SATH ER CLASSICAL LECTURES Volume Forty-t hree THE ANCI ENT ECON OMY THE ANCIENT ECONOMY by M I FINLEY Updated Edition With a Foreword by Ian Morris UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley · Los Angeles · London University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd London, England © M I Finley 1973, 1985 © Renewed 1999 by The Trustees of Darwin College, Cambridge University Foreword© Ian Morris 1999 Second Edition 1985, Updated Edition 1999 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 86-672785 ISBN 0-520-21946-5 (pbk.) Printed in the United State~ of America 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 The paper used in this publication is both acid-free and totally chlorine-free (TCF) It meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/ NISO Z39.48- 1992 (R 1997) (Permanence of Paper).@ To the FACULTY OF CLASSICS UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE and the DEPARTMENT OF CLASSICS UNIVERSITY OF CALIFOR.NIA, BERKELEY 254 Notes to pages 204-206· 104 Carrie, "Distrib~tions" 1096 105 I have subsequently developed the conceptual analysis more fully in "Colonies-an Attempt at a Typology", Transactions of the Royal Historical Sociery, 5th ser., 26 (1976) 167-88; "Empire in the Greco-Roman World", Greect and Rome, 2nd ser., 25 (1978) 1-15, reprinted in Review (1978) 55-68 106 I follow A Tchernia, "Italian Wine in Gaul at the End of the Republic", in Garnsey, Trade 87-104 107 Tchernia, ibid.; A Daubigney, "Relations marchandes mediterraneennes et proces des rapports de dependance (magu- et ambactes) en Qaule protohis toriq ue'', in Colloq ue de Cortone ( 1981), published ( 1983) by the Ecole fran~aise de· Rome under the title, Modes de contact et processus de transformationdans les sociitis anciennes 108 I here follow my "Soziale Modelle zur antiken Geschichte I I Krieg und Herrschaft", Historische Zeitschrift 259 ( 1984) 286-308 109 For Greece, see M Amit, Great and Small Poleis (Brussels 1973) 110 This is a central theme of my Politics in the Ancient World (Cambridge 1983) 111 Whittaker, "Inflation" 7-15 12 See my "The Fifth-Century Athenian Empire: A Balance Sheet"; in Imperialism in the Ancient World, ed P D A Garnsey and C R Whittaker (Cambridge 1978), chap 5, reprinted in Finley, E & S., chap Index accounting, see bookkeeping Aegina, 131, 136, 238n17 Africa, North (Roman), 33, 37, 71, 87-8, go, 102, 112, 124, I 78-9, 188, 191, 199, 223nr8, 224n28, 229n93, 252n85 ager publicus, IOI, 102-3, I 19, 12 I, I 29 agriculture, 31-2, 58, 73, 106-7, 110-11, I 23, I 31-3; governmental regulation of, 136, I 48, 244n4 7; profitability of, 83-4, 98, I02, 103, I08, I 14, I I 7; slavery in (Greek), 18, 70, 114; (Roman), 32, 64, 70-1, 76, 80, 85, 86, 92, IOI, 102, 103, I 12, I 17, 129, 156, 234n52; and social status, 17-18, 44-5, 50, 58, 76, 78, 96-7, 122 See also agronomy; peasants; tenant farmers agronomy, 18, 112, 148, 223n18, 233n40 Ahenobarbus, L Domitius, 70, IO 1, 11 I, 121 Alexandria, 30, 31, 77, 97, I 30, 148, 154, I I, I 79, I 86, 200 alimenta, 40, 104, 201 Andreau, J., 197, 25on59 annona, 159, 24on50 Antioch, 30, 33-4, 40, 79, 94, 97, 127, 131, 171, 179, 23on3, 234n48, 245n8 Apuleius, wealth of, 37, 41 Archimedes, 146, 147, 167 architecture, ~s occupation, 42, 50, 75, 80, 145-6 aristocracy, local, in Roman Empire, 59, 77, 88, 104, I 53, 158, 224n28, 