www.ebook3000.com The Blessings of Business www.ebook3000.com The Blessings of Business How Corporations Shaped Conservative Christianity DARREN E. GREM 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America © Oxford University Press 2016 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Grem, Darren E., author Title: The blessings of business: how corporations shaped conservative Christianity / Darren E Grem Description: New York: Oxford University Press, 2016 | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2015044390 (print) | LCCN 2016007190 (ebook) | ISBN 978–0–19–992797–5 (cloth: alk paper) | ISBN 978–0–19–992798–2 (updf) | ISBN 978–0–19–046700–5 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: United States—Church history—20th century | Business—Religious aspects— Christianity | Conservatism—Religious aspects—Christianity | Conservatism—United States—History— 20th century | Evangelicalism—United States—History—20th century Classification: LCC BR517.G74 2016 (print) | LCC BR517 (ebook) | DDC 261.8/50973—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015044390 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed by Sheridan, USA www.ebook3000.com For W. Ellie and Phyllis C. Grem www.ebook3000.com CONTENTS Acknowledgments  Abbreviations  xiii Introduction  ix PART I   HOW BIG BUSINESSMEN SHAPED CONSERVATIVE EVANGELICALISM Fundamentalist Fronts: Herbert J. Taylor, Businessmen, and the “Revival” of Conservative Evangelicalism  13 Corporate Convictions: Billy Graham, Big Business, and the New Evangelicalism  49 Corporate Crusades: Markets, Missions, and R. G LeTourneau’s Cold War  82 PART II   HOW CONSERVATIVE EVANGELICALISM BECAME BIG BUSINESS Marketplace Missions: Chick-​fil-​A and the Evangelical Business Sector  121 Culture Industries: Heritage USA and the Corporatization of Evangelical Culture  162 vii Contents viii Free-╉Market Faith: Zig Ziglar and the Business of Evangelical Culture Warâ•… 192 Conclusionâ•… Notesâ•… Indexâ•… 226 239 267 www.ebook3000.com ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My immediate family deserves the first round of thanks W.  Ellie and Phyllis C. Grem always said that an education is the one of the few things in life that no one can take from you They stood by that belief and sacrificed more than they should have to make sure I took their lesson to heart They have been supportive beyond words from preschool through graduate school, and they have shaped my life in ways I am only beginning to realize This book is for them I also appreciate the love and support of my siblings Marty and Joy, both of whom have taught me that not every part of your education happens in a classroom My children, Will and Lily, have done much the same They are already an inspiration, convincing me each day that parenthood is a far richer challenge than any academic or professional endeavor I will undertake At the University of Georgia, Jim Cobb offered wise counsel through several dead ends and false starts, pushing me to be as ambitious as possible He called it like he saw it, and I  would never want him to otherwise I  hope all the “hunkering down” was worth it John Inscoe saw me through my first research seminar and my first published article He also asked some great questions at various stages of the research and writing process, and I thank him for the advice he offered over many a free lunch Laura Mason likewise taught me how to think about whose stories are untold in history and inspired me to think harder about the nature of power and the broad ramifications of the seemingly mundane Bethany Moreton and I met one another just as the project was getting underway, but she offered help and encouragement when most needed Similarly, Theo Calderara at Oxford University Press saw promise in the project from the start and let it take shape as it did His