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Giáo trình Essentials of human anatomy and physiology 11e marieb Giáo trình Essentials of human anatomy and physiology 11e marieb Giáo trình Essentials of human anatomy and physiology 11e marieb Giáo trình Essentials of human anatomy and physiology 11e marieb Giáo trình Essentials of human anatomy and physiology 11e marieb Giáo trình Essentials of human anatomy and physiology 11e marieb Giáo trình Essentials of human anatomy and physiology 11e marieb
E ssentials o f Human Anatomy & P hysiology E laine N Marieb, R.N., Ph.D., H olyoke Community College Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Eleventh Edition Editor-in-Chief: Serina Beauparlant Senior Acquisitions Editor: Brooke Suchomel Associate Project Editor: Shannon Cutt Director of Development: Barbara Yien Senior Managing Editor: Michael Early Production & Design Manager: Michele Mangelli Production and Art Coordinator: David Novak Associate Content Producer: Natalie Pettry Assistant Editor: Ashley Williams Text and Cover Designer: tani hasegawa Art House: Imagineering STA Media Services, Inc Photo Image Lead: Donna Kalal Rights & Permissions Project Manager: Jenell Forschler Copyeditor: Sally Peyrefitte Proofreader: Betsy Dietrich Indexer: Kathy Pitcoff Compositor: Cenveo® Publisher Services Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Stacey Weinberger Senior Marketing Manager: Allison Rona Senior Anatomy & Physiology Specialist: Derek Perrigo Cover Photo Credit: Mircea Bezergheanu/Shutterstock Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within the text or on p 593 Copyright ©2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 1900 E Lake Ave., Glenview, IL 60025 For information regarding permissions, call (847) 486-2635 Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps MasteringA&P, Practice Anatomy Lab (PAL), A&PFlix, and Essentials of Interactive Physiology (iP) are trademarks, in the U.S and/or other countries, of Pearson Education, Inc or its affiliates Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Marieb, Elaine Nicpon Essentials of human anatomy & physiology / Elaine N Marieb–Eleventh edition pages cm ISBN 978-0-321-91900-7 Human physiology Human anatomy I Title II Title: Essentials of human anatomy and physiology QP34.5.M455 2013 612–dc23 2013040834 ISBN 10: 0-321-91900-9 (Student edition) ISBN 13: 978-0-321-91900-7 (Student edition) ISBN 10: 0-321-94361-9 (Professional copy) ISBN 13: 978-0-321-94361-3 (Professional copy) www.pearsonhighered.com 10—RRD—17 16 15 14 13 About the Author Elaine N Marieb For , R.N., Ph.D., taking the needs of nursing and other allied health students into account has always been an integral part of her teaching style Dr Marieb began her teaching career at Springfield College, where she taught anatomy and physiology to physical education majors She then joined the faculty of the Biological Science Division of Holyoke Community College in 1969 after receiving her Ph.D in zoology from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst While teaching at Holyoke Community College, Dr Marieb pursued her nursing education, which culminated in a Master of Science degree with a clinical specialization in gerontology from the University of Massachusetts This experience, along with continual feedback from health care professionals (including generations of former students taught by Dr Marieb), has inspired the unique perspective and accessibility for which this book is known Dr Marieb’s commitment to students extends beyond teaching and writing Recognizing the challenges students face, Dr Marieb contributes to the New Directions—Pathways Program at Holyoke Community College by funding a staffed drop-in center and by providing several full-tuition scholarships each year for women who are returning to college after a hiatus or attending college for the first time She also funds the E N Marieb Science Research Awards at Mount Holyoke College (which promotes research by undergraduate science majors) and has underwritten renovation and updating of one of the biology labs in Mount Holyoke’s Clapp Laboratory Recognizing the severe national shortage of nursing faculty, Dr Marieb also underwrites the Nursing Scholars of the Future Grant Program at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst In 1994, Dr Marieb received the Benefactor Award from the National Council for Resource Development, American Association of Community Colleges, which recognizes her ongoing sponsorship of student scholarships, faculty teaching awards, and other academic contributions to Holyoke Community College In May 2000, the science building at Holyoke Community College was named in her honor In January 2012, Florida Gulf Coast University named a new health professions facility: the Dr Elaine Nicpon Marieb Hall This facility contains laboratories in the School of Nursing that simulate an operating room, intensive-care unit, a labor and delivery room, and general medical surgical suites She has also established a scholarship endowment for nontraditional students in the health professions and an endowment to enhance the activities of faculty, students, and staff within the health professions to support education, research, and community outreach Dr Marieb is an active member of the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS) and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Additionally, while actively engaged as an author, Dr Marieb serves as a consultant for the Pearson Interactive Physiology ® CD-ROM series This text—Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, Eleventh Edition—is the latest expression of her commitment to the needs of students pursuing the study of A&P When not involved in academic pursuits, Dr Marieb is a world traveler and has vowed to visit every country on this planet Shorter term, she serves on the board of directors of the famed Marie Selby Botanical Gardens and on the scholarship committee of the Women’s Resources Center of Sarasota County She is an enthusiastic supporter of the local arts and enjoys a competitive match of doubles tennis iii N ew to the Eleventh Edition This edition has been thoroughly updated Specific chapter-by-chapter changes include: Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation • New photos of the anatomical position, planes of the body, and MRI scans (Figure 1.6) • New photo showing the nine abdominopelvic regions (Figure 1.9) • New Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Question on carpal tunnel syndrome • New photo of individuals with disorders of pituitary growth hormones (Figure 9.6) • New clinical photo of the lips of a patient with the hyperpigmentation of Addison’s disease, in Homeostatic Imbalance 9.6 Chapter 10: Blood • New coverage of glycolipids (Table 2.5) • New photo showing water’s high surface tension (Figure 2.9) • New descriptions of amino acid structures (Figure 2.17) • New Concept Link discussing the structure of globular proteins • New Concept Link relating the concept of negative feedback to low blood oxygen levels • New clinical photo of a thrombus occluding a small pulmonary blood vessel in a human lung, in Homeostatic Imbalance 10.3 Chapter 3: Cells and Tissues Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry • New, illustrated Table 3.1: Parts of the Cell: Structure and Function • New Concept Link discussing phospholipids as polar molecules • New Concept Link discussing the molecular structure of DNA • New Concept Link discussing the joining of amino acids by enzymes into peptide bonds, in relation to translation • New clinical photo showing post-burn contracture scars, in Homeostatic Imbalance 3.3 Chapter 4: Skin and Body Membranes • New clinical photo showing cradle cap in a newborn baby, in Homeostatic Imbalance 4.4 • New clinical photos of burns (Figure 4.11); cold sores, impetigo, and psoriasis (Figure 4.12); and skin cancer (Figure 4.13) • New Concept Link discussing the relationship between mitosis, cell division, and cancer Chapter 5: The Skeletal System • New Concept Link discussing the levels of structural organization, in relation to the gross anatomy of a long bone • New clinical photo of a child with rickets, in Homeostatic Imbalance 5.1 • New Concept Link discussing the relationship between regional body terms and bone names, in relation to the axial skeleton • New Concept Link discussing the properties of tissues that form the joints Chapter 6: The Muscular System • New Concept Link comparing ATP to a tightly coiled spring • New illustrations showing muscle action (Figure 6.14) • New clinical photo of a patient with myasthenia gravis, in Homeostatic Imbalance 6.4 Chapter 7: The Nervous System • New Concept Link relating the concept of a feedback loop to the nervous system • New illustrated Table 7.1: Functions of Major Brain Regions • New clinical photo of a patient with cerebral palsy, in Homeostatic Imbalance 7.11 Chapter 8: Special Senses • New Concept Link relating the basic functions of the nervous system to each of the special senses • New clinical photo of an infant with strabismus, in Homeostatic Imbalance 8.11 Chapter 9: The Endocrine System • New Concept Link comparing a hormone’s relationship to its target cells with that of an enzyme to its substrate iv • New clinical photo of a prosthetic aortic heart valve, in Homeostatic Imbalance 11.2 • New Concept Link relating one-way generation of an action potential to heart rhythm • New Concept Link relating the portal circulation that links the hypothalamus of the brain and the anterior pituitary gland to hepatic portal circulation • New Concept Link relating the passive process of filtration to blood flow • New Concept Link discussing epinephrine Chapter 12: The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses • New Concept Link discussing hydrostatic and osmotic pressures • New Concept Link discussing the functions of lymphatic vessels • New Concept Link discussing the function of the thymus to produce hormones, in relation to lymphoid organs • New clinical photo of an abscess, in Homeostatic Imbalance 12.2 • New Concept Link relating blood antigens to self-antigens Chapter 13: The Respiratory System • New Concept Link discussing mucous membranes • New Concept Link relating pressure changes that drive filtration and blood flow to the mechanics of breathing • New clinical photo of a colored chest X-ray film showing a collapsed lung, in Homeostatic Imbalance 13.7 • New Concept Link discussing blood pH, in relation to gas transport Chapter 14: The Digestive System and Body Metabolism • New Concept Link discussing the function of papillae • New Concept Link discussing the basic function of valves • New Concept Link discussing hydrolysis reactions • New clinical photo of a baby with a cleft lip and palate, in Homeostatic Imbalance 14.15 Chapter 15: The Urinary System • New Concept Link discussing filtration as a passive process • New Concept Link discussing pH as a measure of hydrogen ion concentration, in relation to tubular secretion • New clinical photo of a urogram showing the presence of a kidney stone, in Homeostatic Imbalance 15.3 • New Concept Link discussing the concept of interrelationships among organ systems, in relation to regulation of water intake and output Chapter 16: The Reproductive System • New clinical photo of abnormal sperm, in Homeostatic Imbalance 16.2 • New Concept Link discussing the tropic hormone, FSH • New Concept Link discussing the concept of the feedback loop Introducing Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11th edition Chapter 13: The Respiratory System v New! Instructors: Use MasteringA&P to Personalize Your Course New! Students: Use MasteringA&P to Study Anytime, Anywhere Bring A&P Concepts to Life A Closer look A Wrinkle 118 Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology Out of Time When it comes to preventing wrinkles, it helps to have good genes, to not smoke, to use a good sunscreen, and to think pleasant thoughts Good genes speak for themselves—it’s partly the luck of the draw whether you look your age or not Smoking ages the skin by increasing production of an enzyme that destroys collagen Collagen supports the skin and provides it with elasticity, so with less of it, wrinkles appear UV radiation damage from too much unprotected exposure to the sun causes elastic fibers to clump, which results in leathery skin For those wrinkled by years of smoking and sun damage, a surgical face-lift that removes the excess and sagging skin followed by laser resurfacing or microdermabrasion seems to be the only way to banish the wrinkles However, for those who sport frown lines, furrowed brows, or crow’s feet due to frequent and repetitive facial expressions, cosmetic injections of Botox may be the answer to regaining younger-looking skin Botulinum toxin type A, more familiarly called Botox Cosmetic, is a toxin produced by the bacterium that causes botulism, a dreaded form of food poisoning Used in injectable doses (considerably less than the amount that would induce botulism), the purified toxin helps regulate acetylcholine (ACh) release by nerve cells (ACh plays a key role in relaying messages from 118 M04_MARI9007_CH04_pp109-133.indd 118 nerves to muscles.) By inhibiting the underlying muscles’ ability to contract, existing lines are smoothed out and nearly invisible in a week Botox was approved in 1989 to treat two eye muscle disorders— blepharospasm (uncontrollable blinking) and strabismus (misaligned eyes) The discovery that Botox could be used cosmetically was pure luck—physicians using the toxin to counter abnormal eye contractions noticed that the vertical frown lines between the eyes (which make people look tired, angry, or displeased) had softened The recent rise in popularity of Botox “shots” has led to changes in the way it is marketed Some physicians buy the toxin in bulk and arrange “Botox parties” or “Botox happy hours,” gettogethers for 10 to 15 people, Bring the Real World into the Classroom Woman receiving Botox injection Focus on careers which make the treatment both more relaxed and more affordable One by one, as their names are called, each “guest” slips away for about 15 minutes to a private To recognize how medications examining room to be injected affect patients, pharmacy with Botox Cosmetic Anesthesia technicians need thorough is rarely needed, but sedatives understanding of anatomy and and numbing agents are usually physiology available The U.S Food and Drug When mostthat people get a new Administration is concerned medication, such gatherings may trivialize they open up the package and toss out the little a medical treatment and have pamphlet that goes into detail the potential for being abused about howto the medication works as unqualified people begin Chris Green dispense the toxin Not in salons, gyms, “I love reading the package inserts,” says Green, the and other retail establishments lead technician at a CVS The process haspharmacy some risks drugstore in Birmingham, Alabama If too much toxin is injected, a Green’s enthusiasm person can end up with droopy for those details a lifesaver for his customers eyelid musclesis or temporary Pharmacy technicians are a vital link muscle weakness for weeks the chain between doctor and (the effects of in Botox Cosmetic patient last to months) Still, battling the signs Although of age in apharmacy technicians areislegally prohibited from talking noninvasive way appealing to withthe patients about their symptoms, many people, and fact that can translate there is little orthey no recovery time medical jargon, and discuss a medication’s side allows treatment during a lunch effects and other hour The attraction of Botox to precautions the patient may need to take For physicians is both professional example, doctors (a new tool to fight wrinkles) and may recommend that patients who are on certain monetary (truly dedicated patients medications are back for injections every 3for to a6 long time have regular tests such as eye exams, months) Vanity pays! bloodwork, or tests for liver function A pharmacy technician can convey that information to the patient—and check on subsequent visits to make sure he or she is following up A busy retail pharmacy has various stations: data entry, where 11:53with AM the patient’s record is 02/09/13 updated a new prescription; production, where the prescription is filled; and verification, where the pharmacist reviews the prescription and makes sure it is filled and labeled correctly Green’s job is to make sure the process flows smoothly from station to station Pharmacy Technician 56 Green started working as a cashier at a drugstore when he was in high school and gradually became interested in the pharmacy itself “I was interested in how drugs work, how they can help people and improve their health,” he says Having earned a bachelor’s degree in biology, Green emphasizes that pharmacy technicians must have a good grasp of the sciences, especially basic chemistry and anatomy and Pharmacy technicians must have a good grasp of anatomy and physiology to understand each drug’s chemical properties physiology, to help them understand each drug’s chemical makeup and properties “When all the data is entered, we see what potential side effects there are,” he says “It’s important to know how the medications work, how they interact with each other, how they interact with the body I might see something and bring it to the pharmacist’s attention.” In addition, communication skills and the ability to work with people are important Good communication can be the difference between life and death for a patient, particularly when a doctor prescribes a medication that could react badly with another medication the patient is already taking Drug interactions happen commonly when you have multiple doctors “Sometimes, we’ll get two ACE inhibitors in the same category from two different doctors [prescribed for the same patient], and that could be lethal,” Green says Pharmacy technicians work in retail and mail-order pharmacies, hospitals, nursing homes, assisted living facilities, and anywhere else patients have high needs for medication As the Baby Boom generation ages and the number of senior citizens grows, so does the demand for pharmacists and pharmacy technicians Requirements to be a pharmacy technician vary from state to state, and many aspiring technicians simply receive on-the-job training However, some pharmacies seek out technicians with specific training