Chapter 001 Understanding Ethics True / False Questions The field of ethics is the study of how people try to live their lives according to a standard of "right" behavior True False Moral standards are based on religious, cultural, or philosophical beliefs by which judgments are made about good or bad behavior True False A structured community of people bound together by similar traditions and customs refers to society True False Standards of ethical behavior are absorbed by osmosis as you observe the examples, both positive and negative, set by everyone around you—parents, family members, friends, peers, and neighbors True False Individuals acquire their personal moral standards in the same way that they learn the alphabet True False A set of personal principles formalized into a code of behavior refers to a value system True False The terms morals and values not mean the same thing True False 1-1 Chapter 001 Understanding Ethics A person's values have a specific worth to them True False An intrinsic value, such as happiness and health, is a good thing in itself and is pursued for its own sake True False 10 An intrinsic value means that the pursuit of a one value is a good way to reach another value True False 11 There are clearly defined rules of right and wrong, and you should live your life in direct observance of those rules True False 12 12 Simple truth is one of the four basic categories of ethics and can be expressed simply as doing the right thing True False 13 13 Typically people share the same interpretation of what "the right thing" is, but they may not share the same commitment in doing it True False 14 Superman has become a fictional representation of personal integrity True False 1-2 Chapter 001 Understanding Ethics 15 Rules of appropriate individual behavior represent the idea that the moral standards we develop for ourselves impact our lives on a daily basis in our behavior and the other types of decisions we make True False 16 "Do unto others as you would have them unto you" is the golden rule True False 17 Every religion in the world shares the golden rule True False 18 Aristotle believed in individual character and integrity, and established a concept of living your life according to a commitment to the achievement of a clear ideal – what sort of person would I like to become, and how I go about becoming that person? True False 19 Virtue ethics is the concept of living your life according to the achievement of clear and similar virtues True False 20 Ethics for the greater good is also referred to as utilitarianism True False 21 The problem with ethics for the greater good is the idea that the ends justify the means True False 1-3 Chapter 001 Understanding Ethics 22 The problem with utilitarianism is the focus on doing the most good for a select few, such as Adolf Hitler and the idea of launching a national genocide against Jews on the utilitarian grounds of restoring the Aryan race True False 23 Universal ethics argue that there are certain universal principles that should apply to all ethical judgments True False 24 The problem with universal ethics is that no one is held accountable for the consequences of actions taken to abide by those principles True False 25 Applied ethics is the study of how ethical theories are put into practice True False 26 Ethical relativism is where the traditions of your society, your personal opinions, and the circumstances of the present moment define your ethical principles True False 27 Ethical dilemmas are the study of how ethical theories are put into practice True False 28 An ethical dilemma is a situation in which there is no obvious right or wrong decision, but rather a right or right answer True False 1-4 Chapter 001 Understanding Ethics 29 The basic assumption of ethical theory is that you as an individual or community are in control of all the factors that influence the choices that you make True False 30 Usually an ethical dilemma can be resolved with a satisfactory answer to the problem True False 31 The first step in resolving an ethical dilemma is to analyze the consequences True False 32 Due to aggressive competitors, Joe Smith feels pressured to lie to an important customer to keep the customer He feels they will never discover the truth With this ethical dilemma, the first thing Joe must is analyze the actions without thinking about consequences True False 33 The final step in solving an ethical dilemma is to evaluate the results of your decision True False 34 Arthur Dobrin identified 15 questions you should consider when resolving an ethical dilemma True False 35 The process of ethical reasoning involves looking at the available information and then drawing conclusions based on that information in relation to our own ethical standards True False 1-5 Chapter 001 Understanding Ethics 36 Preconventional is the lowest level of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning True False 37 The first stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning is preconventional True False 38 The third stage of Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning is law and order True False 39 In the third stage of Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning, a person is focused on meeting the expectations of friends and coworkers and how something will affect their life True False 40 The highest level of ethical reasoning is the post-conventional level True False 41 According to Kohlberg's framework, an individual can jump beyond the next stage of his or her six stages True False 42 Kohlberg stated that it would be impossible for a person to comprehend the moral issues and dilemmas at a level so far beyond his or her life experience and education True False 1-6 Chapter 001 Understanding Ethics Multiple Choice Questions 43 refers to a study of how people try to live