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Nguyên tắc cơ bản của Giải phẫu Sinh lý học giúp sinh viên thành công trong khóa học A P đầy thách thức với cách kể chuyện dễ hiểu, hình ảnh chính xác và độ chính xác kiên định. Với Phiên bản thứ 11, nhóm tác giả rút ra từ nghiên cứu gần đây khám phá cách sinh viên sử dụng và tiêu hóa thông tin hình ảnh để giúp sinh viên sử dụng nghệ thuật hiệu quả hơn để học A P. Các tính năng sách mới khuyến khích học sinh xem và xem xét các số liệu trong sách giáo khoa, và các video tường thuật mới hướng dẫn học sinh thông qua các số liệu sinh lý phức tạp để giúp chúng giải mã và hiểu rõ hơn các quy trình phức tạp. Giáo viên hướng dẫn cũng có thể yêu cầu một cuốn cẩm nang mới của Lori Garrett, có tựa đề Nghệ thuật giảng dạy A P: Sáu bài học dễ dàng để cải thiện việc học của học sinh, trong đó khám phá một số thách thức phổ biến nhất gặp phải khi sử dụng nghệ thuật để dạy A P, bên cạnh các chiến lược để giải quyết những thách thức này. Nội dung test bank Giới thiệu về Giải phẫu và Sinh lý học, Cấp độ tổ chức hóa học, Cấp độ tổ chức tế bào, Cấp độ tổ chức, Hệ thống tích hợp, Cấu trúc xương và xương, Bộ xương trục, Bộ xương ruột thừa, Khớp, Mô cơ, Hệ thống cơ bắp , Mô thần kinh, Tủy sống, Thần kinh cột sống và Phản xạ cột sống, Thần kinh não và sọ, Đường dẫn truyền cảm giác và Hệ thần kinh Somatic, Hệ thần kinh tự chủ và Chức năng bậc cao, Các giác quan đặc biệt, Hệ thống nội tiết, Máu Tim, mạch máu và tuần hoàn, hệ thống bạch huyết và miễn dịch, hệ hô hấp, hệ tiêu hóa, trao đổi chất, dinh dưỡng và năng lượng, hệ thống tiết niệu, chất lỏng, chất điện giải và cân bằng axit, hệ thống sinh sản
Chapterȱ6 BonesȱandȱBoneȱStructure Multiple Choice Questions 1) Whichȱofȱfollowingȱisȱaȱfunctionȱofȱtheȱskeletalȱsystem? A) bodyȱsupport B) calciumȱhomeostasis C) protectionȱofȱinternalȱorgans D) bloodȱcellȱproduction E) Allȱofȱtheȱanswersȱareȱcorrect Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 6-1 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 2) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱareȱnot componentsȱofȱtheȱskeletalȱsystem? A) tendons B) bones C) ligaments D) cartilage E) otherȱtissuesȱthatȱconnectȱbones Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 6-1 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 3) Theȱshaftȱofȱlongȱbonesȱisȱcalledȱthe A) epiphysis B) metaphysis C) diaphysis D) paraphysis E) endophysis Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 6-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 4) Aȱ ȱisȱaȱsmooth,ȱgroovedȱboneȱprocessȱshapedȱlikeȱaȱpulley A) tubercle B) trochanter C) trochlea D) tuberosity E) trabeculae Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 6-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ6ȱȱBonesȱandȱBoneȱStructureȱȱȱ165 5) Aȱsmallȱroughȱbumpȱonȱboneȱwhereȱaȱtendonȱattachesȱisȱcalledȱa A) tubercle B) trochanter C) trochlea D) tuberosity E) trabecula Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 6-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 6) Aȱchamberȱwithinȱaȱboneȱnormallyȱfilledȱwithȱairȱisȱa A) foramen B) sinus C) fossa D) canal E) meatus Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 6-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 7) Theȱexpandedȱarticularȱendȱofȱanȱepiphysisȱthatȱisȱseparatedȱfromȱtheȱshaftȱbyȱaȱnarrowerȱneck isȱcalledȱa A) head B) crown C) capitulum D) corona E) bulb Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 6-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 8) Aȱ ȱisȱaȱroundedȱpassagewayȱforȱpassageȱofȱbloodȱvesselsȱand/orȱnerves A) sinus B) fossa C) meatus D) foramen E) cavernosa Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 6-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 9) Theȱadultȱskeletonȱcontainsȱ ȱmajorȱbones A) 88 B) 115 C) 174 D) 206 E) 251 Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 6-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 166ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 10) WhichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱbonesȱisȱclassifiedȱasȱȈirregularȈȱinȱshape? A) patella B) frontal C) vertebra D) metatarsal E) ulna Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 6-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 11) Theȱproximalȱandȱdistalȱendsȱofȱaȱlongȱboneȱareȱcalledȱthe A) epiphyses B) diaphyses C) epiphysealȱplates D) metaphyses E) periphyses Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 6-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 12) Theȱcarpalȱbonesȱareȱexamplesȱofȱ ȱbones A) long B) short C) flat D) irregular E) sesamoid Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 6-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 13) Aȱribȱisȱanȱexampleȱofȱaȱ ȱbone A) long B) short C) flat D) sutural E) sesamoid Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 