LỜI GIỚI THIỆU Chào bạn, Các bạn cầm tay “Boost your vocabulary Cambridge IELTS - Workbook” biên soạn bạn team IELTS Family Cuốn sách viết nhằm mục đích giúp bạn muốn cải thiện vốn từ vựng cho phần thi Reading IELTS Sách viết dựa tảng Cambridge IELTS Nhà xuất Đại học Cambridge – Anh Quốc Trong trình thực hiện, bạn nhóm dành tương đối nhiều thời gian để nghiên cứu cách thức đưa nội dung cho khoa học dễ dùng với bạn đọc Tuy vậy, sách không khỏi có hạn chế định Mọi góp ý để cải thiện nội dung sách người xin gửi email thangwrm@gmail.com Trân trọng cảm ơn, Đinh Thắng TÁC GIẢ & NHÓM THỰC HIỆN Đinh Thắng  Giáo viên dạy IELTS Hà Nội từ cuối năm 2012  Chứng ngành ngôn ngữ Anh, đại học Brighton, Anh Quốc, 2016  Từng làm việc tổ chức giáo dục quốc tế Language Link Việt Nam (2011-2012)  Học bổng bán phần (75%) khóa học thạc sỹ nằm chương trình Erasmus Mundus Facebook: dinhthangielts | Website: www ielts-dinhthang.com … bạn Ngọc Anh, Tấn Phong, Âu Lê, Luyện Linh, Thu Anh BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS | WORKBOOK HƯỚNG DẪN SỬ DỤNG SÁCH WORKBOOK Sách dành cho bạn học Boost your vocabulary – Cambridge IELTS team IELTS family thực Tốt nhất, bạn nên học xong Boost (Ví dụ 9,10,11 9,10,12) chuyển sang giai đoạn ơn tập Workbook Vì q trình ơn tập Workbook ngốn thời gian bạn, đọc Boost giúp bạn “vơ tình” gặp lại từ học từ ngấm tự nhiên Vậy nên, bạn chưa học xong Boost, chưa nên học theo * Nếu bạn học xong Boost chắn lượng từ vựng bạn tăng rồi, bạn thực bước sau để giúp bạn củng cố lại lượng từ vựng đó: Bước 1: Điền nghĩa từ (tiếng Anh tiếng Việt được) vào cột bên phải sách Lúc điền đối chiếu ngữ cảnh gốc cột bên trái Bước 2: Trường hợp bạn quên nghĩa từ đó, xem ví dụ liên quan đến từ cuối passage để đốn nghĩa Ví dụ sau passage 1, test 1, Workbook có từ số = synthetic giới thiệu bảng, cột bên phải Bước Trường hợp bạn qn nghĩa từ có khả 1- Từ khó gặp, bạn không thiết phải nhớ Vậy nên đừng lo 2- Ví dụ team làm sách chưa đủ tốt Rất khó để chọn ví dụ hoàn hảo Mặc dù cố gắng lọc vài ngàn ví dụ để chọn tầm 600 ví dụ cho từ sách này, việc đưa ví dụ đủ dễ để giúp bạn đốn từ mà không nắm nghĩa thực khó 3- Khả ghi nhớ bạn chưa tốt Bạn nên đọc lại Boost thấy có 40% từ bạn khơng thể nhớ nghĩa xác Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc link Biên tập sách Boost your vocabulary thực Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS | WORKBOOK Test READING PASSAGE 1 Synthetic=… William Henry Perkin Curiosity= … The man who invented synthetic dyes William Henry Perkin was born on March 12,1838, in London, England As a boy, Perkin’s curiosity prompted early interests in the arts, sciences, photography, and engineering But it was a chance stumbling upon a run-down, yet functional, laboratory in his late grandfather’s home that solidified the young man’s enthusiasm for chemistry As a student at the City of London School, Perkin became immersed in the study of chemistry His talent and devotion to the subject were perceived by his teacher, Thomas Hall, who encouraged him to attend a series of lectures given by the eminent scientist Michael Faraday at the Royal Institution Those speeches fired the young chemist’s enthusiasm further, and he later went on to attend the Royal College of Chemistry, which he succeeded in entering in 1853, at the age of 15 At the time of Perkin’s enrolment, the Royal College of Chemistry was headed by the noted German chemist August Wilhelm Hofmann Perkin’s scientific gifts soon caught Hofmann’s attention and, within two years, he became Hofmann’s youngest assistant Not long after that, Perkin made the scientific breakthrough that would bring him both fame and fortune At the time, quinine was the only viable medical treatment for malaria The drug is derived from the bark of the cinchona tree, native to South America, and by 1856 demand for the drug was surpassing the available supply Thus, when Hofmann made some passing comments about the desirability of a synthetic substitute for quinine, it was unsurprising that his star pupil was moved to take up the challenge During his vacation in 1856, Perkin spent his time in the laboratory on the top floor of his family’s house He Prompt= … Stumble upon something= … Run-down= … Solidify= … Enthusiasm=… Become immersed in=… Devotion= … 10 Perceive=… 11 Enrolment= 12 Gift= 13 Breakthrough= 14 Fame= 15 Fortune= 16 Derive= 17 Substitute= Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc link Biên tập sách Boost your vocabulary thực Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS | WORKBOOK was attempting to manufacture quinine from aniline, an inexpensive and readily available coal tar waste product Despite his best efforts, however, he did not end up with quinine Instead, he produced a mysterious dark sludge Luckily, Perkin’s scientific training and nature prompted him to investigate the substance further