The Cambridge Handbook of Sociocultural Psychology Sociocultural psychology is a discipline located at the crossroads between the natural and social sciences and the humanities This international overview of the field provides an antireductionist and comprehensive account of how experience and behavior emerge from human action with cultural materials in social practices The outcome is a vision of the dynamics of sociocultural and personal life in which time and developmental constructive transformations are crucial This second edition provides expanded coverage of how particular cultural artifacts and social practices shape experience and behavior in the realms of art and aesthetics, economics, history, religion, and politics Special attention is also paid to the development of identity, the self, and personhood throughout the lifespan, while retaining the emphasis on experience and development as key features of sociocultural psychology a l be rto ro s a is a professor of psychology at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain, where he lectures on the history of psychology and cultural psychology He has carried out research and edited books on the developmental psychology of the physically challenged, notably Psicología de la Ceguera (1993) and El Niđo Parálisis Cerebral (1993) as well as on the history of psychology, such as his Metodología de la Historia de la Psicología (1996) and Historical and Theoretical Discourse (1994, co-authored with Jaan Valsiner) His most recent book, Hacer(se) Ciudadan@s: Una Psicología para la Democracia (2015, co-authored with Fernanda González), is on the influence of culture and history in shaping identity and citizenship ja a n valsin er is the Niels Bohr Professor of Cultural Psychology at Aalborg University, Denmark He was the founding editor of the journal Culture & Psychology, and he has published and edited around 40 books, including The Guided Mind (1998), Culture in Minds and Societies (2007), and Invitation to Cultural Psychology (2014) He has been awarded the 1995 Alexander von Humboldt Prize and the 2017 Hans Kilian Prize for his interdisciplinary work on human development as well as the Senior Fulbright Lecturing Award in Brazil in 1995–1997 He has been a visiting professor in Brazil, Japan, Australia, Estonia, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands The Cambridge Handbook of Sociocultural Psychology Second Edition Edited by Alberto Rosa Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Jaan Valsiner Aalborg University, Denmark University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia 314–321, 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi - 110025, India 79 Anson Road, #06-04/06, Singapore 079906 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107157699 DOI: 10.1017/9781316662229 C Cambridge University Press 2018 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2018 Printed in the United Kingdom by Clays, St Ives plc A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-107-15769-9 Hardback ISBN 978-1-316-61028-2 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Contents List of Figures List of Tables Contributors page ix xi xii Editors’ Introduction Sociocultural Psychology on the Move a lbe rto ro s a an d ja a n valsin er Part I Theoretical and Methodological Issues The Human Psyche Lives in Semiospheres a lbe rto ro s a an d ja a n valsin er 11 13 Cultural Psychology as the Science of Sensemaking: A Semiotic-cultural Framework for Psychology se rgi o s a lvato r e 35 Knowledge and Experience: Interobjectivity, Subjectivity, and Social Relations go rdon s a m m ut, m a rti n w bau e r, and sand r a jovc h e lovi tch 49 “Mediationism” in Cognitive and Social Theory alan costall Sociocultural Psychology and Interpersonal Psychoanalysis: The Semiotic Space in the Consulting Room phi l i p j ro se n bau m Part II Action, Objects, Artifacts, and Meaning Spirited Psyche Creates Artifacts: Semiotic Dynamics of Experience in the Shaping of Objects, Agency, and Intentional Worlds a lbe rto ro s a Making Social Objects: The Theory of Social Representation wo l fgan g wagn e r, k at r i n k e l lo, and and u räm m e r Beyond the Distinction between Tool and Sign: Objects and Artifacts in Human Activity re i jo m iettin en a n d sa m i pa avo la 63 78 101 103 130 148 