Bacterial Infections of Humans Epidemiology and Control FOURTH EDITION Bacterial Infections of Humans Epidemiology and Control FOURTH EDITION Edited by Philip S Brachman Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA and Elias Abrutyn Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Formerly edited by Alfred S Evans and Philip S Brachman 123 Editors Philip S Brachman Emory University Rollins School of Public Health 1518 Clifton Road NE Atlanta GA 30322 USA Elias Abrutyn Drexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania, USA ISBN 978-0-387-09842-5 e-ISBN 978-0-387-09843-2 DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-09843-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2009920956 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 1984, 1991,1998, 2009 All rights reserved This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein Printed on acid-free paper springer.com Contributors Elias Abrutyn, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102-1192, USA (Deceased) Ammar M Ahmed, 518 Laurelwood Dr, Hercules, CA 94547, USA E Russell Alexander, Seattle–King County Department of Public Health, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA († Deceased) Ban Mishu Allos, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq, Internal Medicine Services Division, Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Dhahran Health Center, Saudi Aramco Medical Services Organization, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia Donald Armstrong, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA Robert S Baltimore, Departments of Pediatrics and Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8064, USA Philip S Brachman, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA Julie S Brantley, Center for Clinical Studies, Houston, Texas, USA Willard Cates, Family Health International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA Richard E Chaisson, Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA Roger P Clark, Infectious Diseases, Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, TuftsNew England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA George W Comstock, Bloomberg School of Public Health, George W Comstock Center for Public Health Research and Prevention, The Johns Hopkins University, Box 2067, Hagerstown, Maryland 217422067, USA (Deceased) Charles L Daley, Division of Mycobacterial and Respiratory Infections, National Jewish Medical and Research Center and the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center Head, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA Catherine de Martel, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5107, USA David T Dennis, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA Gaston De Serres, Institut national de sant´e publique du Qu´ebec, 2400 d’Estimauville, Quebec, PQ, Canada, G1E 7G9 v vi Contributors J Stephen Dumler, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA Herbert L DuPont, Center for Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas – Houston School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA; St Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA Charles N Edwards, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, St Michael BB11155, Barbados, West Indies M Teresa Estrada-Garcia, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico D.F Alfred S Evans, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA († Deceased) Charles Feldman, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Medicine, Johannesburg Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Barry S Fields, Respiratory Diseases Branch, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Vance G Fowler, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA Richard I Frankel, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813; formerly Department of Veterans Affairs Pacific Islands Heath Care System, Honolulu, Hawaii 96819 Jon Furuno, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA, e-mail: jfuruno@epi.umaryland.edu Dale N Gerding, Edward Hines Jr Veterans Affairs Hospital and Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Hines, Illinois 60141, USA Janet R Gilsdorf, University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, L2225 Women’s Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0244, USA Barry M Gray, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois 61637, USA Heather Green, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Laurel, Maryland 20708, USA Scott A Halperin, Clinical Trials Research Center, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, 5850/5980 University Avenue, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada Amy Horneman, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA Linden T Hu, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts-New England Medical Center, 750 Washington St, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA Zhi-Dong Jiang, Center for Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas – Houston School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA Stuart Johnson , Edward Hines Jr Veterans Affairs Hospital and Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Hines, Illinois 60141, USA Zeina A Kanafani, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA Arnold F Kaufmann, 2155 Mountclaire Ct, Stone Mountain, GA 30087-1335, Atlanta, Georgia, 30087, USA (Retired) Gerald T Keusch, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA Contributors Keith P Klugman, William H Foege Professor of Global Health, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health and Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Medical Research Council and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Katrina Kretsinger, US PHS, Bacterial Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Branch National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, 30333, USA Ebbing Lautenbach, Associate Professor of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, University of Pennsylvania SOM, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA Paul N Levett, Saskatchewan Disease Control Laboratory, Saskatchewan Health, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada S4S 5W6 Myron M Levine, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA Michael E St Louis, Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, 30333, USA Donald B Louria , Professor of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry –New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA Michael F Lynch, Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-borne and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA Vandana Madkan, Center for Clinical Studies, Houston, Texas, USA Thomas J Marrie, Walter C Mackenzie Health Sciences Center, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada Susan E Maslanka, National Botulism Surveillance and Reference Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA John E McGowan, Department of Epidemiology, The Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA Paul S Mead, Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ft Collins, Colorado 80522, USA Natalia Mendoza, Center for Clinical Studies, Houston, Texas, USA Manoj P Menon, Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vectorborne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA Aaron Milstone, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA Eric D Mintz, Diarrheal Diseases Section, Enteric Diseases, Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vectorborne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA Matthew R Moore, Respiratory Diseases Branch, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA J Glenn Morris, University of Florida’s Emerging Pathogens Institute, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA Julie Parsonnet, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5107, USA Roopal Patel, Respiratory Diseases Branch, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA Sharon Perry, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5407, USA vii viii Contributors Jeannine M Petersen, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522, USA Diana S Pope, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA Arthur E Reingold, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7360, USA Lee W Riley, University of California – Berkeley , School of Public Health, 140 Warren Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, USA Anne Rompalo, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA Julius Schachter, Chlamydia Research Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94110, USA D Scott Schmid, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Ann M Schmitz, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA David M Scollard, National Hansen’s Disease Program, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70816, USA J Erin Staples, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA Dennis L Stevens, Infectious Disease Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center Boise, Boise, Idaho 83702, USA David L Swerdlow, National Surveillance Team, Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA Deborah F Talkington, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA Robert V Tauxe, Division of Foodborne, Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vectorborne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA Fred C Tenover, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for the Prevention, Detection, and Control of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA Stephen K Tyring, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA; Center for Clinical Studies, Houston, Texas 77030, USA Ken B Waites, Department of Pathology, WP 230, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35249, USA Steven G F Wassilak, National Immunization Program, Office of the Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA Melinda Wharton, National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA Edward J Young, Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA Patricia A Yu, Strategic Science and Program Unit, Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA Jonathan M Zenilman, Infectious Diseases Division, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA Biographical Sketch – Elias Abrutyn Elias Abrutyn, co-editor of this, the 4th Edition of Bacterial Infections of