requiring classroom and laboratory work in a hospital, community college, or vocational program or sometimes through the military Some of these programs also include internships in pharmacies For additional information on this career and others, click the Focus on Careers link at v respiratory gases, and other substances throughout the body TK Instructors: se U to Personalize Your Course Blood Easily Assess Your Students Using Images from PALTM 3.0 New! Assign Learning Objectives and Homeostatic Imbalance Content MasteringA&P allows you to assign multiple choice and open-ended questions using the images from PAL 3.0 The Learning Objectives and Homeostatic Imbalance sections in the book are now numbered, with corresponding assessments in MasteringA&P, making it easy for you to assign them for homework Blood is the “river of life” that surges Composition and Functions of Blood within us Blood transports everything that must be carried from one place to another within the body—nutrients, hormones, wastes (headed for 10-1 Describe the composition and volume of whole elimination from the body), and body heat— blood through blood vessels Long before modern medi10-2 Describe the composition of plasma, and discuss cine, blood was viewed as magical because when its importance in the body it drained from the body, life departed as well Blood is unique: It is the only fluid tissue in the In this chapter, we consider the composition 76functionEssentials of Human Anatomy and body Although blood appears to be a thick, hoand of this life-sustaining fluid In thePhysiology carmogeneous liquid, the microscope reveals that it diovascular system chapter, we discuss the means has both solid and liquid components by which blood is propelled throughout the body it while excluding others Thus, it allows nutrients (Chapter 11) to enter the cell but keeps many undesirable substances out At the same time, valuable cell proteins and other substances are kept within the cell, and wastes are allowed to pass out of it Homeostatic Imbalance 3.2 M10_MARI9007_CH10_pp337-355.indd 337 Identify Struggling Students Figure 3.9 Diffusion Particles in solution move Before It’s Too continuously andLate collide constantly with other particles As a result, particles tend to move away The color-coded gradebook helps you identify fromstudents areas where are most highly concentrated vulnerable at a they glance Assignments are and to become evenly distributed, as illustrated by automatically graded, and molecules grades can easily of water the diffusion of dye in be a beaker exported to course management systems or spreadsheets The fluid environment on both sides of the plasma membrane is an example of a solution It is important that you really understand solutions before we dive into an explanation of membrane transport In the most basic sense, a solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more components Examples include the air we breathe (a mixture of gases), seawater (a mixture of water and salts), and rubbing alcohol (a mixture of water and alcohol) The substance present in the largest amount in a solution is called the solvent (or dissolving medium) Water is the body’s chief solvent Components or substances present in smaller amounts are called solutes The solutes in a solution are so tiny that they cannot be seen with the vi naked eye and not settle out Intracellular fluid (collectively, the nucleoplasm and the cytosol) is a solution containing small amounts of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), nutrients, and salts, dissolved in water So too is interstitial fluid, the fluid that continuously bathes the exterior of our cells You can think of interstitial fluid as a rich, nutritious, and rather unusual “soup.” It contains thousands of ingredients, The property of selective permeability is typical only of healthy, unharmed cells When a cell dies or is badly damaged, its plasma membrane can3:32 PM 16/09/13 no longer be selective and becomes permeable to nearly everything We see this problem when someone has been severely burned Precious fluids, proteins, and ions “weep” (leak out) from the dead and damaged cells ✚ Substances move through the plasma membrane in basically two ways—passively or actively In passive processes, substances are transported across the Other Text Features MasteringA&P: membrane withoutAssignable any energy in input from the cell In active processes, the cell provides the3-D metabolic • A&P Flix Coaching Activities offer stunning visuals of energy (ATP) that drives the transport process core concepts with in-depth assessments to test student understanding Passive Processes: Diffusion and Filtration • Art-Based Questions gauge students' understanding of Diffusionillustrated (dı˘-fu′zhun) an important of pasconcepts in theis book's figures.means Wrong-answer sive membrane transport for every cell of the body feedback provides further guidance The other passive transport process, filtration, gener• Reading Questions keep students trackLet andusare preally occurs only across capillaryon walls exambuilt for easy assignment and grading ine how these two types of passive transport differ • Test Bank questions are fully revised for the 11th Diffusion Diffusion theto process which moledition, providing an easyisway assess by your students ecules (and ions) move away from a region where they are more concentrated (more numerous) to a region where they are less concentrated (fewer of them) All molecules possess kinetic energy, or energy of motion (as described in Chapter 2), and as the molecules move about randomly at high speeds, they collide and change direction with each collision The overall effect of this erratic movement is that molecules move down their concentration gradient, and the greater the difference in concentration between the two areas, the faster diffusion occurs Because the driving Students: se U to Study Anytime, Anywhere New! Study on the Go with the Dynamic Study Modules App Dynamic Study Modules help you learn more information faster, whenever you have a few extra minutes to study New! Walk Through Key A&P Concepts with New Coaching Activities Using animations and art from the book, coaching activities are accompanied by questions with specific hints and feedback Assess Your Knowledge of Terms and Structures with Art-Labeling Activities Featuring art from the book, art labeling activities challenge students to identify key terms and structures Corresponding figures in the book now refer students to these online activities for timely, interactive learning vii single cell, the fertilized egg, which divides almo its mRNA) There are about 45 common types of endlessly The millions of cells that result becom tRNAs, each capable of carrying one of the 20 or specialized for particular functions Some becom so6 common types of amino acid to the ribosomes muscle cells, others the transparent lens of th But that is not the only job of the tiny tRNAs They eye, still others skin cells, and so on Thus, there also have to recognize the mRNA codons “calling a division of labor in the body, with certain group for” the amino acid they are toting They can of highly specialized cells performing function this because they have a special three-base se2 that benefit the organism as a whole quence called an anticodon on their “head” that Cell specialization carries with it certain haz can bind to the complementary codons ( ) ards When a small group of cells is indispensabl Once the first tRNA has maneuvered itself into its loss can disable or even destroy the body Fo the correct position at the beginning of the mRNA example, the action of the heart depends on (a) Cold sores (b) Impetigo (c) Psoriasis message, the ribosome moves the mRNA strand very specialized cell group in the heart muscl along, bringing the next codon into position to be Figure 4.12 Cutaneous lesions that controls its contractions If those particula read by another tRNA As amino acids 3are brought cells are damaged or stop functioning, the hea to their proper positions along the length of mRNA, will no longer work efficiently, and the whol they are joined by caused enzymes • Cold sores (fever blisters) Small fluid-filled (A wart by( a4 ) virus is one such example.) blis- together body will suffer or die from lack of oxygen However, some skin5 neoplasms are malignant, ters that itch and sting, caused by a herpes simGroupsor of cells that are similar in structure an Recall that the joining ofand amino acids byto invade other body cancerous, they tend plex infection The virus localizes in a cutaneous New! Concept Links function are called tissues The four primary tissu enzymes into peptide of areas.bonds is the result nerve, where it remains dormant until activated appear throughout the book and help types—epithelium, connective tissue, nervous tissu dehydration synthesis reactions (Chapter 2, by emotional upset, fever, or UV radiation Cold students recall previously learned and muscle—interweave to form the fabric of th p 42) To make room for the new soreswhat usually occur around Recall that peptide mitosis bond, gone wild is the basis material, apply they’ve learned to the lips and in the body If we had to assign a single term to eac hydrogen atom A water (H2O) must be oral mucosa of the mouth (Figure 4.12a) forremoved cancer (Chapter 3, p 85) In malignant primary tissue type that would best describe i new material, and make connections is removed aminothe acid, and aofhydroxyl cancers, stages mitosis occur so quickly • andfrom one overall role, the terms would most likely be cove across bodyContact systems dermatitis Itching, redness, group (OH) is removed from the other that errors are made As a result, these cells swelling of the skin, progressing to blistering ing (epithelium), support (connective), movemen lackFunction normal 3control of such processes as It is caused by exposure of the skin to chemiPreview (muscle), and control (nervous) However, thes an amino acid bonds to cell the chain, itsCells tRNAexperiencing mitosis and division cals (such as those in poison ivy) thatAs provoke terms reflect only a tiny fraction of the function is released and moves away from the ribosome to ◗ The body is composed rapid, uncontrolled growthof become cancerous allergic responses in sensitive individuals that each of these tissues performs When the last pick up another amino acid ( ).that chemicals underlie Tissues are organized into organs such as th • Impetigo (im-peh-ti′go; impet = an attack) and provide for bodily codon (the termination, or “stop,” is read, Skin cancer iscodon) theallsingle most common type of and lungs (see Chapter 1) Mo heart, kidneys, Pink, water-filled, raised lesions (commonly 114 Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology the protein is released cancer functions in humans One in five Americans now deorgans contain several tissue types, and the a around the mouth and nose) that develop a yelvelops skin cancer at some point in his or her life rangement of the tissues determines each organ low crust and eventually rupture (Figure 4.12b) Did You Get It? The most important risk factor is overexposure to what it is able to Thus, a study o structure and Caused by a highly contagious staphylococcus New! References to ultraviolet in sunlight Frequent irritation How the terms template radiation strand and tissues should be helpful in your later study of th infection, impetigo is common in23 elementary Hair shaft of the skin by infections, chemicals, or physical complementary relate to DNA synthesis? MasteringA&P appear body’s organs and how they work school–aged children trauma to berelevant a predisposing factor Dermal papillae also seems with figures and show • Psoriasis (so-ri′ah-sis) A chronic condition, Epidermis students to go online forıBasalwhere cell carcinoma (kar″s˘ characterized by overproduction of skin cells Pore Basal Cell Carcinoma Papillary layer that results in reddened epidermal lesions covpractice no′mah) is the leastextra malignant and most common Appendages of skin skinsweat cancer ered with dry, silvery scales that itch, burn, crack, • Eccrine gland Cells of the stratum basale, altered so muscle thatpilithey cannot form keratin, no longer honor the and sometimes bleed (Figure 4.12c) When se- •• Arrector Dermis Sebaceous (oil) gland Reticular M03_MARI9007_CH03_pp062-108.indd 87 16/0 • Hair follicle boundary between epidermis and dermis They layer vere, psoriasis may be disfiguring It is believed • Hair root proliferate, invading the dermis and subcutaneto be an autoimmune disorder in which the ous tissue The cancer lesions occur most often on immune system attacks a person’s own tissues sun-exposed areas of the face and appear as shiny, Attacks are often triggered by trauma, infection, Hypodermis (subcutaneous hormonal changes, or stress dome-shaped nodules that later develop a central tissue) ulcer with a “pearly” beaded edge (Figure 4.13a) Cutaneous vascular plexus Skin structures Cancer Basal cell carcinoma is relatively slow-growing, Nervous • Sensory nerve fiber and metastasis seldom occurs before it is noticed Numerous Adipose arise tissue in • Lamellar corpuscletypes of neoplasms (tumors) • Hair follicle receptor Full cure is the rule in 99 percent of cases in the skin Most skin neoplasms are benign and (root hair plexus) which the lesion is removed surgically not spread (metastasize) to other body areas Help A&P Students Study & Retain Information TK Basic Chemistry Figure 4.3 Skin structure Microscopic view of the skin and underlying subcutaneous tissue Practice art labeling >Study Area>Chapter temperature changes occurring outside the body It is also responsible for the curves that are more a part of a woman’s anatomy than a man’s We describe the main skin areas and structures next (As you read, locate them on Figure 4.3 and Figure 4.4) protein that makes the epidermis a tough protective layer The deepest cell layer of the epidermis, the stratum basale (stra′tum b˘a-sah′le), lies closest to the dermis and is connected to it Many short courses in anatomy and physiolalong a wavy borderline that resembles corrugated cardboard This basal layer contains the mostthe ad- time to consider chemistry as a topic ogy lack M04_MARI9007_CH04_pp109-133.indd 126 Epidermis equately nourished of the epidermal cells because So why include it here? The answer is simple The diffusing from the dermis reach them The epidermis is composed of up to presents five layers, thenutrients material without food you first These cells are constantly dividing, and eat mil- and the medicines you take when you or strata (strah′tah; “bed sheets”) From the inside technical jargon, draws on the author’s lions of new years cells are producedare daily;illhence out these are the stratum basale, and spinosum, granare itscomposed of chemicals Indeed, your stratum germinativum (jer″minulosum, lucidum, and corneum illustrated inand alternate of experience as a(allprofessor former name, nursing entire body ah-tiv′um; “germinating layer”) The daughter cellsis made up of chemicals—thousands of Figure 4.4, except stratum lucidum, which is found student, that relate are pushed upward, away from the source of nuonly in thick skin) using meaningful analogies them—continuously interacting with one another trition, to become part of the epidermal layers Like allA&P otherto epithelial tissues, the epidermis familiar, everyday concepts at an incredible pace closer to the skin surface As they move away from is avascular; that is, it has no blood supply of its It issuperfipossible to study anatomy without referthe dermis and become part of the more own This explains why a man can shave daily and cial layers, the stratum spinosum then theto chemistry, but chemical reactions not bleed even though he cuts off many cell layers ringandmuch stratum granulosum, they become flatter and each time he shaves underlie all body processes—movement, digesincreasingly full of keratin (keratinized) As they Most cells of the epidermis are keratinocytes leave the stratum granulosum, they die,the forming tion, pumping of your heart, and even your (keratin cells), which produce keratin, the fibrous Elaine Marieb's Conversational Writing Style viii M04_MARI9007_CH04_pp109-133.indd 114 thoughts In this chapter we present the basics of chemistry and biochemistry (the chemistry of living material), providing the background you will need to understand body functions 16/08/13 3:47 PM M02_MARI9007_CH02_pp024-061.indd 24 Concepts of Matt and Energy 16/08/13 3:47 PM 2-1 Differentiate matter from ene 2-2 List four major energy forms, example of how each energy body Matter Matter is the “stuff” of the u exceptions, it can be seen, sme precisely, matter is anything t and has mass (weight) Chemi ture of matter—how its build together and how they interact 150 Q: Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology What bone articulates with every other facial bone? Coronal suture Figure Questions help students develop a more meaningful understanding of the illustrated concepts and processes and accompany many figures Answers are found at the bottom of each page Frontal bone Parietal bone Nasal bone Superior orbital fissure Sphenoid bone Optic canal Ethmoid bone Temporal bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Middle nasal concha of ethmoid bone Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Vomer Mandible Alveolar processes of Human Anatomy and Physiology Practice art labeling >Study Area>Chapter Figure 5.12 Human skull, anterior view and you can strongly contract buttock muscles Homeostatic Imbalance 5.3 Zygomatic Bones The zygomatic bones are commonly referred tostore as the cheekbones They The paranasal also cause many people aat the even whilesinuses standing in line grocery also form a good-sized portion of the lateral walls great deal of misery Because the mucosa lining The forcingwiththe contract of the orbits, or eyewith sockets as thesekey sinusesis is continuous that muscles in the nose to and throat, infections in these areas tend to migrate Lacrimalmuscle Bones The lacrimal much as possible The onincreased size (lak′r˘ı-mal) bones into the force sinuses, causing sinusitis Depending are fingernail-sized bones forming part of the mewhich sinuses are infected, a headache or upper and strength that result are due mainly dial walls ofto eachenlargeorbit Each lacrimal bone has jaw pain is the usual result ✚ a groove that serves as a passageway for tears ment of Bones individual (they= make