23on3; Roman, 46-7, 52-7, 12g-30, I 53, I 56, 194, 22on56 Aristonicus, 227n60 Aristophanes, 41, 107, 144n, 173 Aristotle, 54, 152, 162; on Athens, 67, 111, 16g 70, 172-3; on economics, 21, 122, 125, 136, 146, 211m2; on freedom and slavery, 40-1, 65, 76, 81-2, 156-7 Aristotle, pseudo-, Oikonomikos of, 20-1, 122 Aries, 59, I 28, I 44 army, 75, 79, 87, 88, I 08, 32n, 163, I 74-5; manpower, 30, Bo, IOI, 103, 148-9, 151, 172, 176; mercenary, 55; officers, 43, 55-6, 84-5; supplies for, 74, 90-1, 93, 107,127-8, 140, 153, 154, 159, 160, 165, 229n87, 237n12, 238n24, 24on50; unfree men in, 64, 83, 84n, o 1, 243n28 See also booty; vetera'ns Arretium (Arezzo), 34, 52, 59, 74, 82, 137, 191, 193 Asia Minor, 32, 100, 127, 183, 226n59; labour in, 71, 184, 222n17, 226n57, 227n60 associations, 59, I, 138, 153, I 87, I 95, 224n33, 226n57 Athens, 30, 37, 74, 77, 97, 100, 108, 145, 150-2, 175, 186, 244n51; coinage of, 167-9, 243n38; empire of, 126, I 7, 168-g, 171-3, 206, 207; food supply of, 60, 129, I 33, I 60, I 62, I 6g-70, I 78, 198, 200; orders in, 48-g, I; silver mines of, 72-3, 133-4, 135; trade of, 33, 131-5, 137, 162-4, 169 Atticus, 52 Augustine, 188 Augustus, 35, 55, 80, 120- 1, 139, 148, 201, 202 Ausonius, estate of, 104 Bacaudae, 89, 92 banking, 52, 62, 116, 118-19, 141-2, 198, 22on56 See also moneylending benefactions, see charity Berry, B J L., 34 +n53 Bickerman, E J., 158 +n15 Bithynia, 118, 127, 139 bookkeeping, 110-11, 116-17, 142, 181 booty, 30, 55-6, 136, 157, 170, 175 bottomry, see money lending, maritime 'bread and circuses', 75, 81, 158, 225n34 Britain, 59, 91, 102, 127, 157, 207, 229n87, 237nn10, 12 Brutus, 52, 54, 22on55 Bucher, K., 192 Buckland, W W., 63 bureaucracy, 28-9, go, 140, 213n27 · business practice, 7-8, 11o- 11, 11617, 141-5, 196-8 See also management; peculium Caesar, Julius, in Gaul, 72, 85, 126, 157; measures by, 80-1, 105, 139, 143, 2191,47; personal affairs of, 534, 219n50 Campania, 131, 239n30 canals, 127, 159 capital, -ism, 23, 26, 4g-50, 58, 11 q, I 16, 120, 140, 144-5, 147-8, 158,179, 184, 235n56, 236n65, 24Inl I Capua, 239n30 Caracalla, 39, Carandini, A., 180-1 Carthage, 30, 71, 87-8, 91, 97, 130, 161, 200, 223n18; wars of, with Rome, 56, 129, 158 caste, 217n20 Catiline, 51 Cato, 59, 76, 107, 10g-11, 122, 181, 185, 218-19n42, 239n30 census, 26; Roman, 47, 97, 101, 212n21 centr'al-place theory, 34, 237n10 Cephalus, 48, 72, 137 Ceylon, 178 charity, public, 34, 38-40, 53, 78, 100, 152-4, 15g-60, 164, 170-1, 202-3 See also state, and social welfare China, 27, 28, 34, 178, 213n36 Chios, 131, 136, 238n17 Christianity, and poverty, 37, 38, 85, 101-2; and slavery, 85, 88-g Cicero, 143, 157, 207, 219n47; on employments (De officiis), 41-4, 508, 65, 68, 72, 73, 76, 130, 136, 218n42; personal affairs of, 53-4-, 55, 57, 112; 142, 219n50, 22on56 Cimon, ~ cities, 47, ;123-41; attitudes to, 96, 107, 123-4; definition of, 123-4; economy of, 22, 23, 58-60, 76-9, 81, 93-4, 124-41, 161, 191-6; Hellenistici 70, 96, 123, 164; medieval, 137-8, c401, 192; size of, 30, 97, 124, I 3g-40 See also house property citizenship, 5g-60, 67-8, 80; Greek, 48, 63, 145, 170-1, I 72-3, 244nn45, 51; honorary, 162; and land ownership, 48, 50, 51, 80-1, 95-7, 142, 156, 163; Roman, 40, 47, 51, 63, 87-8, 103, 145, 154, 158, 171 See also freedmen; metics civil service, see bureaucracy; government class, 44, 48-50, 77, 183-8; struggles, 