6-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 14) Theȱpatellaȱisȱanȱexampleȱofȱa(n)ȱ ȱbone A) irregular B) sesamoid C) sutural D) sagittal E) flat Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 6-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ6ȱȱBonesȱandȱBoneȱStructureȱȱȱ167 15) Smallȱbonesȱthatȱfillȱgapsȱbetweenȱbonesȱofȱtheȱskullȱareȱcalledȱ ȱbones A) irregular B) sesamoid C) sutural D) sagittal E) tendon Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 6-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 16) ȱbonesȱdevelopȱinsideȱtendons,ȱcommonlyȱnearȱtheȱknees,ȱhands,ȱandȱfeet A) Irregular B) Sesamoid C) Short D) Long E) Flat Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 6-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 17) Theȱhumerusȱisȱanȱexampleȱofȱa(n)ȱ ȱbone A) long B) short C) flat D) irregular E) sesamoid Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 6-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 18) Aȱ ȱisȱaȱlargeȱroughȱproximalȱprojectionȱonȱaȱbone A) ramus B) trochanter C) tuberosity D) tubercle E) condyle Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 6-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 19) Aȱroundedȱpassageȱorȱholeȱthroughȱaȱboneȱisȱcalledȱa A) ramus B) foramen C) linea D) tubercle E) facet Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 6-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 168ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 20) Theȱsmooth,ȱroundedȱarticularȱprocessȱofȱaȱboneȱisȱtermedȱa A) crest B) ridge C) head D) condyle E) trochlea Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 6-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 21) Aȱshallowȱdepressionȱonȱaȱboneȱisȱtermedȱa A) fossa B) sulcus C) facet D) fissure E) line Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 6-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 22) Theȱregionȱofȱaȱlongȱboneȱbetweenȱtheȱendȱandȱtheȱshaftȱisȱknownȱasȱthe A) diaphysis B) epiphysis C) osseophysis D) metaphysis E) medullaryȱcavity Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 6-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 23) Bonesȱthatȱareȱrelativelyȱlongȱandȱslender,ȱconsistingȱofȱaȱshaftȱwithȱtwoȱendsȱare A) longȱbones B) flatȱbones C) sesamoidȱbones D) shortȱbones E) irregularȱbones Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 6-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 24) Bonesȱthatȱhaveȱthinȱparallelȱsurfacesȱare A) longȱbones B) flatȱbones C) sesamoidȱbones D) shortȱbones E) irregularȱbones Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 6-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ6ȱȱBonesȱandȱBoneȱStructureȱȱȱ169 25) Bonesȱthatȱareȱboxyȱwithȱapproximatelyȱequalȱdimensionsȱare A) longȱbones B) flatȱbones C) sesamoidȱbones D) shortȱbones E) irregularȱbones Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 6-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 26) Bonesȱthatȱhaveȱcomplexȱshapesȱare A) longȱbones B) flatȱbones C) sesamoidȱbones D) shortȱbones E) irregularȱbones Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 6-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 27) Bonesȱthatȱareȱsmall,ȱroundȱandȱtendȱtoȱdevelopȱinȱtendonsȱare A) longȱbones B) flatȱbones C) sesamoidȱbones D) shortȱbones E) irregularȱbones Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 6-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 28) Canaliculiȱare A) alsoȱknownȱasȱVolkmannȇsȱchannels B) theȱsameȱasȱHaversianȱcanals C) narrowȱpassagewaysȱinȱtheȱmatrixȱconnectingȱlacunaeȱtoȱbloodȱsupply D) layersȱofȱbonyȱmatrixȱlaidȱdownȱinȱrings E) haveȱbothȱaȱfibrousȱouterȱlayerȱandȱaȱcellularȱinnerȱlayer Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 6-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 29) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱisȱnotȱtrueȱofȱosteocytes? A) Osteocytesȱmaintainȱproteinȱandȱmineralȱcontentȱofȱmatrix B) Osteocytesȱtakeȱpartȱinȱrepairȱofȱdamagedȱbone C) Osteocytesȱformȱcytoplasmicȱextensionsȱwithinȱcanaliculi D) Osteocytesȱareȱlocatedȱwithinȱlacunae E) Osteocytesȱhaveȱ50ȱorȱmoreȱnuclei Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 6-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 170ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 30) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱisȱtrueȱofȱosteoclasts? A) Osteoclastsȱmaintainȱproteinȱandȱmineralȱcontentȱofȱmatrix B) Osteoclastsȱareȱresponsibleȱforȱlayingȱdownȱosteoid C) Osteoclastsȱformȱcytoplasmicȱextensionsȱwithinȱcanaliculi D) Osteoclastsȱareȱlocatedȱwithinȱlacunae E) Osteoclastsȱsecretesȱproteinȱdigestingȱenzymesȱandȱacidsȱthatȱdissolveȱmatrix Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 6-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 31) Whichȱofȱfollowingȱis/areȱproducedȱfromȱtheȱmonocyteȱstemȱcells? A) osteoblasts B) osteoclasts