Perspectives on Kurdistan's Economy and Society in Transition Perspectives on Kurdistan's Economy and Society in Transition: Volume II Edited by Almas Heshmati, Alan Dilani and Serwan M.J Baban Perspectives on Kurdistan's Economy and Society in Transition: Volume II, Edited by Almas Heshmati, Alan Dilani and Serwan M.J Baban This book first published 2013 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2013 by Almas Heshmati, Alan Dilani and Serwan M.J Baban and contributors All rights for this book reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner ISBN (10): 1-4438-4836-0, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-4836-7 CONTENTS Speech of President Massoud Barzani xv Speech of Prime Minister Nechirvan Barzani xviii Acknowledgement of Financial Support xxvi Biography of the Editors xxvii List of Editors and Contributors xxix List of Abbreviations xxxii Chapter One Introduction and Summary of Contributions Almas Heshmati, Alan Dilani and Serwan M.J Baban Part I: Agriculture and Sustainable Development Chapter Two 12 Achieving Sustainable Food Production and Security in Iraqi Kurdistan: Challenges and Opportunities Serwan M J Baban Introduction 12 Characterising Agriculture: Issues and Possible Solutions 14 Planning for a Sustainable Future 16 The Priorities and Objectives 19 The Policies 22 Risks and Uncertainties 24 Conclusions 24 References 25 Appendix 27 Chapter Three 32 Building a Secure Future through Realizing Sustainable Development in the Federal Region of Kurdistan, Iraq Serwan M J Baban Introduction 33 Factors Threatening Sustainable Development in Southern Kurdistan 36 Living with Information Poverty and Achieving Sustainable Development 41 Contents vi Sustainable Development in Southern Kurdistan: a Way Forward 42 Conclusions 45 References 46 Chapter Four 48 Legal Actions Against Landmine Users Almas Heshmati and Nabaz T Khayyat The Principle of Military Necessity for the Use of Landmines and Cluster Munitions 51 Principle of Proportionality 55 Words of Caution about Mine Action Responsibilities 58 Policy Recommendations 60 Conclusions about Legal Actions against Landmine Users 61 References 62 Chapter Five 64 Pistacia Atlantica Kurdica, the Kurdish Medicinal Plant Mohammad Sharif Sharifi Introduction 64 Experimental 70 Results and Discussion 74 References 80 Part II: Diaspora Chapter Six 86 Immigration and Identity Crisis among Kurdish Youth in Denmark Fatima Anamaghi and Almas Heshmati Abstract 86 Introduction 87 Why People Choose to Migrate? 88 Why Kurdish people Choose to Migrate? 89 The Migration of Young Kurdish People 91 Erik Erikson’s Theory of Identity Development 92 Setting 96 Factors that Influence Youth Migrant Identity 96 Types of Migrant Youth Adjustment to Reduce Identity Crisis 101 Summary and Conclusion 103 10 References 105 Perspectives on Kurdistan’s Economy and Society in Transition vii Chapter Seven 109 The Kurdish Diaspora: A New Subject Formation in Transnational Space Ahmet Hamdi Akkaya Abstract 109 Introduction 110 The Formation of Kurdish Diaspora 112 The Victim Diaspora and the Myth of Return 115 The Diaspora and Identity 117 Conclusion 120 Bibliography 121 Part III: Education and Research Chapter Eight 126 University of Kurdistan Hewler: A Possible Model for Establishing Independent International Universities Within Developing Countries Serwan M J Baban Abstract 126 Introduction 127 Main Issues and Challenges for Higher Education 129 University of Kurdistan: Hewler, UKH 130 A Preliminary Evaluation of the Barriers to Progress 135 A Preliminary Evaluation of the performance over the period 2009–2012 136 Conclusions and Discussions 138 References 139 Chapter Nine 141 Multidisciplinary and Interdisciplinary Research and Education in Kurdistan Diako Ebrahimi Abstract 141 Research and Education Systems 142 History of Research and Education 144 Pros and Cons of R&E Systems 145 Which R&E System to Put in Place? 