more (lacrima tear) Palatine The paired muscle palatine bonescells lie posterior to the palatine processes of the maxillae contractile filaments) rather than to an increase Nasal Bones The small rectangular bones formThey form the posterior part of the hard palate ing the bridge of the nose are the nasal bones Figure number 5.11) Failure ofThe these or the palatine of connective tissue in(see their amount (The lower part of the skeleton of the nose is processes to fuse medially results in cleft palate made up of cartilage.) that reinforces the muscle also increases Vomer Bone The single bone in the median line of the nasalexercises cavity is the vomer (Vomer means A:Because endurance and resistance produce different patterns of muscle response, it is important to know what your exercise goals are Lifting weights will not improve your endurance for a marathon By the same token, jogging will little to improve your muscle definition for competing in the Mr or Ms Muscle contest, nor will make It? you Questions stronger for moving furniDid Youit Get challenge ture Obviously, the best exercise program students to stop, think, and answer concept checkfor most people is one that includes both types of questions before moving forward exercise Systems in Sync Figures summarize, illustrate, and explain the interrelationships of all body systems The maxilla M05_MARI9007_CH05_pp134-180.indd 150 (b) ffects of aerobic training ining (a) A marathon runner ndurance, types of exercise, g in an aerobics class, jogging, 6.11a), result in stronger, more th greater resistance to fatigue e about, at least partly, because o the muscles increases, and the cells form more mitochondria gen However, aerobic exercise e than the skeletal muscles It metabolism more efficient, imnd elimination), enhances neunation, and makes the skeleton enlarges (hypertrophies) so that ped out with each beat, fat derom the blood vessel walls, and more efficient in gas exchange y be permanent or temporary, w often and how vigorously a e does not cause the muscles to e, even though the exercise may he bulging muscles of a bodyonal weight lifter result mainly r isometric, exercises (Figure the muscles against some imnearly immovable) Resistance Did You Get It? SyStemS In Sync Homeostatic Relationships between the Muscular System and Other Body Systems 11/09/13 12:51 PM Nervous System Endocrine System • Growth hormone and androgens influence skeletal muscle strength and mass Respiratory System Lymphatic System/Immunity • Physical exercise may enhance or depress immunity depending on its intensity • Lymphatic vessels drain leaked tissue fluids; immune system protects muscles from disease Digestive System 12 Gary is trying with all his might to pull a tree stump out of the ground It does not budge Which type of contraction are his muscles undergoing? 13 What is meant by the term oxygen deficit? 14 To develop big, beautiful skeletal muscles, you should focus on which type of exercise: aerobic or resistance exercise? (For answers, see Appendix D.) • Physical activity increases gastrointestinal mobility when at rest • Digestive system provides nutrients needed for muscle health; liver metabolizes lactic acid Urinary System • Physical activity promotes normal voiding behavior; skeletal muscle forms the voluntary sphincter of the urethra • Urinary system disposes of nitrogen-containing wastes Muscular System 6-12 Demonstrate or identify the different types of body movements There are five very basic understandings about gross muscle activity I call these the Five Golden Rules of skeletal muscle activity because they make it easier to understand muscle movements and appreciate muscle interactions (Table 6.2) Types of Body Movements Every one of our 600-odd skeletal muscles is • Muscular exercise increases respiratory capacity • Respiratory system provides oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide Cardiovascular System • Skeletal muscle activity increases efficiency of cardiovascular functioning; helps prevent atherosclerosis and causes cardiac hypertrophy • Cardiovascular system delivers oxygen and nutrients to muscles; carries away wastes Reproductive System • Skeletal muscle helps support pelvic organs (e.g., uterus in females); assists erection of penis and clitoris • Testicular androgen promotes increased skeletal muscle size Integumentary System • Muscular exercise enhances circulation to skin and improves skin health; exercise also increases body heat, which the skin helps dissipate • Skin protects the muscles by external enclosure Skeletal System Muscle Movements, Types, and Names 6-11 Define origin, insertion, prime mover, antagonist, synergist, and fixator as they relate to muscles • Facial muscle activity allows emotions to be expressed • Nervous system stimulates and regulates muscle activity • Skeletal muscle activity maintains bone health and strength • Bones provide levers for muscle activity M06_MARI9007_CH06_pp181-224.indd 220 26/09/13 12:30 PM ix www.downloadslide.net 618 Index Immunity/immune response, 101, 404, 404f, 410 See also Immune system active, 416, 417f adaptive (specific), 404, 410– 428, 423f, 424–425t artificially acquired, 416, 417, 417f cardiovascular system and, 391b, 430b cellular (cell-mediated), 411, 420–422, 421f, 422f, 423f developmental aspects and, 429–431 digestive system and, 430b, 505b disorders of, 425–427, 427f, 428–429b endocrine system and, 332b, 430b homeostatic imbalances and, 402, 408–409, 412, 425– 427, 427f, 428–429b humoral (antibody-mediated), 411, 415–420, 415f, 416f, 417f, 418f, 419t, 420f, 421f, 423f See also Antibodies innate (nonspecific), 404–410, 404, 405t integumentary system and, 130b, 430b muscular system and, 219b, 430b naturally acquired, 416, 417, 417f nervous system and, 272b, 430b passive, 416–417, 417f reproductive system and, 430b, 571b respiratory system and, 430b, 458b skeletal system and, 176b, 430b urinary system and, 430b, 534b Immunization, 416, 417f Immunocompetent lymphocytes, 412–414, 413f Immunodeficiencies, 427, 428– 429b Immunoglobulins, 51t, 417–420, 418f, 419t, 420f, 424t See also specific type under Ig and Antibodies Immunological memory, 411, 416 See also Memory cells Immunology, 411 Immunosuppressive therapy, after transplant, 425, 522b Impacted fracture, 144t Impacted teeth, 473 Impaired oxygen transport, 451 Impetigo, 126, 126f Implant(s), contraceptive, 568b, 569b Implantation, 550, 559, 560f Inborn errors of metabolism, 501–502 Incisors, 474, 474f Inclusions, cell, 67, 73t Incompetent heart valve, 363 Incomplete antigen (hapten), 412 Incomplete (unfused) tetanus, 192, 193f Incontinence, 524 aging and, 533 pregnancy and, 564 Incus (anvil), 291f, 292 Indifferent stage of gonadal development, 567 Infantilism, sexual, 547 Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), 457 Infarct cerebral, 270b myocardial, 363, 367b Infection burn injury and, 124 lymph nodes in, 401, 402 skin, 125–126, 126f Inferior (term), 15t Inferior articular process, vertebral, 154, 155f Inferior gluteal nerve, 262t, 263f Inferior horn, 249f Inferior meatus, nasal cavity, 280f Inferior mesenteric artery, 374, 375f Inferior mesenteric vein, 377f, 379, 380f Inferior nasal conchae, 150f, 151, 439f Inferior oblique muscle, 281f Inferior rectus muscle, 281f Inferior vena cava, 359–360f, 360, 376, 377f veins draining into, 376 Infertility, male, 542 Inflammation, homeostatic imbalances and, 408–409 Inflammatory chemicals, 406, 407 Inflammatory joint disease, 172– 173, 173f Inflammatory response/ inflammation, 101, 405t, 406–409, 407f, 408f glucocorticoids affecting, 321 Infundibulum, uterine tube, 548, 549f Ingestion, 476f, 477 obesity and, 503b, 504b regulation of, 497 Inguinal (term), 16f, 17 Inguinal (iliac) regions, 20, 20f Inguinal lymph nodes, 401f Inhibiting hormones, hypothalamic, 313 Injection drug use, HIV transmission and, 429b Injury hypothesis, of atherosclerosis, 387 Inlet, pelvic, 162, 163f Innate (nonspecific) defense system, 404–410, 404, 405t See also Immunity/immune response antimicrobial proteins in, 405t, 409–410, 411f cells and chemicals in, 405t, 406–410 complement in, 405t, 410, 411f fever in, 405t, 410 homeostatic imbalances and, 408–409 inflammatory response in, 405t, 406–409, 407f, 408f interferons in, 405t, 410 natural killer (NK) cells in, 405t, 406 phagocytes in, 405t, 409, 409f surface membrane barriers in, 405t, 406 Inner cell mass, 559, 560f Inner (internal) ear, 291f, 292 Inorganic compounds, 38, 39–41 See also specific type Insertion, muscle, 197, 197f, 209 Inspiration (inhalation), 445–447, 445, 446f, 447f Inspiratory reserve volume, 448, 448f Insulin, 51t, 323–324, 329t aging affecting production of, 330 in blood glucose regulation, 323–324, 326f, 329t diabetes and, 324–325 pancreatic islets producing, 323, 325f Insulin resistance, 325 Integration, 226, 226f Integration center, in reflex arc, 237, 238f Integument, 112 See also Integumentary system; Skin Integumentary system, 3–4, 5f, 112–127 See also Skin body defense and, 112, 113t, 405t, 406 boundary maintenance and, 7, 112, 113t cardiovascular system and, 130b, 391b developmental aspects of, 128 digestive system and, 130b, 505b endocrine system and, 130b, 332b functions of, 112–113, 113t homeostatic relationships of, 8f, 130b lymphatic system/immunity and, 130b, 430b muscular system and, 130b, 219b nervous system and, 130b, 272b reproductive system and, 130b, 571b respiratory system and, 130b, 458b skeletal system and, 130b, 176b urinary system and, 130b, 534b Interatrial septum, 358 Interbrain (diencephalon), 240f, 241t, 245–246, 245f development of, 240f Intercalated disks, 98f, 99, 182t, 184–185 Intercarpal joints of hand, 168f Intercellular clefts, 389, 389f Intercondylar eminence, 164f, 165 Intercondylar fossa, 164f, 165 Intercostal arteries, 374 Intercostal muscles, 158, 207, 214f, 442f, 445, 446f, 447 neural control of breathing and, 452, 453f Intercostal nerves, 261, 261f, 452 in respiratory control, 452, 453f Intercostal spaces, 157f, 158 Interferons, 405t, 410, 424t Interleukin(s), in hematopoiesis, 346 Interleukin 2, 424t Interlobar arteries, 513, 514f Interlobar veins, 513, 514f Intermediate (term), 15t Intermediate filaments, 68f, 70, 71f, 73t Intermediate (membranous) urethra, 540f, 541, 541f Internal (term), 15t See also under Deep Internal acoustic meatus, 148, 148f Internal anal sphincter, 471 Internal capsule, 244, 244f Internal carotid artery, 374, 375f, 378, 378f Internal (inner) ear, 291f, 292 Internal iliac artery, 374, 375f Internal iliac vein, 376, 377f Internal intercostal muscles, 207, 447 Internal jugular vein, 376, 377f Internal oblique muscles, 206f, 207, 214f Internal respiration, 445, 449, 450f, 452 Internal urethral orifice, 521, 521f Internal urethral sphincter, 521f, 523, 541 Interneurons (association neurons), 232f, 233 in ascending and descending pathways, 256f in reflex arc, 237, 238f Interosseous membrane in forearm, 160f, 161 in leg, 164f, 165 Interphase, 81, 83f DNA replication during, 81–82, 82f Interstitial cells, of testis, 539 testosterone produced by, 539, 545 Interstitial (tissue) fluid, 8f, 76, 389, 389f, 524, 525f fluid movements at capillary beds and, 390, 390f Intertrochanteric crest, 164, 164f Intertrochanteric line, 164, 164f Intertubercular sulcus, 160, 160f Interventricular coronary arteries, 359f, 363 Interventricular foramen, 249f Interventricular septum, 358, 360f, 361f Intervertebral discs/joints, 153, 153f, 169 herniated (“slipped”), 153 Intervertebral/vertebral foramen, 153f, 154, 154f, 155f Intestinal gastrin, 331t, 485t See also Gastrin Intestinal juice, 483 Intestines See Large intestine; Small intestine Intracellular fluid, 65, 65f, 76, 524, 525f Intracranial hemorrhage, 251 Intramolecular bonds, hydrogen bonds as, 37 Intramuscular injections in deltoid muscle, 208, 209f in gluteus medius muscle, 210f, 212 in rectus femoris muscle, 212 in vastus lateralis, 211t, 212 Intraocular pressure, 286 in glaucoma, 286 Intrapleural pressure, 447 Intrapulmonary volume/pressure, in breathing, 445–447, 447f Intrauterine device, 568b, 569b Intravenous (IV) solutions, tonicity and, 84b Intrinsic conduction system of heart, 364–365, 364f Intrinsic factor, 469 Intrinsic nerve plexuses, alimentary canal, 466, 467f Inversion (body movement), 199f, 200 Involuntary (internal) anal sphincter, 471 Involuntary muscle, 184 See also Cardiac muscle; Smooth muscle Involuntary nervous system, 227, 264 See also Autonomic nervous system Iodine, 27t, 31t deficiency of/thyroid hormone synthesis and, 318 Ion(s), 25, 28, 33 heart rate regulation and, 368 Ionic bonds, 33, 34f Ionizing radiation, 30 www.downloadslide.net Index 619 IRDS See Infant respiratory distress syndrome Iris, 279f, 282f, 283 autonomic nervous system affecting, 268t, 288 Iron, 27t, 31t Iron-deficiency anemia, 342t, 353 Irregular bones, 136, 136f Irritability (responsiveness), 8–9 muscle cell, 187 neuron, 9, 99, 234 See also Nerve impulses Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 502 IRV See Inspiratory reserve volume Ischemia, myocardial, 363, 365, 367b Ischial spine, 162, 163f Ischial tuberosity, 162, 163f Ischium, 162, 163f Islets of Langerhans (pancreatic islets), 323–325, 325f Isografts, 425 Isoleucine, 490f Isometric contractions, 195 Isometric (resistance) exercises, muscles affected by, 196, 196f, 220 Isotonic contractions, 195 Isotonic solutions, 84b Isotopes, 29–30, 30f radioactivity exhibited by, 30 Isthmus of thyroid gland, 317, 317f IUD See Intrauterine device IV solutions See Intravenous (IV) solutions Jaundice, 119, 476 physiologic, 353 Jaw See Mandible; Maxillae (maxillary bones) Jejunum, 464f, 469, 471f JG apparatus See Juxtaglomerular ( JG) apparatus Joint(s), 4, 5f, 112f, 134, 166–173, 166–167b aging affecting, 172, 177 artificial, 166–167b cartilaginous, 167, 168f, 169, 169t classification of, 166–167, 168f, 169t dislocation of, 170 fibrous, 167, 167–169, 168f, 169t homeostatic imbalances and, 170, 172–173, 173f inflammatory disorders of, 172–173, 173f membranes of, 110, 112f muscles in stabilization of, 185 synovial, 110, 112f, 167, 168f, 169–173, 169t, 170f, 171f, 173f Joint cavity, 112f, 169, 170f Joint replacement, 166–167b Jugular foramen, 148, 148f, 149f Jugular notch, 157, 157f Jugular veins, 148, 376, 377f Juxtaglomerular ( JG) apparatus, 515f, 528f, 529 Juxtamedullary nephrons, 515f, 516 K See Potassium Kaposi’s sarcoma, in HIV infection/AIDS, 428b kcal (kilocalories), 487, 497 Keratin, 49, 112, 113t, 114, 115, 116 body defense and, 112, 113t, 405t in hair, 121 in skin, 112, 113t, 114 Keratinization, 113, 114 Keratinocytes, 114, 115f, 116 Ketoacidosis, 494 See also Acidosis Ketosis, 325 Kidney(s), 6f, 7, 511, 512–520, 512f See also under Renal in acid-base balance, 531 artificial, 522b autonomic nervous system affecting, 268t blood pressure and, 385–386, 385f blood supply of, 513, 514f developmental aspects of, 531–533 erythropoietin produced by, 346, 346f, 511 in fluid and electrolyte balance, 526, 527, 528f functions of, 511–512 homeostatic imbalances and, 513, 517, 520–521, 522b, 523, 533 inflammation of (pyelonephritis/pyelitis), 523, 533 location/structure of, 512–513, 512f, 514f polycystic, 533 pregnancy and, 564 urine formation by, 516–519, 517f, 518f Kidney failure, 519, 522b Kidney stones, 520, 521f Kidney transplant, 522b Killer (cytotoxic) T cells, 421, 421f, 422f, 423f, 424t in delayed hypersensitivity, 427 Kilocalories, 487, 497 Kinetic energy, 25, 26 in diffusion, 76 Kinins, 406, 407f Kneecap (patella), 146f, 165 Knee-jerk (patellar) reflex, 237–239, 238f Knee joint, muscles of, 210–211f, 212 Knee replacement/prosthesis, 166–167b Krebs cycle, 490, 491, 491f, 493f Kyphosis, 154, 154f, 175, 175f Labia majora, 549f, 550f, 551 Labia minora, 549f, 550f, 551 Labia of mouth (lips), 465, 465f cleft, 501, 502f Labor, 565–567, 565f, 566f false, 565 oxytocin and, 313–314, 328t, 565, 565f Labyrinth membranous, 292 osseous (bony), 292 Lacrimal apparatus, 280, 280f Lacrimal bones, 147f, 150, 150f Lacrimal canaliculi, 280, 280f Lacrimal caruncle, 279f Lacrimal fluid (tears), 280 in body defense, 405t, 406 Lacrimal gland ducts, 280, 280f Lacrimal glands, 280, 280f autonomic nervous system affecting, 268t developmental aspects of, 302 Lacrimal sac, 280, 280f Lactase, 479f Lactation, 556 oxytocin and, 313, 328t Lacteals, 470, 472f Lactic acid, ATP production and, 193–194, 194f Lactiferous ducts, 556, 556f Lactiferous sinus, 556, 556f Lactogen, placental, 330 Lactose, 43 digestion of, 478, 479f Lacunae, 93, 94f, 137 Lambdoid suture, 147f, 148 Lamellae, 94f, 137, 139f Lamellar corpuscles (pressure receptors), 113, 114f, 116– 117, 233f Laminae elastic, blood vessel, 370, 371f vertebral, 154, 154f Lamina propria, 97, 110 alimentary canal, 466, 467f Langerhans, islets of (pancreatic islets), 323–325, 325f Langerhans cells (epidermal dendritic cells), 115f, 116, 414 Lanugo, 128 Lap band procedure, for obesity, 504b Large intestine, 6f, 7, 20f, 464f, 465, 469, 470–472, 470f, 473f in digestion, 471, 476f, 484–487 homeostatic imbalances and, 485, 487 Laryngeal cartilages, 439–440, 439f Laryngopharynx, 438, 439f, 465f, 466 Larynx, 4, 6f, 437f, 439–440, 439f Lateral (term), 15t Lateral aperture, 249f, 250 Lateral column, 254 Lateral commissure (canthus), 279, 279f Lateral condyle femoral, 164f, 165 tibial, 164f, 165 Lateral cuneiform, 165f Lateral epicondyle, 160f, 161 Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, 262t, 263f Lateral horn, 255f, 267f Lateral longitudinal arch, 165, 165f Lateral malleolus, 164f, 165 Lateral rectus muscle, 281f Lateral rotation (body movement), 198f Lateral sulcus, 240, 242f Lateral ventricles, 244f, 248–250, 249f Latissimus dorsi muscles, 207, 208f, 216f, 217t Laughing, 449t LDLs See Low-density lipoproteins L-dopa, for Parkinson’s disease, 253b Left colic (splenic) flexure, 471, 473f Left hypochondriac region, 20, 20f Left iliac (inguinal) region, 20, 20f Left lower quadrant, 19, 20f Left lumbar region, 20, 20f Left upper quadrant, 19, 20f Leg See also Lower limbs bones of, 164f, 165 muscles of, 209–210, 212–213, 213f, 214f, 215t, 216f, 217t Lens of eye, 282f, 284–287, 286f developmental aspects of, 302 light refraction/visual focus and, 287, 287f Leptin, 331t Lesser curvature of stomach, 467, 468f Lesser omentum, 467, 470f Lesser trochanter, 164, 164f Lesser tubercle, 160, 160f Let-down reflex, oxytocin and, 313, 328t Lethal hit, 421 Leucine, 490f Leukemia, 343, 353 Leukocytes (white blood cells), 96f, 338, 339f, 340f, 342–343, 344t formation of, 345f, 346 in urine, 520t