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JANUARY, V BULLETIN SS2 T H E C o CONTROL N E C APPLE ECT T I C u T A G R I C u L By T GAMhAM j f townsm* PHILIP U R A L EXPERIMENT STATION, NEW HAVSN CONTENTS PAGE Introduction Apple Maggot Rosy Apple Aphid Green Apple Aphid 10 Woolly Apple Aphid 12 Apple Leaf-Curling Midge 14 Apple and Thorn Skeletonizer 15 Flat-Headed Apple Tree Borer 17 Round-Headed Apple Tree Borer 18 Buffalo Tree Fall Hopper Canker Worms 20 22 Codling Moth 25 Comstock's Mealy Bug 29 Eye-Spotted Bud Moth 31 Eastern Tent Caterpillar 34 Japanese Beetle 37 White Apple Leaf hopper 41 Japanese Leafhopper 44 Potato Leafhopper 46 Spotted Tentiform Leaf Miner 47 Unspotted Tentiform Leaf Miner 48 Trumpet Leaf Miner 48 Red-Banded Leaf Roller 49 Fruit Tree Leaf Roller 52 Apple Red Bug 55 European Red Mite 57 Two-Spotted Mite 60 Clover Mite 61 Yellow Mite 62 Plum Curculio 63 European Apple Sawfly 67 Oyster-Shell Scale 71 San Jose Scale 72 Scurfy Scale 74 Miscellaneous Pests 75 Spray Programs 77 Notes on Chemicals 78 Index 83 Figure Work Apples from infested tree uninfested (above) of green apple aphid's (below), Gant^al oi Apple, 9n&ect& by Philip Garman and J F Townsend INTRODUCTION Insects attacking tree fruits are numerous in Connect- and research has uncovered many new facts about their control during the last two or three decades Horticultural sprays have been improved and will icut new methods of application, improved machinery and new materials become available The change from lime continue to be improved from time to time as sulfur wettable to sulfur in Connecticut during the was probably responsible for an increased production of apples At the same time the general early 193CTs use of wettables throughout the State was also sponsible in part for increased trouble with mites fungicide, ferric the picture again to fore the hitherto dimethyl dithiocarbamate, and the general use of many in The changed brought and insects not injurious numbers All such species encountered DDT re- of mites developments necessitated widespread adjustments in the spray program Advances in the art of chemical now progressprograms may be out other hand, what we warfare against insects and diseases ing so rapidly that present spray of date in a few years know of the life On the is history and biology of fruit pests does not change radically from year to year, in spite of the fact that insects program field after sometimes become adjusted to a spray years of application A collection of data on this subject, therefore, will probably be useful for a long time in spite of the rapid changes occurring in materials and application In presenting this make bulletin has been our idea to it the biological information as complete as possible without extending it unduly These data plus summaries of control measures past and present enable those interested to map campaign against any of the A will, is it hoped, a satisfactory plan of fruit tree pests described more important insecticides including strengths commonly used is given on pages 78 to 81 Figures of early bud stages herein short description (Figure 71) will partially of fix the the periods for timing spray operations Acknowledgements The photographs presented work of B W MacFarland Walden They deserve full in this bulletin are the or his predecessor, B H credit ^ I SAN JOSE SCALE /Jipidialud fxeitttciO'lu.'L minor pest in New England Other parasites mentioned are Signiphora nigrita Ashmead, Perissopterus pulchellus Howard and Anagrus spiritus In addition to the above, at least two lady beetles are men- a small brown circular or nearly circular scale as shown in Figure 70 This pest Comst to is Damage a Connecticut reports: Chilocoris bivulnerus Muls and Microweisea (Pentilia)misella LeC tioned scale was introduced from China about and reached Connecticut in 1895 The first damage occasioned was very severe in nurseries and elsewhere and the losses resulted in the passage of The San Jose in 1880, the If Control Measures Dormant strength lime sulfur, one of the early pesticides developed, was designed primarily as a control for the San Jose