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Nội dung test bank Giới thiệu về Giải phẫu và Sinh lý học, Cấp độ tổ chức hóa học, Cấp độ tổ chức tế bào, Cấp độ tổ chức, Hệ thống tích hợp, Cấu trúc xương và xương, Bộ xương trục, Bộ xương ruột thừa, Khớp, Mô cơ, Hệ thống cơ bắp , Mô thần kinh, Tủy sống, Thần kinh cột sống và Phản xạ cột sống, Thần kinh não và sọ, Đường dẫn truyền cảm giác và Hệ thần kinh Somatic, Hệ thần kinh tự chủ và Chức năng bậc cao, Các giác quan đặc biệt, Hệ thống nội tiết, Máu Tim, mạch máu và tuần hoàn, hệ thống bạch huyết và miễn dịch, hệ hô hấp, hệ tiêu hóa, trao đổi chất, dinh dưỡng và năng lượng, hệ thống tiết niệu, chất lỏng, chất điện giải và cân bằng axit, hệ thống sinh sản The Chemical Level of Organization, The Cellular Level of Organization,The Tissue Level of Organization,The Integumentary System,Bones and Bone Structure,The Axial Skeleton,The Appendicular Skeleton,Joints, Muscle Tissue,The Muscular System,Nervous Tissue,The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes,The Brain and Cranial Nerves,Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System,The Autonomic Nervous System and HigherOrder Functions,The Special Senses, The Endocrine System,Blood, The Heart,Blood Vessels and Circulation,The Lymphatic System and Immunity,The Respiratory System, The Digestive System,Metabolism, Nutrition, and Energetics,The Urinary System,Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid—Base Balance, The Reproductive System
Chapterȱ18 TheȱEndocrineȱSystem Multiple Choice Questions 1) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱisȱtrue ofȱtheȱendocrineȱsystem? A) Itȱrespondsȱrapidlyȱtoȱstimuli B) Itȱrespondsȱspecificallyȱtoȱdigestiveȱstimuli C) Itȱcommunicatesȱbyȱtheȱreleaseȱofȱneurotransmitters D) Itȱrespondsȱwithȱmotorȱoutput E) Itȱrespondsȱslowlyȱbutȱeffectivelyȱforȱmaintainingȱhomeostaticȱfunctions Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 18-1 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 2) Endocrineȱcells A) areȱaȱtypeȱofȱnerveȱcell B) releaseȱtheirȱsecretionsȱontoȱanȱepithelialȱsurface C) releaseȱtheirȱsecretionsȱdirectlyȱintoȱbodyȱfluidsȱsuchȱasȱblood D) containȱfewȱvesicles E) areȱmodifiedȱconnectiveȱtissueȱcells Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 18-1 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 3) ȱareȱchemicalȱmessengersȱthatȱareȱreleasedȱbyȱcellsȱandȱtransportedȱinȱthe bloodstreamȱtoȱalterȱtheȱactivitiesȱofȱspecificȱcellsȱinȱotherȱtissues A) Hormones B) Neuropeptides C) Neurotransmitters D) Humoralȱantibodies E) Antigens Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 18-1 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 4) Aȱhormoneȱmight A) alterȱaȱmembraneȱchannelȱbyȱchangingȱitsȱshape,ȱtherebyȱaffectingȱwhatȱcanȱgoȱthrough it B) depolarizeȱaȱskeletalȱmuscleȱcell C) interfereȱwithȱnorepinephrineȱatȱaȱneuronalȱsynapse D) inactivateȱglucoseȱsoȱitȱcannotȱbeȱusedȱbyȱaȱcell E) blockȱtheȱproductionȱofȱaȱcellȱmembrane Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 18-1 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 576ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 5) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱisȱnotȱtrueȱregardingȱtargetȱcells? A) Theyȱhaveȱreceptorsȱforȱaȱspecificȱhormone B) Theyȱcanȱbeȱanywhereȱinȱtheȱbody C) Theyȱareȱassociatedȱwithȱsynapses D) Theyȱcanȱrespondȱtoȱmoreȱthanȱoneȱhormoneȱifȱtheyȱhaveȱreceptorsȱforȱeachȱone E) Ifȱaȱtargetȱcellȱlacksȱreceptorsȱforȱaȱhormoneȱthenȱitȱcannotȱbindȱthatȱhormone Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 18-1 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 6) HormonesȱknownȱasȱȈcatecholaminesȈȱare A) lipids B) peptides C) steroids D) derivativesȱofȱtheȱaminoȱacidȱtyrosine E) derivativesȱofȱreproductiveȱglands Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 18-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 7) Peptideȱhormonesȱare A) composedȱofȱaminoȱacids B) producedȱbyȱtheȱadrenalȱglands C) derivedȱfromȱtheȱaminoȱacidȱtyrosine D) lipids E) chemicallyȱrelatedȱtoȱcholesterol Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 18-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 8) Aȱkinaseȱisȱanȱenzymeȱthatȱperforms A) phosphorylation B) asȱaȱmembraneȱchannel C) activeȱtransport D) proteinȱsynthesis E) asȱanȱantibody Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 18-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 9) Calciumȱionsȱserveȱasȱmessengers,ȱoftenȱinȱcombinationȱwithȱtheȱintracellularȱprotein A) calcitonin B) calcitriol C) calmodulin D) calcium-bindingȱglobulin E) calcitropin Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 18-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ18ȱȱTheȱEndocrineȱSystemȱȱȱ577 10) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱsubstancesȱactivatesȱproteinȱkinasesȱandȱthusȱactsȱasȱaȱsecond messenger? A) insulin B) ACTH C) epinephrine D) cyclicȱAMP E) TSH Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 18-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 11) Allȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱareȱtrueȱofȱsteroidȱhormonesȱexcept thatȱthey A) areȱproducedȱbyȱtheȱadrenalȱmedulla B) areȱderivedȱfromȱcholesterol C) areȱproducedȱbyȱreproductiveȱglands D) bindȱtoȱreceptorsȱwithinȱtheȱcell