64, 67, 68, 80, 82-3, 89, 92, 108, 227nn60, 62 Claudius, 199 Cleomenes, 178 Cleon, 168, 244n40 clientage, 39, 66, 108, 111 climate, 31-2 clothing, trade in, 33, 135, 136-7, 1935 coinage, 56, 107, 136, 141, 143, 166-9, 182, 196-7, 226n59, 24 7n29 See also mint collegia, see associations colonization, Greek, 108, 155, 171-2, 175; Roman, see veterans co/onus, see tenant farmers, tied Columella, 86, 115, 117, 23on7 commerce, see trade Commodus, 87-8, 89 Con~tantinople, 30, 40, 99, 171, 198, 200,204 consumption, 135, 139, 140, 160, 192, 238n24; conspicuous, 44-5, 50, 53, Index 56, ·go, 94, I 03, 120, I 30, I 38, 232n25; restrictions on, 119-20, 132, 139, 244n47 Corinth, 101, 134, 136, 137, 160, 170 corn, see _grain craftsmen, 42, 54n, 65, 73, 74, 82, 93-4, I I 6, I 35, I 36-9, I 40, I 86, 190-1, 193, 194, 224n33 Crassus, 53, 54, 121 credit, 53, 141-4, 166, 196-8 See also debt; moneylending Crook, J A., 57 +n6o curiales, see aristocracy, local Cyrene, 30, 33, 131, 136, 170, 244n49 Cyzicus, 167, 168 D'Arms, J H., 193 Davenant, C., 25 debt, 143; bondage for, 40, 46, 66, 67, 69-70, 223n17; cancellation of, Bo, 143, 173; law of, 40, 108,' 19n47 See also moneylending Deleage, A., 32 Delos, 114-15, 130, 155, 174, 186, 242n1 I democracy, see under government Demosthenes, inheritance of, 74, 116, 167 Diocletian, 32, 92, 126, 148, 160 Dionysus, 82 Domitian, oo, 1o 1, 203, 244n4 Dumont, L., 43-4 +n18, 217n20 economy, -ics, absence of ancient analysis of, 20-2, 25-6, 110-11, 115, 132, 143, 155, 164-5, 191-2; ancient, models and choices in, 26-7, 33-4, 41-61, 75-7, 110-18, 144-5, 155-6, 158-9, 177-83, 184-5; meaning of, 17-27; of scale, 111-15, 234n51 Egypt, Pharaonic, 7, 29, 166, 170, 243n38; Ptolemaic, 98-9, 107, I 42, 148, 154, 177, 183, 199, 213n27, 23on6, 24on49; Roman, 31, 33, 71, 97, gg·, IOI, I02, 107, 154, 159, 23on6 emperors, Roman, economic and social policy of, 43, 75, 77, 87-8, 92, 120, 159-61, I 71, 174-5; patronage by, 56, 88, 201, 202; wealth of, 35, 87-8, 89, I02, 120 empire, 95-6, 130, 132, 139, 140, 156- 257 g, 171, 204-7 See also under Athens; Rome engineering, see technology Ephesus, 143, 146, 22on56, 226n57 equites, 46, 49-50, 52, 55, 56, 58, 60, 77, 153 exports, I I I ' I 29, 132-9, I 60, I 64, 168, 194; invisible, 132, 134, 139, 140 faeneratores, see moneylending family, I 7-19, 40, 43, 47, 56, 66, IOOI, w8, I 15, 119, 211n2 See also under peasants famine, 33-4, 40, 127, 169-70, 175, 245n8 Feudalism, 180-1, 184-5 Fogel, R., 24-5, 84 + n69 food supply, 133, 139, 175; for armies, I, 93, I07, I 53, I 54, I 59, I 60, 198-204, 229n87, 237n12, 24on50; state and, 40, 60, 128-9, 156, 159, 162, 164, 16g-71 Frank, T , 58 + n66, 224n33, 242n 14 Frederiksen, M W., 52 + n43, 239n30 freedmen, 50-1, 57, 58, 59, 60, 63, 64, 72, 76-8, I04, 144, 224n33, 231n23; imperial, 18, 62, 73, 78 See also Trimalchio freedom, concept of, 28, 40-1, 64-9, 76, 96, I 54-5 Frontinus, 75, I 12 Jundus, 112, 234n48 Fustel de Coulanges, N D., 6g-70, 229n91 Gaul, 89, 92, 128, 148, 179, 199, 20 5, 223n18; Caesar in, 72, 85, 126, 157; landholdings in, 92, 104, 12; rivers of, 32, 59, 127, 237n12; trade and industry of, 33, 58-9, 74, 82 137, 224n30 Georgescu-Roegen, N., 26-7 + n34, 212n24, 232n34 Germans, 59, 84-5, 86, go, 148 Gibbon, E., 30, 87, 148 gladiators, 39, 130, 224n33 gold, 132, 167, 168, 247n25 See also coinage Gomme, A W., 132-4, 