C) osteocytes D) osteoprogenitorȱcells E) osteogenicȱcells Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 6-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 32) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱlabelsȱbest matchesȱosteocyte? A) stemȱcell B) dissolvesȱmatrix C) matureȱboneȱcell D) secretesȱorganicȱmatrix E) immatureȱboneȱcell Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 6-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 33) Boneȱisȱcomposedȱofȱ ȱpercentȱcells A) 25 B) 10 C) D) 15 E) 50 Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 6-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 34) Cellsȱthatȱsecreteȱtheȱorganicȱcomponentsȱofȱtheȱboneȱmatrixȱareȱcalled A) osteocytes B) osteoprogenitorȱcells C) osteoblasts D) osteoclasts E) osteoidȱcells Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 6-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ6ȱȱBonesȱandȱBoneȱStructureȱȱȱ171 35) ȱareȱstemȱcellsȱthatȱdevelopȱintoȱosteoblasts A) Osteoclasts B) Osteocytes C) Osteomedullaryȱcells D) Osteogenicȱcells E) Osteoidȱcells Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 6-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 36) Throughȱtheȱactionȱofȱosteoclasts, A) newȱboneȱisȱformed B) anȱorganicȱframeworkȱisȱformed C) bonyȱmatrixȱisȱdissolved D) osteoidȱisȱcalcified E) fracturedȱbonesȱregenerate Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 6-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 37) Theȱspaceȱoccupiedȱbyȱanȱosteocyteȱisȱcalled A) Volkmannȇsȱcanal B) aȱlacuna C) aȱtrabecula D) aȱHaversianȱcanal E) aȱcanaliculus Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 6-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 38) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱchemicalsȱisȱnot presentȱinȱbone? A) calciumȱphosphate B) collagenȱfibers C) calciumȱcarbonate D) chondroitinȱsulfate E) hydroxyapatite Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 6-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 39) ȱaccount(s)ȱforȱalmostȱtwo-thirdsȱofȱtheȱweightȱofȱbone A) Water B) Calciumȱcarbonate C) Collagenȱfibers D) Fluoride E) Calciumȱphosphate Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 6-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 172ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 40) ȱcellsȱareȱlocatedȱinȱtheȱinnerȱcellularȱlayerȱofȱtheȱperiosteum A) Osteocyte B) Osteoclast C) Osteoid D) Osteogenic E) Osteolytic Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 6-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 41) Theȱ ȱinteractionsȱallowȱboneȱtoȱbeȱstrong,ȱsomewhatȱflexible,ȱandȱhighlyȱresistantȱto shattering A) collagen-fiber B) protein-crystal C) mineral-crystal D) protein-protein E) hydroxyapatite-crystal Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 6-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 42) Theȱmostȱabundantȱcellȱtypeȱinȱboneȱis A) osteoclasts B) osteoblasts C) osteolytes D) osteoprogenitorȱcells E) osteocytes Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 6-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 43) Theȱlacunaeȱofȱosseousȱtissueȱcontain A) bloodȱcells B) osteocytes C) chondroblasts D) boneȱmarrow E) capillaries Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 6-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ6ȱȱBonesȱandȱBoneȱStructureȱȱȱ173 44) Howȱwouldȱremovingȱhydroxyapatiteȱfromȱboneȱmatrixȱaffectȱtheȱphysicalȱpropertiesȱofȱa bone? A) Theȱboneȱwouldȱbeȱlessȱflexible B) Theȱboneȱwouldȱbeȱstronger C) Theȱboneȱwouldȱbeȱmoreȱbrittle D) Theȱboneȱwouldȱbeȱmoreȱflexible E) Theȱboneȱwouldȱbeȱmoreȱcompressible Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 6-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Analyzing 45) Theȱnarrowȱpassagewaysȱthatȱcontainȱcytoplasmicȱextensionsȱofȱosteocytesȱareȱcalled A) centralȱcanals B) lacunae C) canaliculi D) medullaryȱcavities E) foramina Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 6-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 46) Inȱbone,ȱtheȱcalciumȱphosphateȱformsȱcrystalsȱof A) osteoidȱmatrix B) calciumȱcarbonate C) hydroxyapatite D) calcitriol E) proteolyticȱenzymes Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 6-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 47) Stemȱcellsȱthatȱcanȱdifferentiateȱintoȱosteoblastsȱareȱcalledȱ ȱcells A) osteopropagator B) osteoforming C) osteocreator D) osteotrophic E) osteogenic Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 6-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 48) Cellsȱthatȱfreeȱcalciumȱfromȱboneȱtoȱmaintainȱbloodȱcalciumȱlevelsȱareȱcalled A) osteolytics B) osteoclasts C) osteoblasts D) osteogenics E) osteocytes Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 6-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 186ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e