E) areȱlipids Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 18-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 12) Eachȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱhormonesȱisȱanȱaminoȱacidȱderivativeȱexcept A) epinephrine B) norepinephrine C) thyroidȱhormone D) testosterone E) melatonin Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 18-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 13) Membraneȱreceptorsȱareȱusedȱbyȱwhichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱtypesȱofȱhormones? A) catecholamines B) peptideȱhormones C) eicosanoids D) thyroid E) catecholamines,ȱpeptideȱhormones,ȱandȱeicosanoids Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 18-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 14) Steroidȱhormones A) areȱproteins B) cannotȱdiffuseȱthroughȱcellȱmembranes C) bindȱtoȱreceptorsȱinȱtheȱnucleusȱofȱtheirȱtargetȱcells D) actȱonȱtargetȱcellsȱbyȱactivatingȱsecondȱmessengerȱcascades E) areȱtransportedȱinȱtheȱbloodȱdissolvedȱinȱtheȱplasma Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 18-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 578ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 15) Whenȱaȱcatecholamineȱorȱpeptideȱhormoneȱbindsȱtoȱreceptorsȱonȱtheȱsurfaceȱofȱaȱcell,ȱthe A) hormoneȱreceptorȱcomplexȱmovesȱintoȱtheȱcytoplasm B) cellȱmembraneȱbecomesȱdepolarized C) secondȱmessengerȱappearsȱinȱtheȱcytoplasm D) cellȱbecomesȱinactive E) hormoneȱisȱtransportedȱtoȱtheȱnucleusȱwhereȱitȱaltersȱtheȱactivityȱofȱDNA Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 18-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 16) Hormonesȱcanȱbeȱdividedȱintoȱdifferentȱgroupsȱbasedȱonȱtheirȱchemistry.ȱTheseȱcategories includeȱallȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱexcept A) peptides B) steroids C) eicosanoids D) aminoȱacidȱderivatives E) acetylcholineȱderivatives Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 18-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 17) Hormonalȱactionsȱonȱcellsȱaffectȱallȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱexcept A) quantitiesȱofȱenzymes B) activitiesȱofȱenzymes C) synthesisȱofȱenzymes D) gatingȱofȱionȱchannels E) thicknessȱofȱtheȱplasmaȱmembrane Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 18-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 18) Theȱlinkȱbetweenȱaȱfirstȱmessengerȱandȱaȱsecondȱmessengerȱinȱaȱcellȱthatȱrespondsȱtoȱpeptide hormonesȱisȱusually A) cAMP B) cGMP C) adenylȱcyclase D) aȱGȱprotein E) calciumȱionȱlevels Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 18-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ18ȱȱTheȱEndocrineȱSystemȱȱȱ579 19) Whenȱadenylȱcyclaseȱisȱactivated, A) ATPȱisȱconsumed B) cAMPȱisȱformed C) cAMPȱisȱbrokenȱdown D) ATPȱisȱproduced E) ATPȱisȱconsumedȱandȱcAMPȱisȱformed Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 18-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 20) Afterȱaȱsteroidȱhormoneȱbindsȱtoȱitsȱreceptorȱtoȱformȱanȱactiveȱcomplex, A) adenylȱcyclaseȱisȱactivated B) cyclicȱnucleotidesȱareȱformed C) Gȱproteinsȱareȱphosphylated D) geneȱtranscriptionȱisȱinitiated E) proteinȱkinasesȱareȱactivated Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 18-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 21) Theȱhumoralȱcontrolȱofȱhormoneȱreleaseȱmayȱbeȱtriggeredȱwhichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱfactors? A) bloodȱlevelȱofȱanȱionȱlikeȱcalcium B) bloodȱlevelȱofȱaȱpituitaryȱhormone C) bloodȱlevelȱofȱaȱhypothalamicȱhormone D) nervousȱstimuli E) neurotransmitterȱactivation Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 18-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 22) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱhormonesȱis/areȱwaterȱsolubleȱandȱthereforeȱbind(s)ȱtoȱextracellular receptors? A) insulin B) epinephrine C) cortisol D) calcitriol E) insulinȱandȱepinephrine Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 18-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 580ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 23) Ifȱtheȱadenylȱcyclaseȱactivityȱofȱliverȱcellsȱwereȱmissing,ȱwhichȱofȱtheseȱhormonesȱcouldȱno longerȱstimulateȱreleaseȱofȱglucose? A) progesterone B) glucagon C) cortisol D) thyroxine E) leptin Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 18-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 24) Increasedȱactivityȱofȱphosphodiesteraseȱinȱaȱtargetȱcellȱwouldȱdecreaseȱitsȱlevelȱof A) testosterone B) estrogen C) thyroidȱhormone D) cAMP E) progesterone Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 18-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 25) Theȱintracellularȱproteinȱ ȱbindsȱcalciumȱion.