148 Education in Kurdistan 149 References 151 viii Contents Part IV: Health and Quality of Life Chapter Ten 154 Evaluation of Cardiopulmonary and Ladca Dose in Left-Sided Breast Cancer Patients by Utilizing the Deep Inspiration Breath-Holding Technique Mariwan Baker, Susanne Vallentin, Karen Andersen, Wiviann Ottosson and David Sjöström Abstract 154 Introduction 155 Materials and Methods 156 Results 160 Discussion 164 Conclusion 165 References 165 Chapter Eleven 169 The Importance of Satisfactory Clinical Encounters in Health Outcomes and Patient Satisfaction Nabi Fatahi Abstract 169 Introduction 170 Communication Theory 171 General Practitioner Patient Communication 174 The Short Encounter 177 Gender Perspective 178 Conclusion 178 References 179 Chapter Twelve 183 Rehabilitation and the Computerized Prosthetic Centre of Kurdistan Sam Hakki and Syed K Ali Abstract 183 Introduction 184 Methods 187 Results 190 Conclusion 192 References 193 Perspectives on Kurdistan’s Economy and Society in Transition ix Chapter Thirteen 196 The Kurdish Nation and Its Quality of Life: Field Analysis within the Kurdish Population 1999–2011 Fereydoon Rahmani Abstract 196 Introduction 197 Modern Developments and Approaches in Quality of Life Research 198 Conclusion 206 References 207 Part V: Industry Chapter Fourteen 210 The Roll of Automation and Mechatronics in the Creation of a Modern Industrialized Nation Hogir Fatih Rasul Abstract 210 Introduction 211 Automation and Mechatronics: the Key Prerequisites for Industrialization 212 The Impact of the History and Geopolitical Situation on Industrial Development 216 Industrial Policy and R&D Strategy 217 Sustainable industrial development 222 Summary and Conclusions 223 References 227 Part VI: Information Technology and E-Government Chapter Fifteen 236 An Overview of E-Government and Best Strategies for its Adoption in Developing Countries Wafa Khorsheed and Asad Khailany Abstract 236 Introduction 237 What is E-Government? 238 What are the Benefits of E-Government? 239 E-Government Maturity Model 240 Development Approach 242 x Contents What are the Barriers That Stand in the Path of E-Government Adoption? 245 Adoption Strategies 247 References 250 Chapter Sixteen 251 E-Government in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Some Thoughts on Implementation Zaigham Mahmood Abstract 251 Introduction 252 E-Government (EG) in Developing Countries 253 Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) and the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) 255 EG Adoption in KRI 256 Some Thoughts on the Implementation of EG in the KRI 262 Conclusion 264 References 265 Chapter Seventeen 268 Knowledge Society and Sustainable Quality Higher Education in Kurdistan Farzad Sanati Abstract 268 Introduction 269 The Current State of Higher Education in Kurdistan 270 The Kurdistan Research Sustainability Model 273 Centre for Science Informatics and Research Management (CSIRM) 277 Conclusion 278 References 279 Chapter Eighteen 281 Mobile-Government for Enhanced Public Service Delivery in Advancing Economies: the Case of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq Shareef M Shareef and Johnnes Arreymbi 281 Abstract 281 Introduction 282 Related Works 284 Methodology 286 Role of Information and Communications Technology in KRI 287 World Kurdish Congress 2012 Program 541 Dinner 19:00 – 21:00 Day 3: Saturday October 13th, 2012 08:45 - 10:00 Keynote Speaker: Serwan Baban, Minister of Agriculture and Water Resources, Agriculture and the Road Map to Self-Sufficiency in Kurdistan 10:30 - 12:30 Session 4: Restoration of Farming and Agriculture in Kurdistan Chair: Serwan Baban (Kurdistan / UK) Mahdy Barzinjy (Denmark), Medicinal Plants of Iraqi Kurdistan: A Scientific and Economic Evaluation Soleyman Sahebi (Australia), Water Resources in 21st Century Kurdistan: Threats and Opportunities Ali Barhoon (Sweden), School of Milk Production: Experiences from China and Bangladesh Manuel Martorell/ Igor Urizar (Spain), The White Week: An Original Project for Rural Development Discussion 12:30 - 13:30 Lunch, and Posters Display 13:30 - 15:30 Session 5: Higher Education and E-Government in Kurdistan Chair: Jakob Krarup (Denmark) Farzad Sanati (Australia), Knowledge Society and Sustainable Quality Higher Education in Kurdistan Diako Ebrahimi (Australia), Multidisciplinary Education in Kurdistan Shereen Hakky (USA), Fostering Kurdish Innovation to Fuel Regional Development and Economic Growth Zaigham Mahmood (UK), E-Government in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Some Thoughts on Implementation Shareef M Shareef / Johnnes Arreymbi (Kurdistan / UK), MobileGovernment for Enhanced Public Service Delivery in Advancing Economies: The Case of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) Wafa