Humans, died unexpectedly on February 22, 2007, at the age of 66 years Eli was an extremely enthusiastic and energetic collaborator in developing this edition His knowledge of infectious diseases of both literature and current activities in the field contributed significantly to the quality of this textbook Eli was born on April 15, 1940, in New Jersey and received his BA degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1960 He attended the University of Basil in Basil, Switzerland from 1960 to 1963 and was awarded his MD from the University of Pittsburgh in 1966 He was an intern and medical resident at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia from 1966 to 1968 He joined the Epidemic Intelligence Service at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1968 and worked in the Field Services Branch, Immunization Division, where he became the acting assistant Elias Abrutyn director In 1970, he assumed 1940–2007 the Chief Medical Residency position at the University of Pennsylvania Veterans Administration Medical Center In 1971, he was a post-doctoral Fellow in Infectious Diseases at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania In 1972, he became an assistant professor of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and in 1984 was appointed an adjunct professor of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, a position he held until 1996 From 1982 to 1997, he was also a professor of medicine at the Medical College of Pennsylvania From 1989 to 2005, he was a senior scholar in the Clinical Epidemiology Unit and then the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine From 1991 to 1996, he was associate dean for Veteran’s Affairs at the Philadelphia Veterans Administration Medical Center In 1996, he became professor of medicine with tenure at the Medical College of Pennsylvania Hahnemann University and then Vice Chairman of the Department of Medicine From 1998 to 2000, he was also the interim chairman of the Department of Medicine at the Medical College of Pennsylvania Hahnemann University In 2000, he became the Associate Provost and Associate Dean for Faculty Affairs at ix x Biographical Sketch – Elias Abrutyn Drexel University College of Medicine and the Allegheny University of Health Sciences In 2002, he also assumed the position of Interim Chief of Infectious Diseases at Drexel University College of Medicine Eli had his boards in Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases He was a member of and held offices in a number of prestigious professional societies including the American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Federation for Medical Research, American Society for Microbiology, American Board of Internal Medicine, Association for Practitioners in Infection Control, Association of Professors in Medicine, Hospital Infections Society (England), Infectious Diseases Society of America, International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases, and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America Among his accolades, Eli was past president of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, a master of the American College of Physicians Society for Internal Medicine, a Fellow of the Infectious Disease Society, and a member of the council of the International Society of Cardiovascular Diseases Additionally, he belonged to a number of local and regional societies He was an associate editor of Annals of Internal Medicine and was on the editorial board of Infectious Disease Practice, and Clinical Performance in Quality Healthcare He was a consultant for a number of national and local organizations, including the chair of several National Institutes of Health committees, and on a committee to review a program for controlling emerging infectious diseases at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention He was a reviewer of manuscripts for 20 different scientific journals He was a member of a number of national and local scientific committees and was the chairman of a large number of these committees Over the years, Eli had a number of grants, primarily dealing with infectious diseases He was author and/or co-author of 103 publications in peer-reviewed journals, primarily reporting on infectious diseases, including urinary tract infections, infective endocarditis, and influenza He also published on antibiotics, public health surveillance, hospital epidemiology, and health education He wrote a number of editorials published in peer-reviewed journals He was senior author of a book “Infection Control Reference Service” that is considered one of the authoritative texts in the field, in addition to being co-editor of this text book He was author and co-author of 46 chapters in textbooks and newsletter articles dealing primarily with infectious diseases He also wrote a number of commentaries and many abstracts, and gave presentations at national and international meetings Eli was well respected by his peers and enjoyed teaching on topics in internal medicine with emphasis on infectious diseases He was a scholar, a careful researcher, well read on all infectious disease topics, and recognized as a leader He will be missed by his students, colleagues, and friends Chapter 44 142 Capilla, S., Ruiz, J., Goni, P., Castillo, J., Rubio, M., Jimenez de Anta, M., et al (2004) Characterization of the molecular mechanisms of quinolone resistance in Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 clinical isolates J Antimicrob Chemother, 53, 1068–1071 143 Kamat, A., Khare, S., Doctor, T., & Nair, P (1997) Control of Yersinia enterocolitica in raw pork and pork products by gammairradiation Int J Food Microbiol, 36, 69–76 144 an Damme, M., Sory, M., Biot, T., Vaerman, J., & Cornelis, G (1992) Oral immunization against cholera toxin with a live Yersinia enterocolitica carrier in mice Gastroenterology, 103, 520–531 145 Wiedig, C., Kramer, U., Garbom, S., Wolf-Watz, H., & Autenrieth, I (2005) Induction of CD8+ T cell responses by Yersinia vaccine carrier strains Vaccine, 23, 4984–4998 • Yersinia enterocolitica Infections 12 Suggested Reading Cornelis, G.R Yersinia Type III secretion: Send in the effectors J Cell Biology 158:401–8 (2002) Cover, T L., and Aber, R C., Yersinia enterocolitica, N Engl J Med 321:16–24 (1989) Ostroff, S.M Yersinia as an emerging infection: Epidemiologic aspects of yersiniosis Contrib Microbiol Immunol 13:5–10 (1995) Robins-Browne, R M., Yersinia enterocolitica, Chapter 11 in: Food Microbiology Fundamentals and Frontiers , 2nd edition ,(M P Doyle, L R Beuchat, and T J Montville, eds.), ASM Press, Washington DC, 2001 957 Index Abrutyn, E., 543–567 Accessory cholera enterotoxin (ACE), 256 Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA), 479 Active bacterial core (ABC) surveillance system, 338, 346, 347, 349 Acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), 201 Acute upper respiratory infections (AURIs), 29 Acute urinary tract infections (UTI), 32 Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 604 Advisory Committee on immunization practice (ACIP), 42 Aeromonas spp biological characteristics of, 142–143 clinical syndromes, 145 epidemics of, 143–144 history of, 142 laboratory diagnosis, 143 pathogenesis and immunity, 144–145 transmission routes and mechanisms of, 144 African tick-bite fever, 671 Ahmed, A M., 803–810 Alexander, A R., 221–245 Alkaline peptone water (APW), 254 Allele, 70 Allos, B M., 189–203 American Society of heating, refrigeration, and air-conditioning engineers (ASHRAE), 406 Aminoglycosides, 95 Ampicillin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, 92 Amplified fragment-length polymorphism (AFLP), 443 Anthrax, 43, 105 antigen-based vaccine, 117 commercial products and, 111 control and prevention, 115–116 antibiotic prophylaxis and chemotherapeutics, 116 cutaneous anthrax, 112–113 diagnosis of, 115 distribution in age and sex, 110 geographic, 110 temporal, 110 epidemic behavior and contagiousness, 109–110 Anthrax (cont.) gastrointestinal anthrax, 113 immunization, 116 industrial and agricultural setting, 110–111 inhalational anthrax, 109 laboratory diagnosis isolation and identification, 106–107 serological and immunologic diagnostic methods, 107 mechanisms and routes of transmission contact and airborne routes, 112 mortality and morbidity data, 106 pathogenesis, 112–113 patterns of host responses, 113–114 prevalence and incidence, 108–109 ProMed, computerized program, 106 socioeconomic factors, 111–112 WHO and Food and Agriculture Organization, data, 106 wildlife anthrax, 116–117 Antibiotic prophylaxis, 45–46 Antitoxin therapy, 171 Armstrong, D., 461–472 Austrian’s syndrome, 614 Azalides, 94–95 Azithromycin oral drug, 94, 242, 243 Aztreonam monobactams, 96 BabyBIG, human botulism immune globulin intravenous drug, 171–172 Bacille Calmette–Gu´erin (BCG) for tuberculosis, 41 Bacillus anthracis, 105 biological characteristics of, 107–108 See also Anthrax Bacillus cereus biological characteristics, 130 diarrheal illness and, 130, 131 and emetic illness, 130 epidemic behavior, 131 history of, 129–130 host response, patterns of clinical features, 132 diagnosis, 132 immunity to, 132 laboratory diagnosis, 130–131 outbreaks and fried rice, 131 pathogenesis, 132 Bacillus cereus (cont.) prevalence and incidence, 131 transmission routes and mechanisms, 131–132 Bacteria species antimicrobials aminoglycosides, 95 azalides, 94–95 fluoroquinolone, 95–96 glycopeptide, 95 ␤-lactam agents, 94 macrolides, 94–95 MLS-resistance phenotype, 95 oxazolidinones, 96 sulfonamides, 95 tetracyclines oral drugs, 95 trimethoprim, 95 bacteremia, 626–627 bacterial meningitis, 354 criteria, for confirmation of foodborne outbreaks by, 124 epidemiologic pathways, 93 foodborne pathogens, classification of on basis of reservoir, 121, 122 on pathogenesis, 121, 122 molecular mechanisms, 93 pathogenic for humans, 12 resistance mechanisms acquired, 92–93 epidemiology of, 98 health-care and, 98 intrinsic, 92 patterns of, 92, 93 spread of, 96–97 Bacterium abortus, 177 Bacteroides fragilis, 98 Baltimore, R S., 495–512 B-Cell activation, 24 Bergey’s Manual, 613 Biases in case–control studies, 5–6 Biological gradient, 27 Biology of the Pneumococcus, 613 BioThrax human anthrax vaccine, 116 Biotypes, 70, 71 Black death, see Plague Black rat, 598 Black-tar heroin and botulism, 165 Bordetella pertussis, see Pertussis 959 960 Index Borrelia burgdorferi, see