ȱThisȱcomplexȱcanȱthenȱactivateȱenzymes A) prostaglandin B) phosphodiesterase C) cyclicȱAMP D) calmodulin E) kinase Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 18-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 26) Receptorsȱforȱ ,ȱpeptideȱhormones,ȱandȱeicosanoidsȱareȱfoundȱinȱtheȱcellȱmembranesȱof targetȱcells A) catecholamines B) carbohydrates C) kinases D) genes E) acetylcholine Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 18-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ18ȱȱTheȱEndocrineȱSystemȱȱȱ581 27) Cellsȱthatȱrespondȱtoȱaȱhormoneȱareȱcalledȱ ȱcells A) stem B) pluripotent C) germ D) target E) peripheral Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 18-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 28) Oneȱcauseȱforȱinsulinȱresistanceȱinȱnon-insulinȱdependentȱ(TypeȱII)ȱdiabetesȱis A) insulinȱreceptorȱup-regulation B) decreasedȱinsulinȱsecretion C) decreasedȱcortisolȱsecretion D) insulinȱreceptorȱdown-regulation E) cortisolȱreceptorȱup-regulation Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 18-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying 29) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱisȱnotȱaȱcharacteristicȱofȱtheȱsecond-messengerȱmechanismȱofȱhormone action? A) Hormoneȱeffectsȱareȱamplified B) GȱproteinsȱandȱcAMPȱareȱused C) Receptorsȱareȱonȱtheȱcellȱsurface D) Cellularȱoperationsȱareȱalteredȱbyȱdirectȱstimulationȱofȱaȱgene E) Kinasesȱmayȱphosphorylateȱproteins Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 18-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 30) Uponȱbindingȱofȱaȱsingleȱfirstȱmessengerȱtoȱaȱplasmaȱmembrane,ȱthousandsȱofȱsecond messengersȱmayȱbecomeȱactivated.ȱThisȱeffectȱisȱknownȱas A) receptorȱdown-regulation B) receptorȱup-regulation C) amplification D) humoralȱstimuli E) synergism Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 18-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 582ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 31) Intracellularȱcalciumȱstoresȱopenȱinȱresponseȱtoȱintracellularȱactivationȱof A) proteinȱkinaseȱC,ȱdiacylglycerol,ȱandȱinositolȱtriphosphate B) calmodulin C) leukotrienes D) adenylateȱcyclase E) phosphodiesterase,ȱadenylateȱcyclase,ȱandȱprostacyclins Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 18-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 32) Leukotrienes,ȱprostaglandins,ȱandȱthromboxanesȱareȱallȱexamplesȱof A) aminoȱacidȱderivatives B) eicosanoids C) tyrosineȱderivatives D) glycoproteins E) steroidȱhormones Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 18-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 33) Whichȱhormoneȱisȱnotȱcorrectlyȱmatched? A) epinephrine:ȱaminoȱacidȱderivative B) insulin:ȱpeptideȱhormone C) testosterone:ȱaminoȱacidȱderivative D) cortisol:ȱlipidȱderivative E) eicosanoids:ȱlipidȱderivative Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 18-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 34) Theȱhypothalamusȱactsȱasȱbothȱaȱneuralȱandȱa(n)ȱ ȱorgan A) endocrine B) cardiovascular C) renal D) muscular E) hepatic Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 18-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 35) Theȱmostȱcomplexȱendocrineȱresponsesȱinvolveȱthe A) thyroidȱgland B) pancreas C) adrenalȱglands D) hypothalamus E) thymusȱgland Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 18-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ18ȱȱTheȱEndocrineȱSystemȱȱȱ583 36) Destructionȱofȱtheȱsupra-opticȱnucleusȱofȱtheȱhypothalamusȱwouldȱhaveȱwhichȱofȱthe followingȱresults? A) lossȱofȱADHȱsecretion B) lossȱofȱGHȱsecretion C) lossȱofȱmelatoninȱsecretion D) lossȱofȱthyroidȱstimulatingȱhormoneȱsecretion E) lossȱofȱprolactinȱsecretion Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 18-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 37) Ifȱtheȱhypophysealȱportalȱsystemȱisȱdestroyed,ȱtheȱhypothalamusȱwouldȱnoȱlongerȱbeȱableȱto controlȱtheȱsecretionȱofȱwhichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱhormones? A) TSH B) ACTH C) PRL D) ADHȱandȱOXT E) TSH,ȱACTH,ȱPRL Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 18-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 38) Changesȱinȱbloodȱosmoticȱpressureȱwouldȱmostȱaffectȱtheȱsecretionȱof A) ACTH B) ADH C) oxytocin D) TSH E) LH Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 18-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 39) Theȱhypothalamusȱcontrolsȱsecretionȱinȱtheȱadenohypophysisȱby A) directȱneuralȱstimulation B) indirectȱosmoticȱcontrol C) secretingȱreleasingȱandȱinhibitingȱhormonesȱintoȱtheȱhypophysealportalȱsystem D) alteringȱionȱconcentrationsȱandȱpHȱinȱtheȱanteriorȱpituitary E) gapȱsynapticȱjunctions Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 18-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 584ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 40) Neuronsȱofȱtheȱsupra-opticȱandȱparaventricularȱnucleiȱofȱtheȱhypothalamusȱmanufacture A) CRFȱandȱGnRH B) TSHȱandȱFSH C) ADHȱandȱoxytocin D) FSHȱandȱPRL E) GHIHȱandȱGHRH Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 18-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 41) Theȱmainȱactionȱofȱantidiureticȱhormoneȱis A) increasedȱwaterȱconservationȱbyȱkidneys B) toȱstimulateȱkidneyȱcellsȱtoȱsecreteȱrenin C) increaseȱurineȱoutputȱtoȱremoveȱexcessȱfluid D) increasedȱbloodȱpressureȱbyȱincreasedȱNa+ reabsorption E) inhibitionȱofȱaldosterone Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 18-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 42) Excessȱsecretionȱofȱgrowthȱhormoneȱduringȱearlyȱdevelopmentȱwillȱcause A) dwarfism B) rickets C) gigantism D) acromegaly E) diabetesȱinsipidus Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 18-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 43) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱhormonesȱmayȱleadȱtoȱacromegalyȱifȱhypersecretedȱafterȱclosureȱofȱthe epiphysealȱplates? A) cortisol B) parathyroidȱhormone C) insulin D) growthȱhormone E) epinephrine Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 18-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ18ȱȱTheȱEndocrineȱSystemȱȱȱ603 124) Aȱpatientȱisȱreceivingȱexogenousȱcortisolȱinȱtheȱformȱofȱhydrocortisoneȱshotsȱforȱaȱsinus infection.