Incorporating potassium dichromate and alcohol into the aniline at various stages of the experimental process, he finally produced a deep purple solution And, proving the truth of the famous scientist Louis Pasteur’s words ‘chance favours only the prepared mind’, Perkin saw the potential of his unexpected find Historically, textile dyes were made from such natural sources as plants and animal excretions Some of these, such as the glandular mucus of snails, were difficult to obtain and outrageously expensive Indeed, the purple colour extracted from a snail was once so costly that in society at the time only the rich could afford it Further, natural dyes tended to be muddy in hue and fade quickly It was against this backdrop that Perkin’s discovery was made Perkin quickly grasped that his purple solution could be used to colour fabric, thus making it the world’s first synthetic dye Realising the importance of this breakthrough, he lost no time in patenting it But perhaps the most fascinating of all Perkin’s reactions to his find was his nearly instant recognition that the new dye had commercial possibilities Perkin originally named his dye Tyrian Purple, but it later became commonly known as mauve (from the French for the plant used to make the colour violet) He asked advice of Scottish dye works owner Robert Pullar, who assured him that manufacturing the dye would be well worth it if the colour remained fast (i.e would not fade) and the cost was relatively low So, over the fierce objections of his mentor Hofmann, he left college to give birth to the modern chemical industry With the help of his father and brother, Perkin set up a factory not far from London Utilising the cheap and plentiful coal tar that was an almost unlimited by product of London’s gas street lighting, the dye works began producing the world’s first synthetically dyed material in 1857 The company received a commercial boost from the Empress Eugenie of France, when she decided the new colour flattered her Very soon, 18 Manufacture= 19 Mysterious= 20 Excretion= 21 Obtain = 22 Extract something from something= 23 Afford= 24 Backdrop= 25 Grasp= 26 Fabric= 27 Patent= 28 Instant= 29 Recognition= 30 Commercial= 31 Assure= 32 Fierce= 33 Objection= 34 Mentor= 35 Utilise= Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc link Biên tập sách Boost your vocabulary thực Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS | WORKBOOK mauve was the necessary shade for all the fashionable ladies in that country Not to be outdone, England’s Queen Victoria also appeared in public wearing a mauve gown, thus making it all the rage in England as well The dye was bold and fast, and the public clamoured for more Perkin went back to the drawing board Although Perkin’s fame was achieved and fortune assured by his first discovery, the chemist continued his research Among other dyes he developed and introduced were aniline red (1859) and aniline black (1863) and, in the late 1860s, Perkin’s green It is important to note that Perkin’s synthetic dye discoveries had outcomes far beyond the merely decorative The dyes also became vital to medical research in many ways For instance, they were used to stain previously invisible microbes and bacteria, allowing researchers to identify such bacilli as tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax Artificial dyes continue to play a crucial role today And, in what would have been particularly pleasing to Perkin, their current use is in the search for a vaccine against malaria 36 Boost= 37 Flatter= 38 Shade= 39 Be all the rage= 40 Clamour for= 41 Go back to the drawing board= 42 Merely= 43 Vital= 44 Crucial= Synthetic = _Synthetic fibers such as polyester or nylon are made entirely from carcinogenic petrochemicals that contribute to numerous health and environmental problems Curiosity = _ Children have a natural curiosity about the world around them Prompt = _ What exactly prompted him to call you in the middle of the night? Stumble upon something = _ Workmen stumbled upon huge fossil bones while digging foundations for a new building Run-down = _ The building was run-down, so the rents were low Solidify = _ The two countries signed a treaty to solidify their alliance Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc link Biên tập sách Boost your vocabulary thực Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS | WORKBOOK Enthusiasm = _ The company has had another successful year, thanks to the enthusiasm and energy of our workforce Become immersed in = _ She got some books out of the library and immersed herself in Jewish history and culture Devotion = _He is a person with devotion to work because he is always willing to give up his personal time in order to extra hours 10 Perceive = _ The human eye is capable of perceiving thousands of insignificant details 11 Enrolment = _ Figures for female enrolment in IT degree courses remain low 12 Gift = _ Elena sure has a gift for telling stories 13 Breakthrough = _ Scientists have made a major breakthrough in the treatment of cancer 14 Fame = _Most celebrities gain fame by working hard for years in their chosen professions while others get famous because of their scandals 15 Fortune = _ She inherited a fortune from her grandmother 16 Derive = _ Medically, we will derive great benefit from this technique 17 Substitute = _ Tofu can be used as a meat substitute in vegetarian recipes 18 Manufacture = _The car was manufactured in Germany until 1961 19 Mysterious = _ There was something mysterious about him, and she wanted to ask him a lot of questions Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc link Biên tập sách Boost your vocabulary thực Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS | WORKBOOK 20 Excretion = _ The excretion of toxic substances through the skin 21 Obtain = _He was found guilty of obtaining money by deception 22 Extract something from something = _ The oil which is extracted from olives is used for cooking 23 Afford = _ Many smaller companies simply cannot afford to buy health insurance for employees and remain in business 24 Backdrop = _ A love story set against a backdrop of war and despair 25 Grasp = _ A short opening paragraph enables the reader to quickly grasp what the article is about 26 Fabric = _ The fact that cotton absorbs humidity makes it a great fabric for summer days 27 Patent = _ If you don't patent your invention, other people may make all the profit out of it 28 Instant = _ We knew that there were no instant or easy solutions to overcome the problems that we faced 29 Recognition = _ There is general recognition that the study techniques of many students are weak 30 Commercial = _ “Em chưa 18” achieved huge commercial success with two million tickets sold and became the highest-grossing Vietnamese film at the Vietnamese box office 31 Assure = _ Her doctor has assured us that she’ll be fine 32 Fierce = _ Fierce winds prevented the race from taking place 33 Objection = Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc link Biên tập sách Boost your vocabulary thực Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS | WORKBOOK _There were 14 letters of support for the scheme and eight letters of objection 34 Mentor = _ You need a mentor to guide you along the way 35 Utilise = _The offices have a heating system that utilises solar energy 36 Boost = _ The win boosted the team’s confidence 37 Flatter = _ Finding out your real body shape will help you choose clothes which flatter you best 38 Shade = _The room has been decorated in pastel shades (= soft and light colours) throughout 39 Be all the rage = _ DiCaprio became all the rage after starring in the film ‘Titanic’ 40 Clamour for = _ The audience cheered, clamouring for more 41 Go back to the drawing board = _ The current system just isn’t working – we need to go back to the drawing board and start afresh 42 Merely = _ He’s merely a boy! you can’t expect him to understand 43 Vital = _ Regular exercise is vital for your health 44 Crucial = _Price will be a crucial factor in the success of this new product Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc link Biên tập sách Boost your vocabulary thực Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS | WORKBOOK Partnership= _The festival is being coordinated by the city council in partnership with local schools Mineral= _ Calcium (Ca) is the most common mineral found in drinking water Pitchblende= _ The cliff contains pitchblende veins that have been sources of dissolved uranium Superior = _ For babies, breastfeeding is superior to bottle-feeding 10 Pure = _Clothes made of pure cotton are much cooler than those made of mixed fibers 11 Presence = _ The document was signed in the presence of two witnesses 12 Ore = _ Earlier studies on the deposit indicated the copper ore can be treated using conventional methods 13 Substance = _She was arrested for smoking marijuana, an illegal substance 14 Undertake = _Dr Johnson undertook the task of writing a comprehensive English dictionary 15 Resolve= _It is difficult to see how this conflict can be resolved without taking the matter to court 16 Devote your time/energy/attention/yourself etc to something= _ She has devoted all her energies/life to the care of homeless people 17 Chiefly = _ Before 1849, travel was done chiefly on horseback 18 Radiations = _ An accident at the power station could result in large amounts of radiation being released 19 Metallic = _The result is a fine-grained rock containing small traces of metallic iron 20 Interrupt= _Sorry to interrupt, but I need to ask you to come downstairs 21 Experimental= _A few of the drugs are experimental and not covered by insurance