Khorsheed and Asad Khailany (USA), An Overview Of EGovernment And Best Strategies For Adoption In Developing Countries Discussion 15:30 - 16:00 Coffee/ Tea Break and Posters Display 542 Appendix A 16:00 - 18:00 Session 6: The Kurdish Genocide, Our Mind and Reshaping Our City, Environment and Design for Public Spaces Chair: Alan Dilani (Sweden) Osman Ahmed (UK), Documenting the Anfal: The Kurdish Genocide (1988) Through Drawing Jamal Hamid Zangana (UK), The Environmental Destruction of Iraqi Kurdistan Ahmad Sohrabi (USA), New Mind and Brain Sciences: Implications of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Jamil Mardukhi (Canada), Advanced Design Methods and Materials in Civil and Structural Engineering Parwez Zabihi (UK), Does Erbil Have the Potential to Become a Megacity by 2020? Jangir Maddadi (Sweden), Design for Public Space to Enhance Social Interaction and Well-Being Discussion Dinner 19:00 – 21:00 Day 4: Saturday October 13th, 2012 08:45 - 10:00 Keynote Speaker: Almas Heshmati (Korea University, South Korea), A Review of the Regional Development Strategy for the Kurdistan Region 2012-2016 10:00 - 10:30 Coffee/ Tea Break and Posters Display 10:30 - 12:30 Session 7: Economic Challenges and Opportunities in Kurdistan Chair: Almas Heshmati (South Korea) Nazar Rasul (Germany), Strategic Foresight for Economic Growth and Sustainable Infrastructure in Kurdistan (Iraq): A Vision for 2030 Nabaz T Khayyat (South Korea), Socio-Economic Impact of Landmines in Southern Kurdistan Hogir Fatih Rasul (Sweden), The Role of Automation and Mechatronics in the Creation of a Modern Industrialized Nation Mohammad Sharif Sharifi (Australia), Use of our Indigenous Kurdish Plants to Produce Antibiotics Discussion World Kurdish Congress 2012 Program 543 15:30 - 16:00 Coffee/ Tea Break and Posters Display 13:30 - 15:30 Session 8: Politics, Democracy, Power Sharing and Nation Building Chair: Joost Jongerden, (Netherlands) Niyaz Barzani (USA), The Feasibility of an Independent Kurdish State in Iraq Sait Keskin (UK), Kurdistan Regional Government: From Nation-Building to Nation-State Building Michael Gunter (USA), Hierarchy and Interaction: An Analysis of Kurdish Political Groups in Turkey Marianna Charountaki (UK), Turkish Foreign Policy towards the KRG Mahir A Aziz (Kurdistan), Power-Sharing and Consociational Democracy in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: 1998-2012 Discussion 15:30 - 16:00 Coffee/ Tea Break and Posters Display 16:00 - 18:00 Session 9: History, Culture, Language, Human Rights Education, and Social Policy in Kurdistan Chair: Mazhar Khaleghi (Kurdistan / UK) Jaffer Sheyholislami (Canada), Language Selection as a Double-Edged Sword: Language Planning and Policy in Iraqi Kurdistan Kristiina Koivunen (Finland), The History of Genocides in North and South Kurdistan, 1920-2010 Zeynep Arslan (Austria), To Be a Child of Non-Turkish Origin in Turkey: The Case of Kurdish Children Muslih Irwani (UK / Kurdistan), The Politics of Social Policy: KRG’s Experience in the Implementation of Social Security Programmes Boyan Hadjiev (Bulgaria), Women’s Role in the Development and Stability of Society Audrey Osler / Chalank Yahya (UK / Norway), Human Rights Education in Kurdistan-Iraq: Enabling Teachers to Contribute to Processes of Gender Equity, Democracy and Development Discussion Dinner 19:00 – 21:00 544 Appendix A Day 5: Saturday October 13th, 2012 08:30 – 12:30 Session 10: 08:30 - 10:30 Panel Discussion with KRG Ministers: Vision and Expectations Rekawt H Rashid Karim, Minister of Health Asmat M Khalid, Minister of Education Ali Saeed Mohammad, Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research Ashti Hawrami, Minister of Natural Resources 10:30 - 11:00 Coffee/ Tea Break and Posters Display 11:00 - 12:30 Panel Discussion with KRG Ministers: Vision and Expectations Chair: Alan Dilani (Sweden) Serwan Baban, Minister of Agriculture Ali Sindi, Minister of Planning Falah M Bakir, Minister of Foreign Relations (Diaspora) 12:30 - 14:00 Lunch 14:00 - 15:00 Session 11: Panel Discussion with University Rectors: Vision and Expectation Chair: Almas Heshmati (South Korea) 14.00-15.00 University of Sallahaddin, Rector Ahmed Anwar Dezaye University of Sulaymania, Rector University of Dahouk, Rector University of Kurdistan, former Rector 15:00 - 16:00 Closing and Discussion with Audience INDEX