Lyme disease Botox cosmetic, 165–166 Botulism, 43–44, 159 adult botulism, 165, 167 bioterrorism and, 172 botulinal toxoid, 171 causative organism, 159 biological characteristics of, 162 foodborne botulism, 162–164, 166, 171 forms of, 159 historical background, 159–160 host response, patterns of clinical features, 168–169 diagnosis, 169–170 iatrogenic botulism, 165–166 infant botulism, 164–165, 167 laboratory diagnosis, 161–162 morbidity and mortality data, 160–161 pathogenesis and immunity, 167–168 prevention and control, 170–171 and problematic issues, 172 transmission mechanisms, 166–167 treatment, 171–172 wound botulism, 165, 167, 171 Boutonneuse fever, 671 BOX elements, 77 Brachman, P S., 51–66, 105–117 Brantley, J S., 803–810 Brucellosis, 65, 177 causative organism, 177 biological characteristics of, 179–180 control and prevention, 184–185 chemotherapy and prophylaxis, 185 immunization, 185 epidemics of, 180–182 eradication program, 178 geographic distribution, 182 historical background, 177–178 host response, patterns of, 184 clinical features, 184 diagnosis, 184 innate immunity, 183 laboratory diagnosis identification of, Brucella spp., 178–179 serological and immunological tests, 179 morbidity and mortality data, 178 pathogenesis and immunity, 183–184 pregnancy and, 183 prevalence and incidence, 180 temporal distribution, 182 transmission of, 183 wildlife, role of, 183 Bubonic plague, 597 See also Plague Cag pathogenicity island (PAI), 373, 381 California urban plague outbreaks, 601 Campylobacter infections, 189 age and sex factors in, 196 atypical Campylobacter spp., 197 biochemical characteristics, 190 Campylobacter infections (cont.) causative organism characteristics, 194 isolation, 193 control and prevention of, 202 epidemics of, 195–196 geographic distribution, 196 historical background, 189–191 homosexual men and, 197 host response, patterns of clinical features, 200–202 diagnosis, 202 laboratory diagnosis, 191–192 morbidity and mortality data, 191 occupational risk, 196–197 pathogenesis and immunity, 198–200 prevalence and incidence in developing countries, 194–195 temporal distribution, 196 transmission of, 197–198 Carbon-labeled urea breath tests, 371 Carrier of infection, Case-fatality rate, Category A agents, 172 Cates, W Jr., 783–800 Cavia spp., see Guinea pig CEACAM receptors, 324 Ceftriaxone first-generation drug, 96, 510 Cell-mediated immunity (CMI), 2, 24–25, 404–405, 425 Cell wall hydrolases/autolysins, 625 Center for Science in Public Interest (CSPI), 123 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 51, 122 and botulism surveillance, 160 Campylobacter infection and, 191, 194 case definitions for public health surveillance, 52 diphtheria antitoxin (DAT) from, 284 gonorrhea incidence and, 316 guidelines for evaluating surveillance systems, 52–53 legionnaires’ disease and, 395–396, 407 and listeriosis, 463, 467, 471–472 Lyme disease and, 479 meningococcal infections and, 497, 500, 503, 504 nosocomial infections and, 544, 546, 561, 562–563 national nosocomial infections surveillance program, 34 pertussis, definition of, 587 Vibrio surveillance system, 138 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) and computer-based programs, 62 Cephalosporins first-generation drug, 94, 96 Cereulide, 130 Chaisson, R E., 849–870 Chancroid, 213 causative organism, 213–214 historical background, 213 host response, patterns of Chancroid (cont.) clinical features, 215–216 diagnosis, 216 immunity, 215 morbidity and mortality data, 213 pathogenesis, 214–215 prevalence and incidence, 214 prevention and control, 216 race and gender, roles of, 214 transmission, mode of, 214 treatment, 216–217 Charbon, 105 See also Anthrax Chemoprophylaxis, Child survival program, 42 Chipmunks, 600 See also Plague Chlamydia infections of cervix with/without cervicitis, 33 Chlamydial infections Chlamydia spp., 221 C pneumoniae infections, 222, 232, 235, 245 clinical features, 240–241 diagnosis, 241 disease and causative organisms, 221 biological characteristics of, 225–227 life cycle of, 226 historical background, 221–223 laboratory diagnosis antigen and nucleic acid probes, 224–225 cytological identification, 223–224 isolation, 224 serological and immunological methods, 225 lymphogranuloma venereum, 221, 230, 232, 234–235, 244 clinical features, 239–240 control and prevention, 242–244 diagnosis, 240 morbidity data, 223 oculogenital diseases, 228–230, 232, 233–234, 243–244 adult inclusion conjunctivitis, 228, 236, 238 arthritis (Reiter’s syndrome), 229, 237, 239 cervicitis, 228–229, 236, 238 control and prevention, 242–243 epididymitis, 229, 237, 239 female urethral syndrome, 229, 237, 238 infant inclusion conjunctivitis and pneumonia, 229, 238, 239 male urethritis, 229, 237, 239 postpartum endometritis, 229, 237, 238–239 salpingitis, 229, 237, 238 psittacosis, 230, 235, 240–241, 245 control and prevention, 242–243 trachoma, 221, 227, 231–232, 244 clinical features, 235 control and prevention, 242–243 Index Chlamydial infections (cont.) diagnosis, 236 transmission modes, 231–232 Chloramphenicol antibiotics, 607, 617 See also Plague Cholera, 44, 249 and age factor, 259 in Bangladesh, 257, 259, 260 blood group O persons and, 259 causative organism, 249 biological characteristics of, 255–257 genome of, 257 chemoprophylaxis and, 265–266 control and prevention, 264–265 epidemics of, 257–258 gastric acid barrier and, 260 global spread, 251, 258 historical background, 249–252 host response, patterns of clinical features, 263–264 diagnosis, 264 laboratory diagnosis organism isolation and identification, 254–255 serological and immunologic diagnostic methods, 255 morbidity data, 253–254 mortality data, 252–253 natural disasters and, 260 pathogenesis and immunity, 262–263 prevalence and incidence, 257 in refugee camps, 260 religious pilgrimages and, 259–260 serological surveys, 254 socioeconomic factors and, 260 temporal distribution, 258–259 transmission routes and mechanism, 260–262 foodborne transmission, 262 seafood, 262 waterborne transmission, 261–262 travelers, precautions for, 261 and unresolved issues, 267–268 vaccines, development of, 266–267 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 355 Ciprofloxacin drug, 201, 607 See also Plague Clarithromycin, 94 See also Macrolides Clark, R P., 479–489 Clindamycin drug, 95 See also Lincosamides drug Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), 546 Clone, 70 Clostridium botulinum, see Botulism Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD), 273 and age factor, 276 biological characteristics, of organism, 275 Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD) (cont.) clinical features, 278 control and prevention, 279 diagnosis of, 278–279 epidemics of, 276 historical background, 273–274 laboratory diagnosis organism detection, 274–275 pathology, 275 PMC detection, 275 toxin detection, 274 mortality and morbidity data, 274 pathogenesis and immunity, 277–278 prevalence and incidence, 275–276 transmission route, 277 Clostridium perfringens biological characteristics, 133–134 enteritis necroticans, 136 epidemics of, 134 food types and outbreaks, 10, 135 history of, 132–133 host response, patterns of clinical features, 135 diagnosis, 135 immunity, 135 laboratory diagnosis, 134 pathogenesis, 135 prevalence and incidence rate, 134 temporal distribution, 134 transmission mechanisms, 135 Clostridium tetani, 813 biological characteristics of, 815–816 epidemic behavior, 817 geographic distribution, 817 Coccidioidomycosis, 36 Community-acquired infections, 61 and community-acquired multiple-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 57 pathogens in, 100 urinary tract infections (UTI) studies, 82 Complement-fixation (CF) test, 225, 242 Complement regulator-acquiring surface proteins (CRASPs), 482 Computer-based surveillance, 61 Comstock, G W., 849–870 Contact spread, Control of Communicable Diseases Manual, Core group concept, 321, 330 Corynebacterium diphtheriae, see Diphtheria Cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) organisms in Mexico, 32 Cotton rats, 600 Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE), 463 Coxiella burnetii, 639 biological characteristics of, 644–645 cattle metritis, 651–652 CDC category B bioterrorism agent, 648 Henzerling strain of, 646 interaction with human host, 653 Coxiella burnetii (cont.) Ormsbee protocol (Q vax), 646 outbreaks of abortion in goats, 649 phase antigen, 644 sexual transmission of, 652 Coxiellosis in animals, 643 Cross-Sectional/prevalence study, Cryptosporidiosis, 36 CVD 103-HgR vaccine, 266, 267 Cynomys spp., see Prairie dogs Daley, C L., 879–891 Dapsone, 429–430 Darmbrand, see Enteritis necroticans Data sources analysis, 62–63 animal reservoir and vector distribution, 55 biologics and drug distribution, 55 clinical surveys, 55 demographic and environmental data, 55–56 epidemic field investigations and reporting, 54 evaluation, 66 frequency of review, 63 hospital reporting, 55 individual case investigation, 53–54 laboratory reporting, 54–55 morbidity and mortality data, 53 news media, 56 person factors, 65 by place, 64–65 reports, 65 by time, 63–64 Dennis, D T., 597–609 Dermacentor andersonii ticks, 643 De Serres, G., 577–590 Diarrhea outbreak in college students, 10 A Dictionary of Epidemiology, Diffusely adherent E coli (DAEC), 299 Diphtheria, 283 age distribution, 288 causative organism, 283 biological characteristics of, 286 isolation and identification of, 284–285 serological and immunologic diagnostic methods, 285–286 clinical features carrier state, 290 cutaneous diphtheria, 291 invasive disease, 291 respiratory diphtheria, 290–291 control and prevention, 291–292 antibiotic treatment, 292 immunization, 292–293 diagnosis, 291 diphtheria–pertussis–tetanus (DPT) vaccine, 42, 44 epidemics of, 288 geographic distribution, 288 historical background, 283–284 morbidity and mortality data, 284 occupational factors, 289 961 962 Index Diphtheria (cont.) pathogenesis and immunity, 290 population surveys, 284 prevalence and incidence, 286–287 sex and racial factors, 288–289 socioeconomic factors, 289 and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP), 43 transmission mechanism, 289 Direct immunofluorescent antibody (DFA) staining, 396 Disease transmission dynamics in geographically widespread areas, 79 Disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI), see Gonococcal infections DNA hybridization matrix typing method, 75 