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Sáng kiến kinh nghiệm lớp 10 “Một số phương pháp chữa lỗi hiệu quả trong các bài viết Tiếng Anh của học sinh khối 10” bằng cả tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt Some effective error correction methods in English articles of grade 10 I. BACKGROUND English is the most popular language in the world, an important school subject. Recognizing the importance of this language in international communication as well as in the development of international integration, the Vietnamese education industry has chosen English as the leading subject. English is not only necessary for tourism, foreign trade, foreign companies, computer users ... but also a compulsory high school graduation exam. Therefore, every student in high school must have a certain level of English to prepare for exams and after graduating, at least they must be able to communicate, read and write some common texts. meet. In order to do this, we constantly innovate teaching methods as well as curriculum to achieve real results for English in general and to train some basic skills for students. When learning a foreign language, writing skills are considered as one of the important skills that learners need to master if they really want to succeed in communication. Learning English is not an exception, especially during the opening of international economic integration, when most of the information resources are written in English, which requires increasing writing skills of this language. Writing is a skill that everyone, regardless of the profession, will use every day. As students, they have been and will encounter many types of writing to perfect their learning process. However, according to Nunan: In all skills, writing a coherent, fluent and suggestive writing is the most difficult thing in language learning (In terms of skills, producing a coherent, fluent and extended piece of writing is probably the most difficult thing there is to do in language).
"Some effective error correction methods in English articles of grade 10" I BACKGROUND English is the most popular language in the world, an important school subject Recognizing the importance of this language in international communication as well as in the development of international integration, the Vietnamese education industry has chosen English as the leading subject English is not only necessary for tourism, foreign trade, foreign companies, computer users but also a compulsory high school graduation exam Therefore, every student in high school must have a certain level of English to prepare for exams and after graduating, at least they must be able to communicate, read and write some common texts meet In order to this, we constantly innovate teaching methods as well as curriculum to achieve real results for English in general and to train some basic skills for students When learning a foreign language, writing skills are considered as one of the important skills that learners need to master if they really want to succeed in communication Learning English is not an exception, especially during the opening of international economic integration, when most of the information resources are written in English, which requires increasing writing skills of this language Writing is a skill that everyone, regardless of the profession, will use every day As students, they have been and will encounter many types of writing to perfect their learning process However, according to Nunan: "In all skills, writing a coherent, fluent and suggestive writing is the most difficult thing in language learning" (In terms of skills, producing a coherent, fluent and extended piece of writing is probably the most difficult thing there is to in language) In the process of learning a foreign language, making mistakes is also an inevitable part and plays an important role When practicing writing, students often face many difficulties in writing paragraphs that are consistent and coherent For 10th graders who are just starting to get used to writing a short paragraph, it is essential to point out the basic errors and guide them to fix them because it will help them improve in the process of learning and practicing writing skills later on Understanding the situations in which children make mistakes and how the teachers and their students correct them will also help improve their writing skills For English teachers, who have the main responsibility to help students improve this skill, the effectiveness of teaching depends not only on the method of teaching writing skills, but also on knowledge and language skills of the teacher There are many factors that affect the learner's writing results, error correction is an important factor among them We cannot deny that making mistakes in articles is inevitable during the learning process The more students pay attention to the lesson, the more they want to be creative and develop in their own way of understanding language formation This is one of the reasons why the number of mistakes students make is increasing but making mistakes is also seen as a positive process From mistakes, learners can see whether they write well or not and