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KEY EQUATIONS AND CHARTS FOR DESIGNING MECHANISMS FOUR-BAR LINKAGES AND TYPICAL INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS All mechanisms can be broken down into equivalent four-bar linkages. They can be considered to be the basic mechanism and are useful in many mechanical
Sclater Chapter 11 5/3/01 1:15 PM Page 369 CHAPTER 11 PNEUMATIC AND HYDRAULIC MACHINE AND MECHANISM CONTROL Sclater Chapter 11 5/3/01 1:15 PM Page 370 DESIGNS AND OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF TYPICAL PUMPS These pumps are used to transfer liquids and supply hydraulic power WITH BUT TWO MOVING PARTS, the rotors that turn in the same direction, this rotary pump has reduced friction to a minimum The rotors rotate against flexible synthetic rubber cushions that allow sand, grit and other abrasives to flow freely through the pump without damage It is a positive displacement pump that develops a constant pressure and will deliver a uniform flow at any given speed The pump is reversible and can be driven by a gasoline engine or electric motor The rubber cushions withstand the action of oil, kerosene, and gasoline, and the pump operates at any angle It has been used in circulating water systems, cutting tool coolant oil systems and general applications BASED on the swinging vane principle, this pump maintains its volumetric efficiency automatically The action of the buckets, fitted loosely into recesses in the rotor, compensates for wear In operation, the tip of the bucket is in light contact with the casing wall Liquids are moved by sucking and pushing actions and are not churned or foamed 370 PUMPING ACTION is produced by the meshing of the idler and rotor teeth in this rotary pump The idler is pinmounted to the head and the rotor operates in either direction This pump will not splash, foam, churn or cause pounding Liquids of any viscosity that not contain grit can be transferred by this pump which is made of iron and bronze HIGH-PRESSURE, high-volume pumps of the axial piston, constant displacement type are rated at 3,500 psi for continuous duty operation; higher pressure is permissible for intermittent operation A pressure-balanced piston shoe lubricates the cam plate and prevents direct contact between the shoe and cam plate The use of the pressure balanced system removes the need for thrust bearings The two-piece shaft absorbs deflection and minimizes bearing wear The pump and electric driving motor are connected by a flexible coupling The revolving cylinder barrel causes the axial reciprocation of the pumping pistons These pumps only pump hydraulic fluids Sclater Chapter 11 5/3/01 1:15 PM Page 371 THE GEAR SHAFTS of this hydraulic gear pump are mounted on tapered roller bearings that accurately position the gears, decrease end play, and reduce wear to a minimum This heavy-duty gear pump can be used at pressures up to 1,000 psi These pumps were made with either single- or double-end shafts and can be foot- or flange-mounted The drive shaft entrance packing is made from oil-resistant material, and the gear shafts are made from hardened molybdenum steel This pump is characterized by its pedestal mounting The only non-critical fit is between the pedestal casting and the casing Positive alignment is obtained because the sealed ball bearings and the shaft are supported in the single casting The fivevaned, open, bronze impeller will move liquids that contain a high volume of solids The pump is not for use with corrosive liquids The five models of this pump, with ratings up to 500 gpm, are identical except for impeller and casing sizes THIS HIGH-PRESSURE hydraulic pump has twin pistons that build pressures from 100 to 4,000 psi at speeds from 600 to 1,200 rpm This pump can be operated continuously at 900 rpm and 2,500 psi with 1.37 gpm delivered Because it can be mounted at any angle, and because it is used with small oil lines, small diameter rams and compact valves, the pump is suitable for installation in new equipment This pump contains a pressure adjusting valve that is factory set to bypass at a predetermined pressure USED TO TRANSFER, meter, or proportion liquids of high or low viscosity, this pump is a positive displacement gear pump It is made of stainless steel with a stainless steel armored, automatic take-up, shaft seal of the single-gland type Automatic