scale Following lime sulfur, dormant nursery inspection laws by the State legislature unchecked by natural enemies or sprays, the San kills trees outright When the population of low density, fruit growers no longer worry about it since the only damage may be a few reddish spots on apples or other fruit It is, however, always a potential threat and must be watched continually to prevent it from getting out of hand Jose scale sprays of various kinds were invented and shown to be even more effective Use of lime sulfur has gradually declined in the last three or four decades and now very little is used as a dormant spray oil is Elimination of infested nursery stock was, of course, widely advocated Life History Modern spray development The winter has followed the line of sprays, or in testing some of the newer compounds, such as parathion, which was shown to have value for controlling San Jose scale Dormant oils are still used, however, and the superior types are known to hold down the pest with very low concentrations and little or no plant injury They will kill passed as a partly mature scale on twigs branches Young active "crawlers" appear the and last of June, and again at intervals of about four weeks This would make possible a total of four generations each year and Britton reports three for Connecticut, with sometimes a fourth There appear to be fluctuations in abundance of considerable magnitude, but the interval between peaks has not been definitely determined Flurries of abundance occurred in 1922-3 and again in 1942-3, indicating a cycle of about 20 is improving oil scale at per cent actual oil the ones DNs and are far safer than used first butylphenol type are reported effective of the years (Hammer, 1949; is mainly by crawling (the young are moving) from one part of the plant to another They are carried from one plant to another on the References reference under scurfy scale) Distribution free Britton, W E The San Jose scale-insect: its appearance and spread in Connecticut Conn Agr Exp Sta Bui feet of birds 135 1901 Factors Affecting Abundance Chandler, Cold limits are not known and other weather factors seem to have little influence In some areas increases have been observed following the use of DDT and Flint, W P Shall we change our recommendations for San Jose scale? Jour Econ Ent 16:209-212 1923 has shown resistance to sulfur (Webster, 1933; Flint, 1923) this scale sprays S C Forbes scale as a major pest of peach Jour Econ Ent 43:398 1950 of Hodgkiss, H E., and Parrott, P J The parasites of the San Jose scale in New York Jour Econ Ent 7:227-228 lime 1914 Marlatt, C L The San Jose or Chinese scale U.S.D.A Ent Bui 62 1906 Predators and Parasites Probably the most important enemy of the San Jose scale is Prospaltella perniciosa Tower, a widely dis- Quaintance, A L The San Jose scale and U.S.D.A Bur Ent Cir 124 1910 the Northeast Parasitism up to 90 per cent has been reported Action of this valuable enemy of the scale, together with others such as Aphelinus diaspidis Howard and Aphelinus juscipennis and Siegler, E H The more important apple insects U.S.D.A Farmers Bui 1270 1922 tributed parasite in Webster, R L Insect tolerance Jour its control Econ Ent 26: 1016-1021 1933 H and several of lesser importance, has, since 1915, apparently reduced the San Jose scale from a major Whitcomb, W problems 72 — in D., and Bourne, A I Fruit insect 1943 Mass Fruit Growers Rept 1944 p 43 \ 'a r Figure 70 Left, San Jose scale; middle, scurfy scale; shell scale — 73 — right, oyster- SCURFY SCALE GluanadfUA lu^44Aa scale is white, the "crawlers" yellow, and the eggs under old scales purplish These features readily distinguish the scurfy from the oyster-shell scale (Fig- The Fitch prevent outbreaks except where the generations have doubled as with the New York strain Parasites and predators reported by Brann (1945) are: Chilocoris stigma Say (bivulnerus Muls ), Microweisea (Pento ure 70) LeC, Phycus raricornis How and Aphytes How The first two are lady beetle predaThese natural enemies are known to destroy tilia)misella juscipennis Damage tors scurfy scale is a native insect similar in many