Double-repetitive-element (DRE) PCR, 78 Doxycycline antibiotics, 452, 455, 488, 607 See also Plague Ducreyi serum resistance A (DsrA) protein, 215 Dumler, J S., 661–673 DuPont, H L., 299–311 Edwards, C N., 439–456 Electronic foodborne outbreak reporting system (EFORS), 123 Electrophoresis-based strain typing procedure, 72 Elek test, 285 See also Diphtheria Empyema, 613 Endemic treponematoses, 803 age and sex, distribution in, 807 control and prevention antibiotic and chemotherapeutic approaches, 810 immunization, 810 diagnoses of, 809–810 epidemic behavior and contagiousness, 806 features of, 803 geographic distribution of, 804, 806–807 laboratory diagnosis isolation and identification, 805 serological and diagnostic methods, 805–806 mechanisms and routes of transmission, 808 mortality and morbidity data, 805 occupation and occurrence in, 808 pathogenesis and immunity, 808 patterns of host response, 808 endemic syphilis and, 809 pinta, 809 yaws, 809 prevalence and incidence, 806 race and ethnicity, 807 socioeconomic factors, 808 surveys for, 805 temporal distribution, 807 Endotoxemia, 603–604 Endotoxin-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome, 604 Endotracheal intubation, 564 Enteritis necroticans, 133, 136 Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) sequence PCR, 77 typing, 340–341 Enterococcus faecium, 91 Environment and infectious diseases, 38 air pollution, 39 contamination of water, 39 and control animals and insect vectors, 40 milk and food, 39–40 sewage and garbage, 39 host factors hygiene, 41 immunization, 41–46 quarantine and isolation, 41 Enzyme immunoassay (EIA), 128, 224, 274 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 128, 161, 179, 285, 302, 371, 397, 587 Epidemics outbreak of Cryptosporidium waterborne infection, infectious disease, 7–8 investigation of, 8–9 Epi Info software program, 63 Erythema migrans (EM), see Lyme disease Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), 428 Erythritol, 183 See also Brucellosis Erythromycin, 94, 201, 618 See also Macrolides Escherichia coli diarrhea, 299 and age related factor, 305 biological characteristics, of organism, 302–303 control and prevention, 310–311 antibiotic and chemotherapeutic approaches, 310–311 immunization, 311 E coli O157:H7, 121 disease, 36 E coli serotypes, 300 enteroaggregative E coli (EAEC), 308 enteroinvasive E coli (EIEC), 299 enteropathogenic E coli (EPEC), 299 enterotoxigenic E coli (ETEC), 309 epidemics of, 304 geographic distribution, 304–305 historical background, 299–300 host response, 308 clinical features, 308–309 diagnosis, 309–310 E coli infections, features of, 310 laboratory diagnosis, 301–302 mortality data, 300–301 occurrence, 306 pathogenesis and immunity, 307–308 Escherichia coli diarrhea (cont.) prevalence and incidence, 303–304 strains (classification) of, 299 surveys of, 301 transmission of, 306–307 Estrada-Garcia, M T., 299–311 Ethylhydrocupreine therapy, 616 E1 Tor hemolysin, 140–141 European study group on epidemiological markers, 70 European working group for Legionella infections (EWGLI), 397 Evans, A S., 1–46 Extended-spectrum ␤-lactamases (ESBLs), 96 Extraintestinal infections ExPEC, 82 See also Pathovars and nonpathovars Facial cellulitis, 354 Federal Register, 178 Federal/State Cooperative Bovine Brucellosis Eradication Program, 177 Feldman, C., 613–634 Fields, B S., 395–408 Filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), 579, 580, 585 Fimbriae, 579, 580 Fite–Faraco method, 418 Fleas, arthropod vectors of plague, 599–600 Fluorescent-treponemal-antibody absorption (FTA-Abs) test, 36–37 Fluoroquinolone antimicrobials, 95–96, 617 Foodborne disease, 121 antibiotics and chemotherapeutics, 149 bacterial disease, 121–122 control and prevention in animal reservoirs, 147–148 food-handling practices, improvement of, 148–149 during food production, 148 food safety regulation, 147 in plant, 148 etiologic patterns of, 126–127 foodborne disease active surveillance network (FoodNet), 680 and health problems, 149 historical background, 122–123 and immunizations, 149 numbers of outbreaks in United States, 125 outbreak surveillance system, 123 limitations of, 123–124 sporadic diarrheal illness, surveillance of, 125–126 Formalin-inactivated plague vaccine USP, 604 Fowler, V G Jr., 725–735 Fraction antigen (F1) expression, 599 Francisella tularensis, 897 biological characteristics bacteriology, 898 ecology, 898–899 Frankel, R I., 415–434 Frei test, 225, 240 Index Friedlander’s bacillus, see Klebsiella pneumoniae Furuno, J., 121–149 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), 382 Genital ulcerative diseases (GUD), see Chancroid Genome-based genotyping method, 73 Genotype, 70 genotyping method DNA repetitive elements, 77 epidemiologic problems, 79–85 extrachromosomal DNA, 72–73 genome-based, 73 insertion sequence (IS)-based PCR, 77–78 microarray comparisons, 75 multilocus sequence typing (MLST), 78–79 PCR-based, 75–77 pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), 74 restriction endonuclease analysis (REA), 73 sequence polymorphism in whole genome, 77 Southern blot hybridization analysis, 73–74 whole-genome sequence comparison, 74–75 Geographic information systems (GIS), and gonorrhea, 317 Gerding, D N., 273–280 Gilsdorf, J R., 337–358 Gonococcal infections, 315 age and racial factors, 321 antimicrobial resistance, 322–323 fluoroquinolones, 322–323 penicillin, 322 tetracycline, 322 clinical features anorectal gonorrhea, 326 DIG, 326–327 endocervicitis, 325 gonococcal ophthalmia, 327 pediatric gonorrhea, 327 pharyngeal infection, 326 upper genital tract infection and PID, 325–326 urethritis in men, 325 control and prevention, 327 condoms, use of, 330 control programs and clinical services, 327–328 diagnostic screening, 328 efficient transmitters, identification on, 328 epidemiological process, 328 health education, 329 macro-level epidemiological approaches, 330 partner management, 329–330 treatment, epidemiological, 328–329 vaccination, 330 diagnosis, 327 epidemics of, 320 Gonococcal infections (cont.) geographic distribution, 320–321 history of, 315–316 and HIV, 322 homosexuality and, 321–322 immunity, 324 lipooligosaccharide (LOS) antibodies, 325 protein antibodies, 325 laboratory diagnosis of immunologic and molecular methods, 318 isolation of organism, 317–318 mortality and morbidity data, 316 Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 315 biological characteristics of, 318–319 lipooligosaccharides (LOS) in, 319 LOS oligosaccharide glycoform series, 319 outer membrane proteins (OMP), 319 occupational and socioeconomic factors, 321 pathogenesis, 323 disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI), 324 for female endocervix, 323–324 for male urethra, 323 prevalence and incidence, 319–320 screening and surveys, 316–317 transmission, mode of, 323 Gray, B M., 743–776 Green, H., 121–149 Ground squirrels, 600 Growth, oral rehydration therapy, breast feeding, and immunization (GOBI), 42 Guillain–Barr´e syndrome, 169, 201 Guinea pig, 599 HACCP (hazard analysis and critical control points) system, 147 Haemophilus ducreyi, see Chancroid Haemophilus influenzae, 337 antibiotic prophylaxis, and Hib infection, 358 antibiotic resistance, 345 and Brazilian purpuric fever, 355 colonization biofilms formation, 350 H influenzae type b (Hib), 349–350 non-typeable H influenzae (NTHi), 350 conjunctival infections and, 355 diseases by encapsulated H influenzae, 354 by NTHi, 354–355 epidemiology of infection by non-typeable H influenzae, 349 by type b H influenzae (Hib), 346–348 by types a, c-f H influenzae, 348–349 genetic variability, 344 allelic variation, 345 DNA point mutations, 344 genetic loci, loss or gain of, 344 genome sequence, 344 horizontal gene transfer, 344–345 hypermutability, 345 phase variation, 345 Haemophilus influenzae (cont.) genital infections and, 355–356 growth requirements, 344 Hib vaccines, 42, 44, 356 clinical trials of, 356 current vaccines, use of, 357 failure, causes of, 357 impact of, 357 serologic correlates, of immunity, 356–357 historical background, 337 immunity, against non-capsular antigens, 353–354 immunity, against type b capsule, 352 and age factor, 352 capsular antibodies activities, 353 mucosal immunity, 353 T cells, role of, 352 invasive infections, surveillance of, 338 laboratory diagnosis, of infection antigen detection, 343 culture, 343 identification, 343 polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 343 serology, 343 meningitis, 617 molecular-based typing methods, 339–340 PCR-based methods, 340–341 RFLP-based methods, 340 sequence-based genome typing methods, 341–343 natural competency, 344 nontypeable, 72 NTHi, vaccines for, 358 phenotype-based typing methods, 338 biotyping, 338 capsule and capsular typing, 338 multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE), 338–339 outer membrane typing, 338 risk factors, for Hib infections, 348 transmission of, 349 virulence factors attachment factors, 350–351 IgA protease, 351–352 iron and heme uptake, 351 lipooligosaccharide (LOS), 351 polysaccharide capsule, 350 protein D, 352 Sap proteins, 352 Halperin, S A., 577–590 Hansen’s disease (HD), see Leprosy Hantavirus infections, 36 Healthcare acquired infections, see Nosocomial infections Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC), 545 Health-care-related pathogens, 99 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) law, 57 Health maintenance organizations (HMOs), 57 963 964 Index Helicobacter pylori, 369 age and birth cohort effect, 375 biological characteristics of, 372–373 control and prevention, 382 antimicrobial therapy, 382 immunization, 383 endoscopic methods, of diagnosis histology, 371 rapid urease test, 371 historical background, 369–370 and host response, 379 acute symptomatic gastritis, 380 diagnosis, 381 esophageal diseases, 382 gastric adenocarcinoma, 380 gastric lymphoma, 380 non-ulcer dyspepsia, 380 peptic ulcer disease, 381 isolation and identification, 370 issues, unresolved, 383 mortality and morbidity data, 370 nonendoscopic diagnostic tests, 371 breath test, 371 serologic tests, 371 stool enzymatic immunoassay, 371 pathogenesis and immunity, 378–380 prevalence and incidence, 373–374 racial–ethnic factors, and infection, 375–376 socioeconomic status and, 375 transmission from common environmental source, 378 iatrogenic transmission, 377 person-to-person transmission, 376–377 Hemagglutination (MHA-TP) tests, 37 Hemoglobin