HUMAN RIGHTS TRADE-OFFS IN TIMES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH The Long-Term Capability Impacts of Extractive-Led Development ARELI VALENCIA Latin American Political Econom Latin American Political Economy Series Editors Juan Pablo Luna Macul, Santiago de Chile, Chile Andreas Feldmann Suite 1511 University Hall Chicago, Illinois, USA Rodrigo Mardones Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile Chile Aim of the Series Latin American Political Economy publishes new, relevant, and empiricallygrounded scholarship that deepens our understanding of contemporary Latin American political economy and contributes to the formulation and evaluation of new theories that are both context-sensitive and subject to broader comparisons Inspired by the need to provide new analytical perspectives for understanding the massive social, political, and economic transformations underway in Latin America, the series is directed at researchers and practitioners interested in resurrecting political economy as a primary research area in the developing world In thematic terms, the series seeks to promote vital debate on the interactions between economic, political, and social processes; it is especially concerned with how findings may further our understanding of development models, the socio-political institutions that sustain them, and the practical problems they confront In methodological terms, the series showcases cross-disciplinary research that is empirically rich and sensitive to context and that leads to new forms of description, concept formation, causal inference, and theoretical innovation The series editors welcome submissions that address patterns of democratic politics, dependency and development, state formation and the rule of law, inequality and identity, and global linkages The series editors and advisory board members belong to Red para el Estudio de la Economía Política de América Latina (REPAL) (http://redeconomiapoliticaamlat.com/) Advisory Board Ben Ross Schneider Andrew Schrank More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/14825 Areli Valencia Human Rights TradeOffs in Times of Economic Growth The Long-Term Capability Impacts of Extractive-Led Development Areli Valencia Human Rights Research and Education Centre (HRREC) University of Ottawa Ontario, Canada Latin American Political Economy ISBN 978-1-137-48867-1 ISBN 978-1-137-48868-8 DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-48868-8 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2016947453 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made Cover image © Md Rafayat Haque Kha / Getty Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Nature America Inc New York To Marcel, For the time I took from you to finish this book Never become indifferent to the injustices of this world To the children of La Oroya, With the hope you will be able to build a different history for yourselves FOREWORD In August 2015, smelter workers and their supporters heaped tires, rocks, and tree trunks onto a key highway in the Peruvian Andes, holding up traffic for miles The protest, at times violent, was sparked by the efforts of creditors to auction off a bankrupt smelter operation located in the nearby city of La Oroya The smelter in La Oroya is notorious around the globe for the extraordinary levels of pollution it has caused, with severe impacts on soil, water, and air quality in the surrounding area and on the health of residents Frighteningly high levels of heavy metal in the blood of children are a particular concern Most would agree that this by itself is an understandable reason to blockade traffic The workers, however, were protesting against the Peruvian government’s imposition of environmental requirements on the operation of the smelter The workers blamed the strictness of the regulatory standards for the failure of the auction to attract new investors They feared that their livelihoods would vanish as a result of the impending liquidation How can we understand these “voices from below”? Their demands, if met, would in the long run have disastrous impacts on their own health and that of their families The soil and rivers of the area, already contaminated with heavy metals, would become further poisoned and unusable High levels of particulate matter would render the air dangerous to breathe The contradiction implicit in the story of the protest can be formulated as one between jobs and wellbeing, economic development and environmental sustainability, or the human rights to work and to health From whatever angle, it appears intractable and deeply entrenched The fact that the voices of the protestors are both clear and forceful prevents any vii viii FOREWORD easy dismissal of their demands as simply the result of obfuscation “from above” by greedy corporations and corrupt governments By using the situation in La Oroya as