editorial guidance took it from dissertation to manuscript to book, and I appreciate his suggestions and patience Archivists at libraries and colleges from Delaware to North Carolina to Illinois to Texas made the research go as smoothly as possible, but I  reserve special thanks for the folks at LeTourneau University and the Hagley Library ix 274 Ind e x Helms, Jesse, 230, 235, 265n13 Hendrix, Jimi, 183 Henry, Carl F. H., 74–​75, 78–​80 Henry, Robert S., 117 “Herb Taylor’s Crusade,” 57 Heritage House, 171 Heritage Island, 172 Heritage USA, 136, 162–​191, 173 Herman Miller, 139–​141 Hershey, Don, 228 Hershey Equipment Company, 228 Herzog, Jonathan P., 51 Hicks, Tommy, 113 Highland Park Cafeterias, 160 Hill, Napoleon, 195 Hill Country Faith Festival, 184 Hispanic labor, 158–​159 history, redacted, 60, 131, 202–​203 HLH food products, 229 Hobby Lobby, 156, 160 Hocking, David, 252n70 Holiday Inn, 116, 133–​134, 194 Holiday Magic, 196 Hollenbeck, Norman, 100 Hollywood Togs, Inc., 55 Home Interiors, 261n10 homeschoolers, 155 Homo boobiens, 25 homosexuality, 77–​78, 180, 188, 213–​217, 227, 229 Hoover, J. Edgar, 77, 133–​134, 247n47 Hope College, 140 Hope for Today Ministries, 253n70 Horton, Thomas C., 38 hotel business, 134, 138 Hubbard, David, 115 humanism, 128 humanitarianism, 134 Humbard, Rex, 165, 168–​169 Hunt, H. L., 115–​116, 196, 220, 228–​229 Hunt, Nelson Bunker, 115–​116, 228–​230, 234, 265n5 Hunt, William Herbert, 115–​116, 230 Huntington, Deborah, 234–​235 Huntsinger, Jerry, 228 Huston, Charles L., 37 Hutchinson, Asa, 252n70 Hutchinson, Tim, 252n70 Hutson, Don, 218 Hybels, Bill, 150, 221 IBM, 59 I CAN program, 217 I Gotta Be Me (Bakker and Bakker), 173 I Love You (People!), 183 Indiana Baptist, 223 individualism, 227 industrial manufacturing, 105–​106, 108, 141–​142 military-​industrial complex, 82–​83, 85–​86 spiritual-​industrial complex, 51 inerrancy, 202, 222–​223 Infinity, 189 Ingram, Bill, 171 In-​N-​Out Burger, 160 Institute for Christian Economics, 231 Institute of American Relations, 230 integrational music, 260n33 Intercollegiate Gospel Fellowship, 96 International Congress on World Evangelization, 264n48 International Council for the Defense of Christian Culture, 265n5 International Harvester, 117 International News Service, 57 Interstate Batteries, 143–​144 Intervarsity Christian Fellowship, 2, 44, 55, 116, 234 Intervarsity Press, 177 Island Records, 185 isolationism, 219 It’s Easier to Succeed Than to Fail, 140 JAARS See Jungle Aviation and Radio Service Jack in the Box, 159 Jaggers, O. L., 113 James, Hunter, 163 James, James A., 32 Jarman, Franklin, 232 Jarman, W. Maxey, 58, 74–​76, 82, 87, 91–​93, 100, 180, 232 Jarmin, Gary, 230, 235 Jefferson Standard Life Insurance Company, 208 Jenkins, Jerry, 178 Jesse, Sister, 197 Jesus, 144 Jesus ’74, 184 Jesus ’75 Midwest, 184 Jesus Christ Superstar, 183 Jesus Festival of Joy, 184 Jesus Generation, 183–​184 Jesus junk, 176 Jesus Movement, 182–​183 Jesus music, 182 Jewel Tea Company, 15 Jews, 27–​28, 30–​31, 61–​62, 253n5 job discrimination, 90 John, 109 John Birch Society, 115–​116, 228–​229, 265n5 John Brown University, 84, 86–​87 Johnson, Elmer, 257n62 Johnson, Lee, 141 Johnson, Lyndon B., 124, 229 Johnson, Philip, 224 Johnson, Torrey, 45–​46, 48, 99–​100 Johnson, Wallace E., 116 www.ebook3000.com Ind e x Jones, Bob, 84 Jordan, Orvis F., 16 Jungle Aviation and Radio Service ( JAARS), 99–​100 Kaplan, Ruth, 234–​235 Keith, Elbridge W., 20 Kennedy, D. James, 230 Kennedy, John F., 78, 229 Kerner, Debbie, 183 Keyes, Kenneth, 55 KGER, 55–​56 Kierkegaard, Søren, 89 Kik, J. Marcellus, 74–​75 The Kilo Kid, 100 Kim, Billy, 253n70 Kinetic Concepts, 160 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 92 Kirby, John Henry, 28 Kiwanis Club, 18, 60, 88 K-​Mart, 232 Knight-​Ridder, 160 Kraft, James L., 117 Kraft-​Phoenix Cheese Corporation, 117 