receptor A (HgbA), 215, 216 Hemolysin BL toxin (HBL), 130 Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), 122 Henle–Koch postulates, 38 HEp-2 adherence test, 302 Hepatitis, 653 hepatitis A and B vaccine, 42 hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG), 43 Herbert’s pits, 233, 235 Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 423, 428 High molecular weight adhesins (HMW), 351 Horneman, A., 121–149 Hospital infections genotyping bacterial organisms in, 83 methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA), 83 non-commensal and non-saprophytic pathogens, 82–83 vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) infections, survey, 83 hospital/nosocomial infections, 33–34 Host response, 26 biological gradient, 27–28 clinical syndromes acute otitis media, 31 Host response (cont.) acute respiratory infections, 29–30 acute urinary tract infections (UTI), 32 CNS infection, 28–29 hospital/nosocomial infections, 33–34 intestinal infections and intoxications, 31–32 sexually transmitted diseases (STD), 32–33 and infection, Hu, L T., 479–489 Human immune deficiency virus (HIV) and chancroid, 213, 215–216 gonorrhea and, 322 and leprosy, 423 Hybridization typing method, 74 Hydrophobic grid membrane filter-colony hybridization (HGMF-CH), 134 Immune responses, 2, 22 antigen-specific immunity/adaptive immunity, 23 cell-mediated immunity (CMI), 24 cellular interaction in, 25–26 generation of diversity in antigen recognition, 26 humoral immunity, 23–24 immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), 428 Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP) of CDC, recommendations from, 629 immuno chromatographic (ICT) membrane assay, 399 and immunodeficiency, immunoglobulin heavy chain gene cluster, 25–26 innate immunity, 23 nonspecific immunity, 23 Inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (IPV), 42 Incidence rate, Incubation period, of bacterial diseases, 22 Inducible nitrogen oxide synthase (iNOS), 426 Infection, of communicable period, diseases genetic determinants of, 83–85 identifying and quantitating risk in sporadic occurrence of, 79–80 epidemiology of and case-control studies, 5–6 cohort study, 4–5 data stratification, 80 features of, foodborne, 10–11 matrix for calculating relative risk ratios, 4–5 serological, hyperendemic and holoendemic, infection control professional (ICP), 561 Infection (cont.) Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), 488 isolation, organisms biological spectrum of response at cellular level, 27 causation, 38 characteristics of, 11–14 control and prevention, 38–46 diagnosis of, 34–38 environment effects on, 14–15 host response, patterns of, 26–34 immune response, 22–26 incubation period, 21–22 localized/superficial infections, 20–21 routes of transmission, 17–20 susceptibility of host and, 15–17 Insertion sequence (IS)-based PCR, 77 Institute of Medicine (IOM) of National Academy of Sciences report, 62 Intergenic dyad sequence (IDS), 341 International Agency for Research on Cancer, 370 International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, 254 International Health Regulations (IHR), 252–253 for plague, 598 International Leptospirosis Society, 444 International Trachoma Initiative, and control program, 243–244 IS6110-PCR-based typing method, 78 Ivemark’s syndrome, 626 Ixodes ticks, 479, 480, 485, 487–489 Jiang, Z D., 299–311 John, E., 91–101 Johnson, S., 273–279 Kaiser-Permanente Health Center, health records, 615 Kanafani, Z A., 725–735 Kanagawa phenomenon, 141 Kauffmann–White schema, 678, 681 Kaufmann, A F., 105–117 Keusch, G T., 699–719 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 82–83 Klugman, K P., 613–634 Kretsinger, K., 813–829 ␤-Lactam agents, 94, 617 Latex agglutination test, 275 Lautenbach, E., 543–567 Lecithin-dependent hemolysin (LDH), 141 Legionella pneumophila, 559 Legionellosis, 395 age and sex factor, 401–402 AIDS patients and, 403 alcohol consumption and, 403 causative organism, 395 Index Legionellosis (cont.) biological characteristics of, 399–400 and challenging issues, 407–408 cigarette smoking and, 403 clinical features, 405 control and prevention, 405–407 erythromycin chemoprophylaxis, 407 immunization, 407 epidemics of, 400–401 forms of, 396 geographic distribution, 401 as health care-associated disease, 402 historical background, 395–396 incidence and prevalence, 400 laboratory diagnosis isolation and identification, 397–398 nucleic acid detection, 399 serological tests, 398 urine antigen testing, 399–400 mortality and morbidity data, 396–397 and occupational exposure, 402 pathogenesis and immunity, 404–405 seasonal distribution, 401 serological surveys, 397 transmission of, 403–404 as travelers disease, 403 Legionnaires’ disease, Leprosy, 415–416 age-related factors, 422 control and prevention, 429 antimicrobial chemotherapy, 429–431 chemoprophylaxis, 431–432 follow-up of contacts, 431 immunization, 432 epidemics of, 421–422 and family factor, 423 future challenges and actions, 432–434 gender factor and, 422 genetic influence and, 424 geographic distribution, 422 history of, 416 host response, 426–429 classification of, 427 immunopathologic spectrum of, 427 type1 and reactions, 428–429 indeterminate lesion, 415, 427 laboratory diagnosis, 418 isolation and identification, of organism, 418 serological and immunological tests, 418–419 lepromin skin test, 417 leprosy elimination campaigns (LECs), 420 morbidity and mortality data, 416–417 Mycobacterium leprae, 415 biological characteristics of, 419–420 pathogenesis and immunity, 425–426 population surveys, 417–418 prevalence and incidence, 420–421 socioeconomic factors and, 423–424 transmission of, 424–425 Leprosy (cont.) WHO classification of, 415 Leptospirosis, 439 age and sex factor, 446 causative organism, 439 biological characteristics of, 445 species and serovars, of genus Leptospira, 442 clinical diagnosis, 453 clinical features, 451–452 congenital leptospirosis, 452 laboratory findings, 452 prognosis, 452 treatment, 452–453 control and prevention, 454 animals, control measures in, 454–455 antimicrobial prophylaxis, 455 education and laboratory services, 454 immunization, 455 occupational hygiene, 455 treatment of carrier state, 455 data on, 440 differential diagnosis, 454 epidemics of, 445–446 geographical distribution, 446 historical background, 439–440 host responses, 451 immunity antibodies, 450 antigens, 450 specific and nonspecific immunity, 450 vaccine, 450–451 incubation period of, 448 infection, course of events in autoimmunity and hypersensitivity, role of, 449–450 carrier state, 449 entry, 448 lesions, 449 recovery, 449 spread, 448–449 transplacental spread, 449 issues, for consideration, 455–456 laboratory diagnosis, 453 culture, 453 leptospires, direct detection of, 453 serological diagnosis, 453 Leptospira, agent of, 69 leptospires, isolation and identification of, 441–442 classification and nomenclature, 441 culture, 441–442 dark-field microscopy, 443 molecular methods, 443 serological typing, 443 specimens for culture, 442–443 occupational factor and, 447 occurrence of, 447 prevalence and incidence, 445–446 serological tests, for diagnosis, 443–444 enzyme immunoassay (ELISA), 445 Leptospirosis (cont.) microscopic agglutination test (MAT), 444 socioeconomic factor, 447 surveys on, 440–441 temporal distribution, 446 transmission of, 447–448 virulence factors, 448 Leukocyte esterase dipsticks, 318 Levett, P N., 439–456 Levine, M M., 913–932 Ligase chain reaction (LCR), 224 Lincosamides drug, 95, 534 Lior system, 192 Listeria monocytogenes infections, see Listeriosis Listeriosis, 461–462 and age factor, 468 CDC initiative and, 463–464 control and prevention, 470 antibiotic and chemotherapeutic approaches, 470–471 immunization, 470 epidemics of, 467 geographic distribution, 467 historical background, 462–463 host response, 469–470 diagnosis, 470 differential diagnosis, 470 nonperinatal listeriosis, 469 perinatal listeriosis, 469–470 laboratory diagnosis isolation and identification of organism, 464–465 serological and immunological method, 465 Listeria monocytogenes, 461 biological characteristics of, 465 infection of, 462 mortality and morbidity data, 463–464 pathogenesis and immunity, 466 prevalence and incidence, 468–469 risk factors, 468 surveys on, 464 temporal distribution, 467–468 transmission of, 468 Louria, D B., 461–472 Lucio phenomenon, 429 Lyme arthritis, 484–485 Lyme disease, 479 Borrelia burgdorferi, as causative agent, 479 biological characteristics, 479–480 life cycle, 480 clinical manifestations, 483 cardiac, 484 cutaneous, 483–484 musculoskeletal, 484–485 neurologic, 484 and co-infection, 487 diagnosis, 485–486 epidemiology of, 480–482 host–pathogen interactions, 482–483 965 966 Index Lyme disease (cont.) immunosuppression and, 486–487 and pregnancy, 486 prevention of, 487–488 treatment of, 488–489 LYMErix, 487 Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP), 239 Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), see Chlamydial infections Lynch, M F., 677–694 MacCallan classification, 236 Macrolides, 94–95 Madkan, V., 803 Major histo-compatibility (MHC) antigen, 24–25 Malignant edema, 105 Marrie, T J., 643–654 Maslanka, S E., 159–172 McGowan, J E Jr., 91–101 Mead, P S., 897–907 Measles measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccine, 42 outbreak of, 42 Medical Microbiology, 11 Mediterranean spotted fever, 671 See also Rocky Mountain spotted fever MedWatch voluntary system, 166 Mendoza, N., 803–810 Meningococcal infections, 44, 495–496 and age-related factors, 502–503 climatic conditions and, 505 control and prevention, 509 antibiotic and chemotherapeutic approach, 509–510 immunization, 510–511 epidemics of, 500–501 familial and genetic factors, 505 geographic distribution, 501–502 history of, 495–496 host response clinical features, 496, 507–509 diagnosis, 509 laboratory diagnosis isolation and identification of organism, 498 serological and immunologic methods, 498 meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4), 496 morbidity and mortality data, 497 Neisseria meningitidis and, 495, 496 antibiotic susceptibility, 499–500 biological characteristics, 498–499 serotypes and serogroups, 499 occupational hazard, 503–504 occurrences, 504–505 pathogenesis and immunity, 506–507 prevalence and incidence, 500 sex and racial factor, 503 socioeconomic factors and, 505 surveys on, 497–498 Meningococcal infections (cont.) temporal