OF AUTHORS Aaranio, E.J., 408, 429 Abdel Aziz, A M., 400 Aboelela, S W., 151 Abramson, P.R., 200, 207 Ahituv, N., 286, 297 Ahmad, N., 212, 444, 451, 455 Ahmed S.R., 542 Ahmed, T.T., 418, 429 Akintola, A., 400 Akintola, M B., 400 Akkaya, A H., 3, 109, 111, 112, 116, 121 Al Maktaum, M B R., 303, 322 Al-Ali, N., 439, 456 Alamri, S., 80 Alfsen, K H., 310, 322 Al-Habal, M., 69, 80 Al-Habal, Z., 80 Ali, S.K., 183 Alinia, M., 111, 121 Al-Khori, A M., 246, 250 Al-Omari, H., 246, 250 Alpar, P., 252, 265 Alper, J., 69, 80 Al-Quorain, A A., 80 Al-Qurashi, A R., 68, 80 Al-Shafi, S., 245, 250 Ameli, Sr., 99, 105 Anamaghi, F., 3, 86 Andersson, S O., 176, 177, 179 Andrews, P W., 99, 105 Angelides, M.C., 276, 279 Angerhofer, B J., 276, 279 Arfa, G.H., 422, 429 Arreymbi, J., 260, 267, 281, 294, 298 Asgahr, P.A., 367 Aubert J., 129, 139 Aziz, O.A., 413, 416, 429 Baban, S M J., 13-16, 25, 35, 36, 40-47, 127-130, 139, 320, 323 Bagshi, A., 179 Bajalan, C., 8, 321, 402 Baker, M., 96, 108, 154 Baptista, M., 252 Barrera, F., 400 Barrett, E C., 47 Bartzokas, A., 220, 227 Barzani, M., xvi, 469, 475, 476, 518, 522, 526 Barzani, N., 460, 499 Bateson, M., 68, 80 Baum, C., 265 Bautsch, H., 282, 297 Beach, H., 55, 62 Becher, T., 151 Begikhani, N., 439, 456 Berg, S., 400 Berman, E.P., 326, 328, 336 Bernhardsen, T., 16, 41, 47 Bernstam, M., 483 Berry, D., 170, 179 Berstad, A., 66, 80 Bilardi, C., 68, 80 Björn, L., 352, 367 Bloed, A., 408, 429 Bode, G., 67, 82 Bois, T., 462, 483 Borger, J H., 155, 165 Boyera, S., 286, 297 Brah, A C.J., 117, 120, 121 Bröring, G., 98, 105 Brownlie, I., 483 Buchanan, A., 464, 465, 483 Bugnion, F., 50, 62 Carnahan, B M., 50, 62 Bühler, K., 174, 179 Bult-Spiering, M., 400 Buyse, A., 483 546 Index of Authors Cacioppo, T J., 99, 105 Cartermill, G., 252, 265 Carver, S., 47 Cassell, E J., 170, 179 Centeno, C., 266 Cervino, L I., 165, 166 Chan, A W H., 168 Chandler, S., 253, 266 Chen Q., 139 Chen, D., 83 Chung, S., 220, 227 Clarke, III, I., 297 Clarke, M., 155, 166 Codagnone, C., 246, 250 Undheim, T A., 250 Cohen, R., 114, 122 Cohen, J., 122 Collier, P., 310, 322 Cora-Bramble, D., 91, 105 Cornelius, S., 47 Correa, C R., 155, 166 Craig, E., 407, 430 Cuhls, K., 350, 368 Curtis, L.F., 47 Darby, S C., 156, 166 Davidson, M., 151 Davidson, N.G., 411, 430 Davies, D., 151, 166 Davis, P., 54, 63 Dawson, M T., 99, 107 De Mulinen, F., 50, 63 De Rougemont, G., 65, 81 deLeon, P., 493, 506 Delvin, M., 151 Detragiache, E., 272, 279 Di Mayo, A., 253, 265 Dilani, A., 320, 323, 524 Dillon, D., 151 Doherty, N F., 245, 250 Donegan, M., 285, 297 Dulbecco, P., 81 Duniop, N., 54, 63 DuPlessis, H M., 91, 105 DzierĪanowska-Fangrat, K., 68, 81 Eagle, N., 286, 297 Easton, J., 283, 297 Ebrahimi, D., 82, 141 Eisenstadt, M., El-Ghali H., 471, 472, 483 Elmore, R.F., 495, 506 El-Morsy, F., 80 Emanuelsson, A C., 111, 114, 122 Engle, E A., 55, 63 Entessar, N., 413, 430 Erale, E.M., 430 Fatahi, N., 169, 171, 176, 179 Faucon, P., 65, 81 Fink, A., 368 Fisher, B., 155, 165 Foley, P., 294, 297 Friedman, T., 470, 483 Gagliardi, G., 166 Galbraith, P W., 462, 475, 477, 483, 506 Garner, J., 324 Garson, J P., 88, 105 George, R., 165, 167 Georghiou, L., 345, 368 Gerald, R A., 93, 105 Gilbert, G., 194, 430, Gisbert, J P., 69, 81 Godfrey, O., 227 Goebel, D., 188, 194 Gomer, G., 331, 336 Goodwin, C., 67, 81 Grant, J., 334, 336 Grant, R., 63 Gregg, A., 105 Griffiths, D J., 111, 122 Griffiths, M., 437, 440, 456 Grindle, M.S., 496, 506 Groover, M P., 227 Grover, S C., 442, 456 Guillet, V., 286, 297 Gunter, M., 430, 462, 465, 471, 472, 474, 483, 489, 506 Guo, W., 354, 368 Gurbey, G., 421, 430 Gutt, R., 167 Gyenes, G., 156, 167 Hadden, T., 405, 430 Hagihara, A., 174, 179 Perspectives on Kurdistan's Economy and Society in Transition Hakki, S., 324 Hakky, S.S., 324 Hanna, N K., 252, 266 Hantho, A., 175, 179 Harb, I., 436, 456 Harber, C., 436, 456 Harmsen, J A., 171, 179 Harper, N L., 171, 179 Hassanpour, A., 403, 413, 424, 430 Havas, A., 352, 368 Hawkley, C L., 99, 105 Hazell, S., 67, 71, 74, 81 Heshmati, A., 1, 48, 86, 139, 302, 306, 308, 310, 317, 319, 320, 323, 418, 430, 499, 506 Hewez, F., 80 Heywood, I., 42, 43, 47 Hillgruber, C., 484 Hite, R., 324 Ho, M J., 180 Hooning, M J., 155, 165, 167 Horner, M., 156, 167 Hosny, W., 294, 298 Host, H., 167 Howard, M., 253, 266 Hummel, C., 326, 336 Husum, H., 191, 194 Irwani, M., 487 Ishmatova, D., 283, 286, 298 