ȱTheirȱnaturalȱadrenalȱsecretionȱofȱcortisolȱwillȱdecreaseȱdueȱtoȱnegativeȱfeedbackȱon theȱ ȱreducingȱtheȱsecretionȱofȱ A) hypothalamus;ȱACTH B) anteriorȱpituitary;ȱCRH C) hypothalamus;ȱcortisol D) anteriorȱpituitary;ȱcortisol E) anteriorȱpituitary;ȱACTH Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 18-6 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying 125) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱisȱfalseȱconcerning melatonin? A) Exposureȱtoȱlightȱinhibitsȱproduction B) Exposureȱtoȱlightȱstimulatesȱproduction C) ItȱinhibitsȱreleasesȱofȱGnRH D) Itȱisȱproducedȱbyȱpinealocytes E) Itȱisȱmadeȱfromȱserotonin Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 18-7 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 126) Melatoninȱisȱproducedȱbyȱthe A) thymus B) pinealȱgland C) kidneys D) skin E) heart Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 18-7 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 127) Eachȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱisȱtrueȱofȱtheȱpinealȱglandȱexceptȱthatȱit A) isȱaȱcomponentȱofȱtheȱepithalamus B) isȱaȱcomponentȱofȱtheȱhypothalamus C) secretesȱmelatonin D) containsȱpinealocytes E) respondsȱtoȱlightȱandȱdarkness Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 18-7 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 604ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 128) Theȱconditionȱknownȱasȱseasonalȱaffectiveȱdisorderȱ(SAD)ȱmayȱbeȱcausedȱby A) increasedȱlevelsȱofȱmelanin B) increasedȱlevelsȱofȱmelatonin C) increasedȱlevelsȱofȱmelanocyte-stimulatingȱhormone D) increasedȱlevelsȱofȱgonadotrophins E) decreasedȱlevelsȱofȱtestosterone Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 18-7 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 129) Allȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱmayȱbeȱfunctionsȱofȱmelatoninȱexcept thatȱit A) canȱactȱasȱanȱantioxidant B) protectsȱagainstȱfree-radicals C) mayȱmaintainȱcircadianȱrhythms D) canȱactȱasȱanȱinsulinȱsynergist E) mayȱinfluenceȱsexualȱmaturation Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 18-7 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 130) Alphaȱcellsȱareȱtoȱ ȱasȱbetaȱcellsȱareȱtoȱ A) glucagon;ȱinsulin B) somatostatin;ȱinsulin C) insulin;ȱglucagon D) glucagon;ȱsomatostatin E) pancreaticȱpolypeptide;ȱinsulin Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 18-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 131) Ifȱaȱdiabeticȱpatientȱreceivedȱtooȱmuchȱinsulin,ȱtheȱlowȱbloodȱsugarȱcouldȱbeȱcorrectedȱby injecting A) glucagon B) GHIH C) thyroidȱhormone D) aldosterone E) antidiureticȱhormone Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 18-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying 132) Theȱpancreaticȱhormoneȱthatȱcausesȱbloodȱsugarȱlevelsȱtoȱfallȱis A) cortisol B) somatotropin C) insulin D) glucagon E) aldosterone Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 18-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ18ȱȱTheȱEndocrineȱSystemȱȱȱ605 133) Inȱpersonsȱwithȱuntreatedȱdiabetesȱmellitusȱallȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱareȱtrue,ȱexcept A) bloodȱglucoseȱlevelsȱareȱveryȱhigh B) excessiveȱthirstȱisȱshown C) glucoseȱisȱpresentȱinȱtheȱurineȱinȱlargeȱamounts D) aȱlargeȱexcretionȱofȱurineȱoccurs E) intracellularȱandȱtissueȱlevelsȱofȱglucoseȱisȱveryȱhigh Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 18-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 134) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱmightȱoccurȱinȱanȱoverdoseȱofȱinsulin? A) glycosuria B) ketoacidosis C) highȱbloodȱglucose D) lowȱbloodȱglucose E) polyuria Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 18-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 135) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱstatementsȱisȱtrue aboutȱtheȱpancreas? A) Theȱpancreasȱliesȱoverȱtheȱtopȱofȱtheȱstomach B) Theȱsoleȱfunctionȱofȱtheȱpancreasȱisȱtoȱproduceȱhormones C) Theȱpituitaryȱglandȱproducesȱstimulatingȱhormonesȱthatȱcontrolȱtheȱpancreas D) Theȱisletsȱcontainȱaȱvarietyȱofȱdifferentȱcellsȱproducingȱdifferentȱhormones E) Theȱpancreasȱstoresȱglucose,ȱwhichȱcanȱbeȱreleasedȱintoȱtheȱblood Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 18-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 136) Whenȱbloodȱglucoseȱlevelsȱfall, A) insulinȱisȱreleased B) glucagonȱisȱreleased C) peripheralȱcellsȱtakeȱupȱmoreȱglucose D) proteinȱsynthesisȱincreases E) calcitoninȱisȱsecreted Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 18-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 137) Theȱbetaȱcellsȱofȱtheȱpancreaticȱisletsȱproduce A) insulin B) glucagon C) somatostatin D) cortisol E) peptideȱP Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 18-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 606ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 138) Theȱdeltaȱcellsȱofȱtheȱpancreaticȱisletsȱproduce A) insulin B) glucagon C) somatostatin D) cortisol E) peptideȱP Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 