distribution, 502 transmission of secondary attack rates, 505–506 vaccines available, 511 recommendation for, 512 Menon, M P., 249–268 Merck vaccine, 43 Methicillin drug, 91 Methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA), 79, 129 Methods in Observational Epidemiology, Micrococcus melitensis, 177 Microimmuno fluorescence (MIF) test, 225, 242 Microorganisms, development of resistance genetic exchange, 96 mutations, 96 plasmid transfer among, 98 selective pressure in health-care, 96 Microsatellites, 70 Microscopic agglutination test (MAT), 444 Milstone, A., 661–673 Mintz, E D., 249–268 MLS-resistance phenotype, 95 Molecular epidemiology, 69–70 Molecular Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Principles and Practice, 70 Molecular typing working group of society for healthcare epidemiology of America, 70 Monochloramine, 406 Moore, M R., 395–408 Morbidity and mortality rate, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 51, 615 Morris, J G Jr., 121–149 Mouse footpad, 418, 419 Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, 381 Multibacillary (MB) leprosy, see Leprosy Multidrug-resistant pneumococcal disease, 36 Multidrug-resistant TB (MDRTB), 80 M tuberculosis isolates, 81 Multidrug therapy (MDT), 420, 430 Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE), 338–339 Multilocus sequence typing (MLST), 339, 341 clone and sequence type (ST), 79 methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) strain, 79 Multiple-locus variant repeat analysis (MLVA), 339, 341, 443 Multiplex PCR (M-PCR), 214, 216 Multiply-resistant pneumococci outbreak in South Africa, 618 Murine toxin (Ymt), 599 Mycobacterium leprae, see Leprosy Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 849 agent of tuberculosis, 69 biological characteristics of, 854 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 519 and age-related factors, 527 Mycoplasma pneumoniae (cont.) clinical diagnosis, 520–521 control and prevention treatment, 530 vaccine, 530–531 epidemics of, 526 historical background, 519–520 host response clinical features, 529 diagnosis, 529–530 immunity, 529 incubation period, 527–528 laboratory diagnosis, 521 antigen detection, 522 cold agglutinins, 521 culture, 521–522 nucleic acid detection, 522–523 serology, 522 pathogenesis, 528–529 syndromes, 523–524 arthropathies, 525 asthma, 523–524 cardiac complications, 525 dermatologic, 525–526 extrapulmonary syndromes, 526 hematologic, 526 neurologic, 524–525 pneumonia, 523 renal, 525 transmission, 527 in vitro susceptibility testing, 523 Mycoplasmas, 519 genitourinary tract infection, 531 laboratory detection, 533–534 M genitalium, 531 M hominis, 531 pathogenesis and immunity, 532–533 transmission, 533 treatment, 534 Ureaplasma spp., 531–532 See also Mycoplasma pneumoniae Myobloc, 166 Nagler reaction, 134 National antimicrobial resistance monitoring system for enteric bacteria (NARMS), 680 National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS), see Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) National Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project, 317 National Hansen’s Disease Program (NHDP), 416 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 284 National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN), 545 National Institutes of Health (NIH) conference, 62 Index National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDDS), 106, 122, 338, 346, 347 National office of vital statistics (NOVS), 51 Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP1), 424 Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 100, 237 Neisseria meningitidis meningitis, 617 See also Pneumococcus Nested case–control study, Neufeld quellung method, 615 New Jersey, salmonellosis outbreaks in, 80 Non-agglutinable Vibrio cholerae heat-stable enterotoxin (NAG-ST), 140 Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), 222, 237 in men, 33 Non-hemolysin enterotoxin (Nhe), 130 Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection, 879 age and sex distribution, 884 control and prevention, 888–889 chemotherapy of, 889–891 immunization, 891 prophylactic therapy for, 891 diagnosis, 888 epidemic behavior and contagiousness, 883 geographic distribution, 883 laboratory diagnosis drug susceptibility testing, 880–881 isolation and identification, 880 serological and immunologic tests, 881 mechanisms and routes of transmission in environment, 884–885 nontuberculous mycobacteria, biological characteristics of, 881–882 pathogenesis and immunity, 885 patterns of host response clinical features, 886–887 prevalence and incidence, 882–883 studies of, 880 temporal distribution, 883–884 Norwalk viruses, waterborne viruses, 39 Nosocomial infections, 3, 543 age factor and, 555–556 antibiotic treatment and, 557 biological characteristics, of causative bacteria, 550 antimicrobial resistance, 551 infecting normal flora, 551 control and prevention, 561 antimicrobial prophylaxis, 565–566 cellular and transplantation methods, 566 epidemic investigation and control, 563 equipment control, 562 hand washing, routine, 562 immunization, 566 intravascular infections, prevention of, 565 perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis, guidelines for, 564 personnel programs, 562 preventive engineering, 561–562 Nosocomial infections (cont.) respiratory infections, prevention of, 564–565 standard precautions and isolation control, 562–563 surgical site infections, control of, 563–564 urinary catheter use, 563 criteria for determination of, 544 device-and procedure-related infections, 558 drugs and, 557–558 epidemics of, 555 geographic distribution, 555 historical background, 543–544 host defenses and, 557 host response, patterns of bacteremia, 561 nosocomial pneumonia, 560–561 surgical site infection, 561 urinary tract infection, 560 incidence studies, 552 issues, for consideration coordinated programs, 566 developing countries, need and efficacy in, 566 efficacy and cost–benefit evaluation, 566 nonacute care, efficacy in, 567 public reporting, of hospital infections, 567 laboratory diagnosis chromosomal restriction enzyme analysis (REA), 546 DNA–DNA hybridization, 546 identification of bacteria, 544–545 initial screening, 545 molecular typing, 545 plasmid restriction enzyme analysis (REA), 550 polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 550 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, 550 quality control, 549 in vitro susceptibility testing, 549 morbidity data, 545 mortality data, 544–545, 551 occurrence of, 556 pathogenesis and immunity, 559–560 prevalence studies, 551 site-pathogen analysis, 552–553 bloodstream infections, 553 cutaneous infections, 554–555 respiratory infections (pneumonia), 554 surgical site infections, 553–554 urinary tract infections, 553 surveillance microbiological surveys, 546–547 prevalence surveys, 547 studies and methods, 547–548 temporal distribution, 555 transmission, 559 animate and inanimate reservoirs, 558 Nosopsyllus fasciatus, 599 noxR1 gene and tuberculosis pathogenesis research, 84 Nramp-1 gene, 183 Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), 75, 224, 225, 228, 236, 318 Occupational anthrax, 105 Optochin therapy, 616 Oral polio vaccine (OPV), 42 Oral rehydration solution (ORS), 263 Oropsylla montana, 599 Osler’s triad, 614 Oxazolidinones antimicrobials, 96 Pan-American Health Organization, on cholera, 253 Pandemic plague, 597 See also Plague Paraglobosyl LOS vaccine, 330–331 Partner-delivered therapy, 329 Patel, R., 395–408 Pathogenesis localized/superficial infections, 20 and pathogenicity, pathotype, 70 systemic infections, 21 Pathovars and nonpathovars E coli strains, 82 Paucibacillary (PB) leprosy, see Leprosy Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), see Gonococcal infections Penicillin drug, 91 penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), 94 penicillin-resistant pneumococci, 618–619 resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, 92 resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, 94 Penner system, 192 Pennsylvania, salmonellosis outbreaks in, 80 Peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein (PAL), 215 Perihepatitis (Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome), 229, 237 Perry, S., 369–384 Pertactin, 579, 580 Pertussis, 579–580 age factor and, 583, 584 biological characteristics of, 579–580 Bordetella pertussis, as causative agent, 577 control and prevention, 587 active immunization, 588–590 antibiotics, 588 isolation, 587–588 passive immunization, 588 epidemics and contagiousness of, 582–583 further research, need of, 590 geographic distribution, 583 historical background, 577 host response clinical features, 586–587 diagnosis, 587 immunity, 585–586 laboratory diagnosis, 578–579 mortality and morbidity data, 577–578 967 968 Index Pertussis (cont.) pathogenesis of, 585 prevalence and incidence, 580–582 socioeconomic factor, 585 surveys on, 578 temporal distribution, 583 transmission of, 585 Petersen, J M., 897–907 PFGE subtypes, 83 PFGE type USA300, see Methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) Phenolic glycolipid-I (PGL-I), 417 Phenotype, 70 phenotyping methods biochemical characteristics of, 71 differentiation by growth and morphologic characteristics, 71 functional/physiologic characteristics, 72 serologic characteristics, 71–72 Phylogeny, 70 Picaridin, 487 Pig-bel, 136, 149 Plague, 597 contagiousness, 601 control and prevention, 606–607 antibiotic prophylaxis, 607 immunization, 607–608 demographic factors, 601–602 environmental factors, 601 epidemic of, 598 and immunity, 604 mechanisms and routes of transmission, 603 morbidity and mortality data, 598 occupational and recreational activities, 602 occurrence of, 600–601 pathogenesis, 603–604 incubation period, 604 patterns of host response clinical forms of, 604–605 differential diagnosis, 605 laboratory diagnosis, 605–606 public health management and as weapon of terrorism, 608 socioeconomic factors, 603 surveillance data, 598 WHO regulations, 598 Yersinia spp biotypes of, 599 as etiologic agent, 598–599 flea species and, 599–600 rodent reservoirs, 600 virulence factors, 599 Plasmid-based typing, 72 Plesiomonas biological characteristics of, 145–146 clinical manifestations, 146–147 as enteropathogen, 146 history of, 145 laboratory diagnosis, 146 pathogenesis and immunity, 146–147 transmission routes and mechanisms, 146 Pneumococcus infection, 44–45, 613–614 Advisory