companies Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc link Biên tập sách Boost your vocabulary thực Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS 63 BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS | WORKBOOK 22 Demonstration= _He gave a demonstration of how the program works 23 Vacant = _Then the station you left hires someone to fill your vacant slot 24 Operate = _The video provides instruction on how to operate the computer 25 Earnest= _Despite her earnest efforts, she could not find a job E 26 Triumphant= _ Winning a ring would be the triumphant moment of his career 27 Accumulate = _ As people accumulate more wealth, they tend to spend a greater proportion of their incomes 28 Intense= _ Very intense exercise may actually be bad for you 29 Abundant = _ During the 18th century land was cheap, grain was plentiful, and meat was abundant 30 Leukaemia = _ When he went to a doctor, he was diagnosed with leukaemia, and everything came to a screeching halt 31 Exposure = _ Too much unprotected exposure to the sun's ultraviolet (UV) rays can cause skin damage, eye damage, immune system suppression, and skin cancer 32 Isotopes = _ By looking at the levels of various isotopes, geochemists can group the rocks that have similar deep-earth origins Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc link Biên tập sách Boost your vocabulary thực Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS 64 BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS | WORKBOOK READING PASSAGE Young children's sense of identity A sense of self develops in young children by degrees The process can usefully be thought of in terms of the gradual emergence of two somewhat separate features: the self as a subject, and the self as an object William James introduced the distinction in 1892, and contemporaries of his, such as Charles Cooley, added to the developing debate Ever since then psychologists have continued building on the theory B According to James, a child's first step on the road to self-understanding can be seen as the recognition that he or she exists This is an aspect of the self that he labelled 'self-as-subject', and he gave it various elements These included an awareness of one's own agency (i.e one's power to act), and an awareness of one's distinctiveness from other people These features gradually emerge as infants explore their world and interact with caregivers Cooley (1902) suggested that a sense of the self-as-subject was primarily concerned with being able to exercise power He proposed that the earliest examples of this are an infant's attempts to control physical objects, such as toys or his or her own limbs This is followed by attempts to affect the behaviour of other people For example, infants learn that when they cry or smile someone responds to them Degree= Gradual= Emergence= Separate= Distinction= Contemporary= Debate= Various= Infant= 10 Caregiver= 11 Propose= 12 Attempt= 13 Mimic= C Another powerful source of information for infants 14 Vocalize= about the effects they can have on the world around them is provided when others mimic them Many parents spend a lot of time, particularly in the early 15 Reflection= months, copying their infant's vocalizations and expressions In addition, young children enjoy looking in mirrors, where the movements they can see are dependent upon their own movements This is not to say that infants recognize the reflection as their own image (a later development) However, Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc link Biên tập sách Boost your vocabulary thực Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS 65 BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS | WORKBOOK Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) suggest that infants' developing understanding that the movements they see in the mirror are contingent on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from other people This is because they, and only they, can change the reflection in the mirror 16 Contingent on/upon= 17 Distinct= D This understanding that children gain of themselves as active agents continues to develop in their attempts to co-operate with others in play Dunn (1988) points out that it is in such day-to-day relationships and interactions that the child's understanding of his- or herself emerges Empirical investigations of the self-as-subject in young children are, however, rather scarce because of difficulties of communication: even if young infants can reflect on their experience, they certainly cannot express this aspect of the self directly E Once children have acquired a certain level of selfawareness, they begin to place themselves in a whole series of categories, which together play such an important part in defining them uniquely as 'themselves' This second step in the development of a full sense of self is what James called