Figureȱ6-2ȱEndochondralȱOssification UseȱFigureȱ6-2ȱtoȱanswerȱtheȱfollowingȱquestion(s): 101) Whereȱdoesȱgrowthȱinȱlengthȱoccur? A) B) C) D) E) Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 6-5 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ6ȱȱBonesȱandȱBoneȱStructureȱȱȱ187 102) Whatȱtypeȱofȱtissueȱoccursȱatȱ#1? A) elasticȱtissue B) fibrocartilage C) bone D) hyalineȱcartilage E) marrowȱtissue Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 6-5 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying 103) Whatȱprocessȱisȱshownȱatȱ#6? A) primaryȱossification B) secondaryȱossification C) lengthȱgrowth D) widthȱgrowth E) fractureȱrepair Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 6-5 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying 104) Identifyȱtheȱstructureȱatȱ#4 A) intramembranousȱbone B) spongyȱbone C) hyalineȱcartilage D) periosteum E) mesenchyme Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 6-5 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying 105) IdentifyȱtheȱstructureȱlabeledȱȈ2.Ȉ A) epiphysis B) diaphysis C) metaphysis D) marrowȱcavity E) trabeculae Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 6-5 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying 106) Inȱnormalȱadultȱbones, A) thereȱisȱnoȱturnoverȱofȱminerals B) aȱportionȱofȱtheȱproteinȱandȱmineralȱcontentȱisȱreplacedȱeachȱyear C) osteoblastȱactivityȱexceedsȱosteoclastȱactivity,ȱonceȱboneȱhasȱbeenȱformed D) osteoclastsȱcontinueȱtoȱbeȱactiveȱlongȱafterȱosteoblastȱactivityȱceases E) exerciseȱwillȱhaveȱnoȱeffectȱonȱboneȱremodeling Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 6-6 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 188ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 107) Theȱongoingȱprocessȱofȱtearingȱdownȱandȱrebuildingȱboneȱmatrixȱisȱcalled A) restoration B) osteolysis C) resorption D) ossification E) remodeling Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 6-6 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 108) Howȱdoȱsexȱhormonesȱaffectȱboneȱgrowth? A) Testosteroneȱstimulatesȱosteoclastȱactivity B) Theyȱcauseȱossificationȱtoȱbeȱfasterȱthanȱcartilageȱreplacement C) Theyȱstimulateȱtheȱcleavageȱofȱhydroxyapetite D) Theyȱcauseȱosteoporosis E) Estrogenȱcausesȱslowerȱepiphysealȱclosure Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 6-7 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 109) Whichȱhormoneȱincreasesȱcalciumȱandȱphosphateȱionȱabsorptionȱbyȱtheȱintestines? A) parathyroidȱhormone B) calcitriol C) thyroxine D) calcitonin E) estrogen Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 6-7 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 110) Aȱlackȱofȱexerciseȱcould A) causeȱbonesȱtoȱbecomeȱthicker B) causeȱbonesȱtoȱstoreȱmoreȱcalcium C) resultȱinȱporousȱandȱweakȱbones D) causeȱbonesȱtoȱbecomeȱlonger E) causeȱbonesȱtoȱloseȱtheirȱmedullaryȱcavity Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 6-7 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 111) Whenȱstressȱisȱappliedȱtoȱaȱbone, A) theȱmineralsȱinȱtheȱboneȱproduceȱaȱweakȱelectricalȱfieldȱthatȱattractsȱosteoblasts B) osteoclastȱactivityȱincreasesȱandȱosteoblastȱactivityȱdecreases C) theȱboneȱbecomesȱthinȱandȱbrittleȱandȱultimatelyȱfractures D) theȱboneȱcompensatesȱbyȱbecomingȱthinnerȱinȱtheȱregionȱofȱstress E) bloodȱsupplyȱthroughȱtheȱnutrientȱarteryȱdiminishesȱandȱthusȱremodelingȱproceedsȱatȱa muchȱslowerȱrate Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 6-7 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ6ȱȱBonesȱandȱBoneȱStructureȱȱȱ189 112) Excessiveȱgrowthȱhormoneȱpriorȱtoȱpubertyȱcouldȱresultȱin A) osteoporosis B) osteopenia C) rickets D) gigantism E) dwarfism Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 6-7 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 113) Factorsȱthatȱareȱnecessaryȱforȱproperȱboneȱformationȱincludeȱallȱofȱtheȱfollowing,ȱexcept A) vitaminȱA B) vitaminȱE C) vitaminȱC D) theȱhormoneȱthyroxine E) vitaminȱD Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 6-7 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 114) Whereȱinȱtheȱbodyȱdoesȱtheȱproductionȱofȱprecursorsȱforȱtheȱsynthesisȱofȱcalcitriolȱoccur? A) bone B) kidneys C) smallȱintestine D) liver E) skin Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 6-7 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 115) ȱhormonesȱstimulateȱosteoblastsȱtoȱproduceȱboneȱmatrix A) Sex B) Growth C) Thyroid D) Parathyroid E) Pancreatic Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 6-7 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 116) RANKLȱorȱreceptorȱactivatorsȱofȱnuclearȱfactorȱkB A) areȱreceptorsȱthatȱbindȱdirectlyȱtoȱPTH B) areȱfoundȱonȱtheȱsurfaceȱofȱosteoclasts C) areȱmoleculesȱthatȱcauseȱosteoblastsȱtoȱlayȱdownȱbone D) isȱaȱsignalȱmoleculeȱthatȱstimulatesȱosteoclastsȱdevelopment