wear control compensates for normal wear and maintains volumetric efficiency This pump will handle to 300 gph without churning or foaming It needs no lubrication and operates against high or low pressure 371 Sclater Chapter 11 5/3/01 1:15 PM Page 372 These pumps are used to transfer liquids and semisolids, pump vacuums, and boost oil pressure ORIGINALLY DESIGNED for use in the marine field, this gearless pump was made from stainless steel, monel, and bronze for handling acids, oils, and solvents The impeller is made of pressurevulcanized laminated layers of Hycar, 85 to 90 percent hard Sand, grit, scale and fibrous materials will pass through With capacities from to 12 gpm and speeds from 200 to 3,500 rpm, these pumps will deliver against pressures up to 60 psi Not self-priming, it can be installed with a reservoir It operates in either direction and is self-lubricating 11 DEFLECTED BLADES of the flexible neoprene impeller straighten as they leave contact with offset plate The high suction created draws fluid into pump, filling space between the blades It handles animal, vegetable, and mineral oils but not napthas, gasoline, ordinary cleaning solvents, or paint thinners The pump operates in either direction and can be mounted at any angle It runs at 100 to 2,000 rpm, can deliver up to 55 gpm, and will operate against 25 psi It operates at temperatures between and 160 F 372 10 THE SQUEEGEE PUMP consists of a U-shaped flexible tube made of rubber, neoprene, or other flexible material Acids and corrosive liquids or gases pass through the tube and not contact working parts or lubricating oil This prevents contamination of the liquid and avoids corrosion of metal parts In operation, the tube is compressed progressively from the intake side to the discharge side by cams mounted on a driven shaft Compression blocks move against the tube, closing the tube gradually and firmly from block to block, which forces the liquid out As the cam passes the compression blocks, the tube returns to its original diameter This creates a high vacuum on the intake side and causes the tube to be filled rapidly The pump can be driven clockwise or counter-clockwise The tube is completely encased and cannot expand beyond its original diameter The standard pump is made of bronze and will handle volumes to 15 gpm The Squeegee develops a vacuum of 25 in of mercury and will work against pressures of 50 lb/in2 12 THIS PUMP CAN TRANSFER free-flowing liquids, non-pourable pastes, clean or contaminated with abrasives, chemically inert or active, homogeneous or containing solids in suspension It is a positive displacement pump that delivers continuous, uniform flow The one moving part, a low-alloy or tool-steel rotor, is a single helix, and the Hycar or natural rubber stator is a double internal helix Pumping action is similar to that of a piston moving through a cylinder of infinite length Containing no valves, this pump will self-prime at 28 ft of suction lift The head developed is independent of speed, and capacity is proportional to speed Slippage is a function of viscosity and pressure, and is predictable for any operating condition The pump passes particles up to 7⁄8 in diameter through its largest pump Pumping action can be in either direction The largest standard pump, with two continuous seal lines, handles 150 gpm up to 200 psi Sclater Chapter 11 5/3/01 1:15 PM Page 373 13 HIGH-VACUUM PUMPS operate with the rotating plunger action of liquid pumps Sealing oil lubricates the three moving parts Parts are accessible without disturbing connected piping These pumps are used to rough pump a vacuum before connecting a diffusion pump; to evacute light bulbs and electronic tubes, and to vacuum dry and distill Single pumps draw vacuums from to microns; in series to 0.5 micron, and compound pumps draw to 0.1 micron They can be run in reverse for transferring liquids Diagonal cored slots, closed by a slide pin, form the passageway and inlet valve Popper or feature outlet valves are used 15 THIS SELF-PRIMING PUMP gives a rapid and smooth transition from priming cycle to centrifugal pumping The pump starts with its priming chamber full Liquid is recirculated through the impeller until the pump is primed As priming liquid circulates, air is drawn through impeller and expelled through the discharge When all air is evacuated, discharge velocity closes the priming