the 'self-asobject' This has been seen by many to be the aspect of the self which is most influenced by social elements, since it is made up of social roles (such as student, brother, colleague) and characteristics which derive their meaning from comparison or interaction with other people (such as trustworthiness, shyness, sporting ability) 18 Co-operate= 19 Empirical= 20 Acquire= 21 Play a part= 22 Unique= 23 Characteristic= 24 Derive something from something= 25 Identity= F Cooley and other researchers suggested a close connection between a person's own understanding of their identity and other people's understanding of it Cooley believed that people build up their sense of identity from the reactions of others to them, and from the view they believe others have of them He called the self-as-object the 'looking-glass self', since people come to see themselves as they are reflected in others Mead (1934) went even further, and saw the self and the social world as inextricably bound together: 'The self is essentially a social structure, Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc link Biên tập sách Boost your vocabulary thực Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS 66 BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS | WORKBOOK and it arises in social experience it is impossible to conceive of a self arising outside of social experience.' G Lewis and Brooks-Gunn argued that an important developmental milestone is reached when children become able to recognize themselves visually without the support of seeing contingent movement This recognition occurs around their second birthday In one experiment, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) dabbed some red powder on the noses of children who were playing in front of a mirror, and then observed how often they touched their noses The psychologists reasoned that if the children knew what they usually looked like, they would be surprised by the unusual red mark and would start touching it On the other hand, they found that children of 15 to 18 months are generally not able to recognize themselves unless other cues such as movement are present H Finally, perhaps the most graphic expressions of selfawareness in general can be seen in the displays of rage which are most common from 18 months to years of age In a longitudinal study of groups of three or four children, Bronson (1975) found that the intensity of the frustration and anger in their disagreements increased sharply between the ages of and years Often, the children's disagreements involved a struggle over a toy that none of them had played with before or after the tug-of-war: the children seemed to be disputing ownership rather than wanting to play with it Although it may be less marked in other societies, the link between the sense of 'self' and of 'ownership' is a notable feature of childhood in Western societies 26 Bind smb/smt together= 27 Arise= 28 Conceive of (doing) something = 29 Milestone= 30 Contingent= 31 Experiment= 32 Longitudinal study/survey/research etc= 33 Frustration= 34 Anger= Degree= _All the students have different degrees of ability Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc link Biên tập sách Boost your vocabulary thực Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS 67 BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS | WORKBOOK Gradual= _There has been a gradual change in climate Emergence= _ The political implications of China's emergence as an economic power are profound Separate= _ He tries to keep his professional life completely separate from his private life Distinction= _ It’s sometimes very difficult to draw a clear distinction between the meanings of different words Contemporary= _ Atkins is still working, long after many of his contemporaries have retired Debate= _ After a long debate, Congress approved the proposal Various= _ After the party I collected up bottles from various parts of the house Infant= _ We studied newborn infants up to two months old 10 Caregiver= _ As patients are sent home sooner and sooner, families are thrown into the role of caregivers 11 Propose= _ She proposed that the book should be banned 12 Attempt= _ All my attempts to get the machine working failed miserably 13 Mimic= _ ""Hmm, '' Phil said ""Hmm, '' Graham mimicked 14 Vocalize= _ Your baby will begin to vocalize long before she can talk 15 Reflection= _ He admired his reflection in the mirror 16 Contingent on/upon= _ Outdoor activities are, as ever, contingent on the weather Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc link Biên tập sách Boost your vocabulary thực Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS 68 BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS | WORKBOOK 17 Distinct= _ The learning needs of the two groups are quite distinct from each other 18 Co-operate= _ The