Committee on immunization practices for prevention of, 629 age and gender, 621 and alcoholism, 623 in animals, 623 antibiotic treatment, 628 antigenic serotypes and, 620 bacteremic infections in children and adults, Danish serotype, 619 beta-lactam therapy, 628 biological characteristics of, 616–617 in carriers, 620–621 CDC-sponsored study, 618 cigarette smoking, 622 and contagiousness, 620–621 control and prevention pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, 632–634 pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, 628–632 crude whole-cell pneumococcal vaccine, 628 epidemiological data, 615 within families, 623 geographic distribution, 621 Gram’s method, 614 and HIV infection, 622 host defenses, 626 immunity, 624–627 incidence studies, 616 isolation and identification, 615 Kaiser-Permanente Health Plan in San Francisco, 629 laboratory in, 623 meningitis, 617 nutritional deficiencies in, 623 occupation and, 622 occurrence of penicillin-resistant, 618–619 pathogenesis, 624 patterns of host response, 627 pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, 627 prevalence and incidence, 617–618 race and ethnicity, 622 route of transmission, 624 serological tests for, 616 serotype S pneumoniae, 613 surveys of, 615 types and distribution, 619 vaccine, 42 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, 632 CRM197 -based conjugates, 633 recommendations by ACIP, 630–631 viral infections and, 624 virulence factors, 625–627 Pneumolysin, thiol-activated pore-forming toxin, 625 Pneumonia, 30 Pneumonic plague, 597 See also Plague Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based genotyping methods, 75 on DNA repetitive elements, 77 on sequence polymorphism in whole genome, 77 based strain typing methods in epidemiologic studies, 76 multilocus sequence typing (MLST), 77 cycles of process, 75–76 insertion sequence (IS)-based, 77–78 multilocus sequence typing (MLST), 78–79 technique, 178–179, 224, 275, 285, 417, 579 Polymorphic GC-rich tandem repeat sequence (PGRS), 78 Polynesian rat, 600 Polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP), 356 Polysaccharides, pneumococcal-specific capsule, 625 Pontiac fever, see Legionellosis Pope, D S., 849–870 Postsplenectomy infection with S pneumoniae, 626 Prairie dogs, 600 Prevalence rate, Prevention Medicine Units (PMU), 316 Prophylaxis drug, 607 See also Plague Proteus antigens in serological diagnosis, 36 Pseudomembranous colitis (PMC), 273 Psittacosis, see Chlamydial infections PspA and PspC surface protein, 625 Pst plasmid, plasminogen activator (Pla) and bacteriocin (pesticin), 599 Public health surveillance, 51 absenteeism surveillance, 60 active reporting, 59 arbovirus diseases, 61–62 case reporting of, 56–57 CDC definition of, 52 data analysis of surveillance, 52–53 sources of, 53–56 gastrointestinal illness, 60–61 Guillain–Barr´e syndrome, 61 health-care practitioner, 58 high-risk populations, 62 hospital infections, 61 surveillance, 59 infant botulism, 61 influenza, 60 laboratory surveillance, 59 Legionnaires’ disease, 61 limitations of, 66 motivation of persons, 57–58 public health office, 58 Reye’s syndrome, 61 sentinel physician reporting, 59 serosurveillance, 62 syndromic surveillance, 60 Index Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), 161, 165, 340, 443 PulseNet surveillance, 74 Q Fever, 643 acute and chronic Q fever, 653 in animals, 650 chemotherapy and prophylaxis, 654 at community level Australia, 645–646, 648 Bonavista, 649 British residents, 649 Canada, 649 Cyprus, 650 English local authority districts, 650 France, 649 Germany, 649 New Zealand, 648 Northern Italy, 649 in Nova Scotia, 648–649 outbreak in Texas and Chicago, 645 Southern France, 649 South Wales, 650 Uruguay, 650 control and prevention, 653 Coxiella burnetii, 643 data sources, 644 France, 646–647 immunization, 654 laboratory diagnosis, 644 military and bioterrorism, 648 patterns of host response, 653 Q fever fatigue syndrome (QFFS), 645–646 reactive thrombocytosis, 649 routes of transmission contaminated aerosols, inhalation of, 651 oral route, 652 percutaneous route, 652 person-to-person transmission, 652 sexual transmission, 652 vertical transmission, 652 surveys, 644 Quarantine, Ragpicker’s disease, 105 Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), 165, 340 Rapid urease test, 371 Rattus exulans, see Polynesian rat Rattus rattus, see Black rat Reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) and M tuberculosis strains, 84 Real-time PCR, 161 Reingold, A L., 833–845 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 29 Restriction fragment-length polymorphisms (RFLP), 338–340, 443 Revaccination, 629 Review of Medical Microbiology, 11 Ribotyping, 74, 285, 340 See also Hybridization typing method Rice rats, 600 Rickettsia rickettsii, 661 antigen, 663 biological characteristics of, 664–665 cardiovascular and respiratory signs, 669 headache and rash, 669 hyperpyrexia, 669 isolation and identification IFA and MIF test, 664 nucleic acids in clinical samples, 663 in tissues, 663 Weil–Felix reaction, 664 190-kDa outer-membrane protein (OmpA) and 120-kDa outermembrane protein (OmpB), 664–665 See also Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rifampin, 429, 496, 510 Rifaximin, 311 Riley, L W., 69–85 Rock squirrel, 603 Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 661 age, sex, and occupational factors, 666–667 clinical course and complications, 670 control and prevention chemotherapy and prophylaxis, 672 immunization, 672 vector control, 671 diagnosis, 670–671 epidemic behavior and contagiousness, 665–666 geographic distribution, 666 immunity, 667 laboratory tests, 663–664 mechanisms and routes of transmission, 667 morbidity data, 662–663 mortality data, 662 pathogenesis, 667–669 patterns of host response cardiovascular and respiratory signs, 669 clinical features, 669 gastrointestinal and neurological signs, 670 headache and rash, 669 hepatic and renal signs, 670 prevalence and incidence, 665 in USA, 666 temporal distribution, 666 Rompalo, A., 783–800 ROM regimen, for leprosy, 430–431 Saccharomyces boulardii, 279 Salmonella spp., 677 biological characteristics of antimicrobial resistance, 681–683 Salmonella Agona infections, 74 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, 913 biological characteristics of, 918–919 Salmonella serotype, 71–72 Salmonella serotype Typhimurium for childhood diarrhea and meningitis, 81 Salmonella surveillance program, 52 Salmonellosis, nontyphoidal, 677 age-and sex-specific isolation rates for, 686 clinical manifestations of, 691 control and prevention, 692–693 data on race and ethnicity, 686–687 diagnosis of, 691 endemic cases, 81 epidemic behavior and contagiousness, 684 geographic distribution, 685 laboratory diagnosis isolation and identification, 680 serological diagnostic methods, 680 mechanisms and routes of transmission, 688–689 morbidity data, 678–679 mortality data, 678 occupations for, 687 occurrence in, 687–688 pathogenesis and immunity, 689–690 patterns of host response, 690 prevalence and incidence, 683–684 Salmonella infections and AIDS, 688 in compromised host, 688 surveys and investigations, 679–680 temporal distribution, 686 Schachter, J., 221–245 Schmitz, A M., 939–953 Schwann cells, 426 Scollard, D M., 415–434 Scrub typhus, 671 Secondary attack rate of infection, Self-limited febrile illness, 653 Septicemic plague, 597 See also Plague Septic shock syndrome, 603–604 Seroepidemiology, Serotype, 70 Serum agglutination titer (SAT), 179 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 75 SARS-associated coronavirus, 83 Sexually acquired reactive arthritis (SARA), 237, 239 Sexually transmitted diseases (STD), 32 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), 121, 299 Shigella spp., 699 acid resistance, 703 antimicrobial resistance, 705 biological characteristics of, 702 cell death, 702 cell invasion in, 702–703 intra-and intercellular spread, 703 invasiveness and intercellular spread, 702 vesicle lysis and intracellular multiplication, 703 epidemic behavior, 707 geographic distribution, 707–708 seasonal transmission, 708 Shigella surveillance programs, 54 toxin, 704 969 970 Index Shigellosis, 699 age, 708–709 antibiotic and chemotherapeutic treatment, 716–717 antimicrobial drug resistance, 718 clinical complications, 719 clinical features, 714–715 control and prevention, 716 diagnosis of, 715–716 gender and sexual practices, 709 immunization, 713, 717–718 laboratory diagnosis, 701–702 mechanisms and routes of transmission, 710–711 mortality and morbidity data, 700–701 occupations, 709 occurrence in, 709–710 pathogenesis, 711–713, 718 patterns of host response, 714 prevalence and incidence, 705–707 race and ethnicity, 709 socioeconomic factors, 710 surveys of, 701 vaccines, 719 Siberian ulcer, 105 Sigmodon spp., see Cotton rats Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), 70 markers, SNP cluster groups (SCGs), 75 Skin biopsy, 418 Skirrow’s medium, 191 Smallpox eradication program, 53–54 Smooth lipopolysaccharide (S-LPS), 179, 184 S Newport infections in Northeastern United States, 683 Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA), 543, 545 Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness (STARI), 480, 485 Special Action Project for the Elimination of Leprosy (SAPEL), 420 Spermophilus spp., see Ground squirrels Spermophilus variegatus, see Rock squirrel Staphylococcal food poisoning, see Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus, 91, 127 antimicrobial-resistant, evolution of, 92 biological characteristics of, 127–128 epidemic behavior, 128 host response, patterns of diagnosis, 129 symptoms, 129 immunity, 129 laboratory detection of, 128 out breaks of, 128 food sources, 129 pathogenesis, 129 prevalence and incidence data, 126, 128 transmission routes and mechanisms of, 129 Staphylococcus disease, 725 age and sex, 728 biological characteristics of, 726–727 Staphylococcus disease (cont.) control and prevention, 734 diagnosis of, 733–734 epidemic behavior and contagiousness, 727–728 geographic distribution, 728 immunity, 729–730 laboratory diagnosis, 726 mechanisms and routes of transmission, 729 morbidity data, 726 mortality data, 725 nasal carriage, 727 occupation, 728 pathogenesis, 729 patterns of host response acute osteomyelitis, 732 acute suppurative parotitis, 732 bacteremia, 732 boils, furuncles, and carbuncles, 730 breast infections, 730 CSF shunt infection, 733 endocarditis, 