her central example, Areli Valencia sets out to help us unravel the contradictory elements in controversies that too often follow upon the promises of a “good life” offered by the actors—both public and private—who seek to develop our resources I have no doubt that we have all, in our own corners of the world, encountered the conundrums on which Valencia focuses The Central Andean region of Peru seems far away from the west coast of Canada where I write this Preface Yet it is easy to find echoes of the story of La Oroya’s struggle in the debates I read in  local media about the construction of pipelines and tanker terminals to move crude oil from Alberta to the coast for export abroad, about the contamination of waterways in northern British Columbia by collapsed tailings ponds associated with copper and gold mining ventures, or about the grant of permits for logging on lands on which indigenous communities have traditionally sustained themselves by hunting and fishing, and which have cultural as well as economic significance to them In all of these stories, the tension between promised and much-needed employment and impacts on the health of ecosystems and their inhabitants seems, inevitably, to require a trade-off Valencia views such trade-offs as politically and ethically unacceptable Her aspirations are both practical and theoretically ambitious She aims to provide an analytical approach that will allow policy makers and regulators to formulate a way forward that is grounded in the voices and values of communities and their members, and that achieves justice for them This is a tall order, especially as the communities with which Valencia is most concerned are often in desperate economic straits and are deeply divided along a number of social dimensions To achieve her objective, Valencia draws on a range of literatures and disciplines to craft her Human Rights Systemic Analytical Model (HRSAM) As a Peruvian-trained constitutional lawyer, Valencia is well acquainted with both the persuasive power and the disappointing emptiness of human rights language She builds on the themes and approaches in human rights discourses that emphasize attention to structural and historical injustices, and that have been taken up and invigorated by social justice movements Into this core commitment to understanding human rights in terms of broadly based political and economic structures in which all of us, advantaged and disadvantaged alike, are implicated, Valencia integrates a tailored version of Amartya Sen’s capability framework She draws FOREWORD ix on the capability literature to foreground those aspects of the framework that facilitate attention to both individual and collective conceptions of wellbeing and experiences of agency Having provided us with her analytical model, Valencia then applies it to the situation in La Oroya She takes us through a rich historical account of Peru’s efforts, starting with the smoke damages controversy at the beginning of the last century, to build an economy in the Central Andes around mineral extraction Changes in social structures, landholding practices, indigenous and class identities, economic arrangements, and legal and regulatory frameworks are explored She traces the ideological shifts that unfolded during the century with respect to how the role of the Peruvian state in relation to economic development, and to domestic and foreign investment, is conceived and should be (and was) acted upon The part played by international and US financial institutions and interests in setting the parameters for economic reform is highlighted, along with the turn to neoliberal privatization strategies toward the close of the century Generating, in this manner, a nuanced contextual understanding of the current conflict in La Oroya is the crucial first step demanded by Valencia’s analytical model In this part of her study, we are treated to a remarkably detailed and compelling example of what this entails The second crucial component is listening to the voices—the many and often opposing voices—involved in the debates within the community over La Oroya’s future Valencia’s doctoral fieldwork, on which this volume draws, took her to La Oroya where she interviewed unionized workers, members of their families, activist advocates for environmental protection and public health measures, as well as residents who refrained from direct engagement with either side of the “jobs versus health and the environment” debate The community voices provide illuminating insights into the dilemmas navigated on a daily basis by La Oroya residents and into the deep divisions that characterize the community Valencia’s analytical model assists us in placing these conflicted and often passionate interventions in a historical narrative that makes sense of the current, immobilizing standoff between various factions and viewpoints There is