president said that Mexico would continue to cooperate with the US in the fight against drugs 19 Empirical= _ The diagnosis of a business problem should be based both on empirical analysis and on theoretical analysis 20 Acquire= _ The course makes it possible for workers to acquire new skills 21 Play a part= _ They've certainly worked very hard, but luck has played a part too 22 Unique= _ Cao Lầu is not something you’ll find all over Vietnam – it’s very unique to Hoi An, the historic trading port town along the central coast 23 Characteristic= _ The two diseases have a number of characteristics in common 24 Derive something from something= _ She derived great satisfaction from helping other people 25 Identity= _ Some people fear that globalization will inevitably lead to the total loss of cultural identity 26 Bind somebody/something together= _ Their shared experiences in war helped to bind the two communities together 27 Arise= _ Low achievement at school often arises from poverty and bad social conditions 28 Conceive of (doing) something = _ He couldn't conceive of a time when he would have no job 29 Milestone= _ For most people, the birth of their first child is a milestone in their lives 30 Contingent= _ Outdoor activities are, as ever, contingent on the weather Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc link Biên tập sách Boost your vocabulary thực Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS 69 BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS | WORKBOOK 31 Experiment= _ Scientists are conducting/ carrying out/ doing experiments to test the effectiveness the new drug 32 Longitudinal study/survey/research etc.= _ While this longitudinal study is one of the most famous, it is by no means the only one 33 Frustration= _ His failure to get the right job has a been a great frustration to him 34 Anger= _ Andrea still feels a lot of anger towards her mom, who left when she was a little girl Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc link Biên tập sách Boost your vocabulary thực Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS 70 BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS | WORKBOOK READING PASSAGE The Development of Museums Conviction=… Relic=… Infallible=… A The conviction that historical relics provide infallible testimony about the past is rooted in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when science was regarded as objective and value free As one writer observes: 'Although it is now evident that artefacts are as easily altered as chronicles, public faith in their veracity endures: a tangible relic seems ipso facto real.' Such conviction was, until recently, reflected in museum displays Museums used to look - and some still - much like storage rooms of objects packed together in showcases: good for scholars who wanted to study the subtle differences in design, but not for the ordinary visitor, to whom it all looked alike Similarly, the information accompanying the objects often made little sense to the lay visitor The content and format of explanations dated back to a time when the museum was the exclusive domain of the scientific researcher Testimony=… B Recently, however, attitudes towards history and the way it should be presented have altered The key word in heritage display is now 'experience', the more exciting the better and, if possible, involving all the senses Good examples of this approach in the UK are the Jorvik Centre in York; the National Museum of Photography, Film and Television in Bradford; and the Imperial War Museum in London In the US the trend emerged much earlier: Williamsburg has been a prototype for many heritage developments in other parts of the world No one can predict where the process will end On socalled heritage sites the re-enactment of historical events is increasingly popular, and computers will soon provide virtual reality experiences, which will present visitors with a vivid image of the period of their choice, in which they themselves can act as if 13 Scholar=… Root=… Objective=… Artefact=… Chronicle=… Veracity=… 10 Endure=… 11 Tangible=… 12 Ipso facto=… 14 Accompany=… 15 Exclusive=… 16 Heritage=… 17 Emerge=… 18 Prototype=… 19 Virtual=… 20 Vivid=… Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc link Biên tập sách Boost your vocabulary thực Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS 71 BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS | WORKBOOK part of the historical environment Such developments have been criticised as an intolerable vulgarisation, but the success of many historical theme parks and similar locations suggests that the majority of the public does not share this opinion 21 Intolerable=… 22 Vulgarize=… C In a related development, the sharp distinction between museum and heritage sites on the one hand, and theme parks on the other, is