E) causesȱcalciumȱtoȱbeȱexcretedȱbyȱtheȱkidneys Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 6-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 190ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 117) Calcitoninȱdoesȱallȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱexcept A) increaseȱboneȱdeposition B) inhibitȱosteoclasts C) causeȱkidneysȱtoȱexcreteȱcalcium D) causeȱlessȱcalcitriolȱtoȱbeȱsecreted E) increaseȱitsȱlevelȱinȱpregnantȱwomen Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 6-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 118) Ifȱbloodȱcalciumȱlevelsȱdropȱbelowȱ8.5ȱmg/dLȱwhichȱhormoneȱisȱlikelyȱtoȱbeȱactivated? A) parathyroidȱhormone B) estrogen C) calcitonin D) calcitriol E) bothȱcalcitriolȱandȱparathyroidȱhormone Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 6-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying 119) Ifȱbloodȱcalciumȱlevelsȱriseȱaboveȱ11mg/dLȱwhichȱhormoneȱisȱlikelyȱtoȱbeȱactivated? A) parathyroidȱhormone B) estrogen C) calcitonin D) calcitriol E) bothȱcalcitriolȱandȱparathyroidȱhormone Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 6-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying 120) Ofȱtheȱtotalȱinorganicȱcomponentsȱinȱbone,ȱcalciumȱaccountsȱforȱwhatȱpercent? A) 17% B) 9.7% C) 39% D) 72% E) 0.72% Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 6-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 121) Ofȱtheȱtotalȱorganicȱcomponentsȱinȱboneȱmostȱofȱitȱis A) collagen B) keratin C) keratohyalin D) elastin E) actin Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 6-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ6ȱȱBonesȱandȱBoneȱStructureȱȱȱ191 122) Theȱmostȱabundantȱmineralȱinȱtheȱhumanȱbodyȱis A) sodium B) potassium C) phosphorus D) calcium E) hydrogen Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 6-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 123) Elevatedȱlevelsȱofȱcalciumȱionȱinȱtheȱbloodȱstimulateȱtheȱsecretionȱofȱtheȱhormone A) calcitonin B) thyroidȱhormone C) parathyroidȱhormone D) growthȱhormone E) testosterone Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 6-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 124) Theȱhormoneȱcalcitoninȱfunctionsȱto A) stimulateȱosteoclastȱactivity B) decreaseȱtheȱrateȱofȱcalciumȱexcretion C) decreaseȱtheȱrateȱofȱcalciumȱabsorption D) decreaseȱtheȱlevelȱofȱcalciumȱionȱinȱtheȱblood E) stimulateȱosteoblastsȱandȱinhibitȱosteoclasts Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 6-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 125) Parathyroidȱhormoneȱfunctionsȱinȱallȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱwaysȱ except A) stimulatingȱosteoclastȱactivity B) increasingȱtheȱrateȱofȱcalciumȱabsorption C) decreasingȱtheȱrateȱofȱcalciumȱexcretion D) raisingȱtheȱlevelȱofȱcalciumȱionȱinȱtheȱblood E) inhibitingȱcalcitoninȱsecretion Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 6-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 126) Aȱchildȱwithȱricketsȱoftenȱhas A) oversizedȱfacialȱbones B) longȱfingers C) frequentȱbruises D) bowedȱlegs E) inadequateȱmuscleȱdevelopment Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 6-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 192ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 127) Boneȱplaysȱaȱcentralȱroleȱinȱtheȱregulationȱofȱbloodȱlevelsȱof A) potassium B) iron C) sulfate D) calcium E) sodium Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 6-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 128) Hundredsȱofȱyearsȱago,ȱexplorersȱoftenȱdiedȱofȱscurvy.ȱHowȱcanȱthisȱbone -relatedȱdiseaseȱbe prevented? A) Supplementȱtheȱdietȱwithȱmoreȱcalciumȱfromȱmeat B) Increaseȱlevelsȱofȱtestosteroneȱtoȱstimulateȱboneȱrepair C) SupplementȱtheȱdietȱwithȱfreshȱfruitȱrichȱinȱvitaminȱC D) Drinkȱmoreȱwaterȱtoȱpromoteȱboneȱremodelingȱandȱrepair E) Amputateȱfracturedȱlimbsȱtoȱpreventȱtheȱspreadȱofȱscurvy Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 6-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying 129) HowȱisȱvitaminȱDȱ(vitaminȱD )ȱrelatedȱtoȱcalciumȱhomeostasisȱinȱbone? A) VitaminȱDȱprovidesȱaȱframeworkȱforȱcalciumȱinȱtheȱmatrix B) VitaminȱDȱisȱregulatedȱbyȱosteoclastȱactivity C) VitaminȱDȱisȱproducedȱbyȱosteoblastsȱduringȱendochondralȱossification D) VitaminȱDȱisȱinvolvedȱinȱcalciumȱabsorptionȱbyȱtheȱdigestiveȱtract E) VitaminȱDȱreplacesȱcalciumȱinȱtheȱskeleton Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 6-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 130) Theȱdiseaseȱosteomalaciaȱcausesȱcalciumȱlossȱfromȱtheȱskeleton,ȱwhichȱwouldȱresultȱinȱbones thatȱare A) moreȱresistantȱtoȱcompression B) strongerȱandȱheavier C) strongerȱandȱcontainȱmoreȱspongyȱbone D) weakerȱandȱmoreȱflexible E) weakerȱandȱmoreȱbrittle Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 6-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ6ȱȱBonesȱandȱBoneȱStructureȱȱȱ193 