it also helps teachers assess the ability of students at certain times to help them progress quickly In the process of correcting errors, teachers still encounter feedback from students This means that there will be disagreement not only with the teacher, but also within the student as to what errors the students make, how to fix them, and whether corrective action will work in help students improve their writing skills or not, how to fix errors most effectively, and fix errors when it is reasonable With the problems encountered in teaching writing skills for 10th grade students, I implemented the experience initiative in the 2017-2018 school year with the subject: “Some effective methods of correcting errors in English articles Brother of grade 10 student ” By synthesizing, analyzing common mistakes in student writing and applying some corrective methods, I hope to contribute to helping students understand the difficulties in the learning process while suggesting Give teachers and students some effective ways to correct mistakes to make the lesson achieve the desired results II PROBLEM SOLVING Rationale: 1.1 Write 1.1.1 The concept of "writing" in language theory In order to have an appropriate and effective approach in teaching writing skills, it is necessary to understand the concept of "writing" in language theory There are many definitions of "writing" Every linguist has his or her own definitions depending on the criteria they consider important According to Byrne (1979), writing is "the operation of forming a sequence of symbols arranged by convention to form words and words arranged into sentences" From this perspective, we can see that any activity that makes up the word / sentence, whether meaningful or not, is considered "written" Writing, in terms of language theory, is not as simple as the concept that Byrne came up with It is a complex process that, according to Lannon (1989), defines "the process of transforming materials discovered by inspiration, randomness, trial and error or whatever is in the message full meaning - Writing is a process of careful decisions ”(p.9) According to this definition, writing must contain meaningful messages, this definition is more complete than the definition of Byrne (1979) because it aims to write, not write without clear direction In the process of teaching and learning, writing is considered to be a "language skill" (Tribble, 1996, p.3), it is not only the presentation of language in written form but also the development and expression of ideas in a sequential, structured way ”It is" a process that takes place over a period of time, especially when we spend some time thinking before writing the first outline "(Harris, 1993, p.10) Compared to the concepts given earlier, this concept is most satisfactory because it covers all aspects of writing skills: form (written text), purpose (express ideas) , and structure (textured) When writing, we know that a written document is the product of an individual with the purpose of communicating with others indirectly That means the receiver does not stand in front of the writer to hear from the writer So the writer must make sure the text he wrote is not only accurate but also easy to understand for the reader Several factors that need to be considered when writing according to Raimes (1983) CÚ PHÁP NỘI DUNG Cấu trúc câu Sự thích hợp, rõ ràng, v.v logic, v.v NGỮ PHÁP TIẾN TRÌNH VIẾT Quy tắc thì, Có ý tưởng, viết nháp Mạo từ, đại từ, v.v kiểm tra lại Những ý tưởng rõ ràng HÌNH THỨC hiệu ĐỐI TƯỢNG TIẾP NHẬN Viết tay, Người đọc phát âm, dấu câu, v.v KẾT CẤU MỤC ĐÍCH Các đoạn văn, Lý viết Chủ đề Sự mạch lạc, thống SELECTION Vocabulary, idioms, expressions 1.1.2 Writing process According to Tribble (1996), the writing process consists of steps: Before writing: This is the step that the writer takes before drafting, including selecting topics, thinking, taking notes, discussing, organizing ideas, drafting, collecting information (For example, interview, search library information, process data) Draft: Drafting is the process by which writers put ideas into sentences and paragraphs, focusing on explanation, clarifying ideas, and linking ideas Revise: This is an important step for a complete document The writer will think about what the reader expects, the reader is the center of the text towards For example, refining texture, linking ideas or adding conjunctions Editing: The writer reviews the form of writing such as spelling, grammar and punctuation As we see from the point of view, writing is a one-way process that does not involve the reader Reid (1993) makes the same point but adds three more steps to the writing process: feedback, evaluation and after writing This makes Reid's writing process more satisfactory In short, the steps of the writing process according to Reid (1993) can be illustrated in the following diagram: TRƯỚC KHI VIẾT VIẾT NHÁP PHẢN HỒI SỬA LẠI BIÊN TẬP ĐÁNH GIÁ SAU KHI VIẾT In short, writing is an exercise that two people don't in the same way However, there are basic steps that every writer must follow when writing Every researcher has different ways to illustrate the writing process, but all of them consistently write