This page intentionally left blank Making People Illegal This book explores the relationship between illegal migration and globalization Under globalizing forces, migration law has been transformed into the last bastion of sovereignty This explains the worldwide crackdown on extra-legal migration, and informs the shape this crackdown is taking Even as states ratchet up provisions to end illegal migration, the phenomenon becomes increasingly significant legally, politically, ethically, and numerically This book makes the innovative argument that the current state of migration law is vital to understanding globalization It shows the intertwining of refugee law, security, trafficking and smuggling, and new citizenship laws, with particular attention to how the United States and the European Union define and defy what counts as global Making People Illegal evaluates why migration law in the twenty-first century is markedly different from even the recent past, and argues that this is a harbinger of paradigm shift in the rule of law Catherine Dauvergne is Professor and Canada Research Chair in Migration Law at the University of British Columbia Faculty of Law She is author of the book Humanitarianism Identity and Nation: Migration Laws of Australia and Canada, and is editor of Jurisprudence for an Interconnected Globe She has published articles in the Modern Law Review, Theoretical Inquiries in Law, Social and Legal Studies, International Journal of Refugee Law, Sydney Law Review, Melbourne Law Review, Res Publica, and the Osgoode Hall Law Journal, among others The Law in Context Series Editors: William Twining (University College London) and Christopher McCrudden (Lincoln College, Oxford) Since 1970 the Law in Context series has been in the forefront of the movement to broaden the study of law It has been a vehicle for the publication of innovative scholarly books that treat law and legal phenomena critically in their social, political, and economic contexts from a variety of perspectives to bear on new and existing areas of law taught in universities A contextual approach involves treating legal subjects broadly, using material from other social sciences, and from any other discipline that helps to explain the operation in practice of the subject under discussion It is hoped that this orientation is at once more stimulating and more realistic than the bare exposition of legal rules The series includes original books that have a different emphasis from traditional legal textbooks, while maintaining the same high standards of scholarship They are written primarily for undergraduate and graduate students of law and of the disciplines, but most also appeal to wider readership In the past, most books in the series have focused on English law, but recent publications include books on European law, globalization, transnational legal processes, and comparative law Books in the Series Anderson, Schum, & Twining: Analysis of Evidence Ashworth: Sentencing and Criminal Justice Barton & Douglas: Law and Parenthood Beecher-Monas: Evaluating Scientific Evidence: An Interdisciplinary Framework for Intellectual Due Process Bell: French Legal Cultures Bercusson: European Labour Law Birkinshaw: European Public Law Birkinshaw: Freedom of Information: The Law, the Practice and the Ideal Cane: Atiyah’s Accidents, Compensation and the Law Clarke & Kohler: Property Law Collins: The Law of Contract Cranton, Scott & Black: Consumers and the Law Davies: Perspectives on Labour Law De Sousa Santos: Toward a New Legal Common Sense Diduck: Law’s Families Elworthy & Holder: Environmental Protection: Text and Materials Fortin: Children’s Rights and the Developing Law Glover & Thomas: Reconstructing Mental Health Law and Policy Gobert & Punch: Rethinking Corporate Crime Goodrich: Languages of Law Harlow & Rawlings: Law and Administration: Text and Materials Harris: An Introduction to Law Harris: Remedies, Contract and Tort Harvey: Seeking Asylum in the UK: Problems and Prospects Hervey & McHale: Health Law and the European Union Lacey & Wells: Reconstructing Criminal Law Lewis: Choice and the Legal Order: Rising above Politics Likosky: Law, Infrastructure and Human Rights Likosky: Transnational Legal Processes Maughan & Webb: Lawyering Skills and the Legal Process Continued