18-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 139) TypeȱIIȱdiabetesȱisȱcharacterizedȱby A) aȱlackȱofȱresponseȱbyȱtargetȱcellsȱtoȱinsulin B) aȱdecreaseȱinȱsecretionȱbyȱpancreaticȱbetaȱcells C) excessiveȱsecretionȱofȱglucagon D) inadequateȱinsulinȱproduction E) lowȱblood-glucoseȱconcentration Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 18-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 140) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱhormonesȱstimulatesȱskeletalȱmuscleȱfibersȱtoȱtakeȱinȱglucoseȱfromȱthe blood? A) calcitonin B) cortisol C) insulin D) glucagon E) parathyroidȱhormone Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 18-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 141) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱdirectlyȱregulatesȱtheȱsecretionȱofȱinsulin? A) parasympatheticȱnervousȱsystem B) sympatheticȱnervousȱsystem C) bloodȱglucoseȱconcentration D) hypothalamus E) tropicȱhormonesȱfromȱtheȱpituitaryȱgland Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 18-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 142) Allȱofȱtheȱpancreaticȱhormonesȱareȱregulatedȱby A) theȱadenohypophysis B) theȱliver C) theȱneurohypophysis D) theȱthyroidȱgland E) nutrientȱconcentrationsȱinȱtheȱblood Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 18-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ18ȱȱTheȱEndocrineȱSystemȱȱȱ607 143) Cellsȱinȱtheȱbrain A) canȱabsorbȱglucoseȱwithoutȱinsulinȱstimulation B) preferȱfatsȱtoȱglucoseȱforȱenergyȱproduction C) areȱsensitiveȱtoȱinsulinȱbutȱnotȱtoȱglucagon D) areȱveryȱsensitiveȱtoȱhighȱconcentrationsȱofȱglucagon E) canȱstoreȱglycogen,ȱtoȱbeȱusedȱlaterȱforȱglucoseȱrelease Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 18-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 144) Inabilityȱofȱtheȱpancreasȱtoȱproduceȱinsulinȱresultsȱin A) acromegaly B) goiter C) diabetesȱmellitus D) diabetesȱinsipidus E) Addisonȇsȱdisease Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 18-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 145) Whichȱproblemȱisȱrelatedȱtoȱuntreatedȱdiabetesȱmellitus? A) damageȱtoȱtheȱretina B) neuropathy C) gastricȱulcers D) goiter E) retinalȱproblemsȱandȱnerveȱproblems Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 18-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 146) Typeȱ2ȱdiabetes A) canȱusuallyȱbeȱcontrolledȱbyȱdietȱandȱexerciseȱratherȱthanȱwithȱmedication B) isȱassociatedȱwithȱanȱimmuneȱreactionȱtoȱtheȱpancreaticȱcells C) isȱaȱlackȱofȱinsulinȱproduction D) isȱtypicallyȱdiagnosedȱinȱtheȱveryȱyoung E) isȱnotȱasȱcommonȱasȱtypeȱ1ȱdiabetes Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 18-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 147) Whichȱhormoneȱisȱnotȱproducedȱbyȱtheȱpancreas? A) glucagon B) pancreaticȱpolypeptide C) somatostatin D) calcitriol E) insulin Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 18-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 608ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 148) Atȱaboutȱ4pmȱinȱtheȱafternoon,ȱyouȱcouldȱexpectȱthatȱ ȱwillȱbeȱreleasedȱifȱyouȱhaveȱnot eatenȱsinceȱ12pm A) insulin B) glucagon C) melatonin D) pancreaticȱpolypeptide E) insulinȱandȱglucagon Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 18-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 149) WhichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱisȱnotȱtrueȱregardingȱTypeȱ1ȱDiabetes? A) pancreaticȱdestructionȱofȱbetaȱcells B) needȱinsulinȱinjectionsȱorȱinfusion C) tissuesȱexhibitȱinsulinȱresistance D) accountsȱforȱonlyȱaboutȱ5%ȱofȱcasesȱofȱdiabetes E) usuallyȱdiagnosedȱinȱchildrenȱorȱyoungȱadults Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 18-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 150) Poorlyȱmanagedȱdiabetesȱcanȱadverselyȱaffectȱwhichȱorgan(s)? A) kidneys B) eyes C) heartȱandȱbloodȱvessels D) nerves E) kidneys,ȱeyes,ȱnerves,ȱheartȱandȱbloodȱvessels Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 18-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 151) Theȱinterstitialȱendocrineȱcellsȱofȱtheȱtestesȱproduce A) LH B) progesterone C) testosterone D) inhibin E) FSH Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 18-9 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 152) Follicleȱcellsȱinȱtheȱovaryȱsecreteȱ ȱwhenȱstimulatedȱbyȱFSH A) estrogen B) progesterone C) testosterone D) inhibin E) gonadotropins Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 18-9 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ18ȱȱTheȱEndocrineȱSystemȱȱȱ609 153) Aȱstructureȱknownȱasȱtheȱcorpusȱluteumȱsecretes A) testosterone B) progesterone C) aldosterone D) cortisone E) androstenedione Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 18-9 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 154) TheȱhormoneȱthatȱopposesȱtheȱreleaseȱofȱFSHȱinȱbothȱmalesȱandȱfemalesȱis A) testosterone B) LH C) inhibin D) aldosterone E) somatostatin Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 18-9 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 155) Theȱhormonesȱthatȱareȱimportantȱforȱcoordinatingȱtheȱimmuneȱresponseȱare A) thymosins B) corticosteroids C) aldosterones D) thyroxines E) somatotropins Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 18-9 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 156) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱhormonesȱincreasesȱproductionȱofȱredȱbloodȱcells? A) cortisol B) erythropoietin C) thymosin D) aldosterone E) atrialȱnatriureticȱpeptide Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 18-9 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 157) Cholecalciferolȱisȱsynthesizedȱwithinȱthe A) boneȱmarrowȱofȱtheȱskeletalȱsystem B) splenicȱpulpȱofȱtheȱlymphaticȱsystem C) endothelialȱliningsȱofȱtheȱcardiovascularȱsystem D) hypothalamusȱofȱtheȱnervousȱsystem E) epidermisȱofȱtheȱintegumentaryȱsystem Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 18-9 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 610ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 158) Theȱheartȱsecretesȱtheȱhormone A) progesterone B) oxytocin C) thymosin D) thyroxine E) atrialȱnatriureticȱpeptide Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 18-9 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 159) Adipocytesȱproduceȱaȱpeptideȱhormoneȱcalledȱ ȱthatȱactsȱonȱtheȱhypothalamus A) leptin B) grehlin C) lipase D) glucagon E) adipocin Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 18-9 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 160) Theȱhormoneȱrelatedȱtoȱappetiteȱcontrolȱis A) thymosin B) brainȱnatriureticȱpeptide C) melanin D) leptin E) erythropoietin Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 18-9 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 161) Whyȱmightȱsomeoneȱwantȱtoȱtakeȱerythropoietinȱinȱaȱnon -medicalȱsituation? A) toȱincreaseȱmuscleȱmass B) toȱsleep C) toȱincreaseȱoxygen-carryingȱcapacityȱandȱincreaseȱstamina D) toȱincreaseȱtheȱchanceȱofȱgettingȱpregnant E) toȱincreaseȱsexȱdrive Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 18-9 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 162) Theȱeffectsȱofȱthisȱhormoneȱopposeȱaldosterone A) ADH B) oxytocin C) inhibin D) atrialȱnatriureticȱpeptide E) renin Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 18-9 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ18ȱȱTheȱEndocrineȱSystemȱȱȱ611 163) ThisȱhormoneȱisȱreleasedȱinȱresponseȱtoȱPTHȱandȱitsȱactionsȱareȱsynergisticȱtoȱPTH A) calcitriol B) calcitonin C) inhibin D) cholecystokinin E) pancreaticȱpolypeptide Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 18-9 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 164) WhichȱisȱnotȱaȱcomponentȱofȱtheȱRAASȱandȱdoesȱnot contributeȱtoȱbloodȱvolumeȱand electrolyteȱhomeostasis? A) renin B) angiotensin C) ADH D) aldosterone E) androgens Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 18-9 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 165) Increasedȱaggressiveȱandȱassertiveȱbehaviorȱisȱassociatedȱwithȱanȱincreaseȱinȱwhichȱofȱthe followingȱhormones? A) somatostatin B) thyroxine C) growthȱhormone D) androgens E) insulin Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 18-10 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 166) Theȱhormoneȱthatȱdominatesȱduringȱtheȱalarmȱphaseȱofȱtheȱgeneralȱadaptationȱsyndrome (GAS)ȱis A) testosterone B) aldosterone C) cortisol D) thyroidȱhormone E) epinephrine Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 18-10 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 612ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 167) Youȱhaveȱjustȱbecomeȱtheȱnurseȱmanagerȱofȱaȱnursingȱhomeȱandȱyouȱareȱremindingȱyourself aboutȱwhatȱproblemsȱyourȱnursingȱhomeȱpopulationȱmightȱhaveȱbyȱstudyingȱyourȱold pathophysiologyȱbooksȱfromȱnursingȱschool.ȱManyȱofȱtheȱresidentsȱareȱtiredȱandȱhave problemsȱwithȱbloodȱglucoseȱlevels.ȱAllȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱhormonesȱmightȱbeȱrelatedȱexcept A) insulin B) cortisol C) thymosin D) thyroidȱhormones E) GH Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 18-10 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying 168) Duringȱtheȱalarmȱphaseȱofȱtheȱgeneralȱadaptationȱsyndromeȱ(GAS),ȱthereȱis A) decreasedȱbloodȱflowȱtoȱskeletalȱmusclesȱandȱskin B) decreasedȱmentalȱalertness C) mobilizationȱofȱenergyȱreserves D) increasedȱurineȱrelease E) decreasedȱrateȱofȱrespiration Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 18-10 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 169) Ifȱstressȱlastsȱlongerȱthanȱaȱfewȱhours,ȱanȱindividualȱwillȱenterȱtheȱ ȱphaseȱofȱthe generalȱadaptationȱsyndromeȱ(GAS) A) alarm B) resistance C) exhaustion D) extension E) prolonged Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 18-10 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 170) Hormonesȱthatȱdominateȱduringȱtheȱresistanceȱphaseȱofȱtheȱgeneralȱadaptationȱsyndrome (GAS)ȱareȱthe A) mineralocorticoids B) androgens C) glucocorticoids D) catecholamines E) gonadotropins Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 18-10 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ18ȱȱTheȱEndocrineȱSystemȱȱȱ613 171) Duringȱtheȱresistanceȱphaseȱofȱtheȱgeneralȱadaptationȱsyndromeȱ(GAS), A) lipidȱreservesȱareȱmobilized B) proteinsȱareȱconserved C) bloodȱglucoseȱlevelsȱfallȱdrastically D) levelsȱofȱgrowthȱhormoneȱdecrease E) levelsȱofȱinsulinȱdecrease Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 18-10 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 172) Theȱexhaustionȱphaseȱofȱtheȱgeneralȱadaptationȱsyndromeȱ(GAS)ȱisȱcharacterizedȱby A) failureȱofȱelectrolyteȱbalance