gradually evaporating They already borrow ideas and concepts from one another For example, museums have adopted story lines for exhibitions, sites have accepted 'theming'as a relevant tool, and theme parks are moving towards more authenticity and research-based presentations In zoos, animals are no longer kept in cages, but in great spaces, either in the open air or in enormous greenhouses, such as the jungle and desert environments in Burgers'Zoo in Holland This particular trend is regarded as one of the major developments in the presentation of natural history in the twentieth century D Theme parks are undergoing other changes, too, as they try to present more serious social and cultural issues, and move away from fantasy This development is a response to market forces and, although museums and heritage sites have a special, rather distinct, role to fulfill, they are also operating in a very competitive environment, where visitors make choices on how and where to spend their free time Heritage and museum experts not have to invent stories and recreate historical environments to attract their visitors: their assets are already in place However, exhibits must be both based on artefacts and facts as we know them, and attractively presented Those who are professionally engaged in the art of interpreting history are thus in a difficult position, as they must steer a narrow course between the demands of 'evidence' and 'attractiveness', especially given the increasing need in the heritage industry for income-generating activities 23 Sharp=… 24 Theme park=… 25 Evaporate=… 26 Adopt=… 27 Undergo=… 28 Fulfill=… 29 Operate=… 30 Be engaged in something=… 31 Interpret=… 32 Steer a course=… E It could be claimed that in order to make everything in Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc link Biên tập sách Boost your vocabulary thực Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS 72 BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS | WORKBOOK heritage more 'real', historical accuracy must be increasingly altered For example, Pithecanthropus erectus is depicted in an Indonesian museum with Malay facial features, because this corresponds to public perceptions Similarly, in the Museum of Natural History in Washington, Neanderthal man is shown making a dominant gesture to his wife Such presentations tell us more about contemporary perceptions of the world than about our ancestors There is one compensation, however, for the professionals who make these interpretations: if they did not provide the interpretation, visitors would it for themselves, based on their own ideas, misconceptions and prejudices And no matter how exciting the result, it would contain a lot more bias than the presentations provided by experts F Human bias is inevitable, but another source of bias in the representation of history has to with the transitory nature of the materials themselves The simple fact is that not everything from history survives the historical process Castles, palaces and cathedrals have a longer lifespan than the dwellings of ordinary people The same applies to the furnishings and other contents of the premises In a town like Leyden in Holland, which in the seventeenth century was occupied by approximately the same number of inhabitants as today, people lived within the walled town, an area more than five times smaller than modern Leyden In most of the houses several families lived together in circumstances beyond our imagination Yet in museums, fine period rooms give only an image of the lifestyle of the upper class of that era No wonder that people who stroll around exhibitions are filled with nostalgia; the evidence in museums indicates that life was so much better in the past This notion is induced by the bias in its representation in museums and heritage centres 33 Depict=… 34 Correspond=… 35 Perception=… 36 Dominant=… 37 Gesture=… 38 Compensation=… 39 Prejudice=… 40 Bias=… 41 Inevitable=… 42 Occupy=… 43 Era=… 44 Wonder=… 45 Stroll=… 46 Nostalgia=… Conviction=… Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc link Biên tập sách Boost your vocabulary thực Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS 73 BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS | WORKBOOK _ The students possess the conviction that they can make a difference to their community Relic=… _ Everything in the house seemed old and untouched, like relics of an ancient time Infallible=… _ There is no infallible way of predicting exactly what the weather will be like Testimony=… _ The pyramids are an eloquent testimony to the ancient Egyptians' engineering skills Root=… _ The high crime rate has its roots in unemployment and poverty Objective=… _ Sometimes it's hard to be objective when the situation gets emotional Artefact=… _ The museum's collection includes artefacts dating back to prehistoric times Chronicle=… _ The report is a chronicle of the history of the Party since its formation Veracity=… _ Has anyone checked the veracity of these allegations? 