131) Damageȱtoȱaȱboneȱbecauseȱofȱextremeȱload,ȱsuddenȱimpact,ȱorȱstressesȱappliedȱfromȱan unusualȱdirectionȱisȱcalledȱa A) dislocation B) contortion C) rupture D) fragmentation E) fracture Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 6-9 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 132) A(n)ȱ ,ȱorȱclosed,ȱfractureȱdoesȱnotȱbreakȱtheȱskin A) plain B) internal C) simple D) contained E) common Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 6-9 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 133) Anȱopenȱorȱ ȱfractureȱprojectsȱthroughȱtheȱskin A) external B) exposed C) complex D) compound E) complicated Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 6-9 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 134) Aȱ ȱfractureȱshattersȱtheȱbone A) comminuted B) greenstick C) compression D) transverse E) spiral Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 6-9 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 135) Aȱfractureȱofȱtheȱboneȱacrossȱitsȱlongȱaxisȱisȱcalledȱaȱ ȱfracture A) comminuted B) greenstick C) compression D) transverse E) spiral Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 6-9 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 194ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 136) Inȱaȱ ȱfractureȱoneȱsideȱofȱtheȱshaftȱisȱsplitȱandȱtheȱotherȱsideȱisȱbent A) comminuted B) greenstick C) compression D) transverse E) spiral Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 6-9 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 137) Aȱ ȱfractureȱisȱproducedȱbyȱtwistingȱstressesȱappliedȱtoȱtheȱbone A) comminuted B) greenstick C) compression D) transverse E) spiral Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 6-9 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 138) Aȱtransverseȱfractureȱofȱtheȱwristȱthatȱmayȱbeȱcomminutedȱisȱcalledȱaȱ ȱfracture A) Pottȇs B) Longȇs C) tarsal D) common E) Colles Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 6-9 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 139) Aȱfractureȱthatȱaffectsȱtheȱmalleolusȱonȱbothȱlowerȱlegȱbonesȱisȱcalledȱaȱ ȱfracture A) carpal B) Pottȇs C) Colles D) complex E) double-split Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 6-9 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 140) Theȱfractureȱofȱvertebraeȱsubjectedȱtoȱextremeȱverticalȱstressȱisȱcalledȱaȱ ȱfracture A) comminuted B) greenstick C) compression D) transverse E) spiral Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 6-9 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ6ȱȱBonesȱandȱBoneȱStructureȱȱȱ195 141) Afterȱaȱfractureȱofȱtheȱdiaphysisȱhasȱhealed,ȱtheȱthickenedȱregionȱthatȱresultsȱisȱcalledȱthe A) epiphysealȱplate B) externalȱcallus C) denseȱtuberosity D) condyle E) fractureȱfacet Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 6-9 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 142) Aȱfractureȱatȱtheȱankleȱinvolvingȱbothȱlowerȱlegȱbonesȱisȱoftenȱcalledȱaȱ ȱfracture A) compression B) Pottȇs C) displaced D) greenstick E) Colles Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 6-9 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 143) WhileȱonȱaȱschoolȱskiingȱtripȱinȱColorado,ȱHeidiȱfallsȱandȱbreaksȱherȱtibiaȱandȱfibulaȱinȱaȱPottȇs fracture.ȱWhatȱwouldȱyouȱexpectȱasȱaȱprominentȱpartȱofȱherȱclinicalȱassessmentȱseveralȱhours afterȱtheȱfall? A) hypertension B) tachycardia C) erythema D) hematoma E) cyanosis Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 6-9 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying 144) Whatȱisȱtheȱcorrectȱsequenceȱofȱstepsȱinȱboneȱrepair? 1.ȱCartilageȱinȱtheȱexternalȱcallusȱisȱreplacedȱbyȱbone 2.ȱAȱhematomaȱoccurs 3.ȱAnȱinternalȱcallusȱformsȱatȱtheȱsiteȱofȱinjury 4.ȱOsteoclastsȱandȱosteoblastsȱremodelȱtheȱboneȱatȱtheȱsiteȱofȱrepair A) 1,ȱ2,ȱ3,ȱ4 B) 2,ȱ1,ȱ3,ȱ4 C) 3,ȱ1,ȱ4,ȱ2 D) 4,ȱ2,ȱ3,ȱ1 E) 2,ȱ3,ȱ1,ȱ4 Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 6-9 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 196ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 145) Osteoclast-activatingȱfactorȱdoesȱallȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱexcept thatȱit A) isȱreleasedȱinȱlargeȱamountsȱearlyȱinȱlife B) increasesȱtheȱnumberȱofȱosteoclasts C) increasesȱtheȱactivityȱofȱosteoclasts D) producesȱaȱsevereȱosteoporosis E) isȱreleasedȱbyȱsomeȱcancerȱtumors Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 6-10 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 146) Aȱconditionȱinȱwhichȱboneȱbecomesȱriddledȱwithȱholesȱmakingȱthemȱbrittleȱandȱcompromises normalȱfunctionȱisȱcalled A) osteopenia B) osteoporosis C) osteomyelitis D) osteitis E) osteomalacia Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 6-10 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 147) Theȱconditionȱknownȱasȱosteopenia A) affectsȱmostlyȱwomen B) causesȱaȱgradualȱreductionȱinȱboneȱmass C) isȱcausedȱbyȱtooȱmuchȱvitaminȱDȱinȱtheȱdiet