Kresge, Stanley, 58 Kress, 232 Kristofferson, Kris, 184 Ku Klux Klan, 25 labor questions, 31 labor relations, 136–​139, 142–​144 labor development, 106–​107 migrant labor, 157–​159, 257n59 supply chains, 156–​161 technical missionaries, 1, 5, 104, 106 undocumented workers, 159 unskilled labor, 106 labor unions, 58, 91–​92, 142–​143 LaHaye, Beverly, 178–​179, 230 LaHaye, Tim, 117, 178–​179, 230 Laity Lodge, 95–​96, 232 Last Tango in Paris, 214 The Late Great Planet Earth (Lindsey), 177 Latino labor, 158 Layman’s Leadership Institute (LLI), 95–​96 leadership, 18, 136, 140–​141, 208–​209 Leadership magazine, 208 Leaman, A. H., 37 LEC See LeTourneau Evangelistic Center Left Behind (LaHaye and Jenkins), 178 Leininger, James, 257n62 LeTourneau, Richard, 108 LeTourneau, Robert Gilmour (Bob or Mr R. G.), 2, 110 African expedition, 103–​108 “The Ark of LeTourneau,” 1 basic philosophy, 102–​103 275 as businessman, 1–​4, 37, 52–​55, 58, 81–​87 Cold War, 82–​118 corporate crusade, 82–​83 death of, 108 missionary endeavors, 1, 5–​7, 82–​83, 96–​97, 101–​108 as president of CBMCI, 109 “Why Liberia?,” 101–​102 LeTourneau, Roy, 104 LeTourneau College, 87, 116 LeTourneau Evangelistic Center (LEC), 96–​97 LeTourneau Foundation, 96–​97, 103–​104 LeTourneau Technical Institute, 86–​87 LeTourneau University, 87 Lewis, C. S., 179, 193 Lewis, Sinclair, 18, 24–​25 liberalism, 17–​18, 24, 53, 213–​214, 229 Liberia development of, 102–​108 evangelical missions, 1, 6–​7, 82–​83, 101–​102, 104–​108 “Why Liberia?” (LeTourneau), 101–​102 libertarianism, 92, 230 “liberty” (code word), 72 Liberty Life, 228 Liberty University, 226, 228 Life, 57 Life Innovations, Inc., 256n47 Life Line, 229 LifeWay, 181 Light, 185 Lindsay, Gordon, 113 Lindsell, Harold, 80, 202 Lindsey, Hal, 177, 193 Lions Club, 88 Listen America! (Falwell), 227 LLI See Layman’s Leadership Institute lobbying, 234–​235 Loesch, Frank J., 29 Long, Huey, 27 Lorentzen, Mel, 254n17 Lorenzen, Andy, 155 Los Angeles Baptist Theological Seminary, 97 Los Angeles Examiner, 57 Los Angeles Herald, 57 The Los Angeles Times, 97 Love Song, 183 lumber industry, 105–​106 Lutherans, 31 Machen, J. Gresham, 23–​26 Maddox, Lester, 131 Maguire, Russell, 70 Maier, Walter, 52 managerialism, Christian, 136 Ind e x 276 Man in the 5th Dimension, 59–​60 Manion Forum, 265n5 The Man Nobody Knows (Barton), 17–​18 Maranatha! Records, 183 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (1963), 90 marketing evangelicalism, 172 marketplace missions, 5–​6, 121–​161 markets, 82–​118 marriage retreats, 152 Marriott, Willard, 234 Marsden, George, 116 Marshall Plan, 64 Marsten, Richard, 92 Martin, Joe, 257n62 Martin, William, 80 Martin Sprocket and Gear, 160 Mary Kay Cosmetics, 6, 193–​194, 197–​199 Mason, Alexa, 155 Master’s Automotive, 145 The Master’s Press, 145 Matthews, Mark, 27 Matthews, Randy, 184 Maxwell, John C., 208 MBI See Moody Bible Institute MCA, 185 MCA Records, 185 McArthur, Douglas, 91 McAteer, Ed, 230 McCormick, Cyrus, 20–​21 McDannell, Colleen, 176–​177 McDermott, William, 34 McDonald’s, 159 McFarland, Charles F., 165 McGavran, Donald, 220–​221, 264n48 McGuire, Barry, 183 McIntire, Carl, 25–​26, 116, 167, 228 McKeown, Roy, 57 McLoughlin, William, 57, 60–​61 McPherson, Aimee Semple, 26, 63, 113, 150 The Medart Companies, 160 media, religious, 164–​170 megachurches, 150 Memorial Day Massacre, 38 Mencken, H. L., 24, 70 merchandise, 176–​177 Mere Christianity (Lewis), 179 Merrick, Dale, 141, 257n62 Merry Maids, 135 Methodism, 31, 97 The Miami Herald, 160 migrant labor, 157–​159, 257n59 Milbank, Sam, 100 military-​industrial complex, 82–​83, 85–​86 Miller, Keith, 95–​96 Miller, Norman, 143–​144 Miller, Steven P., 61 Milliken, Roger, 265n13 mind cure, 195–​196 ministry of greed, 169 “The Miracle of Pittron,” 143 misogyny, 127–​128 missions, 82–​118 marketplace, 5–​6, 121–​161 Mobil Oil, 105, 134, 