as a process of "recursive" rule, which requires great effort from the writer 1.2 The concepts of "error" and "error correction": 1.2.1 Overview of the error: 1.2.1.1 Concept: There are many definitions of errors given by famous researchers such as Abbort (1981), Edge (1989), McKay (1989), Goldstein (1990), Hubbard (1991), Klassen (1993), Crosling (1996) etc Although they express in different ways, the concepts have in common the nature and function of the error Goldstein (1990) defines errors as "an act of ignorance, omission, or unintentional neglect, lost from the original orientation or failed to achieve the goal" Klassen (1993) gives a simpler definition of error According to Klassen, the error is "a form or structure that indigenous people cannot accept because of inappropriate use." Meanwhile, Crosling (1996) put forward his views in the direction of respectful of the criteria "Any deviation from the method compared to the ordinary is considered a fault" When it comes to errors, some researchers have the same opinion that not only foreign language learners make mistakes but also native speakers Indigenous peoples often make mistakes at two levels of "morphological error" and "expression error", the second one is a common error with higher frequency (McKay, 1984) Therefore, errors should be considered as unconventional and inappropriate things We can see mistakes at all levels of language, from form errors to expressions 1.2.1.2 Error classification Lippman, J (2003) classifies errors into two categories: "general error" (covering error) and "specific error" PHÂN LOẠI ? Vấn đề chung bao gồm: Lỗi bao trùm Lỗi riêng Luận điểm Khơng khơng Cấu trúc xác toàn câu , xác thành tố Căn VD trật tự từ, VD thì, Sự tương thích quán liên từ mạo từ, Sự phù hợp với đối tượng mục khơng trợ động từ đích Vấn đề riêng bao gồm: Chính tả Kết Kết Cú pháp Giao tiếp Giao tiếp Ngữ pháp không thành cơng khó hiểu Dấu câu Trích theo Lippman (2003) There are many ways to classify errors depending on the purpose of the researcher in the analysis and the appropriateness with the actual conditions of the language teaching and learning 1.2.2 Overview of error correction: 1.2.2.1 Error correction: When evaluating an article we have the concept of "feedback" - feedback, which has two elements to distinguish: "assessment" - evaluation and "correction" error correction In terms of assessment, learners are simply identified as performing well in the written article Regarding error correction, learners receive detailed information about the article such as: explanation, providing better ways of writing As a rule, correcting errors can and should give the writer the right and wrong way and why, but in general both teachers and learners see this concept as correcting errors 1.2.2.2 Some basic methods of curing writing for students In the process of teaching in general, teachers often have to solve problems such as "which errors need fixing" and "fix errors effectively" Gower and Walter (1983) presented four problems for language teachers to solve when students made mistakes in writing, which is "what to fix, when, how and how much" Meanwhile, Raimes (1983) also introduced basic principles of error correction for error correction during classroom teaching: For students' writing, there is no need to mark errors but still identify errors to be corrected Identify the error carefully and find the cause Find the parts that students have successfully completed Record the students' mistakes Set up error symbols that are clear and easy to understand Regularly give reasons or correct and remove errors carefully Finally: handle errors carefully and create habits for students Solving the problem of "fixing what, when", researchers often suggest that the teacher should choose to fix the way immediately or until similar errors occur in the same lesson To make the problem of "how much to fix" it is clear that Gower and Walter offer some suggestions: • Engage students in the writing process • Spend less time fixing individual mistakes but focusing on common mistakes • Identify errors students have made • Indicate the location of the error • Indicate the type of error • Give learners the opportunity to correct themselves • Students who cannot fix the lesson, ask other students for help • If the previous step fails, the teacher corrects the error Edge (1989) also offers the following three basic troubleshooting steps: (i) Self-correction - Self-correction: Teachers point out errors for students to correct themselves because sometimes students need help to identify errors before they correct themselves (ii) Peer correction - Learner corrects errors together: Students work in pairs or in groups to find and correct errors in each other's writing This attracts all students to the process of error correction, making them more active, less dependent on the teacher (iii) Teacher correction - correction teacher: The teacher finds the writer who wants to say the wrong sentence and teaches students how to express it correctly 1.3 The relationship between error, error correction with the process of teaching and learning writing skills Making mistakes is inevitable in the learning process, in