after the index Making People Illegal What Globalization Means for Migration and Law Catherine Dauvergne University of British Columbia CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521895088 © Catherine Dauvergne 2008 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2008 ISBN-13 978-0-511-45536-0 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 978-0-521-89508-8 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Contents Acknowledgments Publication acknowledgments page ix xi Introduction On being illegal Migration in the globalization script 29 Making asylum illegal 50 Trafficking in hegemony 69 The less brave new world 93 Citizenship unhinged 119 Myths and Giants: The influence of the European Union and the United States 142 Sovereignty and the rule of law in global times 169 Bibliography Index 191 211 vii 203 Kingsford Smith, Dimity “Networks, Norms, and the Nation State: Thoughts on Pluralism and Globalized Securities Regulation” in Catherine Dauvergne, ed., 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Cooperation (APEC), 43, 44 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 43 Australia, 2, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 44, 45, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 63, 64, 66, 67, 82, 85, 94, 95, 96, 98, 101, 114, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 130, 132, 137, 150, 164, 176, 177, 180, 182 Australian Citizenship Act 1948 (Cth), 132 Australian Citizenship Act 2007 (Cth), 122 Australian Citizenship Amendment (Citizenship Testing) Act 2007 (Cth), 122 Australian Labor Party, 52 Chu Kheng Lim and Ors v Minister for Immigration Local Government and Ethnic Affairs and Anor (1992), 176 C.L.R 1, 104 Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia, 177 Federal Court of Australia, 51, 52, 64, 171, 176 Hickman principle, 177 High Court of Australia, 51, 53, 64, 67, 132, 176, 177, Callinan, Justice, 177 Gleeson, Chief Justice, 177 Howard government, 51, 52, 53, 58, 66, 132, 176, 177 Kioa v West (1985), 150 C.L.R 550 (H.C.A.), 132 Migration Act 1958 (Cth), 53, 58, 176 Migration Act 2001 (Cth), 176 Migration Amendment (Excision from Migration Zone) Act 2001 (Cth), 52, 58 Migration Amendment Regulations 2005 (No 6) (Cth.), 15 Migration Legislation Amendment (Judicial Review) Act 2001 (Cth), 52, 176 Migration Legislation Amendment (Procedural Fairness) Act 2002 (Cth), 53 Migration Legislation Amendment (Transitional Movement) Act 2002 (Cth), 53 Migration Legislation Amendment Act (No 6) 2001 (Cth), 53 Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Eshetu [1999], HCA 21, 176 MV Tampa, 51, 52, 53, 55, 57, 59, 63, 64, 66, 67, 94, 95, 176 Plaintiff S157/2002 v Commonwealth of Australia, [2003] H.C.A 2, 211 C.L.R 476, 53, 56, 64, 67, 176, 177, 178, 179, 183 Abebe v The Commonwealth, 176 Refugee Review Tribunal, 176 Ruddock v Vardalis, [2001] FCA 1329, 110 FCR 491, 52, 64 Austria, 149 Azerbaijan, 13, 23 Belarus, 13 Belgium, 144, 145 Belize, 23 Bolivia, 23 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 23 Brazil, 1, 14 Brunei Darussalam, 44 Burkina Faso, 23 Burma, 53, 76 Burundi, 53 Cambodia, 76, 80, 131 Canada, 2, 9, 13, 15, 21, 45, 48, 49, 56, 59, 63, 72, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 111, 112, 114, 116, 117, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 130, 132, 138, 140, 164, 175, 177 Almrei v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) 2005, 117 211 212 Index Anti-Terrorism Act 2001, 116 Bouianova v Canada (FCA 1993), 57 Canada (Attorney General) v Ward, [1993] S.C.R 689, 103 D.L.R (4th) 1, 63, 87 Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) v Chiarelli [1992] S.C.R 711, 104, 111 Canada Border Services Agency Act 2005, 97 Charkaoui v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) 2007, 111, 112, 117, 175, 177 Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 111, 112, 175 Department of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness, 97 Canadian Border Services Agency, 97 Federal Court, 59, 103, 171 Immigration and Refugee Protection Act 2001, 15, 59, 63, 103 Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations, 126 Immigration Regulations 1978, 140 Jaballah v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (2004) 129 A.C.W.S (3d) 1178, 2004 23, FC 299, 