much here for a wide and varied audience Those interested in getting behind the headlines concerning the environmental, indigenous, and public health issues raised by resource development in the Andean region will find an account invaluable for both its detail and its referencing of broader global and historical trends Human rights and environmental activists and lawyers, community advocates, scholars, and x FOREWORD public policy analysts all can find something of value in Valencia’s model for thinking through and moving beyond community conflicts over economic development The highway blockade in the summer of 2015 concerning the La Oroya smelter was eventually dispersed As Valencia suggests, however, such confrontations are simply surface indicators of much deeper and historically embedded struggles Justice remains an illusion for those caught in situations that make them “choose” between alternatives that, because they are fundamental to wellbeing, should never be presented as such—between their livelihoods and their health, for example Valencia’s approach eschews the abstract binaries of rights talk that simply exacerbate the conflict or erase it entirely by obscuring its social and structural dimensions In her model, the path toward justice emerges out of a process of paying close attention to community histories and experiences, to the large scale forces that shape and texture our existence, and to the many and diverse voices of those whose lives and bodies bear the impacts of supposedly inevitable trade-offs The glimpses in this volume of heartbreaking suffering, human losses, and devastated landscapes are not easily forgotten Nonetheless, the signature contribution is to provide us with a sturdy foundation for hope and optimism Professor Emerita University of Victoria, Faculty of Law Canada March 8, 2016 Hester Lessard   BIBLIOGRAPHY 267 SECONDARY SOURCES: CONFERENCE PAPERS AND UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS Deneulin, Séverine 2011 The capability approach: A note on two interpretations (unpublished paper) LaPlante, Corey La Oroya: Human rights in conflict (draft report) Valencia, Areli 2008 More than just health care: An assessment of the theoretical foundations for a concept of equality in health Paper presented at the 2008 Annual Meeting of the Law and Society Association, Montréal, Canada, 27 May 2008 Van Hees, Martin 2010 Rights, goals and capabilities Paper presented at the Human Development and Capability Association Conference, Amman, Jordan, 22 September 2010 SECONDARY SOURCES: MAGAZINE AND NEWSPAPER ARTICLES Corvera, Luis, and Cecilia Niezen 2006 Ambiente turbio Diario el Comercio, Suplemento Dia 1, January 30, p. 16 Farrel, Hunter 2007 Cleaning up La Oroya: How American and Peruvian Christians teamed up when factory pollutants were poisoning children Christianity Today 51(4): 70 Shipley, Sara, and Marina Walker 2006 Lead Astray: What happens when an American company offshores pollution? Mother Jones November–December: 58 Shnayerson, Michael 2003 Devastating luxury Vanity Fair 515: 128 Walker, Marina 2005 Los niños de plomo Gatopardo 60: 58 SECONDARY SOURCES: INTERNET MATERIALS Abanto Kcomt, Carlos La Oroya – El día siguiente: Evolución de la calidad de aire en La Oroya, Asociación Civil Labor, WordPress http://elecochasqui.files wordpress.com/2009/06/condiciones-de-la-calidad-de-aire-en-la-oroya-so2 pdf Acreedores exigen ley especial para reactivar complejo de La Oroya 2015 Diario Gestion, August 12 Alan García le pidió a trabajadores no caer en el chantaje de Doe Run al Gobierno 2010 Diario El Comercio, June 14 http://elcomercio.pe/planeta/494847/ noticia-alan-garcia-le-pidio-trabajadores-no-caer-chantaje-doe-run-al-gobierno 268 BIBLIOGRAPHY BBC News Latin America and Caribbean Protests in Peru halt Newmont gold mine project BBC http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15956429 CNN.  Planet in Peril: La Oroya Report aired worldwide 11 December 2008, YouTube 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Comercio, October 28 http://elcomercio.pe/edicionimpresa/html/2007-10-28/el_sindrome_del_perro_del_hort.html García: Retiraremos licencia a Doe Run Diario Peru 21, July 28, 2010 http:// peru21.pe/noticia/615171/garcia-retiraremos-licencia-doe-run BIBLIOGRAPHY 269 Glave, Manuel, and Juana Kuramoto Minería, minerales y desarrollo sustentable en el Peru PAHO http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsacd/cd29/mineria/cap810.pdf Gobierno aprueba Plan Nacional de Diversificacion Productiva RPP Noticias, July 28, 2014 http://www.rpp.com.pe/2014-07-28-gobierno-aprueba-plannacional-de-diversificacion-productiva-noticia_711593.html Gomez Fernandini, David 2010 La Oroya, pueblo fantasma Report aired on the television program Prensa Libre, Channel 4, Lima, Peru, December 14, YouTube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G-2nKprxWxk Gremio