Leukocytosis, 342–343 Leukopenia, 343 LH See Luteinizing hormone Li See Lithium Licensed practical nurse, 532b Life cellular basis of, 62–63 maintenance of, 7–12, 8f Life cycle, cell, 81 Life functions, 7–9 Ligament(s), 4, 95f, 96, 134 of foot, 165 in synovial joints, 169, 170f Ligamentum arteriosum, 359f, 380–382 Light cone sensitivities and, 284, 284f pathway through eye/refraction and, 287, 287f pupillary reflex and, 290 as radiant energy, 25 Light (I) bands, 186, 186f, 187 Light chains, 417, 418f Limbic system, 241t, 246 olfactory pathways and, 299 Limbs See Lower limbs; Upper limbs Line (bone marking), 140t Lingual frenulum, 465, 465f homeostatic imbalance and, 465–466 Lingual tonsils, 438, 439f, 465f, 466 Lip(s) (labia), 465, 465f cleft, 501, 502f Lipase(s), 479f, 483 Lipid(s), 44–48, 45t, 46f, 47f, 488t, 489 See also Fat(s) absorption/digestion of, 478, 479f dietary sources of, 488t, 489 metabolism of, 492–494, 493f phospholipids, 45t, 46f, 47 in plasma membrane, 47, 64–65, 65f saturated and unsaturated, 47, 47f, 489 smooth endoplasmic reticulum in metabolism of, 68 triglycerides (neutral fats), 44– 47, 45t, 46f, 489, 503b Lipoprotein(s), 45t, 495–496 Liposuction, 504b Liquids (matter), 25 Lithium, atomic structure of, 29, 29f Lithotripsy, for renal calculi, 520 Liver, 7, 20f, 464f, 470f, 475 See also under Hepatic autonomic innervation/effects and, 265f, 268t bleeding disorders and, 348 in digestion, 475 homeostatic imbalances and, 476 in metabolism, 492–493, 493f, 494–497, 496f www.downloadslide.net 620 Index Lobes of breast, 556, 556f of cerebral hemispheres, 239, 242f of lungs, 441, 442f Lobules of breast, 556, 556f of testis, 539, 539f Local depolarization, neuron, 236 Lockjaw (tetanus), 191 Long bones, 136, 136f structure of, 137–141, 138f, 139f, 140t Longissimus muscle, 207–208, 208f Longitudinal arches, of foot, 165, 165f Longitudinal fissure, 239, 244f Longitudinal muscle layer, alimentary canal, 184f, 466, 467f large intestine, 471–472 stomach, 468f Loop of Henle (nephron loop), 515f, 516, 518f Loose connective tissue, 95f, 96f, 97 Lordosis, 154, 154f during pregnancy, 563 Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), 45t, 496 Lower limbs See also Foot; Leg; Thigh arteries supplying, 374, 375f bones of, 146f, 164–166, 164f, 165f muscles of, 209–213, 210–211f, 213f, 214f, 215t, 216f, 217t nerves of, 263f veins draining, 376, 377f LPN See Licensed practical nurse Lumbar (term), 16f, 17 Lumbar arteries, 374 Lumbar curvature of spine, 153f, 154 Lumbar enlargement, 254f Lumbar nerves, 254f, 261f Lumbar plexus, 261f, 262t, 263f Lumbar regions, 20, 20f Lumbar (spinal) tap, 250 Lumbar vertebrae, 153, 153f, 155f, 156 Lumen, alimentary canal, 466, 467f Lunar month, 553 Lunate, 161f Lung(s), 4, 6f, 437f, 441–445, 442f, 443f, 444f See also under Pulmonary and Respiratory autonomic innervation/effects and, 265f, 268t collapse of (atelectasis), 447 developmental aspects of, 457, 459 Lung cancer, 454, 455–457 Lung capacities, 448, 448f Lung (respiratory) sounds, 449 Lung volumes, 448, 448f Lunule, 123f, 124 Lupus erythematosus, systemic (SLE), 426 Luteal phase of ovarian cycle, 554f Luteinizing hormone, 314f, 317, 328t, 545 in ovulation, 317, 552, 553 testosterone production and, 317, 545, 546f in uterine (menstrual) cycle, 553, 554f, 555 Lye (sodium hydroxide) ionization of, 41 pH of, 42f Lymph, 399, 399f, 400 Lymphatic collecting vessels, 399f, 400 Lymphatic duct, 399f, 400, 400 Lymphatic system, 4, 6f, 398–403, 399f cardiovascular system and, 391b, 430b developmental aspects of, 429–431 digestive system and, 430b, 505b endocrine system and, 332b, 430b homeostatic imbalances and, 402, 431 homeostatic relationships of, 430b integumentary system and, 130b, 430b lymph nodes in, 399f, 400– 402, 401f, 402f muscular system and, 219b, 430b nervous system and, 272b, 430b organs of, 4, 402–403, 403f reproductive system and, 430b, 571b respiratory system and, 430b, 458b skeletal system and, 176b, 430b urinary system and, 430b, 534b vessels of (lymphatics), 4, 6f, 399–400, 399f, 400f, 401f Lymphatic vessels (lymphatics), 4, 6f, 399–400, 399f, 400f, 401f afferent and efferent, 402, 402f developmental aspects of, 429 disorders of, 431 Lymph capillaries, 399, 399f, 400f Lymph node(s), 4, 6f, 399f, 400– 402, 401f, 402f in infection, 401, 402 Lymph node capsule, 401, 402f Lymphocytes, 339f, 340f, 343, 344t, 401, 404, 412–414 in adaptive defense system, 412–414 differentiation/activation of, 412–414, 413f, 431 formation of, 345f, 412, 431 Lymphoid organs, 4, 402–403, 403f developmental aspects of, 429–431 Lymphoid stem cells, 345, 345f Lysine, 48f, 490f Lysosomes, 68f, 69f, 70, 73t, 409, 409f in endocytosis/phagocytosis, 70, 79, 81f rupture of, 70 Lysozyme, 280, 406 in body defense, 406 in lacrimal secretions, 280 MAC See Membrane attack complex Macrophage(s), 74, 75f, 401, 404, 409, 409f, 414, 423f See also Phagocytes activated, 414 antigen presentation by, 414, 420–421, 423f in inflammation, 408 Maculae, 293 Magnesium, 27t, 31t Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 11b, 18f in brain lesion diagnosis, 270b Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), 11b Main (primary) bronchi, 437f, 440–441, 442f Main pancreatic duct, 471f Major nutrients, 487 See also Nutrients Male infertility, 542 Male pattern baldness, 128 Male reproductive system, 6f, See also specific organ or structure anatomy of, 539–543, 540–541f developmental aspects of, 567–570 function of, 543–547 homeostatic imbalances and, 541–542, 542, 544–545, 547, 567, 570 Male sex hormones, 45t, 321 Malignant melanoma, 127, 127f Malignant neoplasms (cancer), 102–103b, 104 See also specific type or organ affected Malleoli, medial and lateral, 164f, 165 Malleus (hammer), 291f, 292 MALT See Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue Maltase, 479f Maltose (malt sugar), 43 digestion of, 478, 479f Mammary glands (breasts), 6f, 555–557, 556f, 557f developmental aspects of, 570 prolactin affecting, 314f, 315, 328t Mammillary bodies, 245f, 246 Mammography, 557, 557f Mandible, 147f, 150f, 151 in fetal skull, 174f Mandibular fossa, 149f Mandibular ramus, 147f Manganese, 27t Mantoux test, 427 Manubrium, 157, 157f Manus (hand), 16f MAP See Morning-after pill Marginal artery, 359f, 363 Masculinization, 322 Masseter muscle, 204, 204f, 214f, 215t Mass movements, 484 Mast cells, in acute (immediate) hypersensitivity, 426, 427f Mastication, 466, 473, 476f, 478 muscles used in, 204, 204f Mastoid fontanel, 152f Mastoiditis, 148 Mastoid process, 147f, 148, 149f Mastoid sinuses, 148 Maternal antibodies, passive immunity and, 417, 417f Matrix bone, 137, 141, 142 extracellular (connective tissue), 93 hair bulb, 121, 122f nail, 123, 123f Matter, 24–25 composition of, 26–30 living, 38–55 See also Biochemistry Maxillae (maxillary bones), 147f, 149–150, 149f, 150f Maxillary sinus, 151f Meatus (bone marking), 140t Mechanical breakdown (food), 476f, 477, 478 Mechanical energy, 25 Mechanoreceptors, 290 in digestion, 478 Medial (term), 15t Medial commissure (canthus), 279, 279f Medial condyle femoral, 164f, 165 tibial, 164f, 165 Medial epicondyle, 160f, 161 Medial longitudinal arch, 165, 165f Medial malleolus, 164f, 165 Medial rectus muscle, 281f Medial rotation (body movement), 198f Median aperture, 249f, 250 Median cubital vein, 376, 377f Median nerve, 262t, 263f Median sacral crest, 156, 156f Median (midsagittal) section/plane, 17, 18f Mediastinum, 19, 357, 358f, 441, 442f Medical imaging, 10–11b Medical transcriptionist, 129b Medulla adrenal See Adrenal medulla hair, 121, 122f lymph node, 402, 402f renal, 513 respiratory centers in, 452, 453f, 454 Medulla oblongata, 241t, 242f, 244f, 245f, 246 Medullary cavity of bone (yellow marrow), 137, 138f Medullary (renal) pyramids, 513, 514f Megakaryocytes, 343 See also Platelets Meiosis, 544, 544f homeostatic imbalances and, 567 in oogenesis, 544f, 551, 552, 552f, 553 in spermatogenesis, 543f, 544, 544f Meissner’s corpuscles (touch receptors), 113, 116, 233f Melanin, 115f, 116 protection from ultraviolet radiation/sun damage and, 113t, 116 skin color and, 119 Melanocytes, 115f, 116 cancer of (melanoma), 127, 127f in hair bulb, 121, 122f Melanoma, 127, 127f Melanosomes, 116 Melatonin, 326–327, 328t Membrane(s) See also specific type basement, 88, 89f body, 109–112, 111f, 112f, 128 boundary maintenance and, connective tissue, 109, 110, 112f covering/lining, 109, 110, 111f cutaneous, 110, 111f See also Skin epithelial, 109, 110, 111f mucous See Mucous membranes (mucosae) nuclear, 63f, 64, 68f, 73t phospholipids in, 47, 64–65, 65f plasma, 63f, 64–66, 65f, 66f, 68f, 72t selective permeability/diffusion and, 76, 77–78, 77f See also Membrane transport serous See Serous membranes (serosae) synovial, 110, 112f Membrane attack complex, 410, 411f www.downloadslide.net Index 621 Membrane (cell) junctions, 66, 66f Membrane proteins, 64, 65–66, 65f in receptor-mediated endocytosis, 80, 81f Membrane transport, 65, 75–80, 76f, 77f, 79f, 80f, 81f active processes in, 78–80, 79f, 80f, 81f passive processes in, 76–78, 76f, 77f Membranous labyrinth, 292 Membranous urethra, 540f, 541, 541f Memory, immunological, 411, 416 Memory cells, 416, 422, 424t B cells, 416, 423f, 424t T cells, 422, 423f, 424t Menarche, 570 Ménière’s syndrome, 297–298 Meningeal layer of dura mater, 247, 248f, 249f Meninges brain, 247, 248f spinal, 253, 255f, 256f Meningitis, 247 Menopause, 330, 551, 570–571 Menses, 550, 555 onset of, 570 Menstrual (uterine) cycle, 327, 553–555, 554f Menstrual phase of menstrual cycle, 553–555, 554f Menstruation, 550, 555 onset of, 570 Mental (term), 16f, 17 Mental foramen, 147f Meridia See Sibutramine Merkel cells, 115f, 116 Merkel discs, 116 Mesenteric arteries, 374, 375f Mesenteric veins, 377f, 379, 380f Mesentery, 466, 467f, 469, 470f Mesocolon, transverse, 473f Mesoderm, 559, 561f Messenger RNA, 54, 55, 69f, 85 in transcription, 85, 86f in translation, 86f, 87 Metabolic phase, 81 Metabolic rate age-related changes in, 498, 498t, 502 basal, 497–498, 498t obesity and, 503b thyroxine affecting, 318, 328t, 498, 498t total, 498–499 Metabolism, 9, 490–501, 493f carbohydrate, 37f, 38, 44, 490– 492, 491f, 492f, 493f cellular, autonomic nervous system affecting, 268t developmental aspects of, 501–502 energy balance and, 493f, 497–501, 498t, 500f fat/lipid, 492–494, 493f homeostatic imbalances and, 498, 499, 499–501, 501–502 inborn errors of, 501–502 liver in, 492–493, 493f, 494– 497, 496f protein, 493f, 494 thyroid hormone and, 318, 328t, 498, 498t Metacarpals, 146f, 161, 161f Metaphase, 82–83, 83f Metaphase plate, 83, 83f Metastasis, 102b Metatarsals, 146f, 165, 165f Metatarsal veins, dorsal, 377f Methane, formation of, 31, 35f Methionine, 490f Mg See Magnesium MI See Myocardial infarction Microcirculation, 372 Microfilaments, 70, 71f, 73t Microglia, 228, 228f Microscopic anatomy, of bone, 137–138, 139f Microtubules, 68f, 70, 71f, 73t in mitotic spindle, 70, 82, 83f Microvilli, 66f, 71, 470, 472f renal tubular, 516 Micturition (voiding), 523–524 developmental aspects of, 533 Midbrain, 241t, 245f, 246 development of, 240f Middle cerebral arteries, 378f Middle ear (tympanic cavity), 21, 291–292, 291f Middle nasal conchae, 149, 150f, 439f Midpiece of sperm, 544, 545f Midsagittal (median) section/plane, 17, 18f MIF See Migration inhibiting factor Migration inhibiting factor (MIF), 424t Milia, 128 Milk ejection, oxytocin and, 313, 328t Milk production, prolactin and, 315, 328t Milk teeth, 473, 474f Mineralocorticoids, 320–321, 321f, 329t in stress response, 324f Minerals, 489–490 dietary sources of, 488t, 489–490 Minipill, 568b, 569b Minivalves, lymph capillary, 399, 400f Minor nutrients, 487 See also Nutrients Mitochondria (mitochondrion), 67, 68f, 72t in sperm, 544, 545f Mitosis, 82–83, 83f, 126, 544, 544f, 552f, 559 Mitotic spindle, 70, 82, 83f Mitral (bicuspid) valve, 360f, 361 Mittelschmerz, 552 Mixed nerves, 257 M line, 186, 186f Mn See Manganese Mo See Molybdenum Molars, 474, 474f Mole (concentration unit), pH scale and, 41, 42f Mole (skin), 116 Molecular formula, 31 Molecule(s), 2, 3f, 30–31 compounds differentiated from, 31, 32f covalent, 34 Molybdenum, 27t Monoclonal antibodies, 417 Monocytes, 96f, 339f, 343, 344t formation of, 345f in inflammation, 408 Monomer(s), 42, 43f, 93, 418 Monosaccharides, 43, 44f, 477–478 Mons pubis, 549f, 550–551, 550f Morbid obesity, 503b Morning-after pill, 568b, 568–569b Morning sickness, 564 Morula, 559, 560f Motor aphasia, 251 Motor area, primary, 240, 242f, 243f Motor (efferent) division of peripheral nervous system, 226f, 227 Motor homunculus, 240, 243f Motor (efferent) nerves, 257 Motor (efferent) neurons, 230f, 232f, 233 in muscle cell contraction, 187–190, 188f, 189f, 190f in reflex arc, 237, 238f Motor output, 226, 226f Motor speech area (Broca’s area), 240–243, 242f Motor (efferent) tracts, 254, 256f Motor unit, 187, 188f Mouth (oral cavity), 6f, 7, 20, 437f, 464f, 465, 465–466, 465f in digestion, 465, 466, 476f, 478–480, 479f, 481f taste buds in, 300, 300f, 301, 466 Movement, 7–8 See also Body movements muscular system and, 4, 7, 181, 185 skeletal system and, 7–8, 135 MRI See Magnetic resonance imaging mRNA See Messenger RNA MRS See Magnetic resonance spectroscopy MS See Multiple sclerosis Mucosa See Mucous membranes Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT), 403 Mucous membranes (mucosae), 92, 110, 111f alimentary canal, 184f, 466, 467f in body defense, 405t, 406 nasal, 437, 438 respiratory, 437–438 of stomach, 468f, 469 Mucous neck cells, 468f, 469 Mucus in cystic fibrosis, 457 gastric mucosa producing, 469 goblet cells producing, 92, 471 mucous neck cells producing, 469 Multiaxial joints, 168f, 171f, 172 Multinucleate cells, 85 Multipennate muscles, 203, 203f Multiple sclerosis, 231, 426 Multipolar neurons, 234, 234f Mumps, 475 Murmurs, 366 Muscle(s)/muscle tissue, 2, 97–99, 98f, 100f, 181–185, 182t, 183f, 184f See also specific type and Muscular system; Skeletal muscle(s) aging affecting, 104 functions of, 185 Muscle attachments, 196–197, 197f Muscle contraction, 4, 181, 182t, 187 See also Skeletal muscle contraction ATP supplying energy for, 55, 55f, 192–194, 194f cardiac muscle, 99, 182t frequency of stimulus and, 191–192, 193f homeostatic imbalance and, 195 movement and, 4, 181, 185 skeletal muscle, 4, 97–99, 182t, 187–196, 188f, 189f, 190f, 191f, 192f, 193f, 194f, 196f See also Skeletal muscle contraction smooth muscle, 99, 182t, 184 strength of stimulus and, 192 types of, 195 Muscle control, development of, 218 Muscle fatigue, 194–195 Muscle fibers/cells, 74, 75f, 98f, 99, 182t, 183–184, 183f stimulation/contraction of, 187–191, 188f, 189f, 190f, 191f, 192f Muscle insertion, 197, 197f, 209 Muscle spindle, 233f Muscle tone, 195 Muscle twitches, 191, 193f Muscular dystrophy, 218 Muscularis externa, alimentary canal, 466, 467f large intestine, 471–472 stomach, 468f, 469 Muscular pump lymph transport and, 400 venous return and, 368, 369f, 372, 372f Muscular system, 4, 5f, 181–224 See also Muscle(s); Skeletal muscle(s) activity of, 187–196, 188f, 189f, 190f, 191f, 192f, 193f, 194f, 196f body movements and, 196–200, 197f, 197t, 198–199f cardiovascular system and, 219b, 391b developmental aspects of, 218–220 digestive system and, 219b, 505b endocrine system and, 219b, 332b functions of, 185 gross anatomy of, 203–218 See also specific named muscle homeostatic imbalances and, 195, 218–220, 220f homeostatic relationships of, 219f integumentary system and, 130b, 219b lymphatic system/immunity and, 219b, 430b microscopic anatomy and, 185–187, 186f movement and, 4, 7, 181, 185 nervous system and, 219b, 272b reproductive system and, 219b, 571b respiratory system and, 219b, 458b skeletal system and, 176b, 219b steroid abuse and, 205b tissue types and, 181–185, 182t, 183f, 184f urinary system and, 219b, 534b Musculocutaneous nerve, 262t, 263f Mutations, in cancer, 102b, 103b Myasthenia gravis, 218, 220f, 426 Myelin, 229–231 Myelination, 228f, 229–231, 230f, 231f, 270 Myelin sheaths, 228f, 229, 230f, 231, 231f multiple sclerosis and, 231 nerve impulse propagation and, 236 Myeloid stem cells, 345, 345f Myeloid tissue, 345 See also Bone marrow Myenteric nerve plexus, 466, 467f Myocardial infarction, 363, 367b Myocardium, 358, 359–360f inadequate blood supply to (ischemia), 363, 365, 367b www.downloadslide.net 622 Index Myofibrils, 186–187, 186f Myofilaments, 183, 186f, 187 Myometrium, 549f, 550 Myopia/myopic eye, 289b Myosin, 70, 187 in sliding filament theory, 190–191, 191f, 192f Myosin (thick) filaments, 186f, 187 in sliding filament theory, 190–191, 191f, 192f Myosin heads, 187 in sliding filament theory, 190, 191f, 192f MyPlate, 488, 489f Myringotomy, 292 Myxedema, 318 N See Nitrogen n0 See Neutron(s) Na See Sodium NaCl See Sodium chloride Na+–K+ (sodium-potassium) pump, 78, 79f Nail(s), 123–124, 123f Nail bed, 123, 123f Nail body, 123, 123f Nail folds, 123, 123f Nail matrix, 123, 123f Nail root, 123, 123f Nares (nostrils), 280f, 437, 437f, 439f Nasal (term), 16f, 17 Nasal aperture, posterior, 438, 439f Nasal bones, 147f, 150, 150f Nasal cavity/passages, 4, 6f, 21, 437, 437f, 438, 439f Nasal conchae, 149, 150f, 151, 438, 439f Nasal hairs, in body defense, 405t Nasal mucosa, 437, 438 pregnancy and, 564 Nasal septum, 437 Nasolacrimal duct, 280, 280f Nasopharynx, 438, 439f, 465f, 466 Natriuretic peptide, atrial, 321, 322f Natural killer (NK) cells, 405t, 406 Naturally acquired immunity active, 416, 417f passive, 417, 417f Nausea and vomiting, pregnancy and, 564 Navicular, 165f Ne See Neon Nearsightedness (myopia), 289b Neck of bone of femur, 164, 164f of humerus, anatomical and surgical, 160, 160f of radius, 160f Neck cells, mucous, 468f, 469 Neck muscles, 204f, 206, 208f, 214f, 215t, 216f, 217t Neck of tooth, 474f, 475 Negative feedback, 13, 311 erythropoietin secretion and, 346, 346f glucose regulation and, 323– 324, 325, 326f homeostasis and, 12, 13, 13f hormone secretion and, 311 Neon, as chemically inert element, 33f Neoplasms (tumors), 102b, 104 benign, 102b, 104 malignant (cancer), 102–103b, 104 See also specific type or organ affected Nephron(s), 513–516, 515f Nephron loop, 515f, 516, 518f Nerve(s), 4, 5f, 232, 255–257, 257f classification of, 257 cranial, 226f, 227, 257, 258– 259t, 260f spinal, 226f, 227, 253, 254, 254f, 255f, 257–261, 261f, 262t structure of, 255–257, 257f Nerve cells, 229 See also Neuron(s) Nerve fiber See Axon Nerve growth factor, 51t Nerve impulses, 4, 25, 234–237, 235f, 236, 237f homeostatic imbalances and, 236 initiation/generation/propagation of, 234–236, 235f in muscle cell contraction, 