104 Katkova v Canada (Federal Court, 1997), 57 Khadr v Canada (Attorney General) 2006 FC 727, [2006] 142 C.R.R (2d) 116, 268 D.L.R (4th) 303, 115 Martin, Prime Minister Paul, 97 North American Free Trade Agreement Between the Government of Canada, the Government of Mexico and the Government of the United States (NAFTA) 1994, 43 Reference re Secession of Quebec 1998, 112 Smart Border Accord, 98 Safe Third Country Agreement, 59, 98, 138 Supreme Court, 111, 112, 113, 117, 175 Suresh v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) 2002, 56, 104, 111, 117 Cape Verde, 23 Cartagena Declaration on Refugees 1984, 152 Central African Republic, 53 Chad, 53 children, 24, 69, 72, 74, 75, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 89, 91, 100, 123, 126, 132, 140, 141 Chile, 23, 44 Chinese Taipei, 44 citizenship, 3, 6, 20, 46, 48, 57, 68, 85, 111, 113, 119, 120, 121, 123, 128, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 154, 174, citizenship law, 3, 6, 46, 49, 101, 118, 119, 121, 123, 124, 131, 132, 136, 137, 138, 141, 154, 170, 172, 190, gender, 123, 124, 126, 128, 129, 131, 138, 139, 140, 172 denationalization, 120, 141 jus sanguinis, 119, 131, 135 jus soli, 119, 131, 132, 135 naturalization, 56, 97, 119, 123, 131, 172 permanent residency, 15, 63, 84, 121, 122, 124, 132, 137 rights, 122, 135, 138 Colombia, 23, 152 Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime 2000, 71 Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea, and Air 2004, 71 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children 2003, 71, 73, 74, 75, 77, 79, 83, 84 Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950, 106, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182 Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others 1949, 71 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women 1979, 21, 60 Convention on the Rights and Duties of States (inter-American) 1933 (Montevideo Convention), 45 Convention on the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa 1969, 152 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1951, 22, 24, 35, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 66, 87, 88, 109, 110, 112, 122, 143, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 170, 182 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees 1966, 50, 54, 55 criminal law, 6, 25, 111, 167 Cuba, 76, 110, 162 Cyprus, 12, 145 Czech Republic, 145 de Sousa Santos, Boaventura, 4, 33, 36, 41, 72, 143, 158, 183 Denmark, 151 East Timor (Timor-Leste), 23, 82 economic law, 5, 34, 187, 188 Ecuador, 23 Egypt, 23 El Salvador, 23 Equatorial Guinea, 76 Estonia, 145, 149 Ethiopia, Europe, 2, 9, 13, 32, 45, 47, 53, 55, 74, 95, 96, 136, 137, 144, 151, 152, 154, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 173, 178, 187 European Court of Human Rights, 21, 105, 136, 180 Index D v The United Kingdom (146/1996/767/964), 178, 179, 180 European Union, 1, 6, 7, 12, 14, 39, 43, 47, 49, 59, 70, 72, 84, 95, 135, 136, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 163, 165, 172, 185 acquis communautaire, 145 Area of Freedom Security and Justice, 136 Benelux Customs Union Agreement 1944, 144 Chen and Zhu v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2004] E.C.R I-9925, 132 Common European Asylum system, 148 Constitution of Europe, 148 Council of Europe, 148 European citizenship, 132, 135, 136, 137, 138, 145, 149 Procedures Directive, 152, 153 Qualification Directive, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153 Tampere European Council, 146 Tampere Conclusions 1999, 136 Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe 2004, 148 Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community (Treaty of Rome) 1957, 144, 145 Treaty Instituting the European Coal and Steel Community (Treaty of Paris) 1951, 144 Treaty of Accession 2003, 145 Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts 1997, 136, 142, 146 Treaty on European Union (Maastricht) 1992, 135, 145 Fiji, 14 Fitzpatrick, Peter, 4, 38, 39, 40, 41, 45, 89, 92, 116, 172, 174, 183, 188, 189 France, 13, 14, 16, 85, 98, 144, 145, 149, 188, Pasqua laws, 14 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994, 43 Georgia, 13 Germany, 9, 10, 14, 63, 95, 144, 145, 173 Ghana, 23 globalization, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 53, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 70, 71, 78, 79, 88, 92, 94, 95, 100, 101, 107, 113, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 131, 136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 149, 150, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 172, 175, 178, 183, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189 Americanization, 2, 7, 33, 49, 92, 142, 167 economic growth, 32, 34, 51 global governance, 33, 34, 49, 142, 167, 186 theory, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 32, 33, 42, 185 Guatemala, 23 Guinea, 23 Honduras, 23 Hong Kong, 44 human rights, 5, 7, 19, 20, 21, 25, 26, 28, 33, 43, 47, 48, 49, 55, 56, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 73, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 115, 116, 117, 121, 137, 138, 141, 142, 150, 153, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 170, 171, 172, 174, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 184, 187, 188, 189 law, 22, 34, 37, 40, 51, 60, 62, 64, 65, 67, 75, 79, 86, 165, 166, 181, 186, 188 human smuggling, 1, 3, 6, 49, 70, 71, 72, 89, 90, 91, 138, 148, 157, 170, 172 human trafficking, 3, 5, 26, 49, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 114, 138, 143, 148, 170, 171, 190 borders, 2, 17, 27, 49, 64, 69, 73, 77, 79, 83, 85, 88, 91, 93, 162, 163, 164, 166, 167, 171 children, 69, 72, 74, 75, 80, 85, 89, 91 gender, 72, 73, men, 72, 73, 80, 89, 90, 114, 138, 171 women, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 77, 80, 81, 83, 85, 86, 88, 90, 91, 114, 138 moral panic, 2, 17, 19, 49, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 82, 89, 92, 101, 160, 162, 186 permanent residency, 84, 85, 86, 139 sex trade, 69, 73, 90 sexual slavery, 69, 75 victimization, 6, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 114, 122, 138, 171, 190 Hungary, 145 Iceland, 145 immigration law, 9, 15, 47, 78, 88, 103, 111, 123, 129, 139, 159, 164, 180 India, 1, 2, 13, 20, 133, 134, 135, 137, 143, 173 Citizenship Act of 1955, 135 Indonesia, 19, 44, 51, 52 International Agreement for the Suppression of the White Slave Traffic 1904, 71 213 214 Index International Association of Refugee Law Judges, 171 International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families 1990, 4, 10, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 47, 56, 71, 145, 170 International Court of Justice, 58, 102, Nottebohm Case (Lichtenstein v Guatemala) (Second Phase), [1955] I.C.J Rep , 46 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966, 21, 60, 106 International Labour Organization, 77 international law, 4, 5, 35, 39, 40, 44, 46, 47, 50, 51, 54, 58, 59, 60, 70, 71, 73, 75, 79, 83, 89, 92, 102, 104, 106, 111, 142, 150, 151, 152, 153, 165, 170, 171, 183, 189 human rights law, 5, 22, 34, 37, 40, 51, 60, 62, 64, 65, 67, 75, 79, 86, 165, 166, 181 refugee law, 47, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 62, 111, 149, 151, 151, 152, 161, 165, 170 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 76 International Organization for Migration (IOM), 13, 77 international relations, 30, 32, 44, 94, 115 Iran, 76 Iraq, 70 Ireland, 132, 133, 134, 134, 137, 145, 147 Constitution of Ireland 1937, 134 Good Friday Agreement, 134 Israel, 102, 107 Italy, 13, 14, 133, 135, 137, 144 Italian Overseas Constituency, 133 Japan, 44 Korea, 44, 76, 162 Kyrgyzstan, 13, 23 Latvia, 145 Lesotho, 23 lex mercatoria, 34, 37, 187 Liberia, 76 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, 23 Lithuania, 145, 149 Luxembourg, 144, 145, 149 Malaysia, 1, 13, 44 Mali, 23 Malta, 12, 145 Mauritania, 23 Mexico, 1, 12, 15, 23, 102, 140, 152, 154, 155, 156, 158, 162, 164, 173, 174 North American Free Trade Agreement Between the Government of Canada, the Government of Mexico and the Government of the United States (NAFTA) 1994, 43 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848, 155 migration border control, 2, 9, 65, 84, 99, 146, 158, 159, 166, 184 deportation, 9, 17, 48, 63, 104, 105, 106, 107, 116, 117, 132, 144, 175, 178 economic, 18, 20, 24, 49, 122, 128, 130, 131, 136, 146, 154, 166 guest workers, 17 harmonization, 7, 14, 67, 136, 144, 146, 147, 150, 154, 162, 166 illegal amnesty, 6, 13, 119, 139, 140, 141 asylum, 43, 99, 163, 178, 180 migrant workers, 9, 10, 12, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 