this way learners create important and essential characteristics for language learning Making mistakes is the way a learner verifies what he or she has learned, capturing that language For teachers, making mistakes in the learning process helps them assess their knowledge level, consider what they need to learn to improve Error correction also has a positive impact on the language teaching and learning process Students who learn through self-correction, correct mistakes made by their classmates, and listen to their teachers' mistakes can progress faster Especially writing skills require high accuracy in words and expression 2 Actual situation: From analyzing survey data and reading and finding errors in student writings during the course of teaching, we see some realities of the issues raised in this experiential initiative as follows: Both teachers and students have a positive attitude towards correcting errors, and treat error as an essential part of the learning process, as an important factor in improving students' writing ability Although error correction plays an important role in writing skills, and although both teachers and students have tried, students' writing skills have not improved much The reason is that many errors have not been pointed out and thoroughly corrected after making a general assessment of the student's writing, so even if students review it, they can not understand where they are wrong There are errors that both teachers and students find difficult to make, such as logical errors, word errors, or word errors (Example: Correct sentence: I like reading historical magazine Wrong sentence: I like reading historic magazine The adjective historic - famous, important in history and historical - belongs to history.) Students and teachers often pay attention to spelling, grammar or structure errors when evaluating articles In the way of error correction method, both teachers and students think that the teacher corrects errors, students correct students' mistakes and self-rectify is the main method Students are often passive in the process of correcting errors In general, there are still many problems in correcting students' essays, especially 10th graders who are familiar with the types of writing in the curriculum such as letters, invitations, narratives, etc Therefore, in order to improve the quality of teaching and learning in general as well as improve the effectiveness of error correction in the learning process of writing, the introduction of effective and appropriate error correction methods should be understood and applied Measures taken to solve the problem: 3.1 Teacher 3.1.1 Steps in the assessment process for student writing 3.1.1.1 Determine "Which errors need fixing" Correcting all errors in a student's writing is not really necessary Teachers should choose important points - this depends on the language goal the lesson is directed at This requires the teacher to identify errors in the overarching or minor errors and guide the students When students understand the common types of errors they will identify the type of errors in their writing It is often easier for students to find grammatical errors than semantic errors, words or logic errors 3.1.1.2 Determine "How many errors should be fixed" The teacher may decide to correct only basic and serious errors so as not to discourage students from having too many errors in their writing However, the amount of error that should be corrected depends on the student Because some students are embarrassed to have received too many errors in writing, others are not satisfied if the article recognizes only a general comment such as a "good test" 3.1.1.3 Establishment of "Error remedy" - Use symbols when fixing lessons: This method proves to be convenient because teachers not have to write all the words and phrases in the article, especially when the number of lessons is high Symbols and meanings: GR: Grammar - Grammar Voc: Vocabulary - Vocabulary Sp Spelling error - Spelling P Punctuation error - Punctuation error V Verb tenses errors - Error about W.O Wrong word order - Wrong word order W Wrong word used - Using the wrong word Agr Agreement - Agree Y upside down (reverse y) word missing - Missing word ! Careless error - Careless error Good, well done - Good work ? I Don't understand Prep Preposition - Prepositions Good point - Yes / good Cap Capitalizing this word - Capitalization error () Unnecessary word - Unnecessary words Φ Omitting this word - Abandon this word - Give feedback carefully: Giving feedback plays an important role in encouraging students to read through the lesson and be more studious during learning In addition to pointing out mistakes, teachers should encourage and praise what students are trying to show in the writing - Use a pen other than ink: Teachers often use a red pen when fixing lessons to make them easier for students to see But if a teacher uses a red pen to cross out any mistakes in the writing, the students will look overwhelmed and disappointed, which will make them feel that they cannot write well and that they not want to have to accept the writing as a result, they no longer want to write Correcting the writing is not