187–190, 188f, 189f, 190f transmission at synapses and, 236–237, 237f Nerve plexuses alimentary canal, 466, 467f spinal, 257–261, 257–261, 261f, 262t Nervous system, 4, 5f, 225–277, 226f See also Nerve(s); Nervous tissue autonomic, 226f, 227, 264– 269, 264f, 265f, 268t cardiovascular system and, 272b, 391b central, 226f, 227, 239–255 See also Central nervous system developmental aspects of, 269–273, 269f diagnosis of problems and, 270–271b digestive system and, 272b, 505b endocrine system and, 272b, 332b functional classification of, 226f, 227 functions of, 225–226, 226f homeostatic imbalances and, 231, 236, 269, 270–271b homeostatic relationships of, 272f integumentary system and, 130b, 272b involuntary, 227, 264 See also Autonomic nervous system irritability/responsiveness and, 9, 99, 234 lymphatic system/immunity and, 272b, 430b muscular system and, 218, 219b, 272b organization of, 226–227, 226f peripheral, 226f, 227, 255–269, 264f See also Peripheral nervous system protection of, 247–251, 248f, 249f, 250f reproductive system and, 272b, 571b respiratory system and, 272b, 458b skeletal system and, 176b, 272b somatic, 226f, 227, 254, 264f, 265 structural classification of, 226f, 227 urinary system and, 272b, 534b voluntary, 227 See also Somatic nervous system Nervous tissue, 2, 99–100, 99f, 100f, 227–239 See also Nervous system neurons, 229–239, 230f See also Neuron(s) supporting cells, 99f, 100, 227–229, 228f Neural layer of retina, 283, 283f Neural stimuli blood pressure and, 384–385, 385f digestion control and, 267–268, 268t, 478, 480 endocrine system activation and, 311f, 312 heart rate regulation and, 368, 369f respiratory control and, 452, 453f Neural tissue See Nervous tissue Neural tube, 239 Neurilemma, 231, 231f Neurofibrillary tangles, in Alzheimer’s disease, 252b Neurofibrils, 229, 230f Neuroglia (supporting cells), 99f, 100, 227–229, 228f Neuromuscular junctions, 187 in muscle contraction, 187– 190, 189f Neuron(s) (nerve cells), 74, 75f, 99–100, 99f, 229–239, 230f anatomy of, 99–100, 99f, 229– 231, 230f, 232f association (interneurons), 232f, 233 classification of, 232–234, 232f, 233f, 234f homeostatic imbalances and, 231, 236 irritability/responsiveness and, 9, 99, 234 motor (efferent), 230f, 232f, 233 in muscle cell contraction, 187–190, 188f, 189f, 190f nerve impulse transmission and, 234–237, 235f, 237f physiology of, 234–239, 235f, 237f, 238f reflexes/reflex arcs and, 237– 239, 238f retinal, 283, 283f See also Photoreceptors sensory (afferent), 232–233, 232f, 233f supporting cells and, 99f, 100, 227–229, 228f terminology related to, 231–232 Neuron processes, 74, 99–100, 99f, 229, 230f, 232, 232f neuron classification and, 233–234, 234f Neurophysiology, Neurosecretory cells, 313, 313f Neurotransmitters, 187, 229, 236–237, 237f in axonal terminals, 229, 236, 237f in neuromuscular junction, 187, 189f signal transmission at synapses and, 236–237, 237f Neutral fats (triglycerides), 44–47, 45t, 46f, 489 in obesity, 503b Neutralization, by antibodies, 419, 420f Neutralization reaction, 41 Neutron(s), 26, 28f, 28t, 29, 29f isotopes and, 29 Neutrophils, 96f, 339f, 340f, 343, 344t, 409 See also Phagocytes formation of, 345f in inflammation, 407–408, 408f Newborn conjunctivitis in (ophthalmia neonatorum), 302 hemolytic disease of, 352 HIV transmission to, 429b nutrition and, 502 physiologic jaundice in, 353 skull in, 151–152, 152f, 174f spinal curvature in, 153, 153f, 174 urinary system in, 533 vision in, 302 Nicotine, blood pressure and, 385f, 386 Night blindness, 284 Nipple, 556, 556f Nissl bodies/substance, 229, 230f Nitrogen, 27t, 31t Nitrogenous waste products, 7, 8f, 517, 519 NK cells See Natural killer (NK) cells Nocturia, 533 Nodal (intrinsic) conduction system of heart, 364–365, 364f Nodes of Ranvier, 230f, 231 Noise, hearing loss and, 297, 303 Nonaxial joints, 170, 171f Nonpolar covalently bonded molecules, 34 Nonrespiratory air (gas) movements, 448–449, 449t Nonself antigens, 412 Nonspecific defense system See Innate (nonspecific) defense system Nonsteroid hormones, 309 mechanism of action of, 310, 310f Nonstriated muscle See Smooth muscle Noradrenaline See Norepinephrine Norepinephrine, 264f, 266, 267, 311f, 312, 323, 329t stress response/sympathetic stimulation and, 311f, 312, 323, 324f Nose, 437–438 Nostrils (nares), 280f, 437, 437f, 439f Notch (bone marking), 140t Nuclear envelope/membrane, 63f, 64, 68f, 73t Nuclear medicine, 10–11b Nuclear pores, 63f, 64 Nucleases, 483 Nuclei basal See Basal nuclei neural, 231 Nucleic acids, 52–55, 53f See also DNA; RNA Nucleoli (nucleolus), 63f, 64, 68f, 74t Nucleoplasm, 64 Nucleotides, 52, 53f, 81, 81–82 Nucleus (atomic), 28, 28f, 28t, 30 Nucleus (cell), 63–64, 63f, 64, 68f, 73–74t Nurse, practical, 532b Nutrients, 8f, 9, 487 See also specific type capillary exchange of, 389, 389f Nutrition, 487–490, 488t, 489f, 490f aging and, 502 pregnancy and, 502, 563–564 O See Oxygen OA See Osteoarthritis Obesity, 503–504b Obesity genes, 503b www.downloadslide.net Index 623 Oblique muscles abdominal, 206f, 207, 214f, 215t gastric, 468f ocular, 281f Obturator foramen, 162, 163f Obturator nerve, 262t, 263f Occipital (term), 16f, 17 Occipital bone, 147f, 148, 148f, 149f in fetal skull, 152f, 174f Occipital condyles, 148, 149f Occipitalis muscle, 204, 204f, 216f Occipital lobe, 240, 242f, 245f, 288f Ocular fundus, 286–287, 286f Oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III), 258t, 260f Odor sensation, 278, 298–300, 299f cortical areas in, 242f, 299 developmental aspects of, 303 OH¯ See Hydroxyl ion Oil(s) (lipids), 47, 47f Oil (sebaceous) glands, 114f, 119–120, 120f developmental aspects of, 128 Olecranal (term), 16f, 17 Olecranon, 160f, 161 Olecranon fossa, 161 Olecranon process, 160f Olfactory area, 242f, 299 Olfactory auras/hallucinations, 300 Olfactory bulb, 299f Olfactory epithelium, 299, 299f Olfactory filaments, 299, 299f Olfactory hairs, 299, 299f Olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I), 258t, 260f, 299 Olfactory receptor cells, 299, 299f Olfactory receptors, 299, 299f, 437 Oligodendrocytes, 228f, 229 myelin sheaths formed by, 228f, 231 Oliguria, 517 Omega-3 fatty acids, 47 Omentum greater, 467, 470f lesser, 467, 470f Oncogenes, 102b Oocytes, 75, 547, 551, 552f, 560f See also Ova fertilization of, 9, 538, 544, 544f, 548, 558–559, 558f, 560f primary, 551, 552f secondary, 548f, 552, 552f transport of, 548 Oogenesis, 551–553, 552f, 553f Oogonia, 551, 552f Open (compound) fracture, 145 Open reduction of fracture, 145 Ophthalmia neonatorum, 302 Ophthalmoscope/ophthalmoscopy, 286–287, 286f Opposition of thumb (body movement), 199f, 200 Opsin, 285b Opsonization, 410 Optic canal, 148f, 149, 150f Optic chiasma, 288, 288f Optic disc (blind spot), 282f, 283f, 284 Optic nerve (cranial nerve II), 258t, 260f, 282f, 283, 283f, 288f Optic radiation, 288, 288f Optic tracts, 288, 288f Oral (term), 16f, 17 Oral cavity (mouth), 6f, 7, 20, 437f, 464f, 465, 465–466, 465f in digestion, 465, 466, 476f, 478–480, 479f, 481f taste buds in, 300, 300f, 301, 466 Oral cavity proper, 465 Orbicularis oculi muscle, 204, 204f, 214f, 215t Orbicularis oris muscle, 204, 204f, 214f, 215t Orbit(s) (orbital cavity), 21 Orbital (term), 16f, 17 Orbital fissure, superior, 149, 150f Orbital model of atom/orbitals, 28, 28f Orchiditis, 570 Organ(s), 2, 3f, 87 See also specific organ structural organization at level of, 2, 3f Organ of Corti, spiral, 296, 296f aging affecting, 303 Organelles, 67–70, 67, 68f, 72–73t See also specific type Organic compounds, 38, 42–55 See also specific type Organism, 3, 3f See also specific system structural organization at level of, 2, 3f Organ systems, 2–3, 3–7, 3f, 5–6f See also specific system interrelationships among, 7, 8f structural organization at level of, 2, 3f Organ transplants, 422–425 renal, 522b Origin, muscle, 196–197, 197f, 209 Orlistat, for weight loss, 504b Oropharynx, 438, 439f, 465f, 466 Orthostatic hypotension, 270, 386 Osmoreceptors, 526, 527f, 528f Osmosis, 77, 77f Osmotic pressure, 84b Ossa coxae (coxal/hip bones), 162, 163f Osseous (bony) labyrinth, 292 Osseous tissue See Bone (osseous) tissue Ossicles, 291f, 292, 296, 298f Ossification, 141, 141f Osteoarthritis, 172, 177 Osteoblasts, 141, 142 Osteoclasts, 142 Osteocytes, 93, 137, 139f, 142 Osteon (Haversian system), 137, 139f Osteoporosis, 175–177 Otitis/otitis media, 292, 302, 438 deafness and, 297 Otolithic membrane, 293, 293 Otoliths, 293, 293 Otosclerosis, 297, 303 Outer (external) ear, 291, 291f Outer segment, photoreceptor, 285b Outlet, pelvic, 162 Ova (eggs), 7, 75, 538, 544, 544f, 553, 560f fertilization of, 9, 538, 544, 544f, 548, 558–559, 558f, 560f production of (oogenesis), 551–553, 552f, 553f Oval window, 291, 291f, 292, 296, 298f Ovarian arteries, 374 Ovarian cycle, 551, 554f Ovarian follicles, 547, 548f, 552, 552f, 554f primary, 548f, 551, 552f, 554f vesicular (Graafian), 547, 548f, 552, 552f, 554f Ovarian ligament, 547, 549f Ovaries, 4, 5f, 6f, 7, 312f, 327, 329t, 538, 547, 548f, 549f aging and, 330 anatomy of, 547, 548f gonadotropic hormones affecting, 314f, 317 hormones of, 327, 329t, 555 Overweight, 503b Ovulation, 547, 548f, 551, 552, 552f, 553, 554f, 555, 560f awareness of, contraceptive methods and, 569b Ovum See Ova Oxidases, 52, 70 Oxidative phosphorylation, in ATP production, 193, 194f, 491f, 492 Oxygen, 8f, 9, 27t, 31t, 33f atomic structure of, 31t as chemically reactive element, 33f, 34, 35f erythropoietin release and, 346, 346f exchange/transport of, 8f, 340, 341, 450, 450f, 451, 451f, 452 See also Gas exchange; Gas transport in respiratory control, 453f, 454 skin color and, 119 as survival requirement, Oxygen deficit, 194–195 Oxygen gas, formation of, 34, 35f Oxyhemoglobin, 450, 451f Oxytocin, 313, 313–314, 313f, 328t, 565 labor initiation and, 313–314, 328t, 565, 565f P See Phosphorus p+ See Proton(s) p16 gene, in cancer, 102b p53 tumor suppressor gene, 102b Pacemaker (artificial), 365 Pacemaker cardiac (sinoatrial node), 182t, 364f, 365 respiratory, 452, 453f Pain, in inflammation, 406, 407, 407f Pain receptors (free/naked nerve endings), 113, 116, 232–233, 233f Palate, 438, 439f cleft, 150, 438, 501, 502f hard, 149f, 438, 439f, 465, 465f soft, 438, 439f, 465, 465f Palatine bones, 149f, 150 Palatine processes, 149, 149f Palatine tonsils, 438, 439f, 465f, 466 Pallor, 119 Palmar arches, 375f Palm of hand, bones of (metacarpals), 146f, 161, 161f Palpebral fissure, 279, 279f Pancreas, 4, 5f, 7, 312f, 323, 325f, 329t, 464f, 470f, 471f, 475 autonomic innervation/effects and, 265f in digestion, 464f, 469, 470, 475, 479f, 483, 484f endocrine (islets), 323–325, 325f, 329t homeostatic imbalance and, 483 Pancreatic amylase, 479f, 483 Pancreatic ducts, 469, 471f Pancreatic hormones, glucose regulation by, 323–324, 325, 326f Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans), 323–325, 325f Pancreatic juice, 483, 484f Pancreatitis, 483 Pannus, in rheumatoid arthritis, 173 Papillae dermal, 114f, 116, 117f hair, 122f, 123 of tongue, 300, 300f, 466 Papillary layer of dermis, 114f, 116, 117f Pap smear, 550 Papule, in squamous cell carcinoma, 127, 127f Parafollicular cells, 317f, 319 Parallel muscles, 202, 203f Paralysis flaccid, 254 spastic, 254–255 Paranasal sinuses, 149–150, 151f, 438 Paraplegic, 255 Parasympathetic division of autonomic nervous system, 226f, 227, 264f, 265 anatomy of, 266 in digestion, 267–268, 268t, 478, 480 function of, 267–269, 268t heart rate and, 268, 268t, 368, 369f Parathyroid glands, 4, 5f, 311f, 312f, 319, 320f, 329t Parathyroid hormone (parathormone/PTH), 311f, 319, 329t bone remodeling and, 142 calcium regulation and, 312, 312f, 320f, 329t Parietal bones, 147, 147f, 148f, 149f, 150f in fetal skull, 152f, 174f Parietal cells, 468f, 469 Parietal layer of serous membrane, 110, 111f pericardium, 357–358, 359f Parietal lobe, 240, 242f Parietal pericardium, 111f, 357–358, 359f Parietal peritoneum, 111f, 466 Parietal pleura, 111f, 441, 442f Parieto-occipital sulcus, 242f Parkinson’s disease, 245, 252–253b Parotid glands, 464f, 475 Partial-thickness burns, 124, 125f Particle size, chemical reaction rate affected by, 39t Parturition (childbirth), 565–567, 565f, 566f Passive immunity, 416–417, 417f Passive processes/transport, 76–78, 76f, 77f Patella, 146f, 165 Patellar (term), 16f, 17 Patellar ligament, 165 Patellar (knee-jerk) reflex, 237–239, 238f Patellar surface, 164f, 165 Pathogens, 404 attenuated, for vaccines, 416 Pathologic fractures, 177 PCT See Proximal convoluted tubules Pectoral (shoulder) girdle bones of, 146f, 158, 159f muscles of, 206f, 208f, 214f, 215t, 216f, 217t Pectoralis major muscle, 206f, 207, 214f, 215t Pectoralis minor muscle, 214f Pedal (term), 16f Pedicles, vertebral, 154, 154f Pelvic (term), 16f, 17 Pelvic brim, 163f www.downloadslide.net 624 Index Pelvic cavity, 19, 19f Pelvic girdle bones of, 146f, 162, 163f muscles of, 209–213, 210–211f, 213f, 214f, 215t, 216f, 217t Pelvic inflammatory disease, 548 Pelvic inlet, 162, 163f Pelvic outlet, 162 Pelvic splanchnic (pelvic) nerves, 266 in micturition, 523 Pelvis, 162, 163f developmental aspects of, 174 in male versus female, 162, 163f Penicillin reaction, 412 Penile (spongy) urethra, 540f, 541, 541f Penis, 6f, 7, 540f, 541f, 542 autonomic nervous system affecting, 268t developmental aspects of, 570 Pennate muscles, 202–203, 203f Pentamers, 418 Pepsin, 50, 468f, 469, 479f, 481 Pepsinogens, 468f, 469, 480, 481 Peptic ulcers, 480, 486b, 502 Peptides, 478, 479f Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals, 137–138, 139f Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers, 137, 138f Perforins, 406, 421, 422f, 424t Pericarditis, 358 Pericardium, 110, 111f, 357, 357f, 359f homeostatic imbalances and, 358 Perilymph, 292, 296, 296f, 298f Perimetrium, 549f, 550 Perimysium, 182t, 183, 183f Perineum, 550f, 551 Perineurium, 256, 257f Periodic table, 26 Periodontal membrane (ligament), 474f, 475 Periosteal layer of dura mater (periosteum), 247, 248f, 249f Periosteum (bone), 137, 138f, 139f Peripheral congestion, in heart failure, 370 Peripheral nervous system, 226f, 227, 255–269, 264f autonomic nervous system, 226f, 227, 264–269, 264f, 265f, 268t cranial nerves, 226f, 227, 257, 258–259t, 260f myelinated fibers in, 228f, 229–231, 230f nerve structure and, 255–257, 257f spinal nerves and nerve plexuses, 226f, 227, 253, 254, 254f, 255f, 257–261, 261f, 262t supporting cells in, 228f, 229 Peripheral resistance, 384, 385f Perirenal fat capsule, 513 Peristalsis, 99, 476f, 477, 477f in large intestine, 484–487 in mouth/pharynx/esophagus, 466, 480 reverse (vomiting), 482 in small intestine, 484 in stomach, 482, 482f Peritoneum, 110, 111f, 466, 467f, 470f Peritonitis, 466 Peritubular capillaries, 515f, 516, 517f Permanent teeth, 473, 474f Permeability, selective, 76, 77–78, 77f See also Membrane transport Pernicious anemia, 342t, 353 Peroxisomes, 68f, 70, 73t Perspiration (sweat), 112, 113t, 121 thermoregulation and, 499, 500f Petechiae, 348 PET scans See Positron-emission tomography Peyer’s patches, 403, 403f, 470 PF3, in coagulation, 347 PGs See Prostaglandins pH, 41, 42f acid-base balance and, 529 of blood, 41, 42f, 338, 450 body defense and, 405t, 406 protein denaturation and, 50 renal regulation of, 518–519, 518f, 531 respiratory control and, 450, 453–454, 453f, 454, 530–531 of semen, 542 of urine, 519, 531 of vagina, 542 Phagocytes/phagocytosis, 74, 79– 80, 81f, 405t, 409, 409f in areolar tissue, 97 in inflammation, 408 Phagosome, 409f Phalanges of foot (toes), 146f, 165, 165f of hand (fingers), 146f, 161, 161f Pharmacy technician, 56b Pharyngeal-esophageal phase of swallowing, 480 Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids), 403, 403f, 438, 439f Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube, 291–292, 291f, 438, 439f Pharynx, 4, 6f, 437f, 438–439, 439f, 464f, 465, 466 food propulsion and, 466, 480, 481f Phentermine, for weight loss, 503b Phenylalanine, 490f in PKU, 502 Phenylketonuria (PKU), 501, 502 Phimosis, 567 Phlebotomy technician, 350b Phosphate bonds, high-energy, 55 Phosphate buffer system, 530 Phosphatidylcholine, 46f Phospholipids, 45t, 46f, 47 in plasma membrane, 47, 64–65, 65f Phosphorus, 27t, 31t Phosphorylation, in ATP formation direct phosphorylation, 193, 194f oxidative phosphorylation, 193, 194f, 491f, 492 Photopupillary reflex, 290 Photoreceptors, 283, 283f, 284, 285b Phrenic arteries, 374 Phrenic nerves, 262t, 452 in respiratory control, 452, 453f Physical changes in matter, 25 Physical therapy assistant, 295b Physiological acidosis, 529 Physiologic jaundice, 353 Physiology, cell, 72–74t, 75–87 complementarity principle and, 63 relationship to anatomy and, Pia mater brain, 247, 248f spinal, 255f PID See Pelvic inflammatory disease Pigment(s) skin, 119 visual, 285b Pigmented layer of retina, 283, 283f Pineal gland, 4, 5f, 245f, 246, 312f, 325–327, 328t developmental aspects of, 330 Pinkeye, 279 “Pink puffers,” 455 Pinna (auricle), 291, 291f Pinocytosis, 80, 81f Pisiform, 161f Pitocin See Oxytocin Pituitary dwarfism, 315, 315f Pituitary gland, 4, 5f, 246, 312f, 313–317, 313f, 314f, 315f, 316b, 328t developmental aspects of, 330 electrolyte and fluid balance and, 526, 528f hypothalamus relationship and, 246, 311f, 313–317, 313f, 314f Pivot joint, 170, 171f PKU See Phenylketonuria Placenta, 330, 559 delivery of, 566f, 567 fetal nutrition via, 502, 559 hormones produced by, 330, 555, 559, 563, 565 substances crossing, 564 Placental stage of labor, 566f, 567 Plane joint, 170, 171f Planes (body), 17, 18f Planetary model of atom, 28, 28f Plantar flexion (body movement), 199f, 200 Plantar nerve, 263f Plantar region, 16f, 17 Plaques atherosclerotic, 387b, 388b senile, in Alzheimer’s disease, 252b Plasma, 97, 338, 339f, 524, 525f gas transport in, 450 Plasma cells, 415–416, 415f, 423f, 424t in lymph nodes, 402 Plasma membrane, 63f, 64, 64–66, 65f, 66f, 68f, 72t boundary maintenance and, selective permeability/diffusion and, 76, 77–78, 77f See also Membrane transport Plasma proteins, 338, 339f Platelet factor (PF3), in coagulation, 347 Platelet plug formation, 347, 347f Platelets, 338, 339f, 340f, 343–345, 344t deficiency of (thrombocytopenia), 348 formation of, 345f, 346 Platysma, 204f, 206, 214f, 215t Pleura, 110, 111f, 441, 442f inflammation of (pleurisy), 443 Pleural cavity, 442f Pleural fluid, 441 Pleural space, 441 air in, 447 pressure in (intrapleural pressure), 447 Pleurisy, 443 Plexuses (nerve) See Nerve plexuses Plicae circulares (circular folds), 470, 472f Pneumocystis pneumonia, in HIV infection/AIDS, 428b Pneumonia, 447, 448, 459 Pneumothorax, 447 