minero expulsa a Doe Run por no cumplir compromisos Diario La Republica, January 29, 2010 House of Lead: A story of greed – La Oroya, Peru YouTube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpwu8DOmzoU International Women and Mining Network 2010 Women from mining affected communities speak out: Defending land, life and dignity http://landportal info/sites/default/files/2010rimmwomenspeakout.pdf La Oroya al limite Revista Caretas, March 26, 2009 http://www.caretas.com pe/Main.asp?T=3082andidE=820andidS=251 La Oroya: Globalization we can grasp YouTube http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=hy1xend3PFQ La Oroya  – Reportaje especial de telemundo, Los Angeles 2009 YouTube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g3FTvIyI2mwandfeature=related La Oroya: bloqueo en carretera central se agrava Diario El Comercio, August 12, 2015 La Oroya: Piden al Gobierno flexibilizar los estandares ambientales RPP Noticias, August 12, 2015 La Oroya: Nosotros le decimos si a la inversion minera El Comercio, June 24, 2015 Ley de Empleo Juvenil se hizo sin consultar a interesados La Republica.pe, December 29, 2014 http://archivo.larepublica.pe/29-12-2014/ley-deempleo-juvenil-se-hizo-sin-consultar-a-interesados Mayo, Raul 2010 Cierre de Doe Run: La Oroya se convierte en un pueblo fantasma Diario El Comercio, September http://elcomercio.pe/peru/633182/ noticia-junin-panamorama-oroya-mas-ano-cierre-doe-run Minera Doe Run anuncia paralización del 95% de sus operaciones Diario El Comercio, March 25, 2009 http://elcomercio.pe/economia/264280/ noticia-minera-doe-rum-anuncia-paralizacion-95-sus-operaciones Otra vez Doe Run contra el Peru Editorial Diario El Comercio, January 10, 2011 http://elcomercio.pe/opinion/696371/noticia-editorial-otra-vez-doerun-contra-peru 270 BIBLIOGRAPHY Ollanta Humala: Peru es hoy un pais minero de primer orden La Republica, September 21, 2013 http://www.larepublica.pe/21-09-2013/ollanta-humala-peru-es-hoy-un-pais-minero-de-primer-orden (28 December 2013) Ollanta Humala: Confirman caida de su aprobacion por Tia Maria Diario El Comercio, July 20, 2015 http://elcomercio.pe/politica/gobierno/ollantahumala-confirman-caida-su-aprobacion-tia-maria-noticia-1812591 Oxfam Australia 2009 Women, communities and mining: The gender impacts of mining and the role of gender impact assessment https://www.oxfam.org.au/ explore/mining Peru liderara el crecimiento económico en Latinoamérica hasta el 2015 Diario El Comercio, May 30, 2010 http://elcomercio.pe/economia/487533/ noticia-fmi-liderara-crecimiento-economico-latinoamerica-hasta-2015 Peru liderará crecimiento economico en Sudamerica entre 2011 y 2013 Peru21 Newspaper, January 3, 2013 http://peru21.pe/economia/peru-lideraracrecimiento-economico-sudamerica-entre-2011-y-2013-2110761 Peru y Doe Run aun evalúan marco para controversia Diario Gestión, July 11, 2011 http://gestion.pe/noticia/852174/peru-doe-run-aun-evaluan-sobreque-marco-resolveran-controversia Renco uses U.S.-Peru FTA to evade justice for La Oroya pollution, December 2012 http://www.citizen.org/documents/renco-la-oroya- Publiccitizen memo.pdf Trabajadores de Doe Run “en pie de lucha” tras anuncio de liquidacion de la empresa Diario el Comercio, April 18, 2002 http://elcomercio.pe/economia/1401039/noticia-trabajadores-doe-run-peru-pie-lucha-anuncioliquidacion-empresa Uceda, Ricardo 2009 El ministerio de plomo: La derrota del Estado ante Doe Run desde la desencantada experiencia de tres funcionarios publicos Revista Poder 360, October 19 http://www.poder360.com/article_detail.php?id_ article=2816 Vardi, Nathan 2002 Man with many enemies Forbes, July 22 http://www forbes.com/forbes/2002/0722/044.html White, Sarah 2009 Bridging well-being into development practice Wellbeing Research in Developing Countries (WeD) Working Paper 09/50 http:// www.welldev.org.uk/wed-new/workingpapers/index.html INDEX A aboriginal communities, 79 aboriginal peoples, 195 Ackerly, Brooke, 53, 88n19, 98n167 Activos Mineros historical pollution, 25, 36 soil remediation, 25, 36, 37, 227, 227n2 adaptive preferences, 6, 68, 70, 83, 197, 198, 214n86, 225 agency collective, 7, 14, 176, 192, 201, 202, 204, 205, 207, 218 and freedom process, 76 individual, 200, 202 agricultural-based economy, 128n52, 178, 184 Alexander, John, 64, 93n74, 94n96, 97n139 Alkire, Sabina, 65, 80, 93n77, 98n157, 231n11 Alston, Phillip, 55, 90n33 Ames, Eliana, 31, 45n51 arsenic, 1, 22, 27–8, 104, 138, 152, 153, 164, 187, 194, 195 Asociación Pro-Indígena, 107, 128n40 Auty, Richard, 10, 18n46 B Ballantyne, Janet, 114, 130n87 Barandarian, Alberto, 40n15, 209n13, 213n77 Barreto, Jose Manuel, 54–5, 89n32 basic needs, 62, 63, 68, 72, 148, 161 Bebbington, Anthony, 9, 17n35, 18n44, 20n57, 90n39, 91n49, 91n50, 91n51, 94n92, 230n9 Becker, David, 102, 126n8, 208n5 Bertram, Geoffrey, 119, 126n3 126n15, 131n115, 181, 209n18 Blacksmith Institute, 1, 14n1, 33, 45n58 blood