to the oyster-shell scale and widely distributed in the United States It is apparently more destructive in New England and the Middle Atlantic States than elsewhere In Connecticut and most of New York scurfy scale has not been a serious pest It has been reported from time to time, but not in great numbers The chief injury is to young apple and pear trees colony established in Dutchess County, New York, A eggs of the oyster-shell scale between 1906 and 1909 (Brann, 1944) appears to have done more than the usual damage The colony is spreading gradually but so far as we are aware has not reached Connecticut This strain has two genera- the effect of the to assume that The up to 30 per cent of the scale; mites were reported to destroy 40 per cent ways tions a year instead of one, as commonly reported here Control Measures Both lubricating and reasonably effective scale, kill killing the in somewhat from differing While very emulsions appear to be tar oil information little newer DDT the crawlers the eggs of the scurfy action on the their available regarding probably safe or the organic phosphates will is insecticides, same it is as those of the oyster-shell scale Life History Sprays applied about June The winter DN's of the butylphenol type against moderate infestations passed in the egg stage under old scales is Hatching takes place the latter part of May, and young scales mature during September The New York strain hatches about the same time, but there are two generations as noted, the first maturing by July Egg for the single generation strain takes place October, for the two generation strain in September information The insect is is available on cycles of abundance Brann, 1933 The biology and control of the scurfy scale furfura Fitch Cornell Univ Abs Theses, 1944 pp 145-148 1945 to inches by itself, birds the same as the oyster-shell scale J L The scurfy Hudson control in the Proc 89:157-162 its Factors Affecting Abundance Britton, W E Conn Agr Exp Orchard conditions suitable or unsuitable for thorough spray coverage would appear to be important, particularly for the Dutchess County strain In Connecticut so little trouble has been experienced and so little information concerning the pest is available that would be unwise to comment further Common Hammer, it available predators of this insect that the insect is apparently not so subject to attack as the oyster-shell scale, or else has not been as carefully studied and Hort Soc scale insects of the orchard 1903 pp 225-229 1943 N Y St O H Scurfy scale Jour Econ Ent 31*244- Scurfy scale N Y 187-189 1940 St Hort Soc Proc Scurfy scale N Y St Hort Soc Proc 87:229-232 1942 on parasites or Quaintance (1910) reported is St 249 1938 information Valley N Y 1944 Sta Rept Predators and Parasites little scale (Chionaspis furfura) Evans J A Fruit insect problems in Hort Soc 1944 p 148 85: Very reported effective Chionaspis be able to travel only a few but may be distributed by wind and said are Aull, L E and Dean, R W Efficiency of lubricating and tar oil emulsions against scurfy scale Jour Econ Ent 26:912-913 No are most effective References laying in The triethanolamine salt of dinitro-o-secbutyl phenol to control certain pests on fruit trees Jour Econ Ent 42:381 1949 Probably there are effective parasites and predators able i to depress the population sufficiently — 74 — The two-brooded strain develops scales the single-brooded one does not on the fruit at harvest, whereas * MISCELLANEOUS PESTS Besides number the species already of injurious insects described, there are made a which occasionally become Most of them are easily controlled, both with old and new insecticides No attempt has been the species to at least some Apple curculio Tachypterellus quadrigibbus Say moth Nygmia phaeorrhoea (Donov.) Brown-tail Leaf feeder Mostly Ratz Cigar casebearer Coleophora fletcherella Fern web worm Hyphantria cunea Drury in May and in with June Brown spots along the white weak or diseased Damage holes exit to trees severe often hairy Same as plum Early sprays Small round near wood Remove and Early spring foliage Builds small cocoon resembling a