Jabar, F.A., 511, 514, 522 Jackson, J L., 174, 180 Jain, R B., 506 James E C., 92, 95, 105 Jones, R S., 306, 323 Jordi, T.J., 90, 105 Jorgensen, M., 67, 82 Juffer, A K., 100, 106 Jwaideh, W., 509, 517, 519, 522 Kahf, U., 98, 106 Kakai, F., 419, 430 Kakihara, M., 283, 298 Kamanger, M., 415, 431 Kammann, R., 199, 207 Karadaghi, K., 431 Karimi, H., 90, 106 Kart, A., 426, 431 547 Katzman, K., 472, 474, 484 Keenan, M., 341, 342, 368 Kelidar, A., 411, 431 Keskin, S., 509 Khailany, A., 236 Khalil, L., 461, 471, 472, 484 Khayati, K., 111, 122 Khayyat, N.T., 48, 302, 319, 323 Khorsheed, W., 236 Kienberger, M., 207 Kim, J J., 68, 69, 82 King, D E., 106, 111, 122 King, M., 250 Kirk, D., 129, 139 Kirmanj, S., 272, 279 Koppel, C., 75, 82 Korreman, S S., 155, 164, 167 Kowalik, R., 286, 298 Kowalski, C., 176, 178, 180 Krasner, S., 478, 484 Kreyenbroek, P.G., 402, 416, 425, 431 Kroger, J., 92, 106 Kuran, T., 216, 227 Kushchu, I., 282, 298 Kwak, C.I., 400 Laurie, C., 87, 106 Layne, K., 253, 266 Lazin, F A., 496, 506 Lee, J., 266 Lewis, R., 485 Lijphart, A., 472, 485 Lin, A., 485 Lind, T., 67, 82 Lint, M., 174, 180 Lipsky, M., 495, 506 Liu, L., 227 Lorentsen, L., 322 Lowe, E D., 106 Lowe, R., 522 Lubrano di Ciccone, B., 180 Lyon, A J., 106 MacDonald, C., 485 Magauran, C E., 174, 180 Mahdi, K., 13, 15, 26 Mahmood, Z., 251, 253, 264, 266 548 Index of Authors Makinde, T., 496, 507 Malmberg, B., 171, 180 Mann, S., 223, 227 Marcia, E J., 95, 106 Marguiles, R., 426, 431 Mark, J M., 106 Marr, P., 418, 431 Martin, Ben R., 340, 361 Martin, J., 66 82 Mary, C W., 106 Massey, D S., 106 Mauch, K., 188, 189, 194 Max-Neef, M.A., 151 Mazmanian, D A.,493, 494, 507 McCray, A T., 172, 180 McDowall, D., 425, 431 McGarry, J., 419, 431 Meeuwesen, L., 171, 179 Megraud, F., 67, 82 Mettler, S., 325, 326, 330, 337 Meyrowitz, H., 52, 63 Millien, R., 331, 337 Moatche, R., 267 Moran, A., 82, 129, 140 Morse, S., 35, 47 Morsink, J., 406, 431 Mosselson, J., 88, 106 Mostofi, N., 106 Muus, R., 95, 107 Natali, D., 462, 485, 489, 490, 507, 513, 515, 522 Nemoto, K., 164 Nessa, J., 174, 175, 180 Nixon, A J., 155, 167 Noll, H.H., 200, 208 Nöth, W., 174, 180 O’Shea, M., 462, 485 Ogden, J., 177, 180 Ohlander, U., 180 Olbrich, S., 265 O'morain, C., 81 Ooi, G C., 168 O'Rourke, J., 67, 82 Osler, A 433, 441, 442, 443, 455 Østergaard-Nielsen, E., 111, 122 Oswalt, A., 93, 107 Ottosson, J O., 154, 175, 180 Ozcan, N., 471, 472, 474, 485 Pajares, J M., 69, 81 Paszat, L.F., 155, 168 Patterson, S J., 95, 107 Pedersen, A N., 164, 167 Pejic, J., 431 Peters, T., 254, 267 Petrie, H G., 151 Philips, D., 408, 429, 476, 485 Pictet, J., 58, 63 Pierse, C., 421-424, 432 Pimenidis, E., 267, 283 Popper, R., 368 Preker, S., 400 Pressman, J.L., 493, 507 Prunhuber, C., 524 Rafaat, A., 461, 462, 472, 476, 477, 485 Rafat, A., 271, 279 Rahmani, F., 196, 2007 Rasul, H.F., 210 Rasul, N.F., 338 Reiffers, J., 129, 139 Reijs, J., 351, 368 Reinheimer, S., 485 Rejab, R F., 227 Remouchamps, V M., 164, 168 Riberio, M., 67, 82 Richter, L., 88, 99, 107 Robins, P., 422, 424, 432 Rodley, N.S., 403, 406, 432 Rogers, W.O., 238, 250 Rogg, I., 489, 507 Romano, D., 462, 485 Rossel, P., 285, 298 Rostami, M., 370 Rouleau, E., 421, 432 Roveda, C., 368 Rundqvist D., 176, 178, 181 Rundqvist, E M., 181 Rutqvist, L.E., 155, 166 Sabatier, P A., 493, 494, 507 Sadeh, N., 282, 298 Safran, W., 116, 122 Salaheddin, S., 184, 194 Perspectives on Kurdistan's Economy and Society in Transition Salih, B., 507 Salt, J., 88, 105 Sanati, F S., 268, 269, 280 Sanders, T I., 368 Sandoz, Y., 53, 63 Saritas, O., 355, 368 Schiavo, R., 174, 181 Schofield, J., 495, 501, 508 Schouten, B C., 171, 181 Schultz, W., 188, 194 Schwarz, P., 346, 369 Seave, B M., 472, 485 Selcen, D., 286, 298 Selten, J.P., 88, 107 Sérgio Gouvêa da Costa, Severinsson, E I., 178, 181 Seweryn, O., 99, 107 Shabila, N., 185, 195 Shannon, C E., 173, 181 Shareef, S., 260, 262, 267 Sharifi, M S., 64, 69, 71, 74, 76, 81 Sheikhmous, O., 114, 122 Sherr, L., 88, 99, 107 Shigehiro, O., 198, 208 Silva, A L., 99, 107 Sim, R., 415, 423, 432 Sindi, H., 329, 333, 337 Sixel, K E., 164, 168 Small, R., 181 Song, G., 299 Soroush, A., 185, 191, 195 Squires, G., 151 Stansfield, G., 435, 457 Stebbing, C., 174, 181 Steinberg, L., 92 Ster, M P., 181 Stevanovic, Z., 129, 140 Stocking, M., 35, 47 Stranzl, H., 164, 168 Street, Jr., 176, 178, 181 Streiff-Fénart, J., 100, 107 Stromquist, N P., 