PNS See Peripheral nervous system Podocytes, 515f, 516 Polar body, 552, 552f, 553 Polarity of phospholipids, 47 of water, 36, 36f, 39 Polarized membrane (neuron), 234, 235f Polar molecules, 36, 36f Pole(s), charged, in polar molecules, 36 Polycystic kidneys, 533 Polycythemia, 341–342 Polycythemia vera, 342 Polydipsia, in diabetes, 325 Polymer(s), 42 Polyp(s), gastrointestinal, 502 colon cancer and, 103b, 502 Polypeptides, 49, 50f, 478, 479f Polyphagia, in diabetes, 325 Polysaccharides, 43–44, 44f, 478 Polyunsaturated fats, 47 Polyuria, 325, 529 in Addison’s disease, 529 in diabetes, 325 Pons, 241t, 242f, 244f, 245f, 246 respiratory centers in, 452, 453f Popliteal (term), 16f, 17 Popliteal artery, 374, 375f pulse at, 382f Popliteal vein, 376, 377f Pores capillary, diffusion through, 389, 389f nuclear, 63f, 64 in plasma membrane (protein channels), 65, 65f, 77, 77f sweat, 114f, 120f taste, 300 Portal circulation hepatic, 379, 379f, 380f hypothalamic hormones released into, 313, 314f Positional terms/anatomical position, 14, 15t, 16f Positive chemotaxis, 342, 408, 408f Positive feedback homeostasis and, 12, 13, 13f uterine contractions in labor and, 565, 565f Positron-emission tomography (PET), 10b, 11f, 30 in brain lesion diagnosis, 270b Postcapillary venule, 372, 373f Postcentral gyrus, 242f, 243f Posterior (term), 15t See also under Dorsal Posterior association area, 242f, 243 Posterior body landmarks, 16f, 17 Posterior cerebral arteries, 378, 378–379, 378f Posterior communicating artery, 378f Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, 263f Posterior fontanels, 152f Posterior (dorsal) horns, 249f, 254, 255f Posterior inferior iliac spine, 163f Posterior interventricular artery, 363 Posterior nasal aperture, 438, 439f www.downloadslide.net Index 625 Posterior pituitary gland, 313, 313f, 314f, 328t hormones of, 313–314, 313f, 329t Posterior sacral foramina, 156, 156f Posterior (vitreous) segment of eye, 282f, 286 Posterior superior iliac spine, 162, 163f Posterior tibial artery, 374, 375f pulse at, 382f Posterior tibial vein, 376, 377f Posterior trunk muscles, 207–208, 208f, 209f, 216f, 217t Postganglionic axon, 264f, 265, 266 Postpartum bleeding, 567 Postural changes, blood pressure and, 385, 385f Posture, skeletal muscles in maintenance of, 185 Potassium, 27t heart rate and, 368 in muscle contraction, 188, 189f in neuron depolarization/ repolarization, 234, 235f, 236 Potential energy, 25 Practical nurse, 532b Precapillary sphincter, 372, 373f Precentral gyrus, 242f, 243, 243f Precipitation, 420, 420f Preganglionic axon, 264f, 265 Preganglionic neuron, 265, 266 Pregnancy, 557–567, 561, 564f, 565f, 566f anatomical changes during, 548, 563–564, 564f childbirth (parturition) and, 565–567, 565f, 566f HIV transmission and, 429b homeostatic imbalances and, 564 physiologic changes during, 564–565 prevention of (contraception), 568–569b Rh blood groups and, 351–352 Pregnancy tests, hCG-based, 330 Prematurity body temperature regulation and, 269–270 respiratory problems and, 457 Premolars, 474, 474f Premotor area, 242f Prepuce of clitoris, 550f, 551 of penis (foreskin), 540f, 541f, 542 Presbycusis, 303 Presbyopia, 302 Pressoreceptors (baroreceptors), blood pressure and, 385 Pressure gradient, 78 blood pressure and, 383, 383f breathing and, 445, 447, 447f Pressure points, 382, 382f Pressure receptors (lamellar corpuscles), 113, 114f, 116– 117, 233f Primary germ layers, 559, 561f Primary humoral response, 415, 415f, 416f Primary (essential) hypertension, 389 Primary motor area, 240, 242f, 243f Primary oocytes, 551, 552f Primary ovarian follicle, 548f, 551, 552f, 554f Primary sex organs, 538 See also Gonad(s) Primary somatic sensory area, 240, 242f, 243f Primary spermatocyte, 543f, 544 Primary spinal curvatures, 153, 153f, 174 Primary structure of protein, 49, 50f Prime mover, 200 Principle of complementarity, 63 PRL See Prolactin Processes (bone markings), 137, 140t Processes (neuron), 74, 99–100, 99f, 229, 230f, 232, 232f neuron classification and, 233–234, 234f Product(s), 31 Progesterone, 45t, 327, 329t, 555 in contraception, 568b, 569b in menstrual/ovarian cycles, 553, 554f, 555 placental, 330 Projection (bone marking), 137, 140t Projection fiber tracts, 244, 244f Prolactin, 314f, 315, 328t Proliferative phase of menstrual cycle, 554f, 555 Pronation (body movement), 199f, 200 Prophase, 82, 83f Proprioceptors, 232, 233, 233f Propulsion (food), 476f, 477, 480, 481f, 482, 482f, 484, 484–487 See also Peristalsis Prostaglandins, 45t, 309, 321, 331t initiation of labor and, 565 Prostate gland, 6f, 521, 540f, 541–542, 541f Prostatic cancer, 542 Prostatic hypertrophy/hyperplasia, 524, 541–542 urinary retention and, 524, 535, 542 Prostatic urethra, 540f, 541, 541f Prostatitis, 542, 570 Prostheses, for joint replacement, 166–167b Prosthetic heart valve, 363, 363f Protease inhibitors, for HIV infection/AIDS, 429b Protective function of bone, 135 of connective tissue, 93, 97 of epithelial tissue, 88 of muscle, 185 of skin, 112, 113t Protein(s), 48–52, 48f, 50f, 51f, 51t, 52f, 488t, 489 absorption/digestion of, 478, 479f, 481, 483 complete, 489 denaturation of, 50 dietary sources of, 488t, 489 fibrous (structural), 49, 50, 51f, 85 globular (functional), 49, 50, 51f, 51t, 85 Golgi apparatus in modifying/ packaging of, 68–70, 69f membrane, 64, 65–66, 65f metabolism of, 493f, 494 plasma, 338, 339f in receptor-mediated endocytosis, 80, 81f rough endoplasmic reticulum in synthesis/export of, 67, 69f structural levels of, 49, 50f synthesis of See Protein synthesis in urine, 520t, 522b Protein buffer system, 530 Protein channels, 65, 65f, 77, 77f Protein synthesis, 37, 37f, 85–87, 86f DNA in, 64, 85, 86f in ribosomes, 67, 69f, 86f RNA in, 85, 86f transcription, 85, 85–87, 86f translation, 85, 86f, 87 Proteinuria, 520t, 522b Proton(s), 26, 28, 28f, 28t, 29, 29f acids releasing, 40, 530 pH scale and, 41 Proton acceptors, 41 Proton donors, 40 Proto-oncogenes, 102b Proximal (term), 15t Proximal convoluted tubules, 515f, 516, 518f Pseudohermaphrodites, 567 Pseudopods, 79, 81f Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, 91f, 92 Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, 91f, 92 Psoas major muscle, 211t, 212 Psoriasis, 126, 126f PTH See Parathyroid hormone Ptosis, renal, 513 Puberty, 570 Pubic (term), 16f, 17 Pubic arch, 163f Pubic bone (pubis), 162, 163f Pubic (hypogastric) region, 20, 20f Pubic symphysis, 162, 163f, 169 Pubis (pubic bone), 162, 163f Pulmonary arteries, 359–360f, 360, 361f, 442f Pulmonary capillaries, 444, 444f Pulmonary circulation, 360, 361f Pulmonary congestion, in heart failure, 369–370 Pulmonary edema, 370 Pulmonary embolism, 373 Pulmonary (visceral) pleura, 111f, 441, 442f Pulmonary semilunar valve, 360f, 361–363 Pulmonary trunk, 359f, 360, 442f Pulmonary veins, 359–360f, 360, 361f, 442f Pulmonary ventilation (breathing), 445–448, 445, 446f, 447f See also Respiration Pulp, 475 Pulp cavity, 474f, 475 Pulse (arterial), 382, 382f pregnancy and, 565 Pulse rate, 382 Pupil, 279f, 282f, 283 Pupillary reflexes, 237, 290 Purkinje fibers, 364f, 365 Pus, 408–409 in urine, 520t P wave, 367b Pyelitis, 523 Pyelonephritis, 519, 523, 533 Pyloric antrum, 467, 468f Pyloric sphincter/valve, 467, 468f, 469, 482, 482f Pylorus, 467, 468f, 482 Pyramidal (corticospinal) tract, 240 Pyrogens, 410, 501 Pyuria, 520t QRS complex, 367b Quadrants, abdominopelvic, 19, 20f Quadratus lumborum muscles, 208, 208f, 217t Quadriceps muscles, 211t, 212, 214f, 215t Quadriplegic, 255 Quaternary structure of protein, 49, 50f Quickening, 218 RA See Rheumatoid arthritis Radial artery, 374, 375f pulse at, 382, 382f Radial fossa, 160f Radial groove, 160f, 161 Radial nerve, 262t, 263f Radial tuberosity, 160f, 161 Radial vein, 376, 377f Radiant energy, 25 Radiate arteries, cortical, 513, 514f, 515f, 517f Radiate veins, cortical, 513, 514f, 515f, 517f Radiation aging and, 104 heat loss via, 499, 500f ultraviolet See Ultraviolet radiation Radiation therapy, for cancer, 103b Radioactivity (radiation), 30 Radioisotopes, 30 for positron-emission tomography, 10b, 30 Radiologic technologist, 143b Radioulnar joints, 160f, 161 Radius, 146f, 160f, 161, 174f Rales, 449 Ramus/rami (bone), 140t ischial, 163f mandibular, 147f, 151 of pubic bone, 162, 163f Ramus/rami (nerve) communicans, 266, 267f dorsal, 257, 261f, 267f ventral, 257–261, 261f, 267f Ranvier, nodes of, 230f, 231 RAS See Reticular activating system RBCs See Red blood cells Reabsorption, tubular, 517–518, 517f, 518f acid-base balance and, 531 fluid balance and, 526, 527, 528f Reactant(s), 31 water as, 39 Real image, 287, 288f Receptor-mediated endocytosis, 80, 81f Receptors, 232 See also specific type in homeostasis, 12, 13f Rectum, 6f, 7, 464f, 470f, 471, 473f Rectus abdominis muscles, 206f, 207, 214f, 215t Rectus femoris muscle, 211t, 212, 214f, 215t Rectus muscles, ocular, 281f Red blood cells, 74, 75f, 96f, 338, 339f, 340–342, 340f, 341f, 344t See also Erythrocyte(s) Red cones, 284, 284f Red marrow, 137, 352 Redness in inflammation, 406, 407f of skin (erythema), 119 Reduction fracture, 145 joint, 170 Reflexes/reflex arc, 237–239, 238f Refraction (light), 287, 287f Regeneration, 101 by epithelia, 88 in tissue repair, 101 Regional terms in anatomy, 14–17, 16f Regulatory (suppressor) T cells, 422, 424t allergy/autoimmune disease and, 456b www.downloadslide.net 626 Index Rejection, transplant, 422–425 Relaxin, 330, 563 Releasing hormones, hypothalamic, 313, 314f Remodeling (bone), 142, 142f in fracture repair, 145, 145f Renal arteries, 374, 375f, 512f, 513, 514f Renal calculi, 520, 521f Renal calyces, 513, 514f Renal capsule, 513, 514f Renal columns, 513, 514f Renal corpuscle, 516 Renal cortex, 513, 514f Renal failure, 519, 522b Renal fascia, 513 Renal hilum, 512f, 513, 514f Renal medulla, 513 Renal pelvis, 513, 514f Renal ptosis, 513 Renal (medullary) pyramids, 513, 514f Renal tubules, 516, 517f, 518f reabsorption by, 517–518, 517f, 518f, 526, 527, 528f, 531 secretion by, 517f, 518–519, 518f, 531 Renal veins, 376, 377f, 512f, 513, 514f Renin, 321, 511, 528f, 529 water balance/blood pressure and, 321, 322f, 385f, 386, 511, 528f, 529 Renin-angiotensin mechanism, 528f, 529 Rennin, 481 Repair bone fracture, 145, 145f tissue (wound healing), 100– 101, 101f Repolarization, neuron, 235f, 236 Reproduction, cellular, Reproductive system, 6f, 7, 9, 538–576 See also Female reproductive system; Male reproductive system accessory organs of, 538 cardiovascular system and, 391b, 571b developmental aspects of, 567–572 digestive system and, 505b, 571b endocrine system and, 332b, 571b female anatomy, 547–551, 549f female function/cycles, 551– 555, 554f homeostatic relationships of, 571b integumentary system and, 130b, 571b lymphatic system/immunity and, 430b, 571b male anatomy, 539–543, 540–541f male function, 543–547 mammary glands, 6f, 555–557, 556f, 557f muscular system and, 219b, 571b nervous system and, 272b, 571b pregnancy/embryonic development and, 557– 567, 558f, 562–563t, 563f, 568–569b respiratory system and, 458b, 571b skeletal system and, 176b, 571b urinary system and, 534b, 571b Residual volume, 448, 448f Resistance (vascular/peripheral), 384, 385f Resistance (isometric) exercises, muscles affected by, 196, 196f, 220 Resistance stage of stress response, 323 Resistin, 331t Respiration, 445 See also Cellular respiration basic rhythm of, 452, 453f control of, 452–454, 453f developmental aspects of, 457–459 external, 445, 449, 450, 450f fetal, 457 gas exchange and, 389, 389f, 443, 444, 449, 450, 450f gas transport and, 4, 8f, 445, 450–451, 451f homeostatic imbalances and, 449, 451, 452, 454, 456b internal, 445, 449, 450f, 452 neural regulation of, 452, 453f nonneural factors affecting, 452–454 volition (conscious control) and, 453 Respiratory bronchioles, 443, 443f Respiratory burst, 343 Respiratory capacities, 448, 448f Respiratory distress syndrome, infant (IRDS), 457 Respiratory failure in COPD, 455, 455f in myasthenia gravis, 218 Respiratory gases See under Gas Respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier), 444, 444f Respiratory mucosa, 437–438 Respiratory pump lymph transport and, 400 venous return and, 369f, 372 Respiratory rate aging affecting, 457 neural control of, 452, 453f nonneural factors affecting, 452–454 Respiratory sounds, 449 Respiratory system, 4, 6f, 436–462, 437f See also specific structure and under Pulmonary in acid-base balance, 450, 530–531 anatomy of, 436–445, 437f, 439f, 441f, 442f, 443f, 444f cardiovascular system and, 391b, 458b developmental aspects of, 457–459 digestive system and, 458b, 505b endocrine system and, 332b, 458b homeostatic imbalances/ disorders and, 438, 438– 439, 440, 443, 447, 449, 451, 452, 454, 454–457, 455f, 456b, 457, 459 homeostatic relationships of, 8f, 458b integumentary system and, 130b, 458b lymphatic system/immunity and, 430b, 458b muscular system and, 219b, 458b nervous system and, 272b, 458b physiology of, 445–454, 446f, 447f, 448f, 449t, 450f, 451f, 453f pregnancy and, 564 reproductive system and, 458b, 571b skeletal system and, 176b, 458b urinary system and, 458b, 534b Respiratory (bronchial) tree, 443, 443f Respiratory volumes, 448, 448f Respiratory zone, 443, 443f Responsiveness (irritability), 8–9 muscle cell, 187 neuron, 9, 99, 234 See also Nerve impulses Resting membrane, neuron, 234, 235f Rete testis, 539, 539f Reticular activating system, 246 Reticular cells, 96f, 97 Reticular connective tissue, 96f, 97 Reticular fibers, 93, 96f Reticular formation, 241t, 246 Reticular layer of dermis, 114f, 116–117, 117f Reticulocytes, 345 Retina, 282f, 283–284, 283f, 284f image formation on, 287, 288f Retinal (vitamin A), in rhodopsin, 285b Retinitis, cytomegalovirus, in HIV infection/AIDS, 428b Retropulsion, 482, 482f Reverse transcriptase inhibitors, for HIV infection/AIDS, 429b R-group, amino acid, 48f, 49 Rh blood groups, 351–352 Rheumatic fever, 426 Rheumatoid arthritis, 172–173, 173f, 426 Rhinitis, 438 Rhodopsin, 285b RhoGAM, 351–352 Rhythm method, of contraception, 569b Rib(s)/rib cage, 146f, 157f, 158, 174f, 442f movement of in breathing, 445, 446f, 447 Ribonucleic acid See RNA Ribose, 43, 54 Ribosomal RNA, 54, 55, 67, 85 Ribosomes, 64, 67, 68f, 69f, 72t in protein synthesis, 85, 86f, 87 Rickets, 144, 144f Right colic (hepatic) flexure, 471, 473f Right hypochondriac region, 20, 20f Right iliac (inguinal) region, 20, 20f Right lower quadrant, 19, 20f Right lumbar region, 20, 20f Right lymphatic duct, 400, 400 Right upper quadrant, 19, 20f RNA (ribonucleic acid), 54–55, 85 messenger, 54, 55, 69f, 85, 86f, 87 in protein synthesis, 85, 86f, 87 ribosomal, 54, 55, 67, 85 in transcription, 85, 86f transfer, 54, 55, 85, 87 in translation, 86f, 87 Rods, 283, 283f, 284, 285b Root hair, 114f, 121, 122f nail, 123, 123f of penis, 541f tooth, 474, 474f Root canal, 474f, 475 Root hair plexus (hair follicle receptor), 114f Rooting reflex, 502 Rotation (body movement), 197, 198f Rough endoplasmic reticulum, 63f, 67, 67, 68f, 69f, 72t Golgi apparatus in packaging products of, 68–70, 69f protein synthesis/export by, 67, 69f Round ligament, 548, 549f Round window, 291, 291f, 298f rRNA See Ribosomal RNA Rubella, maternal, 269, 302 congenital eye disorders and, 302 Rugae, gastric, 467, 468f Rule of eights, 33 Rule of nines, 124, 125f S See Sulfur Sacral (term), 16f, 17 Sacral canal, 156, 156f Sacral crest, median, 156, 156f Sacral curvature of spine, 153, 153f Sacral foramina, posterior, 156, 156f Sacral hiatus, 156, 156f Sacral nerves, 254f, 261f Sacral plexus, 261f, 262t, 263f Sacroiliac joint, 156f, 162, 163f Sacrum, 146f, 152, 156, 156f Saddle joint, 171f, 172 “Safer sex,” HIV infection/AIDS prevention and, 429b Sagittal section, 17, 18f, 147 Sagittal sinus, superior, 248f, 249f Sagittal suture, 147 Saliva, 475, 478, 480 in body defense, 405t, 406 Salivary amylase, 475, 478, 479f Salivary glands, 464f, 475 autonomic innervation/effects and, 265f, 268t Salivary reflex, 237 Salt(s), 33, 40 elements found in, 27t, 40 water balance and, 525 Salt (table) See Sodium chloride Saltatory conduction, 236 Salty receptors, 301 SA node See Sinoatrial (SA) node Saphenous nerve, 263f Saphenous vein, 376, 377f Sarcolemma, 185, 186f Sarcomeres, 186f, 187 in sliding filament theory, 190, 191f Sarcoplasm, 183 Sarcoplasmic reticulum, 187 Sartorius muscle, 211t, 212, 214f, 215t Satellite cells, 228f, 229 Saturated fats/fatty acids, 47, 47f, 489 SCA See Sickle-cell anemia Scala tympani/vestibuli, 296, 296f, 298f Scaphoid, 161f Scapulae (shoulder blades), 146f, 158, 159f, 174f Scapular (term), 16f, 17 Scar tissue, 101, 101f Schlemm, canal of (scleral venous sinus), 282f, 286 Schwann cells, 228f, 229, 230f myelin sheaths formed by, 228f, 229–231, 230f, 231f Sciatic nerve, 262t, 263f intramuscular injections and, 210f, 212 Sciatic notch, greater, 162, 163f SCID See Severe combined immunodeficiency disease Sclera, 279f, 281, 282, 282f www.downloadslide.net Index 627 Scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm), 282f, 286 Scleroses, in multiple sclerosis, 231 Scoliosis, 154, 154f Screening tests, for cancer, 103b Scrotum, 6f, 7, 327, 540, 540f, 542 developmental aspects of, 570 SCT See Sickle-cell trait Se See Selenium Sebaceous (oil) glands, 114f, 119–120, 120f developmental aspects of, 128 Seborrhea, 120, 120f Sebum, 119 in body defense, 406 Secondary humoral response, 416, 416f Secondary oocyte, 548f, 552, 552f Secondary ovarian follicle, 554f Secondary polycythemia, 342 Secondary sex characteristics in female, 555, 570 in male, 545–547, 570 Secondary spinal curvatures, 153f, 154, 174 Secondary structure of protein, 49, 50f Second-degree burn, 124, 125f Second heart sound, 366 Second-messenger system, in hormone mechanism of action, 310, 310f Secretin, 331t, 483, 484f, 485t Secretion epithelium and, 88 glandular, 92 tubular, 517f, 518–519, 518f, 531 Secretory IgA, 418 Secretory phase of menstrual cycle, 554f, 555 Secretory vesicles, 68–70, 69f, 80f in exocytosis, 79, 80f Sections (body), 17, 18f Segmental arteries, 513, 514f Segmentation, 476f, 477, 477f Selective permeability, 76 See also Membrane transport diffusion and, 77–78, 77f Selenium, 27t Self-antigens, 412 autoimmune disease and, 426 development of tolerance to, 413 Self-tolerance, 413 loss of (autoimmune disease), 425–426 Sella turcica, 148, 148f Semen, 541, 542 Semen analysis, 542 Semicircular canals, 291f, 292, 294f in equilibrium, 293, 294f Semilunar valves, 360f, 361–363, 362f Semimembranosus muscle, 210f, 212, 216f, 217t Seminal fluid, 541 Seminal glands/vesicles, 6f, 540f, 541, 541f Seminiferous tubules, 539, 539f