overstayers, 16 rights discourse, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 17, 20, 21, 25, 27, 28, 63, 66, 83, 161, 166, 178 unauthorized, 1, 3, 12, 25, 53, 154, 156 migration law, 2, 6, 7, 16, 28, 32, 40, 41, 43, 45, 46, 48, 69, 71, 78, 79, 83, 85, 88, 89, 92, 94, 95, 101, 102, 103, 113, 117, 119, 135, 154, 169, 173, 174, 185 reform, 9, 83, 167, 169, 185, 190 military law, 111 Moldova, 13 Morocco, 1, 23 Nauru, 52, 57 New Zealand, 44, 45, 52, 57, 98, 109, 112, 121, 175 Immigration Act 1987, 109 Supreme Court, 109, 110, 112, 175 Zaoui v The Attorney-General and Ors [2005] N.Z.L.R 577 (S.C.), 109, 110, 111, 175 Nicaragua, 23 non-refoulement, 55, 57, 58, 151 North Korea, 76, 162 Norway, 51, 52, 67, 145 MV Tampa, 51, 52, 53, 55, 57, 59, 67, 94, 95, 176 Pakistan, 2, 14, 93 Panama, 152 Papua New Guinea, 44, 52, 57 Paraguay, 1, 14 Pasargada law, 36 Peoples’ Republic of China, 1, 13, 14, 44, 143 Peru, 23, 44 Poland, 10, 145 Index Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea, and Air 2004, 71, 89 refugee law MV Tampa, 51, 52, 53, 55, 57, 59, 63, 64, 66, 67, 94, 95, 176 refugee determination, 61, 87, 99, 153 refugee protection, 5, 53, 65, 66, 87, 152 see migration law, 3, 5, 35, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 86, 87, 88, 117, 128, 136, 138, 143, 150, 151, 153, 161, 164, 171, 176, 189, 190 refugees, 24, 50, 122 rule of law, 3, 8, 37, 38, 40, 41, 46, 48, 49, 51, 60, 64, 65, 66, 67, 92, 94, 105, 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 141, 151, 168, 169, 171, 172, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 189, 190 emancipatory potential, 37, 38, 40, 49, 66, 67, 92, 139, 166, 168, 175, 182, 183, 185, 189 Russian Federation, 1, 13, 21, former Soviet Union, 12 Rwanda, 53, 74 security, 73, 100, 108, 112, 113, 115, 116, 158, 174 Senegal, 23 sex tourism, 80 sex trade, 69, 73, 78, 90 Seychelles, 23 Singapore, 44 Slovak Republic, 145 Slovenia, 145, 149 South Africa, 1, 14, 21, 159, 173 sovereignty, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 17, 18, 22, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 62, 64, 67, 68, 70, 71, 73, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 92, 113, 115, 118, 134, 135, 136, 138, 141, 142, 143, 144, 147, 151, 153, 154, 159, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 182, 184, 185, 186, 188, 190 Spain, 1, 9, 10, 13, 101 Sri Lanka, 23 Sudan, 53, 76 Sweden, 9, 10, 147 Switzerland, 145, 173 Syria, 23, 76, 98, 104, 120 Tajikistan, 13, 23 terra nullius, terrorism, 6, 28, 59, 92, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 102, 107, 108, 109, 110, 113, 114, 116 Thailand, 1, 13, 44, 53, 81 The Netherlands, 9, 10, 113, 144, 145 Turkey, 23 Turkmenistan, 13 Uganda, 23 Ukraine, 13 United Kingdom, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 19, 20, 21, 47, 49, 56, 59, 63, 64, 67, 85, 93, 94, 95, 97, 100, 101, 102, 106, 107, 108, 111, 112, 115, 118, 120, 121, 134, 145, 147, 178, 179, 180, 188 A v Secretary of State for the Home Department 2004, 105, 109, 110, 111, 114, 175, 176, 187, 188 Anti-Terrorism, Crime, and Security Act 2001, 105 Blair, Prime Minister Tony, 102, 106, 116, 117 Chahal v United Kingdom (1996), V Eur Ct H.R Rep Judgments & Dec, 1831, 23 E.H.R.R 413, 105 Court of Appeal, 176, 178, 179 The Queen on the Application of ‘Q’ & Others v Secretary State for Home Department [2003], EWCA Civ 364 (Court of Appeal, Civil Division), 178 gangmaster, 20 Gangmaster Licensing Act 2004, 20 Good Friday Agreement, 134 High Court for England and Wales, 176, 181, 184, Collins, Justice, 178, 179 Kay, Justice, 179 Munby, Justice, 181 The Queen on the Application of ‘Q’ & Others v Secretary State for Home Department [2003], EWCA Civ 364 (Court of Appeal, Civil Division), 56, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183 The Queen on the Application of ‘Q’ & Others v Secretary State for Home Department, [2003] EWHC 195, [2003] EWJ No 718 (Admin.), 67 The Queen on the Application of S, The Queen on the Application of D and The Queen on the Application of T v The Secretary of State for the Home Department [2003], EWHC 1941 (Admin), 178, 179, 181, 183, 184 Home Office, 11, 12, 13, 181 House of Lords, 105, 106, 109, 110, 111, 112, 175 Anisminic Ltd v Foreign Compensation Commission [1969] AC 147 (HL), 177 Law Lords, 107 Brown, Lord Justice, 179 Laws, Lord Justice, 180 Staughton, Lord Justice, 180 179, 180 Housing Act 1985, 180 Human Rights Act 1998, 106, 117 215 216 Index Karas & Anor, R (on application of) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2006] EWHC 747 (Admin), 181, 183 Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002, 14, 178 R v Governor of Durham Prison, ex parte Hardial Singh 1984, 104, 105 Sharma v Hindu Temple and Others (1990) EAT/253/90, 21 Tan Te Lam v Superintendent of Tai A Chau Detention Center (1996), [1997] A.C 97, 106 The Queen on the Application of S, The Queen on the Application of D and The Queen on the Application of T v The Secretary of State for the Home Department [2003] EWHC 1941, 100(36) L.S.G 39 (Admin), 67 United Nations, 14, 54, 83 Global Commission on International Migration, 173, 183 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 22, 55, 59, 128 United States of America, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 19, 32, 39, 41, 42, 45, 47, 48, 49, 59, 69, 70, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 82, 84, 85, 90, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 104, 106, 110, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 130, 131, 132, 137, 138, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 173, 175, 182, 185, 188 border vigilantes, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 166 Bush, President George H.W., 156 Bush, President George W., 154, 155, 157, 166 Carter, President Jimmy, 156 Clark v Martinez 125 S.Ct, 716 (2005), 104, 110 Clinton, President William J., 156 Court of Appeal for the Seventh Circuit Posner, Justice, 182 Zhen Li Iao v Alberto R Gonzales 400 F 3d 530, U.S App Lexis 3921 (7th Cir 2005), 182, 183 Department of Homeland Security, 97 Department of State, 5, 75, 81 green card, 155, 164 Guantanamo Bay, 70, 111, 114, 115, 120 Hamdan v Rumsfeld 125 S Ct, 2749 (2006), 111 Hamdi v Rumsfeld 542 US 507 (2004), 111 Hoffman Plastic Compounds v National Labor Relations Board 535 U.S 137 (2002), 21 Immigration and Nationality Act 1952, 126 North American Free Trade Agreement Between the Government of Canada, the Government of Mexico and the Government of the United States (NAFTA) 1994, 43 Operation Gatekeeper, 156, 157, 158, 161 Padilla v Hanft 423 F.3d 386 (4th Cir 2005), 111 Rasul v Bush 542 US 466 (2004), 111 September 11, 2001, 23, 28, 52, 59, 64, 93, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, 102, 103, 106, 107, 110, 116, 121, 142, 144, 183 Smart Border Accord, 98 Safe Third Country Agreement, 59, 98, 138 Supreme Court, 113 Trafficking in Person’s Report, 69, 70, 75, 77, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 89, 91, 92 Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2003, 76, 77 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848, 155 T-visas, 84, 86 Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT Act) Act 2001, 110 Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act (2000), 75, 76, 84 war on terror, 33, 39, 41, 94, 104, 111, 120, 142 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948, 54 Uruguay, 23 Uzbekistan, 1, 13 Venezuela, 76 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969, 58, 150 Vietnam, 44 World Bank, 76, 173 World Trade Organization, 32 xenophobia, Yugoslavia, 74 Zimbabwe, 1, 76 Books in the Series (continued from p iii) Moffat: Trusts Law: Text and Materials Norrie: Crime, Reason and History O’Dair: Legal Ethics Oliver: Common Values and the Public-Private Divide Oliver & Drewry: The Law and Parliament Picciotto: International Business Taxation Reed: Internet Law: Text and Materials Richardson: Law Process and Custody Roberts & Palmer: Dispute Process ADR and the Primary Forms of Decision Making Seneviratne: Ombudsmen: Public Services and Administrative Justice Stapleton: Product Liability Tamanaha: Law as a Means to an End: Threat to the Rule of Law Turpin: British Government and the Constitution: Text, Cases and Materials Twining: Globalisation and Legal Theory Twining: Rethinking Evidence: Exploratory Essays Twining & Miers: How to Do Things with Rules Ward: A Critical Introduction to European Law Ward: Shakespeare and Legal Imagination Zander: Cases and Materials on the English Legal System Zander: The Law Making Process