D) isȱrarelyȱseenȱasȱpeopleȱage E) onlyȱaffectsȱtheȱfemur Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 6-10 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 148) Ifȱosteoclastsȱareȱmoreȱactiveȱthanȱosteoblasts,ȱbonesȱwillȱbecome A) denser B) thicker C) osteopenic D) stronger E) calcified Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 6-10 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 149) Whyȱdoesȱosteoporosisȱaffectȱmoreȱwomenȱthanȱmen? A) Womenȱtypicallyȱdoȱnotȱgetȱenoughȱcalciumȱinȱtheirȱdiet B) Menȱdoȱnotȱremodelȱtheȱskeletonȱasȱfastȱasȱwomen C) Pregnancyȱcausesȱdeossificationȱofȱbonesȱinȱwomenȱandȱwillȱleadȱtoȱosteoporosis D) Menȱexerciseȱmoreȱthanȱwomenȱandȱthereforeȱhaveȱlessȱosteoporosis E) Womenȱhaveȱaȱdecreaseȱinȱsexȱhormonesȱafterȱmenopause Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 6-10 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ6ȱȱBonesȱandȱBoneȱStructureȱȱȱ197 150) Agingȱhasȱwhatȱeffectȱonȱtheȱskeletalȱsystem? A) progressiveȱlossȱofȱprocessesȱandȱtuberosities B) fusionȱofȱjoints,ȱespeciallyȱinȱtheȱvertebralȱcolumn C) lossȱofȱcalciumȱandȱcollagenȱfibersȱfromȱmatrix D) increaseȱinȱtheȱnumberȱofȱcranialȱforamina E) increaseȱinȱadiposeȱtissueȱinȱepiphyses Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 6-10 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 151) Ifȱaȱtumorȱsecretesȱhighȱlevelsȱofȱosteoclast-activatingȱfactor,ȱwhichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱwould youȱexpectȱtoȱoccurȱasȱaȱresultȱofȱthisȱcondition? A) increasesȱinȱbloodȱlevelsȱofȱcalcium B) boneȱfragility C) decreasedȱboneȱdensity D) increasedȱosteoclastȱactivity E) Allȱofȱtheȱanswersȱareȱcorrect Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 6-10 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying 152) Maryȱisȱ50ȱyearsȱoldȱandȱhasȱenteredȱmenopause.ȱDuringȱaȱcheckup,ȱaȱboneȱscanȱrevealsȱthe beginningsȱofȱosteoporosis.ȱHerȱphysicianȱsuggestsȱhormoneȱtherapy.ȱWhatȱhormoneȱmight sheȱprescribeȱforȱMary? A) thyroidȱhormone B) growthȱhormone C) estrogen D) parathyroidȱhormone E) calcitonin Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 6-10 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying 153) Maryȱisȱ50ȱyearsȱoldȱandȱhasȱenteredȱmenopause.ȱDuringȱaȱcheckup,ȱaȱboneȱscanȱrevealsȱthe beginningsȱofȱosteoporosis.ȱHerȱphysicianȱsuggestsȱnutritionalȱtherapy.ȱWhatȱmightȱshe recommendȱforȱMary? A) vitaminȱC B) vitaminȱD C) calciumȱsupplements D) dairyȱproducts E) Allȱofȱtheȱanswersȱareȱcorrect Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 6-10 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 198ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 154) Theȱnaturalȱage-relatedȱlossȱofȱboneȱmassȱisȱcalled A) osteogenesisȱimperfecta B) osteoporosis C) osteomalacia D) osteodysplasia E) osteopenia Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 6-10 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering In-Text Figure Based Questions 1) Whereȱisȱspongyȱboneȱfoundȱinȱlongȱbones?ȱWhereȱisȱspongyȱboneȱfoundȱinȱflatȱbones? (Figureȱ6-3) A) diaphysis;ȱbetweenȱtheȱcompactȱboneȱlayers B) epiphyses;ȱbetweenȱtheȱcompactȱboneȱlayers C) metaphyses;ȱbetweenȱtheȱcompactȱboneȱlayers D) betweenȱtheȱcompactȱboneȱlayers;ȱmedullaryȱcavity E) epiphyses;ȱmetaphyses Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 6-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 2) Whichȱthreeȱtypesȱofȱboneȱcellsȱareȱdevelopmentallyȱrelatedȱandȱwhatȱisȱtheirȱprogression fromȱtheȱearliestȱtoȱtheȱlatestȱstage?ȱ(Figureȱ6-5) A) osteoclastsȱtoȱosteoblastsȱtoȱosteocytes B) osteocytesȱtoȱosteoblastsȱtoȱosteoclasts C) osteogenicȱtoȱosteoclastsȱtoȱosteoblasts D) osteogenicȱtoȱosteocytesȱtoȱosteoblasts E) osteogenicȱtoȱosteoblastsȱtoȱosteocytes Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 6-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 3) Whatȱareȱtheȱthreeȱwaysȱinȱwhichȱlamellaeȱareȱorganizedȱinȱcompactȱbone?ȱ(Figureȱ6 -7) A) horizontallyȱaroundȱanȱosteon,ȱverticallyȱbetweenȱosteons,ȱandȱtransverselyȱaroundȱthe entireȱbone B) concentricallyȱaroundȱanȱosteon,ȱverticallyȱbetweenȱosteons,ȱandȱtransverselyȱaroundȱthe entireȱbone C) verticallyȱaroundȱanȱosteon,ȱinterstitiallyȱbetweenȱosteons,ȱandȱhorizontallyȱaroundȱthe entireȱbone D) concentricallyȱaroundȱanȱosteon,ȱverticallyȱbetweenȱosteons,ȱandȱparallelȱaroundȱthe entireȱbone E) concentricallyȱaroundȱanȱosteon,ȱinterstitiallyȱbetweenȱosteons,ȱandȱcircumferentially aroundȱtheȱentireȱbone Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 6-4 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ6ȱȱBonesȱandȱBoneȱStructureȱȱȱ199 4) Selectȱtheȱcorrectȱwordsȱforȱtheȱfollowingȱsentence:ȱTheȱ(endosteum/periosteum)ȱcoversȱthe superficialȱlayerȱofȱcompactȱboneȱandȱisȱmadeȱupȱofȱ(theȱfibrousȱandȱcellular layers/osteoblasts,ȱosteoclasts,ȱandȱosteocytes).