Semitendinosus muscle, 210f, 212, 216f, 217t Senile plaques, in Alzheimer’s disease, 252b Senility, 271 Sense organs, 226f See also Special senses Sensorineural deafness, 297 aging and, 302–303 maternal rubella and, 302 Sensory aphasia, 251 Sensory area, primary somatic, 240, 242f, 243f Sensory (afferent) division of peripheral nervous system, 226f, 227 Sensory homunculus, 240, 243f Sensory input, 226, 226f Sensory layer of eye (retina), 282f, 283–284, 283f, 284f Sensory (afferent) nerves, 226f, 227, 257 Sensory (afferent) neurons, 232–233, 232f, 233f in reflex arc, 237, 238f Sensory receptors, 4, 5f, 232, 233f See also specific type cutaneous, 113, 113t, 114f, 115f, 117, 232 in reflex arc, 237, 238f responsiveness and, 99, 234 spatial map of (sensory homunculus), 240, 243f for special senses, 278 Sensory (afferent) tracts, 254, 256f Septa, testicular, 539, 539f Septum pellucidum, 249f Serosa See Serous membranes Serotonin, in hemostasis, 347 Serous fluid, 110 Serous membranes (serosae), 88–89, 110, 111f of alimentary canal, 466, 467f of stomach, 468f Serous pericardium, 357–358, 359f Serratus anterior muscle, 214f Serum, coagulation and, 348 Sesamoid bones, 136 Set point, in homeostasis, 12 Severe combined immunodeficiency disease, 427 Sex (gender) basal metabolic rate affected by, 498t determination of, 567 Sex chromosomes, 567 homeostatic imbalances and, 567 Sex hormones, 45t, 321, 538 See also Estrogens; Testosterone adrenal, 321 bone growth and, 142 gonadal development and, 567 hypersecretion of, 322 Sexual differentiation, 567 Sexual infantilism, 547 Sexually transmitted infection, 533 HIV as, 429b Shaft bone (diaphysis), 137, 138f hair, 114f, 121, 122f, 123f of penis, 541f, 542 Sharpey’s (perforating) fibers, 137, 138f Shinbone (tibia), 146f, 164f, 165 Shivering, 499, 500f, 501 Shock anaphylactic, 426 circulatory, 124, 386 Short bones, 136, 136f Shoulder blades (scapulae), 146f, 158, 159f, 174f Shoulder (pectoral) girdle bones of, 146f, 158, 159f muscles of, 206f, 208f, 214f, 215t, 216f, 217t Shoulder joint, 168f Si See Silicon Sibutramine, for weight loss, 503–504b Sickle-cell anemia, 341, 341f, 342t Sickle-cell trait, 341 SIDS See Sudden infant death syndrome Sight, 278 See also Eye; Vision Sigmoid colon, 20f, 464f, 471, 473f Signet ring cells (fat cells), 74, 75f, 95f, 97 Silicon, 27t Simple diffusion, 77, 77f Simple epithelium, 88–92, 88, 89f, 90f columnar, 89–92, 90f cuboidal, 89, 90f squamous, 88–89, 90f Simple (closed) fracture, 145 Simple sugars (monosaccharides), 43, 44f Sinoatrial (SA) node, 182t, 364f, 365 Sinus (bone marking), 140t Sinuses lymph node, 402, 402f paranasal, 149–150, 151f, 438 Sinus headache, 438 Sinusitis, 150, 438 Sister chromatids, 83f See also Chromatid(s) Skeletal muscle(s)/skeletal muscle tissue, 4, 5f, 97–99, 98f, 100f, 182t, 183–184, 183f activity/contraction of, 182t, 187–196, 188f, 189f, 190f, 191f, 192f, 193f, 194f, 196f See also Skeletal muscle contraction cardiovascular system and, 219b, 391b connective tissue component of, 182t, 183, 183f, 220 developmental aspects of, 218–220 digestive system and, 219b, 505b endocrine system and, 219b, 332b exercise affecting, 195–196, 196f, 218, 220 fascicles/fascicle arrangement and, 183, 183f, 202–203, 203f functions of, 185 gross anatomy of, 203–218 See also specific named muscle growth hormone affecting, 314f, 316b, 328t homeostatic imbalances and, 195, 218–220, 220f homeostatic relationships of, 219b integumentary system and, 130b, 219b interactions of, 200–202, 201f lymphatic system/immunity and, 219b, 430b microscopic anatomy of, 185– 187, 186f movement and, 4, 7, 181, 185, 196–200, 197f, 197t, 198–199f naming, 202 nervous system and, 219b, 272b reproductive system and, 219b, 571b respiratory system and, 219b, 458b skeletal system and, 176b, 219b steroid abuse and, 205b urinary system and, 219b, 534b Skeletal muscle contraction, 4, 97–99, 182t energy for, 192–194, 194f frequency of stimulus and, 191–192, 193f graded responses and, 191– 192 homeostatic imbalance and, 195 isotonic and isometric, 195 muscle fatigue/oxygen deficit and, 194–195 muscle tone and, 195 nerve stimulus/action potential in, 187–190, 188f, 189f, 190f of single muscle cell, 187–191, 188f, 189f, 190f, 191f, 192f sliding filament theory and, 190–191, 191f, 192f strength of stimulus and, 192 types of, 195 of whole muscle, 191–196, 193f, 194f, 196f Skeletal muscle fibers/cells, 74, 75f, 98f, 99, 182t, 183–184, 183f anatomy of, 185–187, 186f contraction of, 187–191, 188f, 189f, 190f, 191f, 192f Skeletal system, 4, 5f, 134–180 See also specific component bones, 134–145 cardiovascular system and, 176b, 391b cartilages, 134 developmental aspects of, 173–177, 174f, 175f digestive system and, 176b, 505b endocrine system and, 176b, 332b homeostatic relationships of, 176b integumentary system and, 130b, 176b joints, 134, 166–173 ligaments, 134 lymphatic system/immunity and, 176b, 430b movement and, 7–8 muscular system and, 176b, 219b nervous system and, 176b, 272b reproductive system and, 176b, 571b respiratory system and, 176b, 458b urinary system and, 176b, 534b Skeleton, 134 appendicular, 134, 146f, 158–166 axial, 134, 146–158, 146f developmental aspects of, 173–177, 174f, 175f Skin (cutaneous membrane/ integument), 3–4, 5f, 110, 111f, 112–127 See also Integumentary system appendages of, 114f, 119–124, 120f, 122f, 123f autonomic innervation/effects and, 265f in body defense, 112, 113t, 405t, 406 boundary maintenance and, 7, 112, 113t color of, 119 connective tissue in, 96 developmental aspects of, 104, 118b, 128 functions of, 112–113, 113t www.downloadslide.net 628 Index Skin (continued) homeostatic imbalances and, 116, 117, 119, 120, 124– 127, 125f, 126f, 127f homeostatic relationships of, 8f, 130b melanin in protection of, 113t, 116 structure of, 113–117, 114f, 115f, 117f sun damage/cancer and, 116, 118b, 124, 125f, 126, 127, 127f, 128 in thermoregulation, 112, 113t, 117, 499, 500f Skin cancer, 116, 126–127, 127f Skin pigments, 119 Skin (decubitus) ulcers, 117, 117f Skull, 146f, 147–152, 147f, 148f, 149f, 150f fetal/growth of, 151–152, 152f, 174, 174f SLE See Systemic lupus erythematosus Sleep apnea, 459 Sleep cycle, melatonin and, 326 Sliding filament theory, 190–191, 191f, 192f Small cell carcinoma, of lung, 455 Small intestine, 6f, 7, 20f, 464f, 465, 469–470, 470f, 471f, 472f in digestion, 469–470, 476f, 479f, 483–484, 484f homeostatic imbalances/ disorders and, 483, 486b Small saphenous vein, 377f Smell, sense of, 278, 298–300, 299f cortical areas in, 242f, 299 developmental aspects of, 303 Smoking COPD and, 454, 455f lung cancer and, 454, 455 nervous system development and, 269 skin affected by, 118b, 128 trachea affected by, 440 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, 68, 68f, 72t Smooth muscle/smooth muscle tissue, 3f, 98f, 99, 182t, 184, 184f alimentary canal, 99, 466, 467f contraction of, 99, 182t, 184 Smooth muscle fibers/cells, 3f, 74, 75f, 98f, 99, 182t, 184, 184f Sn See Tin SNARE proteins, in exocytosis, 79, 80f Sneeze, 449t Sodium, 27t, 31, 31t, 32f, 33f atomic structure of, 31t as chemically reactive element, 33f fluid and electrolyte balance and, 527, 528f heart rate and, 368 in muscle contraction, 188, 189f in neuron depolarization/ repolarization, 234, 235f, 236 sodium chloride formation and, 31, 32f, 33, 34f Sodium bicarbonate See also Bicarbonate; Bicarbonate ion in bicarbonate buffer system, 530 Sodium chloride, 31, 32f, 33, 34f Sodium hydroxide ionization of, 41 pH of, 42f Sodium-potassium pump, 78, 79f, 235f, 236 Soft palate, 438, 439f, 465, 465f Soleus muscle, 213, 213f, 214f, 216f, 217t Solids (matter), 25 Solute(s), 39, 76 tonicity/osmotic pressure and, 84b Solute pumping/solute pumps, 78, 79f Solution(s), 39, 76 Solvent(s), 39, 76 water as, 39, 76, 524 Somatic nervous system, 226f, 227, 254, 264f, 265 autonomic nervous system compared with, 264f, 265 Somatic reflexes, 237 Somatic sensory area, primary, 240, 242f, 243f Somatic sensory (afferent) fibers, 227 Somatostatin, 485t Sørensen, pH scale devised by, 41 Sound waves, transmission of, 296, 297f, 298f Sour receptors, 301 Spastic paralysis, 254–255 Special sense receptors, 278 See also specific type Special senses, 278–307 See also specific type developmental aspects of, 301–303 ear (hearing and balance), 290–298 eye and vision, 279–290 homeostatic imbalances and, 300, 301–302 smell, 298–300, 299f taste, 300–301 Specific defense system See Adaptive (specific) defense system Specific gravity, of urine, 519 Spectroscopy, magnetic resonance (MRS), 11b Speech area, 242f, 243 motor (Broca’s area), 240–243, 242f Sperm, 7, 75, 75f, 327, 538, 542, 544, 544f, 545f, 558–559 abnormal, 545, 545f production of (spermatogenesis), 543–545, 543f, 546f Spermatic cord, 539f, 540 Spermatids, 543f, 544 Spermatocytes, 543f, 544 Spermatogenesis, 543–545, 543f, 546f Spermatogonia, 543, 543f Spermicidal foams/gels/sponges, 568b, 569b Spermiogenesis, 543f, 544 Sphenoidal fontanel, 152f Sphenoidal sinuses, 149, 151f, 439f Sphenoid bone, 147f, 148–149, 148f, 149f, 150f Spina bifida, 269 Spinal cavity, 19, 19f Spinal cord, 4, 5f, 226f, 227, 242f, 252–255, 254f, 255f developmental aspects of, 239 gray matter of, 254, 255f, 256f homeostatic imbalances and, 254, 254–255 protection of, 253, 255f transection/injury of, 254–255 white matter of, 254, 255f, 256f Spinal curvatures, 153–154, 153f, 174 abnormal, 154, 154f, 174–175, 175f growth/developmental aspects of, 153, 153f, 154, 174, 175f vertebral collapse/osteoporosis and, 175, 175f Spinalis muscle, 207–208, 208f Spinal nerve(s), 226f, 227, 253, 254, 254f, 255f, 257–261, 261f, 262t Spinal nerve plexuses, 257–261, 261f, 262t Spinal reflexes, 239, 252 Spinal (lumbar) tap, 250 Spine (bone marking), 140t Spine (vertebral column), 146f, 152–156, 153f, 154f, 155f, 156f developmental aspects of, 269 Spinous process, vertebral, 153f, 154, 154f, 155f Spiral fracture, 144t Spiral organ of Corti, 296, 296f aging affecting, 303 Spirometer, 448 Splanchnic nerves, 266, 267f pelvic, 266, 523 Spleen, 4, 402–403, 403f, 464f, 470f Splenic artery, 374 Splenic (left colic) flexure, 471, 473f Splenic vein, 377f, 379, 380f Spongy bone, 135, 135f, 138f, 139f Spongy (penile) urethra, 540f, 541, 541f Sprains, 172 Squamous cell carcinoma of lung, 455 of skin, 127, 127f Squamous epithelium, 88, 89f simple, 88–89, 90f stratified, 91f, 92 Squamous suture, 147, 147f SR See Sarcoplasmic reticulum Stapes (stirrup), 291f, 292, 298f Starch, 43, 44f digestion of, 478, 479f Starling’s law of the heart, 368 Static equilibrium, 293, 293f Stem cells hematopoietic, 345, 345f of immune system, 431 oogonia, 551, 552f spermatogonia, 543, 543f Stenosis, heart valve, 363 Stents, coronary angioplasty and, 388b Stercobilin, 345 Sterility, 317, 547 gonadotropic hormone hyposecretion and, 317 testosterone deficiency and, 547 Sterilization, for contraception, 569b Sternal (term), 16f, 17 Sternal angle, 157, 157f Sternal puncture, 157 Sternoclavicular joint, 158 Sternocleidomastoid muscles, 204f, 206, 208f, 214f, 215t, 216f Sternum, 146f, 157, 157f Steroids/steroid hormones, 45t, 47–48, 309 See also Corticosteroids anabolic, 205b mechanism of action of, 309– 310, 310f STI See Sexually transmitted infection Stimuli endocrine system activation and, 311–312, 311f in homeostasis, 12, 13f muscle contraction and, 191–192, 193f nervous system/neuron response to, 226, 226f Stirrup (stapes), 291f, 292, 298f Stomach, 6f, 7, 20f, 464f, 465, 466–469, 468f, 470f See also under Gastric autonomic innervation/effects and, 265f in body defense, 406 cancer of, 502 in digestion, 469, 476f, 479f, 480–482, 482f homeostatic imbalances and, 480–481, 482 in newborn, 502 Storage function, of bone, 135 Strabismus, 301, 302f Strata, of skin, 114, 115f Stratified epithelium, 88, 89f, 92 columnar, 92 cuboidal, 92 squamous, 91f, 92 transitional, 89f, 91f, 92, 521 Stratum basale (stratum germinativum), 114, 115f Stratum corneum, 115–116, 115f Stratum granulosum, 114, 115f Stratum lucidum, 115 Stratum spinosum, 114, 115f Strength training (resistance/ isometric exercise), muscles affected by, 196, 196f, 220 Streptococcal infection, glomerulonephritis and, 533 Stress incontinence, pregnancy and, 564 Stress response, 266, 323, 324f glucocorticoids in, 321, 323, 324f sympathetic nervous system/ adrenal medulla in, 266, 311f, 312, 323, 324f Stretch receptors in digestion, 478 in micturition, 523 in respiratory control, 452, 453f Striated muscle, 183 See also Cardiac muscle; Skeletal muscle Striations cardiac muscle, 98f, 99, 182t, 184 skeletal muscle, 98f, 99, 182t, 183 Stroke (cerebrovascular accident), 251, 348 diagnosis of, 270–271b Stroke (heat), 501 Stroke volume, 367, 368, 369f Stroma, 97 of lung, 443–444 Strong acids, 41, 530, 530f Strong bases, 41, 530 Structural (fibrous) proteins, 49, 50, 51f, 85 Styloid process radius/ulna, 160f, 161 temporal bone, 147–148, 147f, 149f Subarachnoid space, 247, 249f Subatomic particles, 26–28, 28t Subclavian arteries, 359f, 374, 375f Subclavian vein, 376, 377f www.downloadslide.net Index 629 Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis), 97, 113–114, 114f Sublingual glands, 464f, 475 Submandibular glands, 464f, 475 Submucosa, alimentary canal, 184f, 466, 467f small intestine, 472f Submucosal nerve plexus, 466, 467f Substance abuse, HIV transmission and, 429b Substantia nigra/substantia nigra transplantation, Parkinson’s disease and, 252b, 253b Substrate, 51, 52f Substrate-level phosphorylation, 491, 491f Sucking reflex, 502 Sucrase, 479f Sucrose, 43 dehydration synthesis/ hydrolysis of, 43, 44f digestion of, 478, 479f Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 459 Sudoriferous (sweat) glands, 113t, 114f, 121 autonomic nervous system affecting, 268t mammary glands as, 556 Sugar See Fructose; Galactose; Glucose Sulci (sulcus), 239 Sulfur, 27t, 31t Summing, of muscle contractions, 191, 193f Sunburn, 124, 125f Sun exposure aging and, 104 immune system affected by, 116 melanin in protection from, 113t, 116 skin damage/cancer caused by, 116, 118b, 124, 125f, 126, 127, 127f, 128 Superficial (term), 15t See also under External Superficial palmar arch, 375f Superficial temporal artery, pulse at, 382f Superior (term), 15t Superior articular process, vertebral, 154, 154f, 155f Superior gluteal nerve, 262t, 263f Superior mesenteric artery, 374, 375f Superior mesenteric vein, 377f, 379, 380f Superior nasal conchae, 149, 439f Superior oblique muscle, 281f Superior orbital fissure, 149, 150f Superior rectus muscle, 281f Superior sagittal sinus, 248f, 249f Superior vena cava, 359–360f, 360, 374, 377f veins draining into, 376 Supination (body movement), 199f, 200 Support function, of bone, 135 Supporting cells, nervous tissue, 99f, 100, 227–229, 228f Suppressor (regulatory) T cells, 422, 424t allergy/autoimmune disease and, 456b Suppressor factors, in immunity, 424t Suprascapular notch, 158, 159f Sural (term), 16f, 17 Sural nerve, 263f Surface area, basal metabolic rate and, 498, 498t Surface epithelium, alimentary canal, 466, 467f stomach, 468f, 469 Surface membrane barriers, in body defense, 405t, 406 Surface tension of water, 36f, 37 Surfactant, 444, 457 cells secreting, 444, 444f Surgery, for obesity, 504b Surgical neck, of humerus, 160, 160f Survival needs, 9–12 Suspension(s), 39 Suspensory ligament of breast, 556f of ovary, 547, 549f Sutures (cranial), 147, 147f, 167– 169, 168f Swallowing (deglutition), 476f, 477, 480, 481f Sweat, 112, 113t, 121 thermoregulation and, 499, 500f Sweat (sudoriferous) glands, 113t, 114f, 121 autonomic nervous system affecting, 268t mammary glands as, 556 Sweat pores, 114f, 120f Sweet receptors, 301 Swelling, in inflammation, 406, 407, 407f Swollen glands, 401 Sympathetic (thoracolumbar) division of autonomic nervous system, 226f, 227, 264f, 265 aging affecting, 270 anatomy of, 266, 267f blood pressure and, 270, 384– 385, 385f, 386 function of, 266–267, 268t heart rate and, 266, 268t, 368, 369f homeostatic imbalances and, 267 in stress response, 266, 311f, 312, 323, 324f Sympathetic trunk/chain, 266, 267f Sympathetic trunk ganglion, 266, 267f Symphyses, 168f, 169 Synapse, 229 neuronal communication at, 236–237, 237f Synaptic cleft, 187, 229 in neuromuscular junction, 187, 189f signal transmission at synapse and, 237f Synaptic vesicles, signal transmission at synapse and, 236, 237f Synarthroses, 166 Synchondroses, 168f, 169 Syndesmoses, 168f, 169 Synergists (muscle), 200 Synovial fluid, 110, 112f Synovial joints, 110, 112f, 167, 168f, 169–173, 169t, 170f, 171f, 173f homeostatic imbalances and, 172–173, 173f types of, 170–172, 171f Synovial membranes, 110, 112f, 169, 170f Synthesis reactions, 37, 37f Systemic circulation, 360, 361f arteries of, 373–374, 375f veins of, 374–376, 377f Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 426 Systole, 365–366, 365, 366f Systolic pressure, 383, 383f, 386 T See Thymine T3 See Triiodothyronine T4 See Thyroxine Tachycardia, 365 Tail of sperm, 544, 545f Talus, 165, 165f Target cells/organs, hormone, 309, 310f Target-SNAREs, in exocytosis, 79, 80f Tarsal (term), 16f, 17 Tarsal bones/tarsus, 146f, 165, 165f Tarsal glands, 279, 280f Taste, sense of, 278, 300–301, 300f developmental aspects of, 303 Taste buds, 300, 300f, 301, 466 Taste (gustatory) cells, 300, 300f Taste pores, 300, 300f Tau protein, in Alzheimer’s disease, 252b T cells See T lymphocytes Tears, 280 in body defense, 405t, 406 Tectorial membrane, 296, 296f Teeth, 473–475, 474f development of, 502 Teething, 502 Telophase, 83, 83f Temperature blood vessels/pressure affected by, 386 body See Body temperature chemical reaction rate affected by, 39t protein denaturation and, 50 Temperature receptors, 113, 233f Template, in DNA replication, 81, 82f Temporal artery, superficial, pulse at, 382f Temporal bones, 147–148, 147f, 148f, 149f, 150f in fetal skull, 152f Temporalis muscle, 204, 204f, 214f, 215t Temporal lobe, 240, 242f Tendon(s), 95f, 96, 183, 183f of foot, 165 Tendon sheaths, 110, 169, 170f Teniae coli, 471–472, 473f Tentorium cerebelli, 247, 248f Terminal arteriole, 372, 373f Terminal bronchioles, 443, 443f Terminal ganglion, 266 Tertiary structure of protein, 49, 50f Testes, 4, 5f, 6f, 7, 312f, 327, 329t, 538, 539, 539f, 540f, 541f anatomy of, 539, 539f developmental aspects of, 570 failure to descend (cryptorchidism), 570 gonadotropic hormones affecting, 314f, 317 homeostatic imbalances and, 570 hormonal control of, 545, 546f hormones of, 45t, 327, 329t, 539, 545–547, 546f rete, 539, 539f See also Testosterone Testicular arteries, 374 Testis See Testes Testosterone, 45t, 327, 539, 545– 547, 