208 modernism, 23–​24 Montgomery, G. H., 112 Montgomery Ward, 117 Moody, D. L., 20, 63 Moody Bible Institute (MBI), 20–​21, 37–​38, 59, 116, 164 Moody Press, 44, 174, 177, 206, 216–​217 Mooneyham, Stanley, 170 Moore, Bill, 174 Moore, Winfred, 224 moral establishment, 5 morality, public, 5 Moral Majority, 227–​228, 230, 234 Moreton, Bethany, 208–​209 Morgan, Marabel, 178 Mormonism, 22, 59 Morris, Allen, 257n62 Morris, Gary, 172 Morris, Henry, 230 Morton, Sterling, 117 Motor Carrier Act, 265n10 “Movin’ On,” 137 Murdoch, Rupert, 177, 180 Muse, Vance, 14, 28, 61–​62 music Christian, 181–​191, 260n33, 260n39 evangelical, 183–​185 gospel, 183, 185–​186 integrational, 260n33 Jesus, 182 religious, 182 secular, 182 songs of devotion, 137 soul, 183 transformational, 260n33 “Musical Heritage,” 172 music festivals, 183–​184 music industry, Christian, 163–​164, 176–​177, 190 Mutual Broadcasting Company, 165 Myrrh Records, 184–​185 NAE See National Association of Evangelicals Nash, Laura, 141 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 90 National Association of Evangelicals (NAE), 2, 52, 54–​55, 116, 165, 180 National Association of Evangelicals for United Action, 52 www.ebook3000.com Ind e x National Association of Manufacturers, 31, 55, 57 National Broadcasting Company (NBC), 165–​166 National Conservative Political Action Committee, 230 National Council of Churches (NCC), 51, 71–​72, 93, 139, 165, 195–​196 National Education Program (Harding College), 117 National Institute of Marriage, 152–​153 nationalism, 23–​24, 46, 64, 218 National Lay Committee, 71–​72 National Laymen’s Council, 28–​29 National Prayer Breakfast, 64 National Prayer Campaign, 231 National Recovery Act, 27 National Religious Broadcasters (NRB), 26, 54–55, 165–​168 National Review, 76, 80 National Speakers Association, 218–​219 Nation’s Business, 58–​59 nativism, 23–​24 The Navigators, 2, 83, 97–​99, 182 NavPress, 177 Nazism, 27–​28 NBC (National Broadcasting Company), 165–​166 NCC See National Council of Churches Nehru, Jawaharlal, 109 Nelson, Robert F., 46 neo-​Nazis, 265n5 Nesbitt, A. J., 37 Nestlé, 159 New Deal, 25–​30, 32, 51, 123–​124, 130–​131 new evangelicalism, 39–​40, 49–​81 New Left, 127–​128 new money syndrome, 219 New South, 204 News and Views, 29 Newsweek, 35–​36, 57, 115 New Testament church, 95 New Thought, 195–​196 The New York Times, 92–​93 Nickel, Thomas, 112 Nike, 232 The 1980s: Countdown to Armageddon (Lindsey), 177 Nixon, Richard, 113, 138, 218 Noble, John, 114–​115 Norman, Larry, 183–​184 Norris, J. Frank, 27, 221 North, Gary, 230 Northwestern University, 32 NRB See National Religious Broadcasters Nyman, William G., 99 Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA), 159 Ockenga, Harold J., 25–​27, 39, 44, 52–​53, 70–​75, 78–​79, 83 O’Connor, Sandra Day, 231 Odría, Manuel, 103–​104 office space configurations, 139 oil industry, 105 Olcott, Charles, 257n62 “Old Fashioned Revival Hour,” 44 Olsen, Erling C., 37 open-​plan approach, 139 Oral Roberts Evangelical Association, 234 Orlando Junior College, 206 O’Rourke, P. J., 162–​163 Orthodox Presbyterian Church, 25–​26 Osteen, Joel, 252n61 Osteen, John, 252n61 Over the Top (Ziglar), 201 ownership, private, 138–​144, 227 Pabst family, 111 parachurch activities, 45 parenting, 188 Park Ridge, Illinois, 16 PATCO, 232–​233 paternalism, 127, 246n33 corporate, 136–​137 evangelical, 85 patriotic nationalism, 218 Patterson, Paige, 222 Patterson, Vernon, 55, 61, 99 Peale, Norman Vincent, 138, 192–​193, 195–​196, 218 Peirce, Neal, 219 Peiss, Nancy, 198 Pelican Publishing, 201 Pelly, J. J., 117 Penney, J. C., 58 Pentecostalism, 26, 110, 112, 252n61 People!, 183 People for the American Way, 224 People That Love Center, 171 Pepperdine, George, 117–​118 Pepperdine College, 117–​118, 226 PepsiCo, 160 Perkins, George, 15 personhood rights, 17 Peru evangelical missions, 82–​83, 