440, 457 Sturmberg, J P., 181 Su, B., 323 Suarez-Almazor, M E., 174, 181 Subrahmanian, R., 437, 457 549 Swinnen SGHA, 88, 107 Tahiri, H., 462, 485 Tausch, A., 310, 323 Tegart, G., 350, 369 Themnér, L., 48, 63 Thio, L.A., 405, 432 Thomas, S., 83 Thomson, J A., 99, 105 Thornberry, P., 405, 432 Tilly, C., 118, 122 Tohyama, N., 100, 107 Tomaševski , K., 436, 457 Townsend, A., 294, 299 Tracy, N I., 75, 83 Tubbs, S L., 170, 181 Ucarer, E.M.,106 Vali, A., 117, 122 Vallis, K A., 155, 168 Van Bossuyt, A., 409, 432 Van Bruinessen, M., 110, 111, 117, 122 Van Der Hulst, R., 66, 83 Van Meter, D., 493, 508 Vaughn, M L., 96, 108 Vermot-Mangold, R G., 91, 108 Vikström, J., 164, 165, 168 Vinh-Hung, V., 155, 168 Vitterso, J., 200, 208 Von Raffler-Engel, W., 171, 181 Wahlbeck, O., 111, 112, 123 Waitzkin, H., 176, 182 Wallace, P., 282, 286, 299 Wallensteen, P., 48, 63 Wan-Yusof, K., 25, 43, 47 Warburton, V., 82 Waterman, A S., 92, 108 Weaver, W., 173, 181 Whelan, T J., 155, 168 Whitbourne, K S., 95, 108 Wilgenburg, W., 508 Williams, M V., 172, 182 Williams, R., 189, 195 Wilson, D., 438, 440, 458 Windley, P J., 263, 267 Wu, A C., 182 Yahya, C., 433, 444, 458 550 Yeager, J., 139 Yildiz, K., 416-418, 432 Yoda, T., 353, 369 Zapf, K M., 100, 108 Zapf, W., 197, 208 Zebari, D., 462, 486 Index of Authors Zentilin, P., 81 Zhang, X Q., 400 Zhian, S., 370 Zlatkis, A., 75, 83 Zohary, M., 83 SUBJECT INDEX Achieving Sustainable Development, 2, 32, 43, 44 Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 213 American Society for Testing and Materials, 228 Archeology and tourism, xxiv Association of University Technology Managers, 330, 332 Barriers to E-Government Adoption, 245, 247 Beneficiaries, 489 Benefits and obstacles of PPPs, 373 Benefits of E-Government, 237, 240, 248 Best and Final Offer, 388 Build Operate Transfer, 374 Building a Nation, 526 Building a Secure Future, 32 Building Institutions, 9, 512, 519 Business to Customer,, 253 Campylobacter Selective Agar, 74, 75 Carbon Dioxide, 71, 72, 73 Center for Migration Studies, 307 Center for Survey Research and Methodology, 200 Central Control Unit, 294 Centre for Science Informatics, 268, 277 Centre for Science Informatics and Research Management, 268, 277 Challenges and Opportunities, 12 Challenges facing the Kurdish nation, xviii Challenges for Higher Education, 129 Characterising Agriculture, 14 Choose to Migrate, 89, 90 Classification Framework of a PPP arrangement, 374 Clinical Target Volume, 153, 162 Code Division Multiple Access, 282 Communication Theory, 171 Comprehensive Peace Agreement, 475 Computer Numerically Machine Control tools, 213 Computerized Prosthetic Centre, 183 Convention for the Protection of Human Rights, 409 Convention on the Rights of the Child, 435, 439, 443 Conversation Management Service, 395, 396 Copenhagen documents, 406 Customer to Business , 253 Danish Immigration Service, 106 Debt and equity component, 380 Declaring Independence, 463, 470, 473, 474 Deep Inspiration Breath-hold, 153, 160, 162, Democracy and Development, 435, 445, 447 Deoxyribonucleic Acid, 68, 150, Department of Foreign Relations, 471 Department of IT, 257, 264 Design Build Finance Operate, 385, 389, 398 Developing common views, xix Development Approach, 342, 376 Development Strategy, 7, 302, 311 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 97 Diaspora and Identity, 118 Digital control systems, 213, 224 Digital Video Broadcasting Diversity and Gender, 440, 447 Dynamics of Nation Building, 510 552 Subject Index Economic Development, 34, 221, 239, 348, 441, 538 Economic Growth, 24, 45, 89, 219, 358 Education, 127, 372 Education in Kurdistan, 141 Education Policy Reforms, 437 Essential oil of Kurdica, 74, 75 E-Government, 336, 351, 381, E-Government Maturity Model, 241, 242 Syrian Kurds’ National Council , 517 Enhanced Public Service Delivery I, 281 European Union 89, 200, 353, 403, 425 Evaluation Methods, 375, 376, 388, 395 Evaluation of Cardiopulmonary and Ladca, 154 Evaluation of the Barriers to Progress, 135 Evaluation of the performance, 136 External Dimensions, 461, 471 Factors that Influence Youth Migrant Identity, 96 Factors Threatening Sustainable Development, 36 First Generation System, 282 Food and Agriculture Organisation, 36, 310 Foreign Direct Investment, 218, 319, 330 Formation in Transnational Space, 109 Formation of Kurdish Diaspora, 112 Fostering