valve completely These pumps can have open or closed impellers Solids up to in can be passed through a in size pump with an open impeller 14 A COMPACT MULTI-PLUNGER INTENSIFIER, this hydraulic booster is designed to convert low pressure to high pressure in any oil-hydraulic circuit No additional pumps are required Because of its six plungers, the pressure flow from the booster is both smooth and uninterrupted High-pressure pumps are not required, and no operating valves are needed to control the high-pressure system Small cylinder and ram assemblies can be used on operating equipment because the pressure is high Operating costs can be low because of the efficient use of connected horsepower The inertia effects of the small operating rams are low, so high speed operations can be attained These boosters were built in two standard sizes, each of which was available in two pressure ranges: to and to Volumetric output is in inverse proportion to the pressure ratio All units have a maximum 7,500 psi discharge pressure Pistons are double-acting, and the central valve admits oil to pistons in sequence and is always hydraulically balanced 16 INTERNAL SCREW PUMPS can easily transfer high-viscosity petroleum products They can be used as boiler fuel pumps because they deliver a pulseless flow of oil For marine or stationary systems, the characteristic low vibration of screw pumps has allowed them to be mounted on light foundations The absence of vibration and pulsing flow reduces strain on pipes, hose and fittings The pumping screws are mounted on shafts and take in liquid at both ends of the pump body and move it to the center for discharge This balanced pumping action makes it unnecessary to use thrust bearings except in installations where the pump is mounted at a high angle The pumps can be used at any angle up to vertical Where thrust bearings are needed, antifriction bearings capable of supporting the load of the shaft and screws are used The intermeshing pumping screws are timed by a pair of precision-cut herringbone gears These are self-centering, and not allow the side wear of the screws while they are pumping The pump is most efficient when driven less than 1,200 rpm by an electric motor and 1,300 rpm by a steam turbine 373 Sclater Chapter 11 5/3/01 1:15 PM Page 374 ROTARY-PUMP MECHANISMS Fig (A) A Ramelli pump with spring-loaded vanes to ensure contact with the wall; vane ends are rounded for line contact (B) Two vanes pivot in the housing and are driven by an eccentrically mounted disk; vanes slide in glands and are always radial to the Fig Flexible vanes on an eccentric rubber rotor displace liquid as in sliding-vane pumps Instead of the vanes sliding in and out, they bend against the casing to perform pumping housing, thus providing surface contact (C) A housing with a cardioid curve allows the use of a single vane because opposing points on the housing in line with the disk center are equidistant Fig A disk mounted eccentrically on the drive shaft displaces liquid in continuous flow A spring-loaded gland separates the inlet from the outlet except when the disk is at the top of stroke Fig A rotary compressor pump has a link separating its suction and compression sides The link is hinged to a ring which oscillates while it is driven by the disk Oscillating action pumps the liquid in a continuous flow Fig A gear pump transports liquid between the tooth spaces and the housing wall A circular tooth shape sonly one tooth making contact, and it is more efficient than an involute shape which might enclose a pocket between two adjoining teeth, recirculating part of the liquid The pump has helical teeth Fig A three-screw pump drives liquid between the screw threads along the axis of the screws The idle rotors are driven by fluid pressure, not by metallic contact with the power rotor 374 Fig A Roots compressor has two identical impellers with specially shaped teeth The shafts are connected by external gearing to ensure constant contact between the impellers Sclater Chapter 11 5/3/01 1:15 PM Page 375 Fig The housing of the HeleShaw-Beachum pump rotates the round-cranked shaft Connecting rods attached to the crank ring cause the pistons to oscillate as the housing rotates No valves are necessary because the fixed hollow shaft, divided by a wall, has suction and compression sides that are always in correct register with the