102–​108 Tournavista settlement, 103–​104 Pew, J. Howard, 50, 73 as businessman, 49–​52, 58–​59, 70–​81, 93, 116–117, 139, 196 death, 80 paternalism, 246n33 Pew, Joe, 246n33 Pew family, 100, 234 Pew Foundation, 114–​115 philanthropy, evangelical, 5–​6, 159–​160 Phillips, Kevin, 123 277 278 Ind e x Phillips, Thomas, 257n62 Phillips-​Fein, Kim, 6 Piccolo, Samuel, 142 Pilgrim, Lonnie “Bo,” 123, 156–​158, 257n57 Pilgrim’s Pride, 157–​158 Pioneer Girls, 44 piracy, 187 Pittron, 142–​143 Pizza Hut/​PepsiCo, 160 Pledge of Allegiance, 64 pluralism, 141 Plymouth Brethren, 84, 110 Point Four Program, 64, 107, 251n51 political engagement, 224 consumption as, 258n3 evangelical, 227–​228, 234–​236 financial contributions, 144, 157, 230, 234–​235 Hunt activism, 229 post-​racial, 226–​227 Pollard, C. William, 135, 140, 208–​209 pornography, 77–​78, 214 positive thinking, 193, 195–​196, 202–​205, 215 posters, 146 poverty, 130–​131 The Power of Positive Thinking (Peale), 195–​196 Praise Dolls, 173 Praise the Lord (PTL), 162–​163, 170, 189 prayer dedicatory, 1, 135–​136 as business practice, 92–​93 at work, 64, 132, 134–​136, 145 prayer breakfasts, 64, 134 prayer cards, 144 Prayer Tower (Pittsburg, TX), 157 preachers, 210 premillennial dispensationalism, 21 premillennialism, 26, 38, 110–​111, 177 Presbyterian Church, 50–​51 Presbyterian General Assembly, 25–​26 Presbyterian Princeton Seminary, 25 Presbyterians, 23–​24, 30–​31 Presley, Elvis, 182 Pressler, Paul, 222, 225 Prichard, Augustus B., 38 Prince, Edgar, 235 Prince, Erik, 235 Priority Records, 185 Prison Fellowship, 228 privacy rights, 123–​124 private ownership, 138–​144, 227 privatization, 156, 161, 226 Pro-​Family Forum, 231 profanity, 214 profit-​making, 140 profit-​sharing, 140 progressive ethics, 17 property ownership, 227 proselytizing, 147–​148 prosperity gospel movement, 167, 252n61 prosperity theology, 112 Protestant Council of New York, 196 Protestantism, 13, 17, 23–​24, 31, 49, 89, 139 PTL See Praise the Lord Public Buildings Administration, 87 publicity, 57 public morality, 5 public service, 165 publishing, 174–​181, 188 Perdue Farms, 158–​159, 257n59 Quaker Oats Company, 19, 117 racism, 16–​17, 28, 78–​79, 106–​107 legalized and systemic, 130–​131 paternalistic, 246n33 segregation and discrimination, 61–​62, 92, 123–​124, 226 radical Christians, 182 radio, 165, 187–​189, 260n39 Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act, 265n10 Raising Positive Kids in a Negative World (Ziglar), 215 Ramsey, Dave, 207 Randolph, A. Philip, 90 Random House, 188 rapture, 177 Rayburn, Jim, 44 Rayco, 160 Raytheon, 160 RCA, 59 Reagan, Ronald, 117–​118, 138, 177, 187 as culture warrior, 231–​232 presidential elections, 215, 226–​227, 230–​231, 234 Reagan administration, 231–​233 Reaganomics, 219, 231–​232 reconstructionism, 230 Reed, Ralph, 235 Reell Precision Manufacturing, Inc., 141 Reese, Bob, 257n62 Reformed Christians, 31 Reichheld, Frederick F., 155 Reinmund, Steven, 257n62 Rekers, George, 216–​217 Reliance Dairy Farm, 111 religion definition of, 125 at work, 132 See also workplace faith religious discrimination, 125, 253n5 religious freedom, 78, 123, 125–​127, 170, 226 religious media, 164–​170 religious music, 182 See also music Religious Right, 227 Religious Roundtable, 230–​231 www.ebook3000.com Ind e x Rentschler, William H., 257n62 Republican Party, 31, 234 Republic Steel, 117 retail, evangelical, 172–​181, 173 Reunion Records, 190 revivals and revivalism conservative evangelical, 1–​2, 13–​48 corporate crusades, 82–​118, 201, 213–​217 free-​market, 209–​213 Graham’s crusades, 56–​57, 60–​62 inspirational, 154 spiritual healing, 111–​112 Ziglar’s, 194, 201, 203–​204, 209–​213, 225 R G LeTourneau, Inc., 82, 84–​86, 103–​108 Rice, John, 27 Richards, Mike, 229 Rich Christians in an Age of Hunger (Sider), 178–​179 Richey, Raymond T., 113 Right to Life