546f anabolic steroid use and, 205b gonadal development and, 567 Tetanus (lockjaw), 191 Tetanus (tetanic contraction) fused (complete), 191, 193f unfused (incomplete), 192, 193f Tetany, 319 TF See Tissue factor TH See Thyroid hormone; Thyroid-stimulating (thyrotropic) hormone Thalamic (deep-brain) stimulation, for Parkinson’s disease, 253b Thalamus, 241t, 244f, 245–246, 245f, 256f Thermal energy, 25 Thermoregulation, 9–12, 13, 499– 501, 500f skin in, 112, 113t, 117, 499, 500f Theta waves, EEG, 271f Thick (myosin) filaments, 186f, 187 in sliding filament theory, 190–191, 191f, 192f Thigh See also Lower limbs bone in, 164–165, 164f deep artery of, 374 muscles of, 209–210, 210–211f, 214f, 215t, 216f, 217t Thin (actin) filaments, 186f, 187 in sliding filament theory, 190–191, 191f, 192f Third-degree burn, 124, 125f Third ventricle, 244f, 245, 245f, 249f, 250 Thirst center, 526, 527f Thirst mechanism, 526, 527f Thoracic (term), 16f, 17 Thoracic aorta, 373–374, 375f branches of, 374 Thoracic cage/bony thorax, 146f, 156–158, 157f See also Thorax Thoracic cavity, 19, 19f, 441 changes in during breathing, 445, 446f Thoracic curvature of spine, 153, 153f Thoracic duct, 6f, 400, 400 Thoracic nerves, 254f, 261f Thoracic vertebrae, 152, 153f, 155f, 156 Thoracolumbar division of autonomic nervous system, 266 See also Sympathetic (thoracolumbar) division of autonomic nervous system Thorax bony (thoracic cage), 146f, 156–158, 157f changes in during breathing, 445, 446f muscles of, 207, 214f 3TC, for HIV infection/AIDS, 429b Threonine, 490f Throat See Pharynx Thrombin, in coagulation, 347, 347f Thrombocytopenia, 348 Thrombophlebitis, 373 Thrombopoietin, 346 Thrombus, 348, 349f white (platelet plug), 347, 347f Thymine (T), 52, 53f, 54, 82, 82f Thymosin, 327, 329t in lymphocyte differentiation/ activation, 327, 329t, 413 Thymus gland, 4, 5f, 312f, 327, 329t, 403, 403f lymphocyte differentiation/ activation in, 327, 329t, 413, 413f, 431 Thyroid cartilage, 439f, 440 www.downloadslide.net 630 Index Thyroid follicles, 317f, 318 Thyroid gland, 4, 5f, 312f, 317–319, 317f, 318f, 319f, 328t developmental aspects of, 330 metabolism and, 318, 328t, 498, 498t thyroid-stimulating (thyrotropic) hormone affecting, 314f, 317, 328t Thyroid hormone, 318, 328t Thyroid-stimulating (thyrotropic) hormone (TSH), 314f, 317, 328t deficiency of, 318 Thyrotropic hormone See Thyroidstimulating (thyrotropic) hormone Thyroxine (T4), 318, 328t, 498 basal metabolic rate/metabolism and, 318, 328t, 498, 498t heart rate and, 318, 368, 369f TIA See Transient ischemic attack Tibia, 146f, 164f, 165, 174f Tibial arteries, 374, 375f pulse at, 382f Tibialis anterior muscle, 212, 213f, 214f, 215t Tibial nerve, 262t, 263f Tibial tuberosity, 164f, 165 Tibial veins, 376, 377f Tibiofibular joint, 164f Tidal volume, 448, 448f Tight junctions, 66, 66f Tin, 27t Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot), 124 Tine test, 427 Tissue(s), 2, 3f, 87–104, 100f See also specific type connective, 2, 3f, 93–97, 94–96f, 100f developmental aspects of, 102–104 epithelial, 2, 3f, 88–92, 89f, 90–91f, 100f muscle, 2, 97–99, 98f, 100f nervous, 99–100, 99f, 100f repair and (wound healing), 100–101, 101f structural organization at level of, 2, 3f Tissue factor, in coagulation, 347 Tissue (interstitial) fluid, 8f, 76, 389, 389f, 390f fluid movements at capillary beds and, 390, 390f Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), 270b, 388b T lymphocytes (T cells), 412, 421–422, 421f, 422f, 423f, 424t activation of, 414 allergy/autoimmune disease and, 456b in delayed hypersensitivity, 427 in HIV infection/AIDS, 428b in lymph nodes, 402 TMR See Total metabolic rate TNF See Tumor necrosis factor Toes, bones of (phalanges), 146f, 165, 165f Tolerance (self-tolerance), 413 loss of (autoimmune disease), 425–426 Tongue, 439f, 464f, 465, 465f taste buds on, 300, 300f, 466 “Tongue-tied,” 465–466 Tonicity, 84b Tonometer, 286 Tonsil(s), 4, 403, 403f, 438, 439f lingual, 438, 439f, 465f, 466 palatine, 438, 439f, 465f, 466 pharyngeal (adenoids), 403, 403f, 438, 439f Tonsillitis, 403, 438–439 Tooth See Teeth Torticollis, 206 Total lung capacity, 448f Total metabolic rate, 498–499 See also Metabolic rate Touch receptors (Meissner’s corpuscles), 113, 116, 233f tPA (tissue plasminogen activator), 270b, 388b Trabeculae, lymph node, 401, 402f Trace elements, 26, 27t Trachea, 4, 6f, 439f, 440, 441f, 442f, 465f Trachealis muscle, 440, 441f Tracheoesophageal fistula, 501 Tracheostomy, 440 Tracts (nerve), 232 Transcription, 85, 85–87, 86f Transcriptionist (medical), 129b Trans fats, 47 Transfer RNA, 54, 55, 85 in translation, 86f, 87 Transformation, in cancer, 102b Transfusion, blood, blood groups and, 349–352, 351t, 352f Transfusion reactions, 349–351 Transient ischemic attack, 251–252 Transitional epithelium, 89f, 91f, 92 of bladder wall, 91f, 92, 521 Translation, 85, 86f, 87 Transplantation, organ, 422–425 renal, 522b Transport, membrane See Membrane transport Transport proteins, 51t Transport vesicles, 67, 69f capillary exchange via, 389, 389f Transverse arch, 165, 165f Transverse colon, 20f, 464f, 470f, 471, 473f Transverse mesocolon, 473f Transverse processes, vertebral, 153f, 154, 154f, 155f Transverse (cross) section/plane, 17, 18f Transverse sinus, 248f Transversus abdominis muscle, 206f, 207, 214f Trapezium, 161f Trapezius muscle, 204f, 207, 208f, 214f, 216f, 217t Trapezoid, 161f Trauma brain injury and, 250 spinal cord transection/injury and, 254–255 Triceps brachii muscle, 208f, 209, 214f, 216f, 217t Tricuspid valve, 360f, 361 Trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V), 258t, 260f Triglycerides (neutral fats), 44–47, 45t, 46f, 489 in obesity, 503b Trigone, 521, 521f Triiodothyronine (T3), 318, 328t Triplet, 85 Triquetrum, 161f Tristearin, 44 Tritium, 30f tRNA See Transfer RNA Trochanter (bone marking), 140t Trochlea, 160f, 161 Trochlear nerve (cranial nerve IV), 258t, 260f Trochlear notch, 160f, 161 Trophoblast, 559, 560f Tropic hormones, anterior pituitary, 315 True capillaries, 372–373, 373f See also Capillaries True pelvis, 162, 163f True ribs, 157f, 158 True vocal cords (vocal folds), 439f, 440 Trunk arteries supplying, 374, 375f muscles of, 206f, 207–209, 208f, 209f, 214f, 215t, 216f, 217t veins draining, 376, 377f Trypsin, 479f, 483 Tryptophan, 490f TSH See Thyroid-stimulating (thyrotropic) hormone t-SNAREs, in exocytosis, 79, 80f Tubal ligation, 568b, 569b Tubercle (bone marking), 140t Tuberculosis, 459 skin tests for, 427 Tuberosity (bone marking), 140t Tubular reabsorption, 517–518, 517f, 518f acid-base balance and, 531 fluid balance and, 526, 527, 528f Tubular secretion, 517f, 518–519, 518f in acid-base balance, 531 Tubulin, 71f Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), 425t Tumors See Neoplasms Tumor suppressor genes, 102b Tunica albuginea, 539, 539f Tunica externa, 371, 371f Tunica intima, 370, 371f Tunica media, 370–371, 371f Tunics of blood vessels, 370–371, 371f Turk’s saddle (sella turcica), 148, 148f TV See Tidal volume T wave, 367b Twitches, muscle, 191, 193f Tympanic cavity (middle ear), 21, 291–292, 291f Tympanic membrane (eardrum), 291, 291f homeostatic imbalance and, 292 Types A and B daughter cells, 543f, 544 U See Uracil Ulcers peptic, 480, 486b, 502 skin (decubitus), 117, 117f Ulna, 146f, 160f, 161, 174f Ulnar artery, 374, 375f Ulnar nerve, 262t, 263f Ulnar vein, 376, 377f Ultrafast CT, 10b Ultrasound imaging (ultrasonography), 10–11b, 11f Ultraviolet radiation aging and, 104 immune system affected by, 116 melanin protection and, 113t, 116 as radiant energy, 25 skin damage/cancer caused by, 116, 118b, 124, 125f, 126, 127, 127f, 128 Umami receptors, 301 Umbilical (term), 16f, 17 Umbilical arteries, 380, 381f Umbilical cord, 380, 381f, 559, 561f blood vessels in, 380, 381f Umbilical region, 19, 20f Umbilical vein, 380, 381f Unfused (incomplete) tetanus, 192, 193f Uniaxial joints, 168f, 170, 171f Unipennate muscles, 202, 203f Unipolar neurons, 234, 234f Unsaturated fats, 47, 47f, 489 Upper limbs See also Arm; Forearm; Hand arteries supplying, 374, 375f bones of, 146f, 158–161, 160f, 161f muscles of, 206f, 208–209, 208f, 214f, 215t, 216f, 217t nerves of, 263f veins draining, 376, 377f Uracil (U), 52, 54 Urea, 7, 494, 517 Ureter(s), 6f, 7, 512f, 514f, 520–521, 521f Ureteral orifices, 521, 521f Urethra, 6f, 7, 512f, 521, 521f, 523, 541 autonomic nervous system affecting, 268t in female, 523 in male, 523, 540f, 541, 541f Urethral orifice external, 540f, 541, 541f, 550f in hypospadias, 533 internal, 521, 521f Urethral sphincters, internal and external, 521f, 523, 541 Urethritis, 523, 533, 570 Urgency, urinary aging and, 533 infection and, 523 Uric acid, 7, 518 accumulation of in gout, 173 Urinalysis, renal failure and, 522b Urinary bladder, 6f, 7, 20f, 512f, 521–523, 521f, 523f autonomic innervation/effects and, 265f, 268t developmental aspects of, 533–535 emptying (micturition/voiding), 523–524 pregnancy and, 564 transitional epithelium in, 91f, 92, 521 trigone of, 521, 521f Urinary catheter, 524 Urinary output, low, 517 Urinary retention, 524, 533–535 Urinary system, 6f, 7, 511–537, 512, 512f See also specific structure and Kidneys cardiovascular system and, 391b, 534b congenital disorders of, 533 developmental aspects of, 531–535 digestive system and, 505b, 534b endocrine system and, 332b, 534b fluid/electrolyte/acid-base balance and, 524–531, 525f, 526f, 527f, 528f, 530f homeostatic imbalances and, 513, 517, 520–521, 523, 524, 533 homeostatic relationships of, 8f, 534b integumentary system and, 130b, 534b lymphatic system/immunity and, 430b, 534b muscular system and, 219b, 534b www.downloadslide.net Index 631 nervous system and, 272b, 534b pregnancy and, 564 reproductive system and, 534b, 571b respiratory system and, 458b, 534b skeletal system and, 176b, 534b Urinary tract infection, 523, 533 Urination (micturition), 523–524 developmental aspects of, 533 Urine, 7, 8f, 9, 519 abnormal constituents in, 519, 520f in body defense, 406 characteristics of, 519–520 formation of, 516–519, 517f, 518f pH of, 519, 531 storage of in bladder, 521–523, 523, 523f Urochrome, 519 Urogenital diaphragm, 521f Usnic acid, for weight loss, 504b Uterine cervix, 549f, 550 cancer of, 550 dilation of in labor, 566, 566f Uterine contractions, 565, 565f, 566 Braxton Hicks, 565 Uterine (menstrual) cycle, 327, 553–555, 554f Uterine (fallopian) tubes, 6f, 7, 547–548, 549f Uterosacral ligament, 548, 549f Uterus, 6f, 7, 548–550, 549f changes in during pregnancy, 548, 563, 564f Uvula, 439f, 465, 465f V See Vanadium Vaccines, 416, 417f cancer, 103b Vagina, 6f, 7, 549f, 550 Vaginal infections, 570 Vaginal orifice, 550f Vaginal secretions, in body defense, 405t, 406 Vagus nerve (cranial nerve X), 259t, 260f, 301 in taste sensation, 301 Valence shell, 32–33, 33f Valine, 490f Vallate papillae, 300, 300f Valves heart, 360f, 361–363, 362f lymphatic vessel, 399, 399f, 400 venous, 371f, 372 Valvular heart disease, incompetence/stenosis, 363 Vanadium, 27t Variable, in homeostasis, 12 Variable (V) region, 417–418, 418f Varicose veins, 373, 392 pregnancy and, 373, 565 Vascular (peripheral) resistance, 384, 385f Vascularity/avascularity of connective tissue, 93 of epidermis, 114 of epithelial tissue, 88 Vascular layer of eye, 282f, 283 Vascular plexus, cutaneous, 114f Vascular shunt, in capillary bed, 372, 373f Vascular spasms, in hemostasis, 347, 347f Vascular system, 370–389 See also Blood vessels; Circulation Vascular tissue See Blood Vas (ductus) deferens, 6f, 539– 541, 539f, 540f, 541f Vasectomy, 540–541, 568b, 569b Vasoconstriction, 385, 499 blood pressure and, 385, 385f, 386 body temperature and, 386, 499, 500f, 501 vascular spasms in hemostasis and, 347, 347f Vasodilation blood pressure and, 386 body temperature and, 386 in inflammation, 406–407, 407f Vasodilators, complement activation and, 410 Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), 313, 313f, 314, 328t water balance/blood pressure and, 314, 328t, 526–527, 528f Vastus intermedius muscle, 212, 215t Vastus lateralis muscle, 211t, 212, 214f, 215t Vastus medialis muscle, 211t, 212, 214f, 215t Vastus muscles, 211t, 212, 214f, 215t VC See Vital capacity Veins, 370, 371f See also specific named vein blood pressure in, 383, 383f homeostatic imbalances and, 373 structure of, 371f, 372 of systemic circulation, 374– 376, 377f valves in, 371f, 372 varicose, 373, 392, 565 Vellus hairs, 128 Venae cavae, 359–360f, 360, 361f, 370, 374, 376, 377f blood pressure in, 383, 383f veins draining into, 376 Venous return, 372 muscular/respiratory pumps and, 368, 369f, 372, 372f stroke volume and, 368, 369f Venous valves, 371f, 372 Ventilation, pulmonary (breathing), 445–448, 445, 446f, 447f See also Respiration Ventral (term), 15t See also under Anterior Ventral body cavity, 19–20, 19f Ventral column, 254 Ventral (anterior) horns, 249f, 254, 255f Ventral rami, 257–261, 261f, 267f Ventral respiratory group, 452, 453f Ventral root, 254, 255f, 261f, 267f Ventricles of brain, 239, 244f, 245f, 249f of heart, 358, 359f, 361f Ventricular systole, 365–366, 366f Venules, 370, 371f blood pressure in, 383f postcapillary, 372, 373f Vermiform appendix See Appendix Vernix caseosa, 128 Vertebrae, 146f, 152–153, 153f, 174f cervical, 152, 153f, 154–156, 155f lumbar, 153, 153f, 155f, 156 osteoporosis affecting, 175, 175f thoracic, 152, 153f, 155f, 156 Vertebral (term), 16f, 17 Vertebral arch, 154, 154f, 155f Vertebral arteries, 374, 375f, 378, 378f Vertebral collapse, in osteoporosis, 175, 175f Vertebral column (spine), 146f, 152–156, 153f, 154f, 155f, 156f developmental aspects of, 269 Vertebral/intervertebral foramen, 153f, 154, 154f, 155f Vertebral vein, 376, 377f Vertex presentation, 566 Vertigo, 298 Vesicle(s), 79 chorionic (blastocyst), 559, 560f in endocytosis, 79, 81f in exocytosis, 79, 80f secretory, 68–70, 69f, 79, 80f transport, 67, 69f, 389, 389f Vesicle SNAREs, in exocytosis, 79, 80f Vesicular breathing sounds, 449 Vesicular (Graafian) follicles, 547, 548f, 552, 552f, 554f Vesicular transport, 78–80, 80f, 81f Vestibular apparatus, 292–294 homeostatic imbalances and, 297–298 Vestibular glands, greater, 549f, 550f, 551 Vestibular membrane, 296f Vestibular nerve, 260f, 293, 293f, 294f Vestibule of bony labyrinth, 291f, 292, 294f of mouth, 465, 465f nasal, 439f of vagina, 550f, 551 Vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII), 259t, 260f, 291f Villi arachnoid, 247, 249f, 250 chorionic, 559, 561f intestinal, 470, 472f Visceral layer of serous membrane, 110, 111f Visceral (smooth) muscle, 98f, 99, 184 See also Smooth muscle Visceral pericardium (epicardium), 111f, 358, 359–360f Visceral peritoneum, 111f, 466, 467f, 470f Visceral (pulmonary) pleura, 111f, 441, 442f Visceral sensory fibers (visceral afferents), 227 Vision, 279–290 See also under Visual and Eye cortical areas in, 242f, 288, 288f developmental aspects of, 301–302 homeostatic imbalances and, 284, 288 pathway of light/refraction and, 287, 287f, 288f physiology of, 287–290, 287f, 288f, 289–290b reflexes of eye and, 288–289 visual fields/pathways to brain and, 287–288, 288f Visual acuity, 284 developmental aspects of, 302 Visual area, 242f, 288f Visual fields, 288, 288f Visual pathways, 287–288, 288f Visual pigments, 285b Vital capacity, 448, 448f Vital signs, 382 Vitamin(s), 489 dietary sources of, 488t fat-soluble, 45t Vitamin A, 45t night blindness and, 284 in vision, 285b Vitamin D, 45t, 331t rickets and, 144 synthesis of by skin, 112–113, 113t Vitamin D3, active, 331t Vitamin E, 45t Vitamin K, 45t deficiency of, bleeding and, 348 Vitreous humor/body, 282f, 286 Vitreous (posterior) segment of eye, 282f, 286 Vocal folds (true vocal cords), 439f, 440 Voice box See Larynx Voiding (micturition), 523–524 developmental aspects of, 533 Volkmann’s (perforating) canals, 137–138, 139f Volume changes, breathing and, 445, 447, 447f Voluntary (external) anal sphincter, 471, 473f Voluntary muscle, 183 See also Skeletal muscle Voluntary nervous system, 227 See also Somatic nervous system Vomer bone, 149f, 150–151, 150f Vomiting (emesis), 482 V (variable) region, 417–418, 418f VRG See Ventral respiratory group v-SNAREs, in exocytosis, 79, 80f Vulnerable plaque hypothesis, 388b Vulva, 550–551, 550f Wart, 126 Wasting, in HIV infection/AIDS, growth hormone for, 316b Water, 9, 39–40, 40f absorption of, 483 body, 524, 525f, 526f formation of, 34, 36f hydrogen bonding and, 36–37, 36f as nutrient, 487, 488t as polar molecule, 36, 36f, 39 regulation of intake/output and, 525–527, 526f, 527f, 528f salt dissociation in, 40, 40f as solvent, 39, 76, 524 as survival requirement, as transport/exchange medium, 39 Water balance, 524–527, 525f, 526f, 527f, 528f body fluids/fluid compartments and, 524–525, 525f salt and, 525 water intake/output and, 525– 527, 526f, 527f, 528f WBCs See White blood cells Weak acids, 41, 530, 530f Weak bases, 41, 530 Weight (body) food intake regulation and, 497, 503–504b obesity and, 503b Wheezing, 449 White blood cells, 96f, 338, 339f, 340f, 342–343, 344t See also Leukocytes Whitehead, 120 White matter, 232 cerebral, 242f, 244, 244f, 256f spinal cord, 254, 255f, 256f White thrombus (platelet plug), 347, 347f www.downloadslide.net 632 Index Willis, circle of, 376–379, 378f Windpipe See Trachea Wisdom teeth, 473, 474f Withdrawal (flexor) reflex, 238f, 239 Wound healing (tissue repair), 100–101, 101f Wrist (carpus/carpal bones), 146f, 161, 161f Wryneck (torticollis), 206 X chromosome, 567 color vision genes on, 284 homeostatic imbalances and, 567 Xenical See Orlistat Xenografts, 425 Xiphisternal joint, 157, 157f Xiphoid process, 157, 157f XO female, 567 X ray imaging, 10b Yawn, 449t Y chromosome, 567 homeostatic imbalances and, 567 Yellow marrow, 137, 138f YO male, 567 Z disc, 186, 186f, 187 Zinc, 27t Zn See Zinc Zygomatic bones, 147f, 148, 149f, 150, 150f Zygomatic process, 147f, 148, 149f Zygomaticus muscle, 204, 204f, 214f, 215t Zygote, 544, 544f, 559, 560f ... Marieb, Elaine Nicpon Essentials of human anatomy & physiology / Elaine N Marieb Eleventh edition pages cm ISBN 978-0-321-91900-7 Human physiology Human anatomy I Title II Title: Essentials of. .. classify, and understand body structures and functions The Human Body: An Orientation An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology 1-1 Define anatomy and physiology 1-2 Explain how anatomy and physiology are... System 538 Contents The Human Body: An Orientation An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology 1 Anatomy 1 Physiology 2 Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology 2 Levels of Structural Organization 2