lead levels (BLL), 27, 28, 31, 43n35, 155, 157, 174n96, 188, 194, 228 Bolivia, 57, 215n107 Bravo, Jose J., 105, 127n20, 169n9 Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS), 58 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 A Valencia, Human Rights Trade-Offs in Times of Economic Growth, Latin American Political Economy, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-48868-8 271 272 INDEX Brown, Phil, 164, 173n91, 173n94 Buen Vivir, 67 Bury, Jeffrey, 9, 17n35, 18n44, 91n51, 94n92 C cadmium, 1, 22, 27–8, 152, 164, 194, 195 Canada, 195, 238 cancer, 152, 153, 164, 194, 195, 213n75, 228 capability to achieve health, 7, 69, 167, 176, 193–200, 205, 207 combined, 191–2 deprivation, 7, 14, 65, 68, 79, 207, 218 enlargement, 65 expansion of, 6, 66, 70, 71, 168, 193 internal, 192 plurality of, 193 to work, 69, 176, 193, 196–200, 205, 207 capability approach (CA) capability impacts, 6, 175–6, 199 comparative aspect, 72–3 critical-structural approach, 6, 64, 66 list of, 73, 74, 162 and minimum threshold, 73 and pluriversal reality, 67 relational nature, 72 and relational ontologies, 67 structurally oriented interpretation of, 66 capability-oriented methodology, 80 Catholic church, 156, 161 causes of causes, 5, 125 Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 28 Central Andes, 1, 13, 21, 100–3, 106–13, 178, 179, 197, 221 capitalist transformation, 101, 106, 112, 178 Centre for Human Rights and the Environment (CEDHA), 32 Centro de Investigación Agrícola, 105 Centromin Peru fragmented sales, 24 outright sale, 24, 38, 39n7, 40n9 privatize, 24 Cerderstav, Anna, 25, 195 Cerro de Pasco Corporation (CPC), 102–11, 113, 114, 116, 117, 127n32, 128n40, 137–9, 141, 178, 179, 183, 184, 187, 188, 202, 203 Class identity, 104, 110, 111, 121, 184, 203 collective actions, 66, 121–2, 176, 200, 201, 205, 207, 224 collective agency, 7, 14, 176, 192, 201, 202, 204, 205, 207, 218 collective capabilities, 83, 93n78, 94n84, 176, 200–2, 205 collective wellbeing, 8, 67 colonialism, 10, 71 legacy, 195 Comin, Flavio, 93n80, 98n156, 230n8 Comite de Damas, 110 common good, 56, 65, 228 community of Huaynacancha, 138 comuneros, 106, 143, 144, 185, 197, 221 comunidades, 104 conflicts mining, 9, 120–2, 165, 185 socio-environmental, 8–10, 12, 13, 17n35, 66, 74, 102, 120–3, 125, 136–7, 163, 177, 180, 185, 190, 191, 203, 217, 222, 223, 225–6, 230 Consortium for Sustainable Development, 27 Constitutional Court of Peru, 182 contamination arsenic, 27–8 cadmium, 1, 27–8, 42n26 lead, 27–8, 36 INDEX Convenio MINSA-Doe Run, 28, 157, 172n64 Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), 182 conversion factors, 70, 71, 77, 84, 175–91, 206, 220–2, 224 corporate social responsibility (CSR), 9, 10, 121 Corrective Environmental Management Instrument (IGAC), 35, 227 Corvera, Luis, 30, 44n45 Cotrell system, 105 criminalization of public protest, 122 culture, 8, 11, 54, 124, 150, 165, 181, 196, 219 and cultural blindness, D Damonte, Gerardo, 18n37, 120, 130n77, 133n129, 174n99, 210n28 Del Castillo, Jorge, 182 Deneulin, Severine, 6, 16n23, 65, 84, 85, 92n67, 93n76, 94n100, 95n115, 96n136, 98n168, 200, 201, 213n79, 214n95, 222, 230n8 dependency theorists, 8, 101, 102, 127n32 de Sousa Santos, Boaventura, 80, 81, 98n161 DeWind, Adrian, 109–10, 127n29, 129n63, 130n68, 131n93, 210n26 Dispossession of land, 104, 219, 221 Diversified economy, 50, 113, 119, 196, 229 Doe Run business needs, 30 business stability, 33 273 creditors, 33–7 and economic rescue, 34 environmental responsibilities, 26, 34 financial difficulties, 30 and the Renco Group Inc., 24 sulphuric acid plant projects, 28 Doha, Qatar, 57 and migrant workers, 57 Donelly, Jack, 5, 15n18 Dore, Elizabeth, 102, 117, 126n7, 130n78, 131n103, 180, 208n6 drivers of values, 75, 195–6 E Earth justice, 32 economic dependency, 7, 9, 13, 29, 58, 100, 101, 115, 117, 120, 142, 147, 150, 165, 179–81, 183, 185, 186, 196, 217, 221, 224, 229 economic enclaves, 101, 102, 178–9 economic growth, 1–20, 50, 57, 58, 66, 74, 77, 101, 115, 119, 120, 181, 183, 190, 191, 204, 223, 229 with inclusion, 122 Ecuador, 57, 91n50 emplomados, 158, 166 empowerment, 71, 150 enclave structure, 101, 102, 179 enganche system, 107, 112, 127n39, 179 environmental abuses, 5, 9, 32, 177, 179, 203, 221, 229 assessment studies, 58 impact assessment studies, 24, 123 justice, 36 justice movement, 53, 55, 165 legal obligations, 25 274 INDEX environmental (cont.) pollution, 5, 24, 25, 137, 139, 141, 157, 163, 166, 169n4, 187, 194, 217, 219 regulations, 9, 24, 29, 35, 58, 165 Environmental Affairs Directorate, 26 environmental harm, perceptions, 2, 13 environmental-health defenders, 140, 161 Environmental health inequity, 167, 221 Environment Management and mitigation Plan See PAMA epidemiological studies, 151, 152, 164, 182 epistemological inversion, 80 equality, 8, 52, 77, 158, 196 Escobar, Arturo, 67, 89n29, 94n89, 207n3 Essalud, 148, 152 