10 Endure=… _ Friendships which endure over many years 11 Tangible=… _ There is no tangible evidence of dishonesty among the company's directors 12 Ipso facto=… _ You admit you fired the gun and we now know that the shot killed the victim so you are, ipso facto, responsible for his death 13 Scholar=… Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc link Biên tập sách Boost your vocabulary thực Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS 74 BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS | WORKBOOK _ Chu Van An is the only Vietnamese scholar who is worshipped in Ha Noi's Van Mieu (Temple of Literature) - Quoc Tu Giam (the first university of Viet Nam) 14 Accompany=… _ There's a workbook to accompany the course book 15 Exclusive=… _ Your password gives you exclusive access to your personal computer files 16 Heritage=… _ In 1994 and subsequently in 2000, Ha Long Bay was recognized by UNESCO as World Natural Heritage 17 Emerge=… _ The sun emerged from behind the clouds 18 Prototype=… _ Pilots have begun testing a prototype of the new aircraft 19 Virtual=… _ Finding a cheap place to rent is a virtual impossibility in this area 20 Vivid=… _ I loved listening to his vivid descriptions of life in Italy 21 Intolerable=… _ Three-quarters of the world's population live in conditions that people in the West would find intolerable 22 Vulgarize=… _ Such hateful speech vulgarizes our culture and goes against everything the University of St Thomas stands for 23 Sharp=… _ The mountains stood in sharp contrast to the blue sky 24 Theme park=… _ When it comes to attendance, the Walt Disney World Resorts are by far the largest theme parks in the world 25 Evaporate=… _ Plants keep cool during the summer by evaporating water from their leaves Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc link Biên tập sách Boost your vocabulary thực Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS 75 BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS | WORKBOOK 26 Adopt=… _ Congress finally adopted the law after a two-year debate 27 Undergo=… _ I had to undergo a medical examination when I started my pension scheme 28 Fulfill=… _ She said the president had failed to fulfill his campaign promises 29 Operate=… _ The video provides instruction on how to operate the computer 30 Be engaged in something=… _ She's part of a team of scientists who are engaged on/upon cancer research 31 Interpret=… _ This dream can be interpreted in several different ways 32 Steer a course=… _ The government chose to steer a middle course between the two strategies 33 Depict=… _ Her paintings depict the lives of ordinary people in the last century 34 Correspond=… _ The American FBI corresponds to the British MI5 35 Perception=… _ There is a general perception that exams are becoming easier to pass 36 Dominant=… _ Japan became dominant in the mass market during the 1980s 37 Gesture=… _ In Viet Nam, crossing your fingers is considered a rude and disrespectful gesture 38 Compensation=… _ She admitted her company's responsibility for the disaster and went on to explain how compensation would be paid to the victims 39 Prejudice=… _ Women still face prejudice in the workplace Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc link Biên tập sách Boost your vocabulary thực Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS 76 BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS | WORKBOOK 40 Bias=… _ It’s clear that the company has a bias against women and minorities 41 Inevitable=… _ The accident was the inevitable consequence of carelessness 42 Occupy=… _ The bed seemed to occupy most of the room 43 Era=… _ He remembers the 1960s as being an era of sexual permissiveness 44 Wonder=… _ I wonder what the future holds for you and me 45 Stroll=… _ We drove to Penrhyn Castle, and strolled around the beautiful gardens there 46 Nostalgia=… _ He looked back on his university days with a certain amount of nostalgia Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc link Biên tập sách Boost your vocabulary thực Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS 77 ... sách Boost your vocabulary thực Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS 25 BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS | WORKBOOK 12 Possession = _ Please remember to take all your personal... NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc link Biên tập sách Boost your vocabulary thực Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS | WORKBOOK Test READING... NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc link Biên tập sách Boost your vocabulary thực Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS | WORKBOOK was attempting