 12 Western Development Program 172, 177, 179, 187, 225 Western Development Strategy 187 Western province 3, 129 World Bank 116, 132, 229, 240, 246 WTO 4, 27, 28, 40, 94, 100, 231, 237, 242, 247 Wuhan 17, 92, 203, 204, 206–209, 212 Wuhan Changfei Optical Fiber 207 Wuhan Dunkou Light Vehicle Development Zone 208 Wuhan Economic & Technological Development Zone 208 Wuhan Huaruan Software Park 207 Wuhan Tianhe International Airport 208 Wuhan University 212 Wuxi 18, 97 Wuxi National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone\ 196 Wuxi Shuofang Airport 193 X Xerox 207 Xiamen 246 Xiangfan Hi-Tech Development Zone 208 Xi Jinping period 67 Xin-Chang Railway 191, 193 Xingdong Airport 193 Xinyi River 193 Xuzhou Guanyin Airport 193 Y Yancheng Airport 193 Yangpu District 13 Yangtze River 14, 48, 129, 189, 191, 193, 198, 203, 208, 213 Yangtze River Delta (YRD) 14, 48, 129, 189, 191, 198, 213 Yichang 206, 208, 209 Z Zhejiang 35, 44, 62, 85, 189, 191 Zhen-Nan Railway 191 Zhongguancun 11, 19–22, 48, 62, 88, 89, 96 Zhongguancun cluster 20–22 Zhongguancun Technology Park 19, 20 Zhonghu 213 Zhuhai 246 ...China’s Lessons for India: Volume II www.ebook3000.com Sangaralingam Ramesh China’s Lessons for India: Volume II The Political Economy of Change Sangaralingam Ramesh University of Oxford Oxford,... 218 Introduction The purpose of Volume of ‘China’s lessons for India is to focus on the political economy of change in the context of China’s economic reforms and the wider lessons which may... while the driving force of the NIS is the firm On the other hand, the driving force of the THM is the strength of the university–industry–government linkage Chapter will focus on the evaluation of