136 Goths, see Germans 258 Index government, democratic, 37, 47-8, 87, 152; monar~hic, 39, 56, 86-7, 123, 152-4, 165-6; officials, 45, 56, 75, 78, 153-4; pay and private enrichment from, 53-6, 93, 108, 15 7~8, 172-4 See also bureaucracy; empire; emperors; state Gracchi, 40, 80, o 1, 12 grain, public distribution of, 40, 170-1, 200-4; trade in, 33-4, 58, 59, 60, I 26, I 28-9, I 62, I 77-8, l 98-200, 238n24 See also agriculture; food supply Graufesenque, La, 137, 224n30 guilds, medieval, 13 7-8 See also associations harbours, 59, 73, 77, 127, 12g-30, 134, 15g 60, 163; taxes in, 41, 130-1, 155, 15g 60, 162, 164, 165, 175 Hasebroek, J., 26 Heitland, W E., 96 Hellenistic economy, 183 helots, 63-4, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 185, 22 1n5, 238n 17 Hephaestus, 82, 226n59 Herodes Atticus, 58, rno-1, 112, 121 Hesiod, 39, 82, 106 Hicks, John, 26 hierarchy, social, 43-4, 87 See also class; orders; status Hill, H., 49 hoarding, 115-16, 118, 121, 127, 141, 142, 166, 174 Homeric poems, 29n, 35, 36, 52, 66, 125-6 honestiores, 87, 140, 154 Hopkins, K., 182 Horace, 63, 114, 234n52 household, see family; oikonomia; paterfamilias; peasants; slaves, domestic; and under manufacture house property, 53, 54, 56, 1o 1, 103, I 16, I 21, 142, 163, 236n69 Hume, David, 21-2, I 37 humiliores, 87-8, 91, 140, 154 Hutcheson, F., 17-18, 20 imports, 42, 60, 131-3, 139, 160, 164, 168 See also food supply; slaves, supply of India, 27, 33, 34, 44, 132 industry, see manufacture insurance, 23, 142 interest, 23, 53-4, 92, 116, 118, 142-3, 155, 219n50 investment, 23, 26, 60-1, 116-18, 1202, 158, 235n56, 236n65 See also capital irrigation, 31, 109, 120, 148 Italy, land and agriculture in, 32, 40, 80, 91, 96, 101-4, I I I, I 12~ I 13, 120, 126, I 76n, 238n24, 244n4 7; rivers of, 32, 129, 130; Rome and, 40, 47, 81-2, 95, I 19-20, 154, 161; slaves and freedmen in, 68, 77, 79, 80, 102, 180-9 I John Chrysostom, 92 Jones, A H M., 59, 160 + n18 Jones, Richard, 26 Judaea, 90n, 222n17 Julian, 33-4, 40, 91, 237n12 Keynes, J M., 166 + n34 Kula, W., 180-1, 247n23 labour, 40-2, 49, 65, 7g-82, 103, 113, 158, 185-6, 223n28, 226n57; compulsory, 65-71, 91, 93, 123, 153, 179, 227n60, division of, 34, 135; wage, 41, 42, 65-9, 73-6, 79-80, 93, 107-8, 186, 212n19, 224n30 See also craftsmen; debt, bondage for; helots; peasants; slaves; tenant farmers; and under mines land, 24, 95-122, 188-91; attitudes to, 42, 52-3, 58, 78, 96-7, I 16, I I 7, 120-2, 156; and citizenship, 48, 50, 51, 80-1, 95-7, 142, 156, 163; confiscation of, 55, 56, go, 100-1, 102, 119, 120; exploitation of, by family, see peasants; by slaves, see under agriculture; by tenants, q.v.; grants of, 35, 80-1, 85, 101, 102, 105, 120, 158, 172; holdings of, large, 36, 98-103, 108-16, 121-2, I 28, 158, 223n28; medium, 103-4, 114-15, 234n52; by Roman emperors, 87-8, 89, 102, 114, 115, ~20; small, see peasants; and liquidity, 48, 53, 56, 143, 166; management of, 44-5, 75-6, 78, 108-17, 121, 190, 225n45; sale of, Index 100, I 13, 14, I 18-21, 142-3, 236n69; taxes on, 2, I, go- 1, 95-6, 99, 103, 105, 126, 153, 165, 171, 175-6, 202; tenure, 29, 32-3, 70, 179 latifundia, 83, 103, 114, 180, 234n51 See also land, holdings of Lauffer, S., 155 + n10 law, international, 161-$ as occupation, 44, 57, 78 See also under debt; slaves Lezoux, 82, 137, 191 Libanius, 79, 94, 228n73 liquidity, 48, 53, 56, 143, 