evangelical church, 155, 161 Evans, Peter, 94n84, 201 Evans, Tony, 50, 51, 59, 86n3, 91n55 extractive industry and abusive processes, 124 rents, 8, 9, 179 revenues, 8, 10, 113, 121, 179 extractive-led development, 6, 8, 9, 11, 125, 167, 175–215 ontological struggles, 67 F famines, 67, 68, 71 Farmer, Paul, 51, 58, 91n53 feminized jobs, 186 Fernandez Maldonado, Jorge, 116 foreign capital, 8, 58, 114, 115, 119, 179 foreign direct investment, 58 Fraser, Nancy, 51, 87n6 Fredman, Sandra, 77, 97n145 and transforming rights, 77 free choice, 196, 197 free trade agreement (FTA), 36, 37 fugitive gas emissions, 25 Fujimori, Alberto, 119, 149, 180 Fukuda-Parr, Sakiko, 78, 97n150 functionings, 69, 71, 85, 229 G Galindo, Flores, 127n35, 128n43, 202, 210n27, 214n100 Gallardo, Jose, 123, 134n148, 208n11 Galtung, Johan, 51, 59, 91n58 Ganadera Division del Centro, 105 Garcia, Alan, 33, 34, 46n68, 119, 120, 122, 181 gender inequalities, 14, 196 gender roles, 136, 146–51, 185, 186, 217, 221 General Bankruptcy Act, 35, 226–7 General Mining Law, 24, 116 general Morales Bermudez, 117 General Velasco Alvarado, 115 global system of trade, 58 Golden Associated Brasil Ltd., 26, 41n22 Goodale, Mark, 53, 80, 88n17, 98n159, 230n7 good living, 14, 67, 73, 224, 229 pluralist views, 67 good society, 53 Goyllarisquisga mine, 113 Gran Minería, 100, 111 great transformation, 122, 225 Greene Agreement, 117 Gudynas, Eduardo, 87n10, 122, 134n139 Guezzi, Piero, 123, 134n148, 208n11 H haciendas, 101, 103–5, 111, 188 Haggin, James B., 103 INDEX Harvey, David, 90n38, 197, 214n82 health abuses, 32 capabilities, 77, 193 and community, 2, 12, 14, 159, 168, 193, 199 the defence of, 29–31 deprivation, 1, 2, 204 justice, 30, 185 lower ranking, 6, 199 perceptions, 5, 189, 217 promotion, 28 the right to, 31, 74, 159, 191, 236 risks, 24, 30, 165, 166, 188, 189, 194, 227 the value of, 2, 162, 194, 195 hegemonic groups, 67 Herculaneum and smelter, 36 and St Louis, Missouri, 36 historical awareness, 82 injustices, 100, 123, 124 processes, 12, 24, 49, 59, 63, 66, 85, 101, 177, 219 horizontal inequalities, 202–3 Humala, Ollanta, 122, 123 human capabilities, 6, 12, 13, 52, 63, 64, 68, 70, 75–9, 83, 85, 167, 168, 176, 191–200, 206, 220–4 development, 5, 8, 62, 64, 66, 76, 123, 181, 193, 199 diversity, 68, 72, 76, 78 flourishing, 69, 76, 94n107 well-being, 2, 5–7, 9, 50, 52, 69, 72, 74, 125, 163, 166, 200, 222, 224 human rights abuses, 5, 9, 12, 32, 38, 49–51, 54, 56–60, 63, 85, 99, 122, 125, 175, 229 275 actor-oriented perspectives, 59 advocacy, 50, 56 and anthropocentric view of, 55 and business framework, in conflict, 3, 4, 11 context-based analysis, critical approach, critical-optimistic lens, 51 critical structuralist defense of, 64 Eurocentric epistemology, 54 evolving idea, 56 genesis of, 55 and historical constructionist notion, 54–6 and human capabilities, 13, 64, 75–9, 83, 85, 176, 191, 206, 221–3 institutional fragility, 13, 224 international legal framework, 58–60, 229 methods, 3, 11, 62, 107 metrics, 60 naming and shaming strategy, 4, 59, 60, 149 origins, 3, 12, 55, 100 polycentric nature, 55 relational dimension, 55, 61, 220 root causes of, 4, 12, 24, 39, 52, 54, 64, 176, 220, 230n5, 231n12 structural approaches, 12, 51–64, 66, 72, 78–80, 85, 220 structure-oriented perspectives, 59 trade-offs, 1–20, 83, 85, 100, 167, 168, 176, 183, 191–205, 218, 220 transformative power of, 64 transnational network, 28 violations, 4, 8, 9, 32, 37, 49–52, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 64, 80, 81, 153, 175, 176, 220, 236, 238 and Western essentialist, 55 276 INDEX human rights systemic-analytical model (HRSAM), 6, 7, 12–14, 49–99, 125, 135, 167, 176, 177, 200, 206, 219–26, 229 and critical-optimist lens, 51, 85 human wellbeing collective, 8, 67 components of, 2, 5, 7, 72, 74, 125, 200, 222 individual, plurality of elements, threshold, I identity collective, 14, 136, 142–6, 168, 177, 183, 185, 186, 202, 205, 207, 223 individual, 14 loss of, 14 inclusive development, 10, 121 growth, 10 inclusive equality, 63 multilayered contextual method, 63 income per capita (GDP), 68, 119 indigenous people, 115, 122 inequality, 10, 14, 59, 62, 63, 66, 68, 74, 85, 104, 115, 121, 125, 136, 146–51, 167, 168, 177, 183, 185, 186, 196, 202–5, 206, 207, 217, 221, 223, 224 income, 10 information, 13, 64, 75, 76, 78, 80, 84, 136, 140, 141, 148, 151, 152, 155, 156, 162, 163, 165, 167, 182, 188–90, 192, 194, 222, 223, 226, 228, 236–8 access to, 14, 136, 155–8, 192, 194 institutional arrangements, 7, 9, 50, 51, 57, 71, 83, 85, 120, 177 institutional freedoms, 7, 100, 118 Integral System of Health, 148 Inter-American Association for the Defense of the Environment (AIDA), 32 Inter-American Commission of Human Rights (ICHR), 32, 226 Inter-American Court of Human Rights (ICHR), 32 Inter-American Development Bank, 117 Interethnic Association for the Development of the Peruvian Jungle (AIDESEP), 120, 