729 food poisoning, 732 intravenous catheter-related infections, 731–732 meningitis, 733 peritonitis, 733 pneumonia, 731 pyomyositis, 733 septic arthritis, 732 skin infections, 731 toxic shock syndrome, 733 urinary tract infection, 733 wound infections, 731 prevalence and incidence, 727 socioeconomic factors, 728 surveys for, 726 Staphylococcus spp biological characteristics of, 835 Staphylococcus exotoxin (set) genes, 75 Staples, J E., 597–609 Stevens, D L., 743–776 Strain typing methods, 71, 84 Streptococcal infections, 743–776 age, 759–760 control and prevention antibiotics in, 771–772 immunization against, 773–775 intrapartum chemoprophylaxis, 773 passive immune prophylaxis, 773 prevention of dental caries, 775 surgical approaches, 772 epidemiology and contagiousness, 761–762 geographic distribution, 762 immunity, 766–767 laboratory diagnosis isolation and identification, 746, 750–751 serologic and immunologic diagnostic methods, 753–754 mechanisms and routes of transmission, 765–766 Streptococcal infections (cont.) mortality and morbidity data, 746 occupation, 764 pathogenesis, 766–767 patterns of host response clinical presentation, 768–770 and predisposing factors, 764–765 prevalence and incidence, 758–761 race and genetic factors, 764 sex, 764 surveys, 746 temporal distribution, 762–763 Streptococcus mutans, 743 antibiotic susceptibility, 757–758 biological characteristics of cellular antigens and enzymes, 754–756 group B streptococcal cellular antigens and enzymes, 756 pneumococcal cellular antigens and enzymes, 756 Streptococcus pneumoniae, see Pneumococcus infection Streptomycin antibiotics, 430, 603 resistance in M tuberculosis, 92 See also Plague Study of Efficacy of Nosocomial Infection Control (SENIC), 545, 547, 561, 563 Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 164–165 Sulfadiazine, 496, 499 Sulfonamides drug, 95 Surveillance, 3–4 Susceptibility, Swerdlow, D L., 159–172 Syphilis age and gender, 789 contagiousness, 787 control and prevention, 794–799 control programs, 783 funding levels and, 784–785 geographic distribution, 788 laboratory diagnosis, 786 mortality and morbidity data, 785–786 national plan in U S., 785 occupations, 790 occurrence in high-risk environments, 790–791 pathogenesis and immunity, 791 patterns of host response clinical diagnosis of, 793 clinical features, 792–793 prevalence and incidence, 787 race and ethnicity, 790–791 serological surveys, 786 social attitudes, 783–784 socioeconomic factors, 791 temporal distribution, 789 Taiwan acute respiratory (TWAR) chlamydial strain, 30 Talkington, D F., 519–534 Tamias spp., see Chipmunks Index Tauxe, R V., 249–268, 677–694, 939–953 Al-Tawfiq, J A., 213–217 Taxonomy, 70 T-Cell immunity, T-Cell-independent antigen, 631 See also Pneumococcus infection Tenover, F C., 91–101 Tetanus, 42, 45, 813 age, 813–814 control and prevention active immunization, 823–828 antimicrobials, 828 passive immunization, 822–823 diagnosis of, 821–822 laboratory diagnosis, 815 mechanisms and routes of transmission children and adults, 819 neonates, 819 mortality and morbidity data, 814 occurrence in, 818–819 pathogenesis and immunity, 820 patterns of host response, 821 prevalence and incidence, 816–817 race and ethnicity, 818 serological surveys, 814–815 sex factor, 818 socioeconomic factors, 819 temporal distribution, 817 Tetracycline-resistant gonorrhea (TRNG), 322 Tetracyclines oral drugs, 95, 618 Thalidomide, 433 Thermostable direct hemolysin (V p -TDH), 141 Tigecycline, 95 Tissue-culture (TC) isolation methods, 223 Toxic shock syndrome (TSS), 29, 833 age, 837 control and prevention antibiotic and chemotherapeutic approaches, 844 immunization, 844–845 diagnosis of, 843–844 epidemic behavior and contagiousness, 836 geographic distribution United States, 836 laboratory diagnosis isolation and identification, 834 serological and immunologic diagnostic methods, 834–835 mechanisms and routes of transmission, 841 menstrual TSS, 839–840 morbidity and mortality, 834 occupation, 839 occurrence in, 839 pathogenesis and immunity, 841–842 patterns of host response clinical features, 842–843 postoperative TSS, 841 postpartum TSS, 840–841 prevalence and incidence, 835–836 race and ethnicity, 839 sex, 839 Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) (cont.) socioeconomic factors, 839 surveys, 834 temporal distribution, 836–837 Toxin coregulated pilus (TCP), 256 ␤2-Toxin (CPB2), 133 Trachoma, see Chlamydial infections Transmission routes of bacterial infections contact for, 19 gastrointestinal/fecal–oral, 19–20 genital/sexually transmitted, 19 insect vectors, 20 perinatal, 20 respiratory/ airborne, 17–18 transmission-based precautions, urinary spread of, 20 Treponema spp biological characteristics of, 786, 806 mechanisms and routes of transmission, 791 Treponema pallida immobilization test (TPI) test, 37 Trimethoprim drug, 95 Tuberculosis, 45, 849–845 age, 858 control and prevention case-finding and chemotherapy, 866–867 decontamination of air and milk, 865–866 immunization against, 868 preventive therapy, 867–868 epidemic behavior and contagiousness, 855–856 genetic factors and race, 859–860 geographic distribution, 856–857 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 862 laboratory diagnosis isolation and identification, 852–853 serological and immunologic diagnostic methods, 853–854 malnutrition effect, 861 mechanisms and routes of transmission, 863 morbidity and mortality data, 851–852 occupation, 860 pathogenesis and immunity, 863–864 patterns of host response, 864–865 prevalence and incidence, 854–855 sex factor, 858–859 size of tuberculin reaction, 862–863 smoking and, 861 socioeconomic factors, 860 surveys for, 852 temporal distribution, 857–858 Tularemia, 897 age and sex distribution, 901–902 control and prevention, 906 antibiotic and chemotherapeutic approaches, 907 immunization, 907 epidemic behavior, 899–901 geographic distribution, 901 occupation and recreation, 902 occurrence in, 902 Tularemia (cont.) pathogenesis and immunity, 903 patterns of host response, 903 clinical syndromes, 904–905 laboratory diagnosis, 905 prevalence and incidence, 899 prognosis, 906 seasonal distribution, 901 statistics on, 898 surveys for, 898 transmission of, 902–903 vaccine, 41 Type A enterotoxin (␪-toxin), 133 Typhoid fever, 45, 913–914 age distribution, 916–917 control and prevention, 929 antibiotic and chemotherapeutic approaches, 930 immunization, 930–931 epidemic behavior and contagiousness, 922–923 geographic distribution, 923–924 immunity, 927 laboratory diagnosis isolation and identification, 917 rapid immunoassays, 918 serological diagnostic methods, 917–918 mechanisms and routes of transmission, 926–927 mortality and morbidity data, 915 occupations, 925–926 occurrence in, 926 pathogenesis, 927–928 patterns of host response clinical features, 928–929 diagnosis, 929 prevalence and incidence, 919–922 sex and race, 925 socioeconomic factors, 926 surveys, 915–917 temporal distribution, 924 Tyring, S K., 803–810 United States computer reporting in, 57 recommended childhood immunization schedule, 43 sexually transmitted diseases, 33 surveillance for Shigella in, 54 Vibrio cholerae in, 59 Vancomycin-intermediate S aureus (VISA) strains, 98 Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections, 36 vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) infections, survey, 83 VDRL test, 36–37 Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), 550 Vibrio cholerae, see Cholera 971 972 Index Vibrio spp biological characteristics, 137–138 and clinical syndromes, 137 disease, and host factors, 139–140 epidemic behavior, 139 geographic and temporal distribution of, 139 historical background, 137 host response, patterns of nonepidemic V cholerae, 141–142 V parahaemolyticus, 142 immunity, 141 laboratory diagnosis, 138 pathogenesis nonepidemic V cholerae, 140–141 V parahaemolyticus, 141 seafood and, 139, 140 transmission routes and mechanisms, 140 Viral Infections of Humans, V virulence proteins, 599 Waites, K B., 519–534 Wassilak, S G F., 813–829 Water contamination index, 39 Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome, 627 WC/rBS vaccine, for cholera, 266 Weekly Epidemiological Report, 598 West Nile virus infection, 52 Wharton, M., 283–293 White plague, 91 Whooping cough, see Pertussis Woolsorter’s disease, 105 World Health Organization (WHO) and cholera, 252–254 expanded program in immunization, 42 leprosy and, 415, 418, 428, 430 surveillance data, 52 Weekly Epidemiological Record, 598 W virulence proteins, 599 Xenopsylla spp., 599–600 yafD gene and mechanism of resistance of albumen, 85 Yellow fever vaccine, 42 Yersinia enterocolitica infection, 939 age and sex distribution, 947–948 biological characteristics of, 942–943 control and prevention, 951 antibiotic and chemotherapeutic approaches, 952 immunization, 952 epidemic behavior and contagiousness, 944–946 geographic distribution, 946–947 laboratory diagnosis isolation and identification, 940–942 serological diagnostic methods, 941–942 mechanisms and routes of transmission, 948–949 mortality and morbidity data, 940 Yersinia enterocolitica infection (cont.) occupation, 948 occurrence in, 948 pathogenesis and immunity, 949–950 patterns of host response clinical features, 950–951 diagnosis, 951 prevalence and incidence, 943–944 race and ethnicity, 948 surveys and investigations, 940 temporal distribution, 947 Yersinia spp., 598 biotypes of, 599 cultural isolation of, 606 as etiologic agent, 598–599 flea species and, 599–600 hemagglutination inhibition (HI) testing, 606 PCR detection of, 606 pigment-negative colonies, 599 rodent reservoirs, 600 susceptibility of rodents, 604 virulence factors, 599 See also Plague Yops virulence proteins, 599 Young, E J., 177–185 Yu, P A., 159–172 Zenilman, J M., 315–331 Zona occludens toxin (ZOT), 256 Zoonosis, ... he served as secretary-treasurer (1968–1972) and president (1973); The American College of Epidemiology, of which he was one of the cofounders and later served as president Preface (1990); The... the time of infection, the portal of entry, the presence or absence of immunity, the vigor of the primary defense system, the efficiency and nature of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses,... persons affected over a longer period, then the term period prevalence is employed Most infectious diseases are acute and short lived, so that prevalence rates are not commonly used The use of