their lives according to a standard of right" or "wrong" behavior A Morality B Ethics C Virtuosity D Philosophy 44 All of the following are sources of individuals' moral standards except: A Family B Religion C Government D Friends 45 A structured community of people bound together by similar traditions and customs refers to _ A neighborhood B global Village C cult D society 46 _ is a particular set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that characterize a group of individuals A Culture B Role C Morals D Norm 1-7 Chapter 001 Understanding Ethics 47 When individuals share similar standards in a community, we can use the term _ A moral system B value system C ethical system D instrumental system 48 The terms _ and values are often used to mean the same thing, a set of personal principles by which you aim to live your life A instrumental system B outcomes C morals D lessons 49 An _ is a value that is a good thing in itself and is pursued for its own sake A intrinsic value B extrinsic value C instrumental value D external value 50 An _, such as happiness and health, is a good thing in itself and is pursued for its own sake A extrinsic value B external value C instrumental value D intrinsic value 51 An _ is where the pursuit of that value is a good way to reach another value A intrinsic value B extrinsic value C instrumental value D external value 1-8 Chapter 001 Understanding Ethics 52 The impact of a person's or a group's _ can be seen in the extent to which their daily lives are influenced by those values A ethics B morality C religion D value system 53 What is it that makes the study of ethics so complex? A Constant change B The grey area C Differing religions D Black and white decisions 54 Which of the following is not one of the four basic categories of ethics? A Personal integrity B Rules of appropriate individual behavior C Rules of appropriate behavior for a community or society D Stretched truth 55 is just doing the right thing, and it is something most people can understand and support A Personal integrity B Rules of appropriate individual behavior C Rules of appropriate behavior for a community or society D A simple truth 1-9 Chapter 001 Understanding Ethics 56 Which of the following defines simple truth? A The idea that the moral standards we develop for ourselves impact our lives on a daily basis B The idea that we must bring our personal value systems into a world that we share with people who may have different value systems C Doing the right thing D Viewing one's behavior from an external, rather than an internal, viewpoint 57 All of the following represent the ideal of personal integrity except: A Scrooge McDuck B Batman C Superman D Spider-Man 58 For some, the _ rule best expresses the goal of living an ethical life: Do unto others as you would have them unto you A golden B virtuous C moral justice D equality 59 Ethical theories can be divided into the following categories except: A Virtue ethics B Ethics for the greater good C Rational ethics D Universal ethics 1-10 Chapter 001 Understanding Ethics Key 65 (p 6) Ethics for the greater good was originally proposed by the Scottish philosopher A David Hume B Joseph Badaracco C Aristotle D Lawrence Kohlberg Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.3 66 (p 6) The problem with _ is the idea that the ends justify the means A ethics for the greater good B normative ethics C ethical relativism D utilitarianism Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.3 67 (p 6) The problem with utilitarianism is A it is a gray area B constant change C not everyone is committed to doing the right thing D the idea that the ends justify the means Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.3 1-40 Chapter 001 Understanding Ethics Key 68 (p 6) The theory of places actions within a strictly moral context instead of basing actions on the needs of a particular situation A normative ethics B universal ethics C virtue ethics D utilitarianism Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.3 69 (p 7) According to the theory of _, the traditions of your society, your personal opinions, and the circumstances of the present moment define your ethical principles A ethics for the greater good B normative ethics C ethical relativism D utilitarianism Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.4 70 (p 8) The study of how ethical theories are put into practice refers to _ A applied ethics B normative ethics C descriptive ethics D meta-ethics Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 1-41 Chapter 001 Understanding Ethics Key 71 (p 9) Due to aggressive competitors, Joe Smith feels pressured to lie to an important customer to keep the customer He feels they will never discover the truth Joe is facing an ethical A choice B dilemma C impasse D preference Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.5 72 (p 9) An ethical _ is a situation in which there is no obvious "right" or "wrong" decision, but rather a "right" or "right" answer A choice B dilemma C impasse D preference Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.5 73 (p 8) The basic assumption of ethical theory is that you as an individual or community _ A there are no grey areas B after extensive research and discussion, there is always a clear right answer C people will usually act ethically when presented with the right choice D are in control of all the factors that influence the choices that you make Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.5 1-42 Chapter 001 Understanding Ethics Key 74 (p 9) The first step in the three-step process for solving an ethical problem is to _ A analyze the consequences B analyze the problem C make a decision D analyze the actions Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 75 (p 10) The second step in the three-step process for solving an ethical problem is to _ A analyze the consequences B analyze the problem C make a decision D analyze the actions Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 76 (p 10) The final step in the three-step process for solving an ethical problem is to _ A analyze the consequences B analyze the problem C make a decision D analyze the actions Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 1-43 Chapter 001 Understanding Ethics Key 77 (p 10) All of the following are questions identified by Arthur Dorbin to resolve an ethical dilemma except: A What your feelings tell you? B What are the alternatives? C What are the facts? D What will you think of yourself if you decide one thing or another? Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 78 (p 10) Arthur Dobrin identified _ questions you should consider when resolving an ethical dilemma A B C 10 D 15 Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 79 (p 10) _ looks at the information available to us in resolving an ethical dilemma, and draws conclusions based on that information in relation to our own ethical standards A Ethical framework B Philosophical logic C Ethical reasoning D Moral reasoning Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 1-44 Chapter 001 Understanding Ethics Key 80 (p 10) Which of the following is the lowest level of moral development? A Preconventional B Conventional C Postconventional D Social contract Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 81 (p 11) How many stages are in Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning? A B C D Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 82 (p 11) The _ stage focuses on the avoidance of punishment and deference to power and authority A "good boy/nice girl" orientation B law and order orientation C principled conscience D obedience and punishment orientation Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 1-45 Chapter 001 Understanding Ethics Key 83 (p 11) At the _ stage, a person focuses on self-chosen ethical principles that are comprehensive and consistent A "good boy/nice girl" orientation B law and order orientation C principled conscience D obedience and punishment orientation Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 84 (p 11) The _ stage focuses on individual rights and the development of standards based on critical examination A social-contract legalistic orientation B law and order orientation C principled conscience D obedience and punishment orientation Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.5 85 (p 11) Kohlberg's framework offers us a clearer view into the process of _ A resolving ethical dilemmas B ethical reasoning C ethical relativism D applied ethics Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.5 1-46 Chapter 001 Understanding Ethics Key Fill in the Blank Questions 86 (p 4) refers to a study of how people try to live their lives according to a standard of right" or "wrong" behavior Ethics Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.1 87 (p 4) A structured community of people bound together by similar traditions and customs refers to _ society Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.2 88 (p 4) _ is a particular set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that characterize a group of individuals Culture Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.2 89 (p 4) When individuals share similar standards in a community, we can use the term value system Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.2 1-47 Chapter 001 Understanding Ethics Key 90 (p 4) The terms _ and values are often used to mean the same thing, a set of personal principles by which you aim to live your life morals Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.2 91 (p - 5) An , such as happiness and health, is a good thing in itself and is pursued for its own sake intrinsic value Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.2 92 (p 5) The impact of a person's or a group's _ can be seen in the extent to which their daily lives are influenced by those values value system Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.2 93 (p 5) The _ makes the study of ethics so complex grey area Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.3 1-48 Chapter 001 Understanding Ethics Key 94 (p 5) is just doing the right thing, and it is something most people can understand and support A simple truth Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.3 95 (p 6) _ is a concept of living your life according to a commitment to the achievement of a clear ideal Virtue ethics Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.3 96 (p 6) _ is a theory more focused on the outcome of your actions rather than focusing on the apparent virtue of the actions themselves Ethics for the greater good Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.3 97 (p 6) Ethics for the greater good was originally proposed by the Scottish philosopher David Hume Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.3 1-49 Chapter 001 Understanding Ethics Key 98 (p 6) The theory of _ places actions within a strictly moral context instead of basing actions on the needs of a particular situation universal ethics Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.3 99 (p 7) According to the theory of _, the traditions of your society, your personal opinions, and the circumstances of the present moment define your ethical principles ethical relativism Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.4 100 (p 9) Due to new competitors, Joe feels pressured to lie to an important customer to keep the customer He feels they will never discover the truth Joe is facing an ethical _ dilemma Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.5 101 (p 9) An ethical is a situation in which there is no obvious "right" or "wrong" decision, but rather a "right" or "right" answer dilemma Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.5 1-50 Chapter 001 Understanding Ethics Key 102 (p 9) The first step in the three-step process for solving an ethical problem is to analyze the _ consequences Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 103 (p 10) The final step in the three-step process for solving an ethical problem is to make a _ decision Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 1.5 104 (p 11) Kohlberg's framework offers us a clearer view into the process of ethical reasoning Bloom's: Remembering Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.5 Essay Questions 105 (p 5) Name and discuss the four categories of doing the right thing Simple truth—right and wrong or good and bad; question of someone's personal character— his or her integrity; rules of appropriate individual behavior; rules of appropriate behavior for a community or society Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.3 1-51 Chapter 001 Understanding Ethics Key 106 (p - 5) Differentiate between intrinsic and instrumental value Intrinsic value–a value that is a good thing in itself; it is pursued for its own sake, whether anything good comes from the pursuit or not An example would be happiness or health In contrast, the pursuit of an instrumental value is a good way to reach another value For example, money is valued for what it can buy rather than for itself Bloom's: Analyzing Difficulty: Difficult Learning Outcome: 1.3 107 (p - 7) Name and discuss the three categories of ethical theories Virtue ethics: Living your life according to a commitment to the achievement of a clear ideal; ethics for the greater good: A theory focused on the outcomes of your actions rather than focusing on the apparent virtue of actions themselves; universal ethics: Actions placed within a strictly moral context instead of basing actions on the needs of a particular situation Bloom's: Analyzing Difficulty: Difficult Learning Outcome: 1.3 108 (p - 7) Discuss at least one weakness of each of the ethical theories Virtue ethics can create value conflict Therefore, conflict can occur if the virtues you hope to achieve fail to reflect the values of the society in which you live; ethics for the greater good emphasizes the idea that the ends justify the means; universal ethics focus on abiding by a universal principle; however, no one is accountable for the consequences of actions taken to abide by these principles Bloom's: Analyzing Difficulty: Difficult Learning Outcome: 1.3 1-52 Chapter 001 Understanding Ethics Key 109 (p 6) Discuss utilitarianism Utilitarianism, also known as ethics for the greater good is more focused on the outcome of your actions rather than the apparent virtue of the actions themselves—that is, a focus on the greatest good for the greatest number of people Originally proposed by a Scottish philosopher named David Hume, this approach to ethics is also referred to as utilitarianism The problem with this approach to ethics is the idea that the ends justify the means If all you focus on is doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people, no one is accountable for the actions that are taken to achieve that outcome Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.3 110 (p - 12) Define ethical dilemma Give an example of an ethical dilemma Explain the process to resolve it Ethical Dilemma - a situation in which there is no obvious right or wrong decision, but rather a right or right answer Examples and explanations of the process to resolve it will vary Bloom's: Applying Difficulty: Difficult Learning Outcome: 1.3 111 (p - 8) Discuss ethical relativism Ethical relativism—Concept that the traditions of your society, your personal opinions, and the circumstances of the present moment define your ethical principles Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Medium Learning Outcome: 1.3 1-53 Chapter 001 Understanding Ethics Key 112 (p 10) Identify the eight questions offered by Arthur Dobrin for consideration when resolving an ethical dilemma Do you believe these questions could help you? Explain What are the facts? What can you guess about the facts you don't know? What the facts mean? What does the problem look like through the eyes of people involved? What will happen if you choose one thing rather than another? What your feelings tell you? What will you think of yourself if you decide one thing or another? Can you explain and justify your decision to others? Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Difficult Learning Outcome: 1.3 113 (p 10 - 12) Briefly describe the three stages of Lawrence Kohlberg's framework for ethical reasoning Preconventional: At this lowest level of moral development, a person's response to a perception of right and wrong is directly linked to expectations of punishment or reward; Conventional: At this level, a person becomes increasingly aware of broader influences outside of the family; Post-conventional: At this highest level of ethical reasoning, a person makes a clear effort to define principles and moral values that reflect an individual value system, rather than simply reflecting the group position Bloom's: Understanding Difficulty: Difficult Learning Outcome: 1.3 1-54 ... into the following categories except: A Virtue ethics B Ethics for the greater good C Rational ethics D Universal ethics 1-10 Chapter 001 Understanding Ethics 60 is a concept of living your life... Normative ethics B Utilitarianism C Virtue ethics D Universal ethics 62 The Greek philosopher Aristotle's belief in individual character and integrity established the concept of _ A philosophical ethics. .. ethics B virtue ethics C moral ethics D societal ethics 63 _ is a theory more focused on the outcome of your actions rather focusing on the apparent virtue of the actions themselves A Ethics for