166 liturgies, 150-4, 165, 175, 176 loans, see moneylending Lo Cascio, I 96 Lucian, 76 Lukacs, G., 50, 15.5 + n9 Lycia, 200 Lyons, 59 management, estate, 44-5, 75-6, 78, 108-17, 121, 225n45 (see also oikonomia); slaves in, 44, 58, 64, 73, 75-7, 78, 94, l I 2, 234n52 manufacture, 22, 23, 28-9, 48, 50, 58-60, 73-4, I, 93-4, I I 6, I 23, 130-1, I 34-40, 14 l; brick, 58, I 89; household, 34, 73, 93, 138, 161; pottery, 33, 34, 49, 52, 59, 74, 82, 134, 137, 18g-91; slaves in, 64-5, 72, 73, 74, 82, 93, 116, 137; and the state, 137, 147-8, 164-6 See also craftsmen; public works manumission, see freedmen; and under slaves marble, 127, 133 Marcus Aurelius, 77, go market, 22, 26, 33-4, 44, 48, 107, 111, 127, 128, 138, 158-60, 163,175, 177-8; labour, 23, 70, 212n19; money, 23; property, 118-2 1; urban, 20, 107, I 15, 132, 135-6, 138, 161 See also trade Marseilles, 131, 17 1, 193 Marshall, A., I, 23 Marxism, 4g-50, 179, 183-4, 192, 214n39, 245n11, 248n38 massa, 112 medicine, as occupation, 42, 57 Mediterranean, 30-2, 128, 130 259 Melania, 85, 101-2 Menander, 248n33 merchants, 33,_42, 48, 57-60, 144-5, 155-6, 160-4, 169 See also associations; shopkeepers; trade metals, 30, 34, 131, 133, 135, 139 See also coinage; gold; mines; silver ties, 48, 60, 78, 7g-80, I 34, I 44, 145, 162-4, 200, 223n25 Meyer, E., 192 · Mickwitz, G., 181 mines, 83, 147, 228n68; labour in, 62, 66, 72-3, 83, 223nn24, 27 mint, 74, 166, 169 models, 182-3, 192, 194 Moeller, W 0., 194 Mommsen, T., 187 monarchy, see under government money, 141, 174; -changers, 167, 168, 169; hoarding of, 115-16, 118, 141, 142, 166, 174 See also banking; coinage; liquidity money lending, 41, 53-7, 115-19, 12 1, I 41-3, I 44-5, 158, 197-8, I gn50; maritime, 23, 116, 141, 197, 252n82; political, 53-5, 57, 142; and status, 48, 4g-50, 52, 73, 78 See also interest monopoly, 34, 59, 165-6 Montmaurin, 12 moralists, ancient, 36-7, 38, 41-3, 60, 88, 132, 136 See also Aristotle; Cicero; Plato mortgage, 117, 142, 143 Masse, Cl., 236n69 Mun, Thomas, 23, 42n, 165 me Naples, 103, 130 navicularii, 144, 153 navy, 73n, 80, 108, I 29, I 36, I 50, l I' 160, I 72, 17$ slaves in, 70 Near East, ancient, 27-9, 31, 70-1, 166, 214n39 Nero, 56, 62, 148, 159 nexum, 46, 70 Nicias, 72 Nicolet, Cl., 142 + n43, 217n26 nobility, see aristocracy obaerati, 70 Ohlomov, 78, 1og-10 Odysseus, see Homeric poems oikonomia, -ikos, 17-21, 26, 152 260 Index Olbia, 168 olives, I' I I I, I I 5, 120, 139, 205, 232n36; trade in, 30, 132-3 orders, 45, 154, 217n26; in Greece, 7-9, 17n26, 18n28; in Roman history, 45-7, 4g-52, 87 Ostia, 59, 77, 12g-30, 195, 199 oxen, w5, 116, 126 Oxyrhynchus, 191, 203-4 Palladius (Bishop), 85 Palmyra, 59 Parthia, see Persia pasturage, 31, 35, 11o, I I, 20 Patavium (Padua), 137, 193 paterfamilias, 19, 109, 110 · patricians, early Roman, 45-6, 49 patronage, of arts and letters, 76, 1oo, 234n52; by landlords, 92, 108, I 9, 189 See also under emperors Pausanias, 124, 13 7-8 , peasants, 34, 70, 73, 85, 91-3, 104-8, 127, 128, 138, 172, 179, 185, 186, 228n73, 232n36; condition of, 87-8, g 1-3, 98, 107-8, 119, 138; household of, 19, 69, io5-6, 114, 115; political rights of, 80, 87-8, 95-6, 103, 140; revolts of, 80, 89, 92, 108; size of holding of, 80-1, 98, io5-6, 114; tax burden on, 32-3, 81, 91-2, w3, 171 See also tenant farmers peculium, 64-5, 76, 221n3 Pedanius Secundus, L., 72, 187 Pekary, T.' I 