B) anȱincreasingȱabilityȱtoȱproduceȱglucoseȱfromȱglycogen C) increasedȱpumpingȱeffectivenessȱofȱtheȱheart D) aȱsharpȱincreaseȱinȱmotivationȱandȱenergy E) anȱincreaseȱinȱurineȱoutput Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 18-10 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 173) Twoȱhormonesȱthatȱhaveȱopposingȱeffectsȱareȱcalled A) antagonists B) agonists C) resistors D) synergists E) adjuvants Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 18-10 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 174) Twoȱhormonesȱthatȱhaveȱadditiveȱeffectsȱareȱcalled A) antagonists B) agonists C) resistors D) synergists E) adjuvants Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 18-10 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 175) Hormonesȱthatȱproduceȱdifferentȱbutȱcomplementaryȱresultsȱareȱcalled A) permissive B) integrative C) radicals D) synergists E) antagonists Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 18-10 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 614ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 176) Normalȱgrowthȱisȱdependentȱonȱallȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱhormonesȱexcept A) thyroidȱhormones B) oxytocin C) growthȱhormone D) insulin E) glucocorticoids Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 18-10 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 177) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱisȱnotȱanȱantagonisticȱhormoneȱpair? A) glucagon;ȱinsulin B) calcitonin;ȱparathyroidȱhormone C) leptin;ȱthymosins D) aldosterone;ȱatrialȱnatriureticȱpeptide E) FSH;ȱinhibin Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 18-10 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 178) Theȱabsenceȱofȱwhichȱhormoneȱduringȱdevelopmentȱwillȱcauseȱtheȱnervousȱsystemȱtoȱdevelop abnormallyȱandȱcauseȱdevelopmentalȱdelays? A) thymosin B) calcitriol C) calcitonin D) androgens E) thyroxine Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 18-10 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding In-Text Figure Based Questions 1) Theȱregulatoryȱhormonesȱfromȱtheȱhypothalamusȱcontrolȱsecretionȱfromȱendocrineȱcells, whichȱareȱlocatedȱwhere?ȱ(Figureȱ18-6) A) anteriorȱlobeȱofȱtheȱpituitaryȱgland B) posteriorȱlobeȱofȱtheȱpituitaryȱgland C) thalamus D) cortexȱofȱtheȱadrenalȱgland E) medullaȱofȱtheȱadrenalȱgland Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 18-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ18ȱȱTheȱEndocrineȱSystemȱȱȱ615 2) Inȱaȱtypicalȱregulationȱpatternȱofȱendocrineȱsecretion,ȱwhichȱhormoneȱisȱresponsibleȱfor negativeȱfeedback?ȱ(Figureȱ18-8) A) theȱreleasingȱhormone B) hormoneȱ1ȱfromȱtheȱpituitaryȱgland C) hormoneȱ2ȱfromȱtheȱendocrineȱtargetȱgland D) theȱinhibitingȱhormone E) theȱposteriorȱpituitaryȱhormone Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 18-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 3) Whatȱhormonesȱareȱreleasedȱfromȱtheȱposteriorȱlobeȱofȱtheȱpituitaryȱglandȱandȱhowȱdoesȱtheir releaseȱdifferȱfromȱhormonesȱreleasedȱbyȱtheȱanteriorȱlobeȱofȱtheȱpituitaryȱgland?ȱ(Figureȱ18 -9) A) melanocyteȱstimulatingȱhormoneȱandȱgrowthȱhormone;ȱposteriorȱpituitaryȱhormonesȱare releasedȱinȱresponseȱtoȱcircadianȱrhythms B) LHȱandȱFSH;ȱposteriorȱpituitaryȱhormonesȱareȱreleasedȱatȱpuberty C) epinephrineȱandȱnorepinephrine;ȱposteriorȱpituitaryȱhormonesȱareȱreleasedȱfollowing neuralȱstimulationȱbyȱtheȱSNS D) ADHȱandȱoxytocin;ȱposteriorȱpituitaryȱhormonesȱareȱreleasedȱfollowingȱstimulationȱby hypothalamicȱreleasingȱhormones E) ADHȱandȱoxytocin;ȱposteriorȱpituitaryȱhormonesȱareȱreleasedȱdirectlyȱfromȱthe hypothalamus Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 18-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 4) Whichȱzoneȱofȱtheȱadrenalȱcortexȱproducesȱmineralocorticoidsȱandȱwhatȱisȱtheȱprimary mineralocorticoid?ȱ(Figureȱ18-14) A) zonaȱreticularis;ȱcortisol B) zonaȱreticularis;ȱaldosterone C) zonaȱfasciculata;ȱepinephrine D) zonaȱglomerulosa;ȱaldosterone E) zonaȱglomerulosa;ȱcortisol Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 18-6 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 616ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 5) Whichȱpancreaticȱcellsȱsecreteȱglucagon?ȱListȱtheȱeffectsȱofȱglucagon.ȱ(Figureȱ18 -17) A) alpha;ȱtoȱincreaseȱbloodȱglucoseȱlevelsȱbyȱincreasingȱtheȱbreakdownȱofȱglycogenȱandȱfat, andȱbyȱincreasingȱtheȱsynthesisȱandȱreleaseȱofȱglucoseȱbyȱtheȱliver B) beta;ȱtoȱincreaseȱbloodȱglucoseȱlevelsȱbyȱincreasingȱtheȱbreakdownȱofȱglycogenȱandȱfat, andȱbyȱincreasingȱtheȱsynthesisȱandȱreleaseȱofȱglucoseȱbyȱtheȱliver C) delta;ȱtoȱincreaseȱbloodȱglucoseȱlevelsȱbyȱincreasingȱtheȱbreakdownȱofȱglycogenȱandȱfat, andȱbyȱincreasingȱtheȱsynthesisȱandȱreleaseȱofȱglucoseȱbyȱtheȱliver D) alpha;ȱtoȱdecreaseȱbloodȱglucoseȱlevelsȱbyȱdecreasingȱtheȱbreakdownȱofȱglycogenȱandȱfat, andȱbyȱincreasingȱcellularȱuptakeȱofȱglucose E) beta;ȱtoȱdecreaseȱbloodȱglucoseȱlevelsȱbyȱdecreasingȱtheȱbreakdownȱofȱglycogenȱandȱfat, andȱbyȱincreasingȱcellularȱuptakeȱofȱglucose Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 18-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding Essay Questions 1) Communicationȱbetweenȱcellsȱisȱkeyȱtoȱorganism-levelȱregulationȱofȱtheȱinternalȱenvironment toȱmaintainȱhealth,ȱthatȱis,ȱnearlyȱconstantȱinternalȱconditionsȱ(homeostasis).