merely about pointing out the wrong thing but also encouraging students to express and correct the mistakes themselves The teacher should use a pen other than the ink of the article to correct it or use a pencil to correct the lesson to help students understand that the teacher is giving suggestions - Check the margin of the article for students to identify mistakes: This method applies when students are familiar with the error signs Students can find the errors themselves in lines or sentence signs 3.1.2 Steps after evaluating student writing 3.1.2.1 Organize general comments after marking Students will learn more if teachers have time to correct their classwork after grading Students can avoid making similar mistakes in their writing when listening to comments on other articles There are errors in the expression that the teacher could not write in the article, so in the process of remedying the student will hear more 3.1.2.2 Provide students with basic writing principles and exercises related to students' common mistakes The teacher may provide short memos (such as the structure of writing a letter of direction that invites you to the play house) or the problem finding exercises for students to practice 3.2 The student 3.2.1 Change students' attitudes with error correction: In the past, many teachers thought that making mistakes was a bad thing To them, it indicates that the student is ignorant or lazy, and in some cases the teacher blames the student for not paying attention or doing homework carefully The teacher may just say "Sit down" and not pay attention to the student as if he or she did something wrong However, according to the new approach, students make mistakes that means they are trying to find new expressions, they learn theories combined with practice Writing is a process and cannot ask the right student from the beginning Must make students understand error correction as one of the ways to help them improve skills, is an important and useful part of the learning process This helps students feel more confident and balanced before going into writing 3.2.2 Emphasize the importance of proofreading and correcting errors Error correction is required, it is not a problem Students need to see it as an essential need while learning writing skills Correcting errors when students try their best to write often does not encourage students The appropriate solution is to turn error correction into activity in the classroom Involving students in the writing process is another way to encourage students to use English without worrying about making mistakes Raising students' awareness of proofreading and correcting errors will help them pay more attention to correcting their own writing and yours To help students raise awareness, teachers themselves need to be aware and set some rules when discussing, which can give extra points for students to have accurate comments on your writing in the past class curing program 3.2.3 Instruct students on how to find and point out errors • Using an error correction system is really effective, which encourages students to correct their own problems and correct other students' problems Teachers need to give clear instructions and notation systems at the beginning of writing • Example: Find and point out errors in Jack Friedhamm's biography article Correct post: Jack Friedhamm was born in New York on October 25, 1965 He began school at the age of six and continued until he was 18 years old He then went to New York University to learn Medicine He decided on Medicine because he liked biology when he was at school While he was at University, he met his wife Cindy Cindy was a beautiful woman with long black hair They went out for years before they decided to get married Jack began to work as a doctor as soon as he had graduated from Medical School They have had two children named Jackie and Peter, and have lived in Queens for the past two years Jack is very interested in painting and likes to paint portraits of his son Peter 3.2.4 Apply drafting activities repeatedly Repeated drafts are considered an effective way to correct errors This method motivates students to participate in the correction process To perform this operation need to follow some steps: Instruct students to look for errors in each draft: In this activity, students are asked to write copies so that the final version is as complete as possible Each time, students need to pay attention to the types of errors according to the following table: Lần Lần 3rd version Lỗi cần Kiểm tra cấu trúc Chú ý đến cách dùng Tìm tất lỗi có ý logic viết từ, ngữ pháp, hình thể thưc… Grading plus students who are able to find and point out errors in papers The plus point can encourage students to engage in error correction activities to help you perfect your writing Assess student progress through each draft paper: Teachers can also see students' progress through each article, and can also give points to students who show significant changes The effectiveness of experience initiatives: The experiential initiative is implemented to point out and analyze some common mistakes for 10th grade students while learning writing skills, as well as provide some