82-3 Pericles, 37, 44-5, 51, 58, 111, 168 Persia, 27, 29, go, 148, 158, 167n, 168 philanthropia, 38-9 piracy, 72, 156 Piraeus, 58, 129, 134, 160, 163 Plato, 30, 36, 38, 42, 60, 82, 109, 125 plebeians, early Roman, 45-6 plebs, in city of Rome, 73, 75, 186, 225n34; and empire, 55, 126, 158, 171; grants of money and food to, 34,· 40, 170-1 See also 'bread and circuses' Pliny the Elder, io6, 132, 234n51, 247n25 P~iny the Younger, in Bithynia, 118, 12 7, 139; personal affairs of, 39, 70, 76, IOO, I 13-15, 117, I I g-20, I 42, 22on56, 234n51 Polanyi, Karl, 26 polis, see under state Pompeii, 51, 78, 104, 131, 139, 194-6 Pompey, 53, 101, 111, 156, 22on56 population, distribution of, 30-1, 48, 131; policy, 40, 106, 171-2, 202; size of, 30-1, 47, 97, 128, 237n3 pqttery, see under manufacture poverty, 73, 79; attitudes to, 36-41, 51, 75, Bo, 170-2 prices, 22, 34, 85, 113, 11g-21, 126, I 42, 170, I 77-8, 215n52 Pritchett, W K., 55 + n57 provinces, see Rome, empire of Ptolemies, see under Egypt publicans, see moneylending; public works; taxes, collection of public finance, see taxes; and under state public works, 49, 74-5, 7g-80, 82, 126, 171, 175, 224n33 Puteoli, 130, 148, 191, 199 Quesnay, F., 20 rent, see tenant farmers Rhodes, 130-1, 155, 170, 24on49 rivers, 31, 32, 59, 127-8, 129, 130, 137, 237n12 roads, go, 126-8, 154, 241n7 Roll, E., 22, 34 Rome, city of, 30, 33, 74, 77, 124-5, I 2g-30, I 3g-40, I 48, I 56, I 59, I 60, 165, I 70-1, 186, 194, 198-200, 238n24 (see also plebs); conquests by, 28, 55-6, 70-1' 85-6, 95, 102-3, 12g-30, 155-6, 157, 161, I 70, I 76, 206; empire of, 2g-30, 32-4, 46-7, 4g-50, 53-6, Bg-99, 120, 152-4, 157-61, 170-1, 173-6, 183, 206, 215n45; (late), 51, 74, 84-94, 103, 138n, 148-9, 152-3, 160-1, 176; and Italy, 40, 47, 81-2, 95, 11g-20, 154, 161; orders in, 45-7, 4g-52 See also emperors Rostovtzeff, M I., 33, 58-9, 78, 88, 145, 193, 226n57, 231n14, 234n52, 24 In I I ' 244n4 Rouge, J., 58 + n63, 159, 24onn49, 50 Salin, E., 22 Salvian, 92 Sardinia, 198 Index Schumpeter, J., 20, 132, 143 self-sufficiency, 34, 36, 50, rng rn, 125, 128, 133, 138, 161 senate, see aristocracy Seneca, 56 serfs, 65, 67, 83, 179, 180, 185, 221nn3, 5, 226n57 Shanin, T., I05 + n29, 113-14 + n49 ships and shipping, 12g-31, 144, 146, 147, 153, 162, 163, 199, 219n44, 238n24 shopkeepers, 42, 64, 73, 74, 136, 193 Sicily, 32, 33, 36, 68, 69, I02, 112, I 56, I 60, I 72, I 98 silver, 139, 141, 157, 167; export of, 132, 135, 164; mines, Athenian, 723, I 33-4, 135 See also coinage sin, 3g-40, 81-2 Sirmium, 131 sitonai, 169 sitophylakes, 169 slaves, 18-19, 41, 49, 62-94, rn7, mg, I 38, I 44, I 56-7, I 7g-81, 184-7; in agriculture, 18, 32, 64, 70-1, 76, 80, 85, 86, 92, IOI, 102, I03, I 12, I 14, 117, 129, 156, 234n52; breeding of, 62, 63, 74, 76, 86, 116; decline of, 84-94, 187; domestic, 64, 72-3, 94, 223n25; efficiency and profitability of, 83-4, 115; flight of, 24, 62, 72; law respecting, 62-5, 89, 106, 188; managerial, 44, 58, 64, 73, 75-7, 78, 94, 112, 234n52; in manufacture, 645, 72, 73, 74, 82, 93, 116, 137; manumission of, 63, 64, 76, 77, 85, 171 (see also freedmen); in military service, 64, 70, 83, 84n, 1o 1, 243n28; numbers of, 24, 71-2, 75, 84-5, 137, 212n21, 223nn24, 238n17; psychology of, 82-3, 222n11; revolts of, 24, 64, 67, 68, 82, 83, 84, 89, 187, 227nn60, 62; supply of, 30, 34, 63, 70, 72, 84-6, 133, 139, 156, 157, 187-8, 