inlet and outlet ports Fig A disk drives the oscillating arm which acts as piston The velocity of the arm varies because of its quick-return mechanism Liquid is slowly drawn in and expelled during the clockwise rotation of the arm; the return stroke transfers the liquid rapidly Fig 10 A rotating cylinder block is mounted concentrically in a housing Connecting-rod ends slide around an eccentric guide as the cylinders rotate and cause the pistons to reciprocate The housing is divided into suction and compression compartments Fig 11 A rotary-reciprocating pump that is normally operated manually to pump high-viscosity liquids such as oil OFFSET PLANETARY GEARS INDUCE ROTARY-PUMP ACTION Two planetary gears are driven by an offset sun gear to provide the pumping action in this positive-displacement pump A successively increasing/decreasing (suction/compression) is formed on either side of the sun and planet gears 375 Sclater Chapter 11 5/3/01 1:16 PM Page 376 MECHANISMS ACTUATED BY PNEUMATIC OR HYDRAULIC CYLINDERS Fig A cylinder can be used with a firstclass lever Fig A cylinder can be linked up directly to the load Fig A cylinder can be used with a second-class lever Fig A cylinder can be used with a third-class lever Fig A spring reduces the thrust at the end of the stroke Fig The point of application of force follows the direction of thrust Fig A cylinder can be used with a bent lever Fig 10 A toggle can be actuated by the cylinder 376 Fig A cylinder can be used with a trammel plate Fig Two pistons with fixed strokes position the load in any of four stations Fig 11 The cam supports the load after the completion of the stroke Fig 12 Simultaneous thrusts in two different directions are obtained Sclater Chapter 11 5/3/01 1:16 PM Page 377 (Note: In place of cylinders, electrically powered thrust units or solenoids can be used.) Fig 13 A force is transmitted by a cable Fig 14 A force can be modified by a system of pulleys Fig 17 A rack turns the gear sector Fig 15 A force can be modified by wedges Fig 18 The motion of a movable rack is twice that of the piston Fig 16 A gear sector moves the rack perpendicular to the piston stroke Fig 19 A torque applied to the shaft can be transmitted to a distant point Fig 20 A torque can also be applied to a shaft by a belt and pulley Fig 22 A steep screw nut produces a rotation of the shaft Fig 23 A single-sprocket wheel produces rotation in the plane of motion Fig 21 A motion is transmitted to a distant point in the plane of motion Fig 24 A double-sprocket wheel makes the rotation more nearly continuous 377 Sclater Chapter 11 5/3/01 1:16 PM Page 378 FOOT-CONTROLLED BRAKING SYSTEM This crane braking system (see figure) operates when the main line switch closes The full depression of the master-cylinder foot-pedal compresses the brake-setting spring mounted on the hydraulic releasing cylinder After the setting spring is fully compressed, the hydraulic pressure switch closes, completing the electric circuit and energizing the magnetic check valve The setting spring remains compressed as long as the magnetic check valve is energized because the check valve traps the fluid in the hydraulic-releasing cylinder Upon release of the foot peal, the brake lever arm is pulled down by the brake releasing spring, thus releasing the brake shoes LINKAGES ACTUATE STEERING IN A TRACTOR Hydraulic power for operating the brakes, clutch, and steering of a 300 hp diesel-powered tractor is supplied by an engine-driven pump delivering 55 gpm at 1200 psi The system is designed to give a 15-gpm preference to the steering system The steering drive to each wheel is mechanical for synchronization, with mechanical selection of the front-wheel, fourwheel or crab-steering hookup; hydraulic power amplifies the manual steering effort 378 ... to a minimum This heavy-duty gear pump can be used at pressures up to 1,000 psi These pumps were made with either single- or double-end shafts and can be foot- or flange-mounted The drive shaft... be driven clockwise or counter-clockwise The tube is completely encased and cannot expand beyond its original diameter The standard pump is made of bronze and will handle volumes to 15 gpm The... 1,200 rpm by an electric motor and 1,300 rpm by a steam turbine 373 Sclater Chapter 11 5/3/01 1:15 PM Page 374 ROTARY-PUMP MECHANISMS Fig (A) A Ramelli pump with spring-loaded vanes to ensure contact