effective error correction methods for teachers during careful instruction writing ability Actual teaching in the 2011-2012 school year tests the writing skills of students in grades 10A4 at the beginning of the semester compared to the end of the semester Test your writing skills with a quiz 20 minutes after you finish Unit A day in the life of - write a paragraph of 100 -120 words about your daily activities (Your daily activities) The analysis results of the following errors: Lỗi 0-4 lỗi 5-8 lỗi 9-12 Trên 12 lỗi Ngữ pháp h/s 12h/s 12h/s 15h/s Từ vựng 9h/s 11h/s 12h/s 10h/s Chính tả 5h/s 12h/s 15h/s 10h/s Analyzing data shows that at the beginning of grade 10, students' writing skills are uneven and weak with a rate of more than 50% with errors Especially, the writing results of the writing show that only 25% of students achieved above average results Test the skill of finding errors by finding and correcting errors for 10 sentences in 15 minutes with 15 students at different levels according to the test results, the results are as follows: Học sinh Yếu TB Khá/ giỏi Phát 1-4 lỗi 5/5 h/s 3/5 h/s 2/5 h/s Phát 5-8 lỗi 0/5 h/s 2/5 h/s 3/5 h/s Phát 9-10 lỗi 0/5 h/s 0/5 h/s /5 h/s Through testing we find that the skill of finding and correcting errors does not entirely depend on the grammar and vocabulary base but due to the ability to apply that language into practice During the writing lessons in the first semester, applying the methods mentioned in Part of SKKN, students' ability to find and correct errors has improved significantly through each test during the learning process The error-finding skill "Error Identifitaction" among 42 students tested with 70% h / s found that more than 50% of the errors in the article were required to find errors Writing skills through group activities, 50% of students in the group have the ability to correct the group's writing during the discussion The results of the tests after the writing period of students or any group in Semester I (40 articles) are as follows: Lỗi Ngữ pháp Từ vựng Chính tả 0-4 lỗi 15 15 17 5-8 lỗi 15 17 12 9-12 bài Trên 12 lỗi bài The results of practicing the writing skills of students 10 A4 after periods of writing of the school year 2017 - 2018 have not really reached the perfection level because students of 10A4 are students in block C, not paying much attention to English However, it is initially found that if actively changing the content as well as the method of teaching foreign languages, it will bring certain effects and realize the ultimate goal of language learning that is to use the language in the language life and work III CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusion Writing is one of the most important language skills for English learners, perfecting it requires a lot of time and effort The problem for both teachers and students in the learning process is finding effective teaching and practicing writing skills On the other hand, you can realize that making mistakes is inevitable and plays an important role in language learning Errors in the learning process are considered positive steps, whereby students gain more experience, awareness and make certain progress The implementation of the experiential initiative with the above mentioned goals provided some effective remedies for students in the English program 10 With teaching, I see this initiative as a motivation help me and my colleagues to be more creative in teaching because teaching English writing skills in high school English is not a simple job, requires a lot of effort to explore and be patient The results cannot be seen overnight but take a relatively long time The scope of application of this initiative can be extended to all English learners of all grades because of the writing skills and error correction requirements are included in all lesson units in the textbook Recommendations: In order to succeed in helping students correct errors in writing to perfect their writing skills, it is indispensable for the enthusiasm, love of the job and professional qualifications of teachers Besides, there should be support, encouragement, attention and prompt guidance of the school and the leadership In the next school year, I have the desire to implement an experience initiative to add some writing skills to the elective curriculum to teach enriching and intensive writing skills The above is all that I have done and learned from my teaching experience However, the topic may not avoid limitations that need to be added Looking forward to the comments of colleagues to make my seminar more complete! ... subject: Some effective methods of correcting errors in English articles Brother of grade 10 student ” By synthesizing, analyzing common mistakes in student writing and applying some corrective methods, ... the writing results of the writing show that only 25% of students achieved above average results Test the skill of finding errors by finding and correcting errors for 10 sentences in 15 minutes... correcting errors 1.2.2.2 Some basic methods of curing writing for students In the process of teaching in general, teachers often have to solve problems such as "which errors need fixing" and "fix errors