207; trade in, 33, 84-5, 131, I 88, 238n 17 See also debt; helots; peculium Smith, Adam, 18, 20, 191 Solon, 38, 48-9, 70, 132, 139, 186n28 Sombart, W., 192, 194-5 Spain, 33, 62, 83, I02, 123, 179, 199, 223nn18, 24, 228n68, 238n24 Sparta, 29, 30, 44, 50, 70, 95, 97 See also helots 261 state, and agriculture, 136, 148, 244n47; archive, 25-6, 28, 213n27 (see also census); city-, 87, 95-6, 124, 150-2, 161-3, 165, 169, 174-5; and the economy, 154-76, 196; finance, 89-94, I 30-1, I 50-5, I 63-4, I 74-6; and food supply, 40, 60, 128-9, 156, 159, 162, 164, 169-71; and manufacture, 136, 147-9, 164-6; and social welfare, 40, 74-5, 79, 135, 170-4, 201-4; and trade, 155-6 5, 16g-70, 195 See also bureaucracy; emperors; public works; taxes status, and economic activity, 17-18, 44-5, 48-52, 54-5, 58, 60-1, 73, 76, 78, 96-7, 122, 139, 144-5 Stoics, and slavery, 88 Strabo, 123-4, 136, 185, 227n60, 242n12 Sulla, 55, 80, 103, 139, 231 n23 summae honorariae, 153 sumptuary laws, see consumption, restrictions on symhola, 161-2 Synesius, 33, 136 Syracuse, 30, 1I 8-19, 167 Syria, 29, 59, 71, 85, 90n, 183 Taren tum, I 93 Tarsus, 136, 137, 193 taxes, 26, I 63-4, 175-6; burden of, 8g-94, 95-6, rn3, 149, 152-4, 15761, 175-6; collection of, I, 49, 60, go, 144, 158; exemption from, 32, 39, I, I, 95-6, 99, 105, I 26, I 64, 165, 171; harbour, 41, 130-1, 155, 159, 162, 164, 165, 175, 200; on land, 32, 81, 90-1, 95-6, 99, 103, IO 5, I 6, I 53, I 65, I I , I 75-6; Roman imperial, 32, 4g-50, 55, Bg97, I03, 152-4, 165, I 75-6, 206, 215n45 See also liturgies teaching, as occupation, 42, 50, 79, 94, I04 technology, 75, 83-4, rn6, 109, 113-14, 145-8, 165-6, 169, 175, 234n54 temples, 28, 66, 70, I 08, I I 4-15, I I, 174, 186, 222n17, 231n22 See also public works tenant farmers, 69-70, 73, 87-8, 91-3, 105, I06, I 14-15, I I 7, 234n52; tied, 65, 66, 83, 92-3, I 08, 153 262 Index terra sigillata, see Arretium textiles, see clothing Thasos, 136, 190 Thessaly, 69, 170 Thompson, W E., 197 Tiberius, go, 143, 14 timber, 59, 104, 127, 133, 169 trade, 22, 26, 28-9, 33-4, 42, 48, 50, 59-60, 122, I 23, I 26, I 29-39, I 41, 144-5, 158-63, 177-8, 182-3, 191-6; balance of, 132-9, 164, 238n24; cycles, 22, 23, 142; slave, 33, ~4-5, 131, 238n 17 See also self-sufficiency; shopkeepers Trajan, 29, 40, 104, 118, 119, I 39, I 58, I 59, I76, 20 I, 203 transport, 1 n, I 26-8, 138, 148, 154; land, 32, 108, 126-7, 182; river, 312, 127-8, 130, 137, 237n12; sea, 30, I, I 28 I, I 37 treaties, 161-3, 167 Treggiari, S., 52 + n41 Trimalchio, 36, 38, 50-1, 61, 78, 83, I09, I 13, I 15-16, 121 tyranny, Greek, 26, 95, 155 Varro, 20, 98, I07, 128 Veblen, T., 41, 225n34 Vernant, J.-P., 81 + n58 Verri, Pietro, 22 Vespasian, 75, go veterans, 35, 80-1, 105, 120, I 58, 172, 234n52 Veyne, P., 44 + n19, 202 vineyard, see under wine Virgil, 96, 223n28 Vitruvius, 145-6 wages, 23, 41-2, 7g-80, rn4, 212mg Walbank, F W., 33 Wallerstein, I., 180 war, 54, 56, 119, 122, 129, 156-7, 171; civil, 55, 56, 80, IOI, I 03, I 08, I I 9, 165, 204-7; commercial, 158-9, 204; finance, 95, 164, 175-6, 206-7; and slavery, 34, 72, 84-6 See also army; booty; veterans wealth, attitudes to, 35-41, 52-3, 56-8, 248n33; individual, 35-6, 41, 53, 55, 56, 72, 99-102, 104, 115-~6, 150 1, 22on56 See also consumption; land; poverty; and under emperors Weber, Max, 26, 117, 122, 125, 138 9, 182, 192, 229n91 welfare, see charity; and