Kurdish Innovation, 324 Free Breathing, 4, 154, 160, 163 Free Trade Zone, 218 Fuel Regional Development, 324 Fundamental Elements of Nation Building, 517 Funding strategy, 378 Future Of WKC, 538 Future Scenarios, 338 G-7 Countries, 221 Gel Permeation Chromatography, 71 Gender Perspective, 178 General Practitioner, 174 Geographic Information System, 15, 41 Global Migration Group, 96 Global Positioning System, 281, 283, 286 Global System for Mobile Communications, 291, 293 Government to Business, 243 Government to Citizens, 243 Government to Government, 243 Gross Domestic Product, 303, 306, 308 Gross National Product, 221 GulfNet Security System, 290 Health and Quality of Life, 1, 4, 153 Health Outcomes, 169 Health Related Quality of Life, 198, 202 Healthcare, 4, 169, 172, 256, 423 High-Technology Development Zone, 218 Historical Legacy, 510, 520 History and Geopolitical, 216, History of Research and Education, 144, Human Capacity Development Program, 289,500 Human Resource, 33, 127, 129, 135, 252, 350, 385, 455 Human Rights, 455, 463, 466, 468, 473 Human Rights Education, 433, 440 Human–Machine Interface, 215 Identity Crisis, 86, 87, 92, 95 Immigration, 86 Importance of Satisfactory Clinical Encounters, 5, 169 Independent International Universities, 126 Independent Kurdish State, 460, 461 Industrial Development, 216, 222, 349, 354, 365 Perspectives on Kurdistan's Economy and Society in Transition Industrial Policy, 217, 225, 318 Information and Communication Technology, 238, 252, 316 Information Poverty, 41 Information Technology, 6, 148, 211, 238, 256, 358 Infrastructure and Development, 7, 301 Innovation Systems, 221 Integrated Circuit, 213 Internal Dimensions, 468 Internally Displaced Persons, 436 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 404, 462, 463 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 404, 463 International Humanitarian Law, 2, 50, 52, 55, 61, 62 International Monetary Fund, 272 International Organization for Migration, 439 International Standards for Minority Language Rights, 403 International Telecommunication Union, 298 Invitation to Negotiation, 387 Key Prerequisites for Industrialization, 212 Knowledge Society, 6, 268, 274, 355, 360 Kurdish Diaspora, 3, 109, 110, 115, 120, 315 Kurdish Medicinal Plant, 64 Kurdish Minority Rights to Language, 402 Kurdish Population, 90, 196, 205, 418, 427 Kurdistan Democratic Party, 435 Kurdistan National Assembly, 465, 468, 471, 489, 491, 513 Kurdistan National Liberation Movement, 510, 515 Kurdistan Parliament, 19, 491, 505, 506 553 Kurdistan Region, 509, 513, 519, 521 Kurdistan Regional Government, 6, 59, 131, 251, 263, 269, 385, 418, 434, 465, 509 Kurdistan Worker’s Party, 516 Language, 8, 98, 127, 146, 170, 256, 318 Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery, 154, 158 Legal Actions Against Landmine Users, 48, 61 Less Developing Countries, 322 Linear Structural Relationships, 201 Macroeconomics, 305, 308 Martyrs and Genocide Survivors, 9, 487, 488, 490, 500, 502 Mean left Lung Dose, 162 Methodology, 286, 496 Millennium Development Goal, 304, 436 Mine Action Responsibilities, 58 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, 71, 73 Ministry for Education and Research, 350 Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources, 12, 32 Ministry of Communications, 260, 264 Ministry of Education, 415, 418 Ministry of Higher Education, 127, 256, 260, 272, 289, 500, 518 Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, 127, 256, 260, 289, 534 Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, 491, 498, Ministry of Martyrs and Anfal Affairs, 490, 499, Ministry of Planning, 7, 315, 302, 308, 315, 322 Ministry of Transportation and Communications, 287 Mobile Government, 6, 281, 284, 293, 296 554 Subject Index Mobile Government Application, 6, 293 Models for PPPs, 385 Monitoring mechanism components, 377 Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, 397 Multimedia Messaging Service, 282, 285 Multinational Corporations, 218, 313 Multiple Discrepancies Theory , 200 Music Video TV channel, 282 Myth of Return, 110, 115 Nation Building, 8, 9, 40, 109, 115, 126, 130, 322, 509, 510, 512, 515 Nation Building Process, 3, 109, 115, 510, 512 Nation State Building, 9, 509, 517, 520, National Institutes of Health, 66, 327 National R&D Program, 220, 226 National Science Foundation, 327 Net Present Value, 