133n130 International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), 36, 37 International Council for Mining and Metal (ICMM), 10 international development, extractive-led development, 11 invisibility of illness, 155 invisible symptoms, 189, 227 IQ tests, 164, 228 J job stability, 2, 24, 38, 167, 204, 205 K Khader, Serena, 198, 214n86 Kruijt and Vellinga, 106 L labor movement, 110, 119, 121, 184 Laite, Juan, 101, 104, 108, 126n2, 127n21, 128n45, 187, 211n46 La Oroya authentic residents, 143, 144, 165, 184, 185 circumstantial residents, 143, 144, 184 conflict, 21–47, 75, 219 INDEX and Department of Junin, 21 and emergency program, 31, 182 environmental crisis, and environmental health, 28, 106, 141, 143, 149, 159, 161, 162, 165, 167, 180, 181, 190, 204, 205, 221 health deprivation, 1, 2, 4, 204 health problems, 31, 36, 108, 140, 157, 217 historical appraisal, 13, 102 history of pollution, 13, 141 and Province of Yauli, 21 social embeddedness, 13, 83–4, 136, 222 Technical Commission for, 34 voices of, 125, 136–63 La Oroya smelter, 24, 25, 30, 36, 38, 100, 101, 104, 106–8, 117–21, 136, 137, 142, 175, 194, 195, 226 privatization, 24–6, 29, 38, 111, 120, 180 Latin America and extractive sector, 9, 11, 13, 14, 117, 122, 123, 180, 181, 227 mining boom, 115, 119, 230 and politics of international development, 11 social mobilization, 12, 67, 115 structural reforms, 57 lead poisoning, 28, 29, 140, 141, 154–9, 164, 166, 183, 189, 194 Leguia, Augusto B., 113, 179 liberal economic orthodoxy, 124 Link, Bruce, 166, 174n102 Lukes, Steven, 198, 199, 214n85 M MacCune, Alfred W., 103 Mallon, Florencia, 106–9, 113, 126n10, 127n18, 128n40, 130n79, 183, 207n4, 210n25 277 Mantaro River, 101, 104, 110, 137, 202 Mantaro Valley, 21, 107, 109, 167, 221 marchas de sacrificio, 111 Marcona Mining Company, 114 Marks, Susan, 15n14, 51, 61, 62, 87n7, 92n61, 100, 125n1, 220, 230n5 Martins, Nuno, 191, 212n60 maximum permissible limits of environmental pollution, 25 medical invisibility, 163 metallurgic refinery, 21–3 migration, 14, 55, 108–9, 136, 142–6, 183, 184 military regime, 116–18 Millennium Development Goals (MDG), 182 Minero-Peru, 116 mining communities, 79, 116, 235–9 Ministry of Environment, 14n19 Ministry of Health, 31–3, 148, 154, 182, 183, 190 and Environmental Health Directorate, 31, 32 Monetary Fund, 57, 119 Movement for the Health of La Oroya (MOSAO), 29, 31, 44n37, 121, 142, 155, 156, 165, 181, 188, 189, 202–5, 207, 223, 228 and pro-health campaign, 29 Moyd, Samuel, 54, 89n31 multidisciplinary nature, 11–12 N National Confederation of Communities affected by the Mining industry (CONACAMI), 120, 133n131 National Health Strategy to Provide Treatment to People Affected by Toxic Metal Contamination, 182 278 INDEX The National Plan to Diversify Production, 123, 230 National Strategy for Development and Social Inclusion-Include to Growth, 230 natural resources, 3, 8, 11, 50, 52, 57, 66, 75, 180, 181, 186, 191, 229 neo-colonialism, 102, 178 neoliberalism, 13, 120, 197, 223 neoliberal reforms, 8, 24 new extractivism, 10–12, 52, 87n10, 121 and imperialist plunder, 11 Niezen, Cecilia, 30, 44n45 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), 155–7, 166 Nussbaum, Martha, 3, 5, 15n9, 16n22, 52, 73–7, 95n119, 96n121, 97n141, 162, 191, 193, 212n62, 214n81, 230n2 O Odría, Manuel A., 114 Official Peruvian Engineering Association, 34 open pit copper mining, 113–14 Orihuela, Jose Carlos, 181, 209n14 Osinergmin, 34 P PAMA completion, 26, 30, 33–7, 181 deadline extension, 26, 33, 41n22 first deadline extension, 33 projects, 30, 34 second deadline extension technical design, 33 Parliamentary Commission of Andean, Amazonian, and Afro-Peruvian Communities, 33 people-centered approach, 82 perceptions of damage, 136–42 environmental harm, 2, 13 historical pollution, 13, 136–42 perpetuator-victim-remedy, 49, 50 Peru capitalist development, 3, 13, 75, 101, 221 extractive activities, 24, 74, 113, 114, 179 large-scale mining, 3, 13, 100, 101, 111, 112, 179, 219, 221 macroeconomic growth, mining boom, 119, 230 Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM), 26, 27, 29, 116, 181 Ministry of Health, 31, 142, 153, 155, 157, 182, 183, 189 Ministry of Labour, 185–6 politics of extraction, 5, 183 politics of extractive-led development, 8, 167 Perú: País Minero, 120, 124, 190, 229 Peruvian Consortium Minero S.A (CORMIN), 34 Peruvian General Bankruptcy Act, 226–7 Peruvian military experiment, 118 Peruvian Ministry of Health’s Environmental Health Directorate (DIGESA), 27, 42n23 Peruvian National Institute for the Defence of Competence and Intellectual Property (INDECOPI), 34–5 Peruvian Society for Mining, Petroleum and Energy (SNM), 34 petite bourgeoisie, 185 Phelan, Jo, 166, 174n102, 213n80 planned misery, 61–2 Pogge, Thomas, 51, 56, 57, 90n44, 91n47 INDEX policy networks, 10, 181 political awareness, 13, 82 political economy, 57, 103, 118, 123, 177, 