cigar, about Va inch long when complete Early tents in sized brown August and September Mediumhairy caterpillar; most serious northeastern Gypsy moth Leaf feeder Porthetria dispar (L caterpillar Grasshoppers July, af- piles sprays senate, etc Lead ar- Apple maggot sprays Connecticut May in burn fected parts Treat or re- move wood Loose curculio sides piles in on the feed Suggested control Small snout beetle Injury same as plum curculio; lives in fruit in young stages No crescents in young fruit as for plum curculio caterpillar known of them Season and kind of activity Pest Fall all list apple, but the following table will serve as a guide important Shot-hole borer Scolytus rugulosus to and June Large hairy Early cover sprays Chlordane, August aldrin July Melanoplits sp Lead arsenate or DDT Green fruitworm Lithophane antennata (Walk.) Large green worm with white stripes Feeds on fruit and foliage in May and June Leopard moth Zeuzera pyrina (L spots White, yellowish or pinkish larva with brown Tunnels in smaller twigs and branches branches and destroy Large beetle feeding on bark No New York weevil Ithycerus noveboracensis Oriental fruit (Forst.) moth Grapholitha molesta Busck May or June Prune off infested control usually neces- sary Three generations; apples infested mostly summer Small greenish larva with late in a No control usually necesor parathion sary DDT black head, pink when mature, but without conspicuous brown spots Wanders around in the flesh more than codling moth larva and does not bore directly to the core and seeds Palmerworm Dichomeris Abundant about once ligulella Hbn Pear leaf blister mite Eriophyes pyri (Pgst.) Pistol case bearer Coleophora vialivorella Riley sized in 60 years Medium- Usual spray program green caterpillar on the leaves Small Mites blisters blister not over 1/16 inch are inside the in blisters early season of Diameter Larvae live in small cocoons curled at end Feed on foliage Length not over V* inch — 75 — Dormant sprays oils Usual sprays DN or )) ) ) c c Miscellaneous Pests c c Season and kind of activity Pest Lesser apple worm Larvae produce shallow blotch mines on surface of apple Two generations a year Larvae brighter than codling moth or are pink oriental fruit moth (Walsh) Grapholitha prunivora Suggested control Same as for c codling c moth c e Red-humped Eggs laid caterpillar Schizura concinna (A & foliage in S pillar June and July Larvae feed on August and September Brown cater- 1-2 in inch long with red DDT Lead arsenate or in usual spray mixture c hump c Rose chafer Macrodactylus subspinosus (F Slender Seventeen-year locust Magicicada septendecim Young in cretata (L legs Feed Same kind of beetle as apple tree borer but with spots instead of stripes Newn Leaf feeder Tussock moth, white-marked Hemerocampa leucostigma June on beetles with long foliage and fruit feed on roots in ground Adults injure trees by excessive egg laying Last outbreak 1945; next due 1962 Smaller than dog-day harvest fly and with more red Spotted apple tree borer Saperda brown (A & S pillar with May and in tufts of June Brown caterwhite hair DDT TEPP or chlordane June or HETP most parathion fective; gested c ef- sug- Leaf feeder in August and September Same as round-headed apple tree borer Usual early sprays Maggot sprays for late feed- Apple maggot July, August 76 — c c ers Yellow-necked caterpillar Datana ministra (Drury) c sprays SPRAY PROGRAMS For the years, apple spray last thirty programs have followed a similar pattern consisting of the following: (1) dormant, as buds begin to swell, (2) delayed dormant, when first leaf has turned back in the cluster blossom buds separate, (4) pink, after blossom buds have separated but before blossoms open, (5) full bloom, (Figure 71), prepink, (3) when blossoms are out petal fall, when most of just before the (fungicide only), (6) calyx or the petals have fallen, and (7) cover sprays, beginning to 14 days after petal fall, and comprising up to five separate sprays during the summer The cover sprays include the so-called maggot sprays usually applied in July or early August From the below, table will it 1920, the number of sprays