376, 395 Non-Governmental Organization, 344, 369 Office of Naval Research, 327 Oil-for-Food Programme, 489, 498 Opportunities and Challenges, 510, 512 Optical Density, 73, 74 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 422 Organization of WKC, 528 Other opportunities, xxiv Overview of WKC, 525 Partial Risk Guarantees, 391 Partiya Jiyan Azad a Kurdistan, 516 Patent Cooperation Treaty, 333 Patient Satisfaction, 5, 169 Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, 435, 517 Personal Computer, 6, 236 Personal Digital Assistant, 285 Pistacia Atlantica Kurdica, 2, 64 Planning for a Sustainable Future, 16 Policy Framework, 327, 399, 443 Policy Implementation, 9, 335, 350, 487, 488, 493, 494, 496, 501 Policy Recommendations, 2, 60, 87, 352, Political Struggle, 510, 511 Politically Underdeveloped, 487, 488, 497 Post-Conflict, 435, 439, 455 Potential Areas of Development, 7, 305, 318 PPP contract type, 373 Principle of Military Necessity, 50, 51, 62 Principle of Proportionality, 50, 55, 57 Principles and Strategies, 454, 455 Priorities qnd Objective, 19 Processes of Gender Equality, 433 Programmable Automation Controller, 215 Programmable Logic Controller, 215 Pros and Cons of R&E Systems, 145 Public-Private Partnership, 8, 320, 370, 371, 385 Quality assurance, 40, 129, 132, 377 Quality of Life, 4, 33, 153, 186, 196, 201, 372, 539 Realizing Sustainable Development, 25 Recommendations for PPP projects, 392 Reduce Identity Crisis, 101, 104 Reflections from World Kurdish Congress, 524 Regional Development Strategy, 7, 270, 302 Rehabilitation, 5, 183, 184, 190 Remote Terminal Unit, 215 Research and Development, 220, 269, 277, 326, 334 Perspectives on Kurdistan's Economy and Society in Transition Research and Education, 4, 141, 142, 144, 327, 350 Research and Education Systems, 142 Research Management, 6, 138, 268, 273, 277 Research Sustainability Model, 268, 277 Resourcing, 324, 325 Rights and Privileges, 487, 488, 490, 504 Risks and Uncertainties, 24 Role of public finance, 381, 382 Second Generation system, 282 Short Encounter, 176, 177 Short Message Service, 282, 285, 290 Social Policy Background, 488 Social Safety Net, 9, 487, 488 Social Security Programme, 488, 490, 494 Specific areas of interest, xxii, 347 State-owned investment bank, 222 Statehood Criteria, 468 Strategic Foresight , 338 Strength and Weaknesses, 311 Strength Weakness Opportunity Threats analysis, 17, 351, 358, 362 Subjective Well-Being, 197, 200 Sudan People’s Liberation Movement, 473 Sustainable Food Production and Security, 12 Sustainable Growth, 6, 42, 222, 268, 357 Sustainable industrial development, 222 Sustainable Infrastructure, 338 Swedish Bureau of Statistics, 316 Technique and instruments, 378 Technology Development Center, 221 555 Technology Transfer , 218, 220, 326, 329, 365 Technology Transfer Office, 221, 334 Tendering process, 375, 385, 387 Theory of Identity Development, 92 Traffic Police Information System, 7, 282, 283, 284 Treatment Planning System, 155 Types of Migrant Youth Adjustment, 101, 104 UN Girls’ Education Initiative, 437 UN Mission in East Timor, 479 United Nations Development Programme, 129, 272 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 223, 269 United States Agency for International Development, 303, 347 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 441, 448 Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, 223 Universal Mobile Telephone Services, 282 University of Kurdistan Hawler, 4, 530 Urban and Regional Information Systems Association, 25 Victim Diaspora, 111, 114, 115, 121 Western Kurdistan People’s Council, 517 Wireless Access Protocol, 295 World Commission on Environment and Development, 33 World Economic Forum, 396 World Intellectual Property Organization, 326 World Kurdish Congress, 524 ... Perspectives on Kurdistan's Economy and Society in Transition: Volume II Edited by Almas Heshmati, Alan Dilani and Serwan M.J Baban Perspectives on Kurdistan's Economy and Society in Transition: ... Role of Information and Communications Technology in KRI 287 Perspectives on Kurdistan’s Economy and Society in Transition xi Proposed Mobile Government Application 293 Conclusion ... language and culture alive Perspectives on Kurdistan’s Economy and Society in Transition xxv You can help to form partnerships in the industries and institutions where you work in order to expand