Committee, 231 right to work, 28 Riley, William Bell, 27 Road Home Celebration, 184 Robert, Cavett, 218–​219 Roberts, Charlie, 219 Roberts, Oral, 111–​114, 165, 169 Robertson, Pat, 77, 138, 168–​169, 214, 229–​230 Robison, James, 168–​169, 229–​231 Robnett, George Washington, 14, 28 Rockefeller, John D., 24–​25 Rockefeller Foundation, 100 Rodham, Hillary, 15–​16 Roe v. Wade, 127, 222 Rogers, Adrian, 222 Rogers, Henry, 144 Rogers, Richard, 198 Rogers, Roy, 116, 173 Romeo at Home, 216 Rood, Paul W., 38 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 28 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 27, 31–​32, 51, 76–​77, 90, 192 Rossi, Anthony, 133 The Rotarian, 34 Rotarianism, 17–​18 Rotary Club, 13, 15, 18–​19, 33–​35, 60, 94 Rough, Lawrence, 99 rubber, 105–​106 Rue, Leslie, 148 Rushdoony, Rousas, 230 Rust Belt, 123 Ryburn, Frank, Jr., 219–​220 Saddleback Church, 221 Sage, Elizabeth, 211 Salem Communications Company, 185, 188–​189 Salt ’75, 184 Salvatori, Henry, 118, 265n13 Sargent, Rod, 97 Satan Is Alive and Well on Planet Earth (Lindsey), 177 SBC See Southern Baptist Convention Scaife, Richard Mellon, 265n13 Scanlon Plan, 140 Schaeffer, Francis, 128, 179, 193 Schuller, Robert, 165, 208 Schwarz, Fred, 77 Scopes, John, 24 Scopes Trial, 24 Scott, Robert, 20 The Screwtape Letters (Lewis), 179 “Scriptural Proof for the Free Enterprise System,” 54 Scripture calendars, 96 Scripture Press Store, 174 Sears Roebuck, 219 Seaver, Blanche, 118 Seaver, Frank R., 118 2nd Chapter of Acts, 183–​184 Secrets of Closing the Sale (Ziglar), 201 secularism, 128, 141 secular music, 182 See You at the Top (Ziglar), 201–​202, 205, 210, 214, 216–​217, 262–​263n16 segregation and discrimination, 61–​62, 92, 123–​124, 226 Selah, 183 self-​sacrifice, 18 Selling 101 (Ziglar), 201 Sermons from Science, 59 “The Servant as Leader” (Greenleaf), 140 servant leadership, 140–​141 service for profit, 94, 225 public, 165 social, 15, 18–​19, 140 ServiceMaster, 34, 88, 90–​91, 116, 225 annual sales, 135 franchise arrangements, 156 labor relations, 156 servant leadership, 140 supply chain, 158 service masters, 216 “service to the master” ethic, 90–​91 Seventh-​Day Adventists, 253n5 Seven-​Up, 117–​118 sex education, 216–​217 sexism, 127–​128, 198 sexual conservatism, 61–​62, 214, 226, 231 See also homosexuality sexual revolution, 6, 46, 127, 178–​179 Shakarian, Demos, 83, 111–​114, 167 Shakarian, Isaac, 111 Shaklee, 194, 261n10 279 Ind e x 280 Shea, George Beverly, 33 Sheen, J. Fulton, 165 Sheldon, Charles, 176 Sherrill, Frank, 100 shopping malls, 128–​138, 149 shopping strips, 173, 174 Shuler, Fighting Bob, 26, 55–​56, 165, 187–​188 Sider, Ron, 178–​179 SIL See Summer Institute of Linguistics silver parachutes, 140–​141 Sinclair Oil Company, 15 slogans, 176 small business, evangelical, 144–​149 Smith, Chuck, 182 Smith, Clifford, 55 Smith, Fred, 208 Smith, Gerald L.K., 14, 27, 61–​62 Smith, Harry R., 114–​115 Smith, J. H., 117–​118 Smith, J. Willison, Jr., 55 Smith, Thomas “Apple King,” 37 Smith, Wilber, 27 Snyder, John C., 257n62 Snyder, Rich, 257n62 Snyder Oil Corporation, 160 socialism, 22, 28–​29, 58, 265n13 social justice, 51, 80, 127 Social Responsibilities of the Businessman (Bowen), 88–​89 social service, 15, 18–​19, 140 Soderquist, Don, 208–​209 Sojourners, 80 Solid Rock, 183 Songbird, 185 songs of devotion, 137 Sonshine Festival, 184 SonShip Recordings, 145 soul music, 183 Southern Baptist Convention (SBC), 55, 63–​64, 194, 202, 221–​225, 264n57 Southern Living, 204 Southern States Industrial Council, 265n5 Sparrow Records, 184–​185, 190 The Spiked Heel (Marsten), 92 spiritual baptism, 26 spiritual healing, 111–​112 spiritual-​industrial complex, 51 spirituality, 22 church, 64, 78 routinized, 97 Spiritual Mobilization, 71, 196 spiritual multiplication, 97 Sproul, R. C., 143 squatting, 203 Staggers Rail Act, 265n10 