under state White, K D., 109 + n40 Whittaker, C R., 189, 25 in74 wine, 139, 238n24; production of, 31, 36, 99, 104, I I I, I I 7, I 20, I ~3, I 36, 181, 203, 205, 244n47; trade m, 36, 59, I 32-3, I 36, 205 Wiseman, T P., 52 + n42; 217nn22, 23 Xenophon, Cyropaedia of, 135, 146; Oikonomikos of, 17-18, 19, 45, 76, 236n69; Poroi of, 72, 73, 134, 135, 163-4, 243nn28, 38 Xenophon, pseudo-, quoted, 152 Young, Arthur, Bo, 181 Cl~ssics I History I I I I ! To': study the economies of the a1~cient world, one must begin by discarding mqny premises that seemed self-~vident before Sir Moses Finley showed that th~y ,vere useless or 111isleading ,i'\vailable again, ,vith a ne,v foreword by Ian M91Tis, these sagacious, fertile, ahd occasionally c0111bative essays are just as ele ctrifying today as ,vhen Finle)~ first ,vrote the111 , • I I I I I I I • "~he Ancient I holds pridt of place a1nong the handful of genuinely in~uential ,vorks of ancient histo:ry This is Finley at the height of his reniarkab~e powers and in his finest role\ as historical iconoclast and intellectual provo~ateur It should be required r~ading for every student of pre-n1odern 1110.des of Production, exchange, and co,1sumption." Eco110111y I , I JOSIAH OBER , author o~, Political Dissent i11 Democratic Athens I II, I I I i "Finley brings together significa11t conclusions and insights and presents thci111 all with the lucidity, trenchhnt style, and probing analysis that is the hall-· m~rk of his work Indeed, t1i,e whole thrust of Finley's book is to make pa~ently clear that in ancient ti111es both individuals and states thought prim~rily in political, social, and ps~chological terms and only secondarily in k" eccpnonuc A n unportant an d provocative b· oo., i I I · • I LIONEL CASSON, A111eri~a11 Historical Re11iew I I ! i i "Aj splendid contribution to the tconon1ic history of classical antiquity · It 40111pels the reader to recogniz:e the depth of the transfonnation fr0111 the andient consu111er econo111y basecl on slave and serf lab or to the 111odern ca171ta 1·1st, 1nvest111ent, pro d uct1011, pro fi1t econ0111y." -, · I I , I FLOYD SEWER LEAR, Business History Reuiew I I I I I I I I I I I SII}- MOSES FINLEY, who died iri I 986, was Professor of Ancient History at Datwin College, University of Cam~ridge Ian Morris is the Jean and Rebe:::ca Wipard Professor in Classics and Ch air of the Classics Department at Stanford " Un:iversity He is the author of Deatf1-Rit11al and Social Stntcture in Classical Antiquity antj the editor of Classirnl Greece: A1\cie11t Histories a11d J\llodern Arclweolo};ies I ! I I I Sailzer Classical Lectures) 43 I I I I U~IVERSITY OF CALIFOR.NIA PR.ESS I Berkeley 94 720 1, ,,· ISBN 0-520-21946 ! I II Ill II I111111111111111 7Rnc:; ;,n ;, GL A [ ... Map: The Roman Empire in the Second Century A.D I The Ancients and Their Economy II Orders and Status III Masters and Slaves IV Landlords and Peasants V Town and Country VI The State and the Economy. .. he was the central figure in rethinking ancient social and economic history, and The Ancient Economy cemented the new structure In essence it redefined the terms of the debate Finley's Ancient. .. this model The Ancient Economy The Ancient Economy is quintessentially Finleyan The prose style is discursive: it reads well and draws the reader in Finley does not wear his learning, whether it