ȱOutlineȱand compareȱtheȱintercellularȱcommunicationȱpathwaysȱthatȱfunctionȱtoȱprovideȱhomeostasis Answer: Intercellularȱcommunicationȱoccursȱlargelyȱthroughȱtheȱnervousȱsystemȱandȱthe endocrineȱsystem.ȱInȱgeneral,ȱtheȱnervousȱsystemȱperformsȱshort-termȱȈcrisis management,Ȉȱwhereasȱtheȱendocrineȱsystemȱregulatesȱlonger-term,ȱongoingȱmetabolic processes.ȱIdeally,ȱtheȱnervousȱsystemȱcommunicatesȱbyȱanȱimpulseȱoverȱanȱaxonȱtoȱa neuronȱorȱsomeȱotherȱeffector.ȱThisȱisȱaȱveryȱfastȱandȱspatiallyȱspecificȱprocess.ȱIn contrast,ȱtheȱendocrineȱsystemȱreliesȱonȱblindlyȱsendingȱoutȱchemicalȱmessagesȱtoȱthe wholeȱbodyȱthroughȱtheȱbloodȱandȱinterstitialȱfluid.ȱThisȱprocessȱisȱslow,ȱandȱreliesȱon theȱresponseȱofȱaȱdifferentȱtargetȱcell LearningȱOutcome: 18-1 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying 2) Youȱseeȱaȱpatientȱwithȱaȱgoiter.ȱYouȱrunȱsomeȱtestsȱandȱfindȱtheȱpatientȱisȱiodineȱdeficient Explainȱhowȱiodineȱisȱusedȱinȱtheȱproductionȱofȱthyroidȱhormones.ȱAlso,ȱexplainȱhowȱaȱgoiter mightȱformȱasȱaȱresultȱofȱiodineȱdeficiency.ȱBeȱsureȱtoȱincludeȱtheȱroleȱofȱTSHȱinȱyourȱresponse Answer: Iodineȱatomsȱareȱattachedȱtoȱtyrosineȱmolecules.ȱTyrosineȱmoleculesȱjoinȱtogether formingȱthyroidȱhormonesȱasȱtriiodothyronineȱ(withȱ3ȱiodineȱatoms)ȱorȱthyroxineȱ(with 4ȱiodineȱatoms).ȱIfȱtheȱpatientȱisȱiodineȱdeficientȱthenȱheȱcannotȱproduceȱadequateȱlevels ofȱthyroidȱhormonesȱandȱnegativeȱfeedbackȱtoȱtheȱanteriorȱpituitaryȱdoesȱnotȱoccur Whenȱtheȱbodyȱisȱdeficientȱinȱthyroidȱhormoneȱtheȱanteriorȱpituitaryȱwillȱproduce excessȱTSHȱtryingȱtoȱstimulateȱtheȱthyroidȱgland.ȱExcessȱTSHȱwillȱcauseȱtheȱglandȱto hypertrophyȱandȱformȱaȱgoiter LearningȱOutcome: 18-4 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ18ȱȱTheȱEndocrineȱSystemȱȱȱ617 3) Whenȱpatientsȱwhoȱareȱreceivingȱglucocorticoidȱtherapyȱ(forȱexample,ȱwithȱprednisoneȱneed toȱstopȱtakingȱit,ȱtheȱdoctorȱwillȱprescribeȱaȱseriesȱofȱdosesȱofȱtaperingȱsizeȱtoȱgraduallyȱlower theȱdoseȱratherȱthanȱsuddenlyȱstopȱit.ȱExplainȱthisȱdosageȱstrategyȱinȱtermsȱofȱtheȱnegative feedbackȱcontrolȱofȱcortisolȱsecretion Answer: Glucocorticoidsȱinhibitȱtheȱproductionȱofȱcorticotrophin-releasingȱhormoneȱbyȱthe hypothalamusȱandȱACTHȱbyȱtheȱanteriorȱpituitary.ȱHighȱdosesȱofȱprednisoneȱwillȱmean thatȱlevelsȱofȱACTHȱinȱtheȱpatientȱhaveȱbeenȱquiteȱlow,ȱandȱsoȱtheȱzonaȱfasciculateȱof theȱadrenalȱcortexȱwillȱhaveȱnotȱbeenȱstimulatedȱforȱaȱwhileȱandȱcanȇtȱdoȱmuch synthesis.ȱByȱslowlyȱreducingȱtheȱprednisone,ȱitȱgivesȱtheȱpatientȇsȱownȱabilityȱtoȱmake cortisolȱaȱchanceȱtoȱrecoverȱandȱthusȱpreventsȱcollapseȱofȱbloodȱpressureȱandȱother seriousȱeffectsȱofȱsuddenlyȱwithholdingȱtheȱcorticosteroid LearningȱOutcome: 18-6 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying 4) Whatȱdoesȱitȱmeanȱtoȱsayȱthatȱtheȱpancreasȱisȱbothȱanȱendocrineȱandȱanȱexocrineȱorgan? Answer: Theȱpancreasȱcontainsȱbothȱexocrineȱandȱendocrineȱcells.ȱCellsȱofȱtheȱendocrine pancreasȱformȱclustersȱcalledȱpancreaticȱisletsȱ(isletsȱofȱLangerhans)ȱandȱtheȱexocrineȱcells clusterȱinȱstructuresȱcalledȱpancreaticȱacini.ȱTheȱendocrineȱcellsȱsecreteȱatȱtheirȱbasal surfacesȱintoȱtheȱinterstitialȱspace,ȱexactlyȱoppositeȱtoȱtheȱexocrineȱglandȱcells,ȱwhich secreteȱfluidȱandȱdigestiveȱenzymesȱoutȱofȱtheirȱapicalȱsurfacesȱintoȱtinyȱducts.ȱThe pancreaticȱisletsȱsecreteȱtheȱhormonesȱglucagon,ȱinsulin,ȱsomatostatin,ȱandȱpancreatic polypeptide,ȱwhichȱdiffuseȱintoȱnearbyȱcapillariesȱandȱthenȱreachȱcellsȱthroughoutȱthe bodyȱviaȱtheȱcirculation.ȱTheȱpancreaticȱexocrineȱsecretionsȱenterȱtheȱintestineȱduring digestionȱandȱplayȱaȱkeyȱroleȱinȱbothȱprotectingȱtheȱepitheliumȱandȱdissolvingȱfood particlesȱintoȱtheirȱconstituentȱbuildingȱblocks LearningȱOutcome: 18-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 5) Describeȱtheȱthreeȱphasesȱofȱtheȱgeneralȱadaptationȱsyndromeȱ(GAS)ȱthatȱconstituteȱtheȱbodyȇs responseȱtoȱstress.ȱWhichȱendocrineȱsecretionsȱplayȱdominantȱrolesȱinȱtheȱalarmȱandȱresistance phases? Answer: Theȱthreeȱphasesȱareȱalarm,ȱresistance,ȱandȱexhaustion.ȱDuringȱtheȱalarmȱphase,ȱenergy reservesȱareȱmobilizedȱandȱtheȱbodyȱpreparesȱitselfȱwithȱȈfightȱorȱflightȈȱresponses Duringȱtheȱresistanceȱphase,ȱglucocorticoidsȱareȱreleasedȱtoȱ(1)ȱmobilizeȱlipidȱand proteinȱreserves,ȱ(2)ȱconserveȱglucoseȱforȱneuralȱtissue,ȱ(3)ȱelevateȱandȱstabilizeȱblood glucoseȱconcentrations,ȱ(4)ȱconserveȱsaltsȱandȱwater,ȱandȱ(5)ȱloseȱK + ȱandȱH + ȱDuringȱthe exhaustionȱphase,ȱhomeostaticȱregulationȱbreaksȱdown.ȱEpinephrineȱplaysȱaȱdominant roleȱinȱtheȱalarmȱphaseȱandȱglucocorticoidsȱareȱdominantȱinȱtheȱresistanceȱphase LearningȱOutcome: 18-10 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc ... BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 584ȱȱ Test Bank for Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 11e 40) Neurons of theȱsupra-optic and paraventricularȱnuclei of theȱhypothalamusȱmanufacture... 598ȱȱ Test Bank for Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 11e 100) Theȱparathyroidȱglandsȱproduceȱaȱhormoneȱthat A) stimulatesȱtheȱformation of whiteȱbloodȱcells B) increasesȱtheȱlevel of calciumȱionsȱinȱtheȱblood... Understanding Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 580ȱȱ Test Bank for Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 11e 23) Ifȱtheȱadenylȱcyclaseȱactivity of liverȱcellsȱwereȱmissing,ȱwhich of theseȱhormonesȱcouldȱno