Stahl, Friedrich Julius, 89 Standard Oil, 117 Stanley, Andy, 264n57 Stanley, Charles, 222, 225 Stanley Home Products, 198 Stansell, Robert, 145–​146 Stansell Trucking, 146 Staying Up, Up, Up in a Down, Down World (Ziglar), 201 Steps to the Top (Ziglar), 201 stereotypes gender norms, 40, 178–​179, 199 southern, 203–​204 Stertzbach, David, 253n70 Steward, David, 257n62 Stewart, Lyman, 21–​23, 31, 38 Stewart, Maco, 28 Stewart, Milton, 21–​22, 31 stock options, 140–​141 Stone, W. Clement, 218 Stop OSHA Campaign, 235 Stott, John R. W., 143 Stover, W. Robert, 257n62 Strake, George, 98 Strombeck, J. F., 37 Students for America, 235 Styll, John, 186–​187 suburbia rise of, 129–​130, 150–​151 shopping malls, 128–​138 shopping strips, 149, 173, 174 Success Through a Positive Mental Attitude (Stone), 218 Success Unlimited, 218 Success Unlimited Rallies, 218 summer camps, 140 Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL), 99–​100 Sunbelt, 123 Sunday, Billy, 24–​25, 63, 75 Sunday closings, 121–​122, 128–​138 Sunday School movement, 45 supply chains, 156–​161 Surprised by Joy (Lewis), 179 Swaggart, Jimmy, 168–​169 Swartz, Mimi, 212 symbols, 145–​146, 148 SYSCO, 160 Taft-​Hartley Act, 85, 90 Taft law firm, 208 Tanco, A. B., 219 Tappan, Marcus, 212 tax code, 244n39 Taylor, Herbert J. (Herb), 9, 231–​232 as evangelical businessman, 53–​58, 70, 82, 85, 88, 114–​116, 140, 165 as fundamentalist, 24, 29–​36, 42–​48 “Herb Taylor’s Crusade,” 57 and Rotary, 18–​19 www.ebook3000.com Ind e x Taylor, James, 182 Taylor, Ken, 174 technical missionaries, 1, 5, 104, 106 technology, 129 Techwood Homes, 130 Telecommunications Act, 188 televangelism, 163–​170, 227 television, 169, 214 Tender Loving Care Adoption Agency, 171 Terminix, 135 Texas Monthly, 212 Texas Natural Resources Conservation Commission, 257n57 Texas Rangers, 229 Textron, Inc., 142 theocracy, 241n15 theological liberalism, 53 Theory R management, 143 Thomas, Dave, 257n62 Thomas Nelson, 177–​178, 180–​181, 190, 201, 216–​217 Thomas Road Baptist Church (Lynchburg, VA), 226–​228 Time magazine, 1, 57, 62–​63, 179, 182 tithing, 138–​139 tolerance, 16–​17 Tolkien, J. R R., 179 Top Performance (Ziglar), 201 Torrey, Reuben Archer, 20–​23 totalitarianism, 31 The Total Woman (Morgan), 178 Tournavista, Peru, 103–​104 Townsend, Cameron, 83, 99–​101, 103–​104 Townsend, Francis, 27 trade, 102–​108 Trans-​Andean Highway, 107 transcendentalism, 195–​196 transformational music, 260n33 Trinity Baptist Church, 253n70 Trinity Broadcasting Network, 114, 167–​168 Tropicana, 132–​133 Trotman, Dawson (Daws), 83, 97–​100 TruGreen, 135 Truman administration, 102, 107 Tubman, William V. S., 102–​103 Tupperware, 261n10 Turner, John, 116 Turpin, Jack, 257n62 TWA v. Hardison, 126 Tyndale, 181 Tyson Foods, 156–​157 Understanding Church Growth (McGavran), 221 The Uneasy Conscience of Modern Fundamentalism, 74 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), 27 Union Oil, 21 281 Unitarians, 30–​31 United Presbyterian Church, 50–​51 United Press, 57 United Science of America, 261n10 United States Chamber of Commerce, 57–​59 United States Constitution Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 127–​128, 219, 222, 227, 229 Fourteenth Amendment, 17 Sixteenth Amendment, 20 United States Supreme Court, 126–​127, 231, 236 Upon This Rock (Norman), 183 US Shoe, 91 US Steel, 117 values family values, 4–​5, 127, 151, 159–​160, 178–179, 199–​200, 214–​216, 231 “value of the person” ethic, 143 Verdin, Daniel, 252n70 Vereide, Abraham, 64 Vermont Defense of Marriage Committee, 253n70 Viacom, 189 Victory Rally (1944), 45–​46 Vietnam War, 80, 127–​128 Viguerie, Richard, 228 Voice, 112–​113 voluntarism, 76 voluntary Bible studies, 157 von Hayek, Friedrich, 76 Wacker, Grant, 56 Wade, Marion E., 2, 82, 87–​91, 135, 140, 179, 216 Wade, Wenger, Hansen, and Associates, 88 Wagner Act, 29 Wahlstedt, Robert, 