ȱ(Figureȱ6 -10) A) periosteum;ȱfibrousȱandȱcellularȱlayers B) endosteum;ȱfibrousȱandȱcellularȱlayers C) periosteum;ȱosteoblasts,ȱosteoclasts,ȱandȱosteocytes D) endosteum;ȱosteoblasts,ȱosteoclasts,ȱandȱosteocytes E) endosteumȱandȱperiosteum;ȱosteoblasts,ȱosteoclasts,ȱandȱosteocytes Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 6-4 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 5) Whatȱglandȱrespondsȱwhenȱtheȱbloodȱcalciumȱlevelȱisȱtooȱlow?ȱ(Figureȱ6 -16a) A) thyroidȱgland B) adrenalȱgland C) parathyroidȱgland D) pituitaryȱgland E) hypothalamus Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 6-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Essay Questions 1) Duringȱtheȱgrowthȱofȱaȱlongȱbone,ȱhowȱisȱtheȱepiphysisȱforcedȱfartherȱfromȱtheȱshaft? Answer: Theȱchondrocytesȱofȱtheȱepiphysealȱcartilageȱenlargeȱandȱdivide,ȱincreasingȱthe thicknessȱofȱtheȱcartilage.ȱOnȱtheȱshaft,ȱtheȱchondrocytesȱbecomeȱossified,ȱȈchasingȈȱthe expandingȱepiphysealȱcartilageȱawayȱfromȱtheȱshaft LearningȱOutcome: 6-5 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 2) Whatȱisȱtheȱdifferenceȱbetweenȱossificationȱandȱcalcification? Answer: Ossificationȱmeansȱspecificallyȱtheȱconversionȱofȱconnectiveȱtissueȱintoȱboneȱtissue Calcificationȱmeansȱtheȱdepositingȱofȱcalciumȱsaltsȱinȱanyȱtissue,ȱincludingȱbone LearningȱOutcome: 6-5 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 3) Toddȱisȱ13ȱandȱlivesȱinȱanȱurbanȱapartment.ȱHeȱspendsȱmostȱofȱhisȱtimeȱwatchingȱTVȱand eatingȱȈjunkȈȱfood.ȱOneȱafternoon,ȱduringȱrecess,ȱheȱfallsȱonȱtheȱplaygroundȱandȱbreaksȱhisȱleg Althoughȱheȱappearsȱtoȱbeȱhealthy,ȱhisȱlegȱtakesȱlongerȱtoȱhealȱthanȱexpected.ȱWhatȱmightȱbe theȱcauseȱofȱtheȱlongerȱhealingȱtime? Answer: Assumingȱthatȱthereȱisȱnoȱotherȱdiseaseȱprocessȱinvolved,ȱToddȇsȱproblemȱisȱprobably relatedȱtoȱhisȱpoorȱdiet.ȱGoodȱnutritionȱisȱimportantȱforȱpromotingȱtheȱhealingȱprocess Insufficientȱquantitiesȱofȱprotein,ȱvitaminȱC,ȱvitaminȱA,ȱandȱvitaminȱDȱwouldȱcauseȱthe normalȱhealingȱprocessȱtoȱoccurȱatȱaȱmuchȱslowerȱrate.ȱToddȇsȱinactivityȱmayȱalso contributeȱtoȱhisȱslowerȱrateȱofȱhealing LearningȱOutcome: 6-7 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 200ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 4) Anȱelderlyȱpatientȱhasȱaȱbrokenȱfemurȱthatȱisȱhealingȱveryȱslowly.ȱAȱyoungȱresidentȱsuggests usingȱaȱdeviceȱthatȱwillȱcreateȱanȱelectricalȱfieldȱinȱtheȱareaȱofȱtheȱfractureȱtoȱhelpȱspeedȱthe healingȱprocess.ȱWhyȱmightȱthisȱpossiblyȱhelp? Answer: Osteoblastsȱareȱattractedȱtoȱelectricalȱfieldsȱproducedȱbyȱboneȱcrystalsȱwhenȱtheyȱare stressed.ȱThisȱisȱoneȱofȱtheȱreasonsȱthatȱtrabeculaeȱofȱbonesȱareȱorganizedȱalongȱstress lines.ȱIfȱtheȱsameȱtypeȱofȱelectricalȱfieldȱcouldȱbeȱduplicatedȱatȱtheȱsiteȱofȱtheȱfracture, osteoblastsȱmayȱbeȱstimulatedȱtoȱmigrateȱtoȱtheȱareaȱandȱincreaseȱtheȱrateȱofȱbone productionȱandȱthusȱhealingȱofȱtheȱfracture LearningȱOutcome: 6-7 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying 5) WouldȱyouȱexpectȱtoȱseeȱchangesȱinȱbloodȱlevelsȱofȱtheȱhormonesȱcalcitoninȱandȱPTHȱasȱa resultȱofȱvitaminȱD3 ȱdeficiency?ȱExplain Answer: AȱpersonȱdeficientȱinȱvitaminȱD3 wouldȱnotȱbeȱableȱtoȱabsorbȱcalciumȱeffectivelyȱfrom theȱdigestiveȱtract,ȱleadingȱtoȱaȱshortageȱofȱcalciumȱinȱtheȱblood.ȱToȱmaintain homeostasis,ȱtheȱdecreaseȱinȱbloodȱcalciumȱwouldȱtriggerȱtheȱreleaseȱofȱPTH.ȱTheȱPTH, inȱturn,ȱwouldȱstimulateȱosteoclastsȱtoȱreleaseȱenoughȱcalciumȱfromȱtheȱboneȱto maintainȱproperȱcalciumȱlevelsȱinȱtheȱblood.ȱLevelsȱofȱcalcitoninȱwouldȱdecrease, becauseȱreleaseȱofȱthisȱhormoneȱisȱtriggeredȱbyȱhighȱbloodȱcalciumȱlevels LearningȱOutcome: 6-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 6) Whatȱisȱosteopenia?ȱNameȱandȱdefineȱtwoȱformsȱofȱosteopenia Answer: Osteopeniaȱisȱaȱgeneralȱtermȱforȱreducedȱboneȱmass.ȱOsteoporosisȱandȱosteomalaciaȱare forms.ȱOsteoporosisȱisȱaȱconditionȱofȱreducedȱboneȱdensity,ȱboneȱweakness,ȱandȱpain resultingȱfromȱtheȱlossȱofȱmineralȱfromȱboneȱwithȱadvancingȱage.ȱOsteomalaciaȱisȱbone weaknessȱcausedȱbyȱinsufficientȱcalciumȱdeposits.ȱItȱisȱknownȱasȱricketsȱinȱtheȱyoung LearningȱOutcome: 6-10 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc ... Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 170ȱȱ Test Bank for Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 11e 30) Which of theȱfollowingȱisȱtrue of osteoclasts? A) Osteoclastsȱmaintainȱprotein and mineralȱcontent of matrix B) Osteoclastsȱareȱresponsible for layingȱdownȱosteoid... BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 188ȱȱ Test Bank for Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 11e 107) Theȱongoingȱprocess of tearingȱdown and rebuildingȱboneȱmatrixȱisȱcalled... Calciumȱisȱtheȱorganicȱpart of theȱmatrix Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 6-4 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 178ȱȱ Test Bank for Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 11e 69)