in creased from to 11, and the from to 14 or more A be seen that, since Connecticut has number in- of materials few, such as lime sulfur, Bordeaux mixture and nicotine sulfate, have been largely replaced by supposedly more effective compounds There is now also a tendency to combine fungicides and insecticides in "efficiency" or all-in-one preparations, several of which are on the market Likewise, there an extensive movement to apply is sprays in semi-concentrated form instead of dilutions formerly used, largely because of labor shortages or and alternate insecticides as with the usual methods and materials, but in view of the rapid changes now going on it would be unwise to try to formulate a spray program which might be out of date in a few years For complete programs it seems best, therefore, to refer the grower of apples to current spray calendars, which may be readily obtained from Experiment Station and Extension Services centrates 1932 1921 Dormant sulfur or miscible oil 19502 DN or butyl- DN phenol Delayed dormant Oil Lime Prepink sulfur Nicotine sulfate Lime sulfur Lead arsenate Bordeaux mixture Pink 1921 1940 Lime or of our experiments, controls have been just as good with con- ANALYSIS OF SPRAY CALENDAR CHANGES SINCE Growth stage many inconvenient or scarce water supplies In Oil Oil Wettable sulfur or dry lime sulfur or liquid lime sulfur Nicotine sulfate Ferbam and /or wettable sulfur Same Same as prepink Phygon as prepink lime sulfur Nicotine solution Full Ferbam bloom Lime Lead arsenate Calyx sulfur or dry lime sulfur or dry mixture Nicotine sulfate Lead arsenate Fungicide Cover sprays Lead i Alternate dust schedules available Alternate concentrate spray programs appearing in Total sprays: 1921 1932 1940 — — — 1950- - 5-6 - Ferbam or wettable sulfur as Lead or Same with calyx (4 covers) Same Total materials: 1921 — 1932— 1940— 1950 (not — 77 DDT, as calyx (5 covers) as 1951 11 arsenate, methoxychlor TEPP Same as calyx or without nicotine sulfate (4 covers) arsenate Fungicide (2-3 covers) Same pink 6 — 14 all or more listed above) NOTES ON CHEMICALS Valuable for codling moth and Japanese beetles, but Dormant Sprays Mineral oils Also, tion used today are superior actual oil delayed Effective against scale dormant against aphis oils dilution to per cent oils, stage, and red mite only but "Superior" type partially oils failure control red-banded leaf roller to compounds or apple maggot flies necessitates partial substitution of other at the continued use of lead arsenate Kills effective readily but generally used in combination with lead are paraffin base arsenate of the following specifications: viscosity demands cau- influx of mites following full schedules Several kinds available; most generally (Saybolt to 100 degrees F.), 90-120 sees.; viscosity index (Kinematic), 110 minimum; gravity (A.P.I, degrees), 32 minimum; unsulfonated residue, 90-92; pour point not greater than 30 degrees F.; homogeneity, a relative narrow boiling distillate portion of petroleum that for insect Dilution pounds (507c) 100 gallons at DN TDE Chlordane effective, quite as good ordinary DN Use quarts as not safe on all sulfur No used extensively longer against scale Requires nicotine for aphis; of powder Effective little Formerly used at to 10 gallons per 100 as a dormant spray, the dilution depending in part on Lime sulfur is 100 gallons Not ) - , Much less toxic to tive against man than readily Japanese beetles and Useful as a late DDT, kills maggot Two ations Nicotine sulfate used extensively Dilution to pounds per Still leafhopper and others until the discovery being replaced to some extent, but of the still 100 40 per cent to Commonly 100 diluted basic lead arsenate being less effective Summer Miticides DDT Many is to pint gallons See below under "Miticides." Most common form others a valuable contact for aphis, Parathion gallons its very promising chlorinated Experimental phase not yet complete DDT Now or flies season spray because of These are stomach poisons, contact poisons or combin- of -tri- DDD compounds Effective against plum curculio and Standard insecticide low poison hazard