141 Walker, Robert, 43–​44 Wallace, George, 229 Wall Street Journal, 57, 132–​133 Wal-​Mart, 34, 117, 181, 190, 194, 232 Wal-​Mart Country, 240n9 Walton, Sam, 254n17 Walton, William B., 123, 133–​134, 205, 254n17 Warner Music Group, 190 Warren, Neal Clark, 257n62 Warren, Rick, 150, 220–​221 Wayne Farms, 158–​159, 257n59 wealth accumulation, 58 wealth distribution, 107–​108 Wearever, 195 We Believe!, 197 Weiner, Herbert, 62 Welch, Robert W., Jr., 228–​229 welfare capitalism, 17–​18, 85, 222 Welles, Orson, 177 Wendy’s, 160 Ind e x 282 We Need a Whole Lot More of Jesus and a Lot Less Rock and Roll (People!), 183 Wenger, Bob, 88 Wessner, Kenneth T., 135 Westaff Inc., 160 Western Company of North America, 229 Western Geophysical Company, 118 Westminster Theological Seminary, 25 West Suburban Men’s Fellowship, 48 Weyerhaeuser, 100 Weyerhaeuser, C. Davis, 55, 70, 221 What? Records, 185 Wheaton College, 1, 47, 84, 88, 116, 179 Wheaton Tabernacle, 47 “Whip Inflation Now” program, 143 White, Charles R., 46–​47 White, Edward, Jr., 139 white flight, 129–​130 white privilege, 130–​131 “Why Liberia?” (LeTourneau), 101–​102 The Wilds Christian Camps, 253n70 William Jennings Bryan University, 35 Williams, Arthur, 228 Williamson, Ed, 257n62 Williamson Cadillac Company, 160 Willis, Dean, 220 Willkie, Wendell, 51 Willome, Jack, 257n62 Willow Creek Community Church, 221 Wilson, Heartsell, 218 Wilson, Kemmons, 133–​134, 138 WinShape Foundation, 151–​153, 256n47 Winter, Ralph D., 264n48 Witness Park (Pittsburg, TX), 157 women, 6, 46, 62, 198, 227 complementarian roles for, 264n57 Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 127–​128, 219, 222, 227, 229 as service masters, 216 Women’s Aglow Fellowship, 114 “Women’s Responsibility in the Home” (Graham), 62 Woodward, Kenneth, 115, 162 Word Inc., 184–​185, 190 Word Records, 190 workplace faith, 85–​86, 89, 118, 123 Bible studies, 141–​143, 146, 157 Christian ideas and symbols, 145–​148 freedom to exercise faith at work, 126–​127 prayer services, 64, 132, 134–​136, 145 workplace safety, 159 World Gift Company, 198 World’s Fair (1964), 59–​60 World Vision, 170 World Wide Technology, 160 Wright, J. Elwin, 52, 165 WWJD (What Would Jesus Do?), 176 Wycliffe Bible Translators (WBT), 2, 59–​60, 83, 99–​101 Wyndham Hotels, 160 Xerox, 141 Yates, Ed, 257n62 Yazoo City First Baptist Church, 195 You Can Make It! (Bakker and Bakker), 173 Young Americans for Freedom, 45 Young Life, 2, 44, 55, 116, 231–​232, 234 Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), 14–​15, 44–​45 Young vs Southwestern Savings & Loan Corporation, 125–​126 Your Finances in Changing Times (Burkett), 206–​207 “Your Money Matters” show, 206 youth camps, 135–​136 Youth for Christ (YFC), 1, 14, 45–​48, 56, 61–​62, 94–​95, 182, 208 as business, 2–​3, 114–​115 Spiritual Marshall Plan, 114–​115 support for, 56–​57 Zapata, 105 Zatarain’s, 159 Ziglar, Jean, 216 Ziglar, Zig, 6, 77, 143, 154, 190–​225 See also specific works books on business, 201, 262n19 books on culture and family, 214–​217 conversion, 197, 261n8 as motivational speaker, 196–​197, 201–​212, 211, 218 Zig Ziglar Corporation, 197 Zondervan, 177–​178, 180–​181 www.ebook3000.com www.ebook3000.com www.ebook3000.com www.ebook3000.com .. .The Blessings of Business www.ebook3000.com The Blessings of Business How Corporations Shaped Conservative Christianity DARREN E. GREM 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University... through the lens of business history.13 While businesses were important vehicles for evangelical aspirations, activism, and engagement, the blessings of business were often mixed A number of business- ​backed... conservative evangelicals believed that they could and would have a hand in the history of nations This book tells the stories of the businessmen and businesses behind one of the longest-​running and most