226 and natural resource extraction, 8, 11, 75 polluted communities, 2, 136, 202 pollution air, 25, 27, 28, 30, 35, 157–8, 227n1 habituation to, 139 health impacts of, 75, 136, 151–5, 168 responsibility for, 14, 25, 163, 164 uncertainty, 14, 136, 151–5, 163, 168 popular epidemiology, 164 positive rights, 64 post-extractivism and predatory extraction, 11 and sensible extraction, 11 post-neoliberalism, 13, 120, 197, 223 poverty, 8, 10, 66–8, 71, 72, 77, 119, 121, 156, 196 power as domination, 75, 198 prior process of consultation, 122 profits, 35, 57, 105, 114, 115, 203 progressive realization, 78 proletarian class, 13, 100, 102, 106–12, 184, 197 proletarian formation, 104, 106, 110 proletarian miners, 100 psychologizing the structural, 198 public participation, 71 public reasoning, 73–5, 162 Q qualitative approaches, 78 quantitative approaches, 78, 79 quantitative methodologies, 79 279 R Rana Plaza and Bangladesh, 57 and tragedy, 57 Regional Government of Junin, 28, 34 regional human rights regimens, 55 relational individuals, 55, 200, 222 Rennert, Ira, 29 resource course, 18n46 resource distribution, 68 revolutionary government, 110–11, 180 Ricour, Paul, 65 Rights Business, 35 rights of nature, 55 right to a capability, 76, 77 right to a healthy environment, 55 right to the city, 55 Robeyns, Ingrid, 65, 69, 93n79, 95n108, 207n1 root causes, 4, 12, 24, 39, 52, 54, 59–64, 68, 176, 206, 220, 238 analysis, 61–3, 225 S Sachs, Jeffrey, 10 Self-reflexivity, 13, 81, 82, 225 Sen, Amartya, 5, 15n15, 52, 63, 68, 69, 71, 72, 74, 76, 77, 92n66, 94n97, 95n115, 96n129, 97n138, 162, 200, 201, 214n93, 230n3 SENES, 25, 41n16 Sheppard, Colleen, 51 Shnayerson, Michael, 29, 44n38 SINAMOS, 115 smelter workers, 2, 4, 21, 29, 33–6, 105, 110, 111, 137, 139–41, 144–51, 154, 158, 159, 161, 165, 181, 184–6, 189, 190, 197–9, 202–5, 207, 226, 227 280 INDEX smelting activities history in Peru, 1, 2, 137 impacts, 2, 25, 186 legacy, 187 smoke commission, 104, 188 smoke controversy, 100, 105, 113, 169n4 social embeddedness, 13, 83–4, 136, 222 social inclusion, 8, 229 socially embedded individuals, 200 socio-economic cleavages, 13, 185, 203, 224 socio-economic rights, 53, 63, 72, 77, 165 Southern Peru Copper Corporation, 114 Stammers, Neil, 55, 90n34 state-company partnership, 113 Stewart, Frances, 92n72, 201, 214n101 Stiglitz, Joseph, 11, 15n17, 20n58, 131n117 stigma, 166, 195, 219, 228 against the poor, 14, 136, 155–8 structural violence, 58, 61, 72, 87, 100, 106, 112 structures of living together, 65, 66, 84, 85, 200, 222, 230n8 structuring of inequalities, 74, 115, 177, 217 subaltern groups, 67 sulphuric acid plants processing of lead, 33 processing of zinc, 33 supra local identity, 205 sustainable development, 24, 181 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), 182 sustainable mining, 10 systemic lack of freedom and conversion factors components, 177 environmental factors, 186–9 institutional factors, 177–83 personal factors, 190–1 political-economic background, 99–134 social factors, 183–6 socio-historical roots, 99–134 system of subordination, 101 T Teeple, Gary, 51, 53, 87n8, 89n26 Thorp, Rosemary, 18n47, 19n48, 119, 120, 126n15, 131n98, 131n115, 133n128, 181, 209n18 toxic metals, 2, 27, 139, 152–5, 157, 182, 183, 189 tragic choices, 3, 4, 83, 136, 219 U unfreedom, 71, 72, 207, 221 UN International Covenant for Economic Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), 182 union leaders, 29, 34, 139, 140, 185, 228 United Nations human rights system, 55 United States (US), 29, 30, 36, 103, 108, 114, 116, 117, 119, 180, 182 United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 28 United States Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 37 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 52, 54, 88n12 University of Saint Louis, 27 School of Public Health, 27 utilitarian orientation, 68 utility maximization, 68 Uvin, Peter, 55, 90n41 INDEX V valuable capabilities, 73–5, 162, 193, 199, 220 Van Hees, Martin, 77, 97n143 Villa, Hugo, 42n27, 181 violation approach, 59 voicing people, 82–3 Vyner, Henry, 163, 171n57, 173n90, 174n97, 212n54 281 W Washington Consensus, 57, 132n118 work employment stability, 2, 3, 31, 148 the right to, 14n3, 181, 191 World Bank, 57, 117, 119 World Health Organization (WHO), 27, 32, 193–5, 212n67, 213n76 ... Introduction: Human Rights Trade-offs in Times of Economic Growth: A Tale from Peru This introduction reproduces some arguments from my article: Human Rights Trade-offs in a Context of ‘Systemic Lack of. .. industry in Peru.27 This industry has in fact become the principal motor of macroeconomic growth in the country, contributing to a sustained 6.38 % of annual growth in the last decade.28 As in. .. a critical approach to human rights and international development In doing so, it examines the impacts of almost a century of mining and smelting activities in the life of La Oroya’ residents