Dilute pounds to 100 gallons also a fungicide Aldrin and Dieldrin arsenate , Generally marketed as a 50 per cent Summer Sprays Lead chlordane Effective against plum curculio Very effec- value for mites the specific gravity true under our condi- 2,2-bis- ( p-methoxypheny Methoxychlor 100 gallons is varieties of plums does not; promising for scale insects to (this Dilution to pounds to tions) chloroethane Lime ,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-4,7-methano- to avoid lead arsenate both aphis and mites which Kills oil DN, but as a Marketed as a 40 to 50 per cent wettable powder and useful against the plum curculio and early leaf feeders Especially useful for interplanted peaches and apples where it is necessary dinitro-o-recbutyl- than and marketed also 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydroindane but of some value DN Triethanolamine salt of phenol More effective against mites DDT 100 gallons 40 per cent dry mixture Useful against aphid eggs and hibernating bud moth larvae (2 to quarts per 100 gallons) Also used to some extent for spraying Butyl Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane Very 50 per cent wettable powder, but more effective against red-banded leaf roller Has about the same killing power for apple maggot flies as DDT Only partially effective against the plum curculio Dilution usually to pounds per Dinitro-o-cresol, ground against scab; not 100 per cent DDD similar to sodium or other salt Marketed usually as a 19 per cent solution, sometimes as a the or acid lead arsenate, the Dichlorodiphenyltrichlorethane Marketed as a 50 or 75 per cent wettable powder, also in emulsions, pastes and solutions Powder is most used in orchards different control but fully 78 products their determined relative are being offered for mite efficiencies have not been Notes on Chemicals 0,0-diethyl-O-p-nitrophenyl thiophosphate Parathion Marketed as a 15 per cent powder Originally advo- cated as a miticide, parathion has proved to be an almost universal insecticide Its rather of effectiveness after being sprayed 100 gallons; per main is its Effective against live mites at Vz factor will to limiting pound hatching larvae kill period short (not the eggs) at the higher dose Will injure Mcintosh, Cort- land and related varieties June (to 15) used early in the season if Recent investigations indicate that a large part of the injury can be prevented with activated Very charcoal toxic to man and to trees in hot weather, 80 degrees F or above Many incompatibilities with other sprays Safe with ferbam Not dangerous A ramite to handle like the phosphates /?-chloroethyl-/? ( p-/erfbutylphenoxy ) -a-me- thyl ethyl sulphite Marketed as a 15 per cent wettable powder Very effective against live mites but not eggs Different residual action in different parts of the country noted, less man and toxic to compatible with most insecticides and fungicides Apparently Use Relatively non- effective in the East pound (15%) more effective in 100 to warm weather gallons the operator should protect himself from the spray with respirator, gloves, White summer low Highly refined mineral oil unsulfonatable Commonly residue oils used with at etc but cannot be used with the chlorinated per cent, TEPP Tetraethyl pyrophosphate Marketed as a 20 hydrocarbons, such as per cent tetraethyl pyrophosphate, 30 per cent related Late sprays after August phosphates or just double each of the above, 40 and because of the effect on 60 per cent Recommended to lasts down the skin rapidly in solution only a few hours Less injurious generally foliage than parathion Keep the concentrate off and protect the operator from spray the same as for parathion TEPP is fully man as toxic to as parathion For dilution follow manufacturer's recom- mendation EPN fruit Ethyl p-nitrophenylthionobenzene phos- phonate Very similar to parathion, both in insecticidal and injury to Mcintosh or related varieties Advertised to have longer residual action than parathion Dilution finish Stickers One Bentonite-skim milk we have tried of the best adhesives that White mineral recommended, Vi pound Protect the operator against the spray to 100 gallons Not quite, but nearly as toxic as parathion oil may be added and emulsified in the spray tank Oil increases both adhe- and sion oil may deposit Ingredients with a small sulfurs amount of be mixed together dry with lead arsenate, ferbam or thiram With added 300 action as a killing agent for live mites, not for eggs Breaks and methoxychlor or DDD should also be avoided DDT, or chlorinated oil, not compatible with hydrocarbons Usual amounts are pounds bentonite, V2 pound skim milk and quart of white summer oil to Soy bean Not flour quite as 100 gallons good as the the sticker standpoint, but useful in above many from situations Compatible with most insecticides and fungicides High oil content desirable Soy bean flour also has some spreading properties Dimite Di-p-(chlorophenyl)-methylcarbinol keted as a 25 per cent self-emulsifying liquid MarVery effective against live mites; partial kill of two-spotted 100 gallons Not dangerous the phosphates Caution on compatibility mite eggs Dilution to handle like pint to with other insecticides or fungicides DN-111 mine salt Dinitro-o-cyclohexylphenol, Marketed effective against the dicyclohexyla- 20 per cent powder Very European red mite at XV\ pounds as a per 100 gallons, partially so for the eggs Dangerous — 79- 60 to 80 sees, viscosity, similar to the white oils mentioned under miticides, as well as certain vegetable oils, such as soy bean or raw linseed, are good stickers Fish oils were used at one time Our experience indicates that under Connecticut conditions any oil-lead arsenate combination without some Oils of Oils buffering agent, such as bentonite, will give delayed foliage It is burn which may result in partial defoliation also inadvisable to use any oil sticker inated hydrocarbons as mentioned above with chlor- Dorm ant Pink Delayed dormant Calyx Pre pink Figure 71 Bud and leaf development at the various stages for timing apple sprays — 80 — Notes on Chemicals Injurious Combinations many of the newer spray chemicals only partly known for New England Rather than complete chart, a few combinations known to be below Included Compatibility of dangerous to foliage or is are several fungicides, since fungicides will of neces- a Bordeaux have to be used Avoid in the spray mix Use Reasons Combination to Avoid Spray Calcium arsenate sity fruit are given Do not use Connecticut Leaf yellowing and drop entirely mixture Fruit i) russetting on apples in i> i> 9? Zerlate Summer oil DDT, DDD, methoxychlor Leaf burn and fruit injury Sulfur in any form Can be used with ferbam or thiram, and lead arsenate (with buffers such as Wyoming bentonite) Lime DDT, DDD methoxychlor, ferbam, chlordane, parathion Increased foliage burn Best for safening lead senate-sulfur sprays DN's (summer) Wettable sulfur Increased foliage burn sulfurs), rotenone, alone used Best weather, not over (and other nicotine, in 80° ar- cool F DDT Phenyl mercurys Lead arsenate, dane, oils, dinitro Questionable Lead arsenate DDT, parathion, chlor- summer Increased reduced yellow leaf, efficiency compounds with Questionable with phates, such as or Best used alone or with fersprays such as "Nu- tilizer green" Urea ferbam the phosor TEPP leaf burn russetting Increased Fruit Best Safe with sulfur or ferbam with rotenone, nicotine and many others Use sparingly on Red Delicious parathion — 81 — INDEX , Alsophila pometaria (Harr Anagrus armatus Ash Anagrits spirit us Anthophila pariana (Clerck) Anuraphis roseus Baker A nystis 29 Dasyneura mali Kieff Datana ministra (Drury) 22 41 DDD DDT 72 Dichomeris 78 Aldrin Allot ropa convexifrons agilis Aphelinus Aphelinus Aphelinus Aphelinus diaspidis Howard fuscipennis H mali (Hald.) mytilaspidis LeB Aphelopus sp Aphis porni DeG Aphytes fuscipennis Apple curculio Haw 15 ligulella 14 76 78 78 75 Hbn 78 79 78 Dieldrin Dimite 31 Dormant 72 DN 72 DN— 111 sprays 78, 81 79 12 71 Eastern tent caterpillar 34 41 Empoasca fabae (Harr.) 10 EPN 46 79 74 75 Apple-grain aphis 10 Apple leaf-curling midge Apple maggot Apple red bug Apple and thorn skeletonizer Aramite Archips argyrospila (Wlkr ) 14 300 Epiurus indagator Eriophyes pyri ( Pgst ) Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausm.) European European apple 31 75 12 62, 67 sawfly 57 55 red mite Eutetranychus uncatus 15 Eye-spotted Fall canker 22 Argyrotaenia velutinana (Wlkr.) 79 52 49 Fall 75 Ascogaster carpocapsae Viereck Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst 25 72 B pectinatus Say Bacillus popilliae 79 Bordeaux mixture Bracon charus Riley 81 17 moth praetiosa 75 Koch Buffalo tree hopper Butyl 37 31 — Bryohia G 62 moth bud 31 worms web worms Flat-headed apple tree borer 17 Forest tent caterpillar 34 Fruit 52 tree leaf roller 17 Dutky Bassus sp Bentonite skim milk Brown-tail 61 20 78 DN Grapholitha molesta Busck Grapholitha prunivora (Walsh) 75 76 75 Grasshoppers Green apple aphid Green fruitworm Gypsy moth 10 75 75 Hemerocampa leucostigma (A & S 76 ) Hemisarcoptes mali Hoplocampa 71 testudinea (Klug) 67 Hyphantria cunea Drury 75 Calcium arsenate 81 Callisto geminatella Packard Carpocapsa pomonella (L) 48 25 Iphidulus sp Centeter cinerea 37 Ithycerus noveboracensis (Forst.) Ceresa bubalus (F ) Chilocoris stigma Say 20 74 Itoplectis 72 74 Japanese beetle 37 Chionaspis furfura Fitch Japanese leafhopper 44 Chlordane 78 Chrysobothris femorata Oliv Cigar casebearer 17 L 75 Labena 29 Lace-wing 61 75 Lady beetles Lead arsenate Leopard moth 75 Lepidosaphes ulmi 29 Lesser apple Chilocoris bivulnerus Clausenia Muls purpurea Clover mite Codling moth Coleophora fletcherella Fern Coleophora malivorella Riley Comstock's mealy bug Conotrachelus nenuphar (Hbst.) "Crag 341" 25 combinations Injurious spray 75 conquisitor 31 Say grallator 17 apicalis Cr 17 flies 7, 7, 63 10, 57, 72 74 78 ' ( L worm Lime 58 Lithocolletis Cryolite 18 Cryptoideus luctuosus Prov 18 Lithophane antennata (Wlkr Lygidea mendax Reuter 75 71 ) 63 — 83 — 81 20, 57 76 sulfur 78, 81 sp ) 47 75 55 Index Malacosoma americanum (F.) Malacosoma disstria (Hbn.) - Melanoplus sp Melitobia chalybii Ash 18 Methoxychlor Microbracon sp Microweisea (Pent ilia) "Milky disease" Mineral 18 misella LeC pests Miticides Monogonogastra 72 37 78, 79 75 78 Ash agrili 18 72 18 76 18 Schizura concinna (A & S.) Scolytus rugulosus Ratz 78 oils Miscellaneous Rosy apple aphid Round-headed apple tree borer San Jose scale Saperda Candida F Saperda cretata Newm Sarcophaga sp 76 76 34 34 75 Macrodactylus subspinosus (F.) Magicicada septendecim (L ) Scurfy 76 75 74 scale Secodella sp Serpentine 31 miner leaf 48 76 Seventeen year locust Shot-hole borer Signiphora nigrita Ashmead 18 75 72 79 Soy bean flour Neoplectana glaseri 37 Spathius pallidas Ashm 75 Nicotine sulfate 78 Spotted apple tree borer Nygmia phaeorrhoea (Donov.) 75 Spotted New York weevil 31 Oils 79 Orientus ishidac (Matsumura) Oyster-shell scale worm Palmer & pnkhelliis Phasgonophora sulcata Phenyl mercurys Phycus raricornis How curculio Potato Porthetria Predator Howard Westw L Tower Kuw worm 37 Tiphia vernalis 37 Trumpet Clem F 48 63 31 52 31 leaf miner Tussock moth, white marked Two-spotted mite Typhlocyba pomaria McA 20 72 29 29 48 76 60 41 Unspotted tentiform leaf miner 48 White apple leaf hopper White summer oil 41 Willamette Woolly roller caterpillar mite apple Yellow mite Yellow-necked Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh Rose chafer 60 Tiphia popilliavora 75 ) Pseudaphycus sp Pseudococcus comstocki Red-humped 79 Tetranychus bimaculatus Harvey 37 mites Red-banded leaf 17 75 78 Triphleps sp 46 Prospaltella perniciosa Railroad 72 10 TEPP Trichogramma minutum Riley Trichogrammatomyia tortricis 63 ( quadrigibbus Say * Triaspis Curcnlionis 74 75 Newm dispar 78 7, Tischeria malifoliella 63 81 hopper leaf 3, 31 bearer Plum flies 71 75 Pear leaf blister mite Pediculoidcs ventricosus Popillia japonica Syrphus Tachypterellus 79 Patasson (Anaphoidea) conotracheli Gir case sprays TDE 57 F.) Parathion Pistol 79 Summer 75 44 75 Paratetranychus pilosus (C Perissopterus 77 moth fruit 76 47 77 miner Stickers Opius melleus Gahan Oriental leaf 31 Spray calendar Spray programs 10 "Oat" aphis Odxnerus catskillensis Sauss tentiform 17 & S Spilonota ocellana D 49 76 62 aphid 12 caterpillar 62 76 Zerlate Zeuzcra pyrina 76 84 79, 81 81 ( L ) 75