Contents vi 10 The Sociocultural Study of Creative Action vlad petre gl a˘ veanu 163 Symbolic Resources and Imagination in the Dynamics of Life tan i a z i tto u n 178 Part III The Agent Rises a Reflective Self: Education and Development 11 12 Early Infancy – a Moving World: Embodied Experience and the Emergence of Thinking s i lvi a e s pañ o l Object Pragmatics: Culture and Communication – the Bases for Early Cognitive Development c i n t i a ro d r í g u e z, m a r is o l ba s il io, k ari na cárde nas, sílvia cavalcante, a na m o r en o -n ú ñ e z , pe d ro palaci o s, a n d n o e m í y u ste 205 207 223 13 Distinguishing Two Processes of Self-reflection a l e x g i l l e s pi e 14 Making Memory: Meaning in Development of the Autobiographical Self k at h e r i n e n e ls o n 260 Mapping Dialogic Pedagogy: Instrumental and Non-instrumental Education e u g e n e m at u s ov 274 15 16 17 18 245 Development and Education as Crossing Sociocultural Boundaries gi u s e p pi na m a r s ic o 302 Part IV Institutional Artifacts for Value 317 Ownership and Exchange in Children: Implications for Social and Moral Development g u stavo fa i g e n bau m 319 Possessions and Money beyond Market Economy to shi ya ya m a m oto an d n o b o ru ta kah as h i 333 Part V Aesthetic and Religious Experiences 349 19 The Sociocultural Constitution of Aesthetic Transcendence mark freeman 351 20 Sociocultural Science of Religion and Natural Belief jam e s cr e s s w e l l 366 Contents vii Psyche and Religio Face to Face: Religion, Psychology, and Modern Subjectivity in the Mirror lu i s m a rtí n e z g u e r r e ro 380 Part VI Practices and Artifacts for Imagining Identity 397 Imaginative Processes and the Making of Collective Realities in National Allegories lu ca tate o 399 National Identities in the Making and Alternative Pathways of History Education mario carretero, f lo o r van al ph e n, and cr i sti an par e l lada 424 The Politics of Representing the Past: Symbolic Spaces of Positioning and Irony brady wagoner , sarah h awad, and i gnacio brescó de lu na 443 Beyond Historical Guilt: Intergenerational Narratives of Violence and Reconciliation gi ovan na l e o n e 458 Psytizenship: Sociocultural Mediations in the Historical Shaping of the Western Citizen jorge castro -t ej er ina a n d jo s é car lo s lor e d o-narci an d i 479 Part VII Experiences Make the Person 501 27 The Human Experience: A Dialogical Account of Self and Feelings joão salgado and carla cunha 503 28 Knowing Ourselves: Dances of Social Guidance, Imagination, and Development by Overcoming Ambivalence seth surgan, au ro pfefferkorn, and e m i ly ab b ey 518 Personal History and Historical Selfhood: The Embodied and Pre-reflective Dimension a l lan k ø st e r an d d i tte al e xan d r a w i n t h e r-l i n d qvi st 538 The Development of a Person: Children’s Experience of Being and Becoming within the Cultural Life Course pe rn i l l e h v iid a n d ja ko b waag vi l lad s e n 556 The Construction of the Person in the Interethnic Situation: Dialogues with Indigenous University Students dan i lo s i lva gu i m a r ã e s a n d m a r í l i a a n t u n e s be n e d i to 575 Social Identities, Gender, and Self: Cultural Canalization in Imagery Societies ana flávia d o amaral m adureira 597 21 22 23 24 25 26 29 30 31 32 Contents viii 33 34 The Experience of Aging: Views from Without and Within d i ete r f e r r i n g 615 General Conclusion 631 An Epistemological Coda: Sociocultural Psychology among the Sciences a lbe rto ro s a an d ja a n valsin er 633 Index 652 658 Index Egyptian revolution (2011), 443–444, 449–450 irony as a mode of resistance, 452–453 irony in images of authority figures, 450–451 pedestrian interpretations of images produced by the military, 451–452 Ehrenfest, Paul, 289 Ehrenzweig, Anton, 361 elementarism, 557–558 embodied experience fundamental patterns of total body connectivity, 214–217 somatic education techniques, 211–214 embodiment thinking in movement, 217–219 embodiment theory, 209 embodying language, 374–376 emotion-focused coping, 621 emotional reactions role in communication, 121 emotions, 23 and religious development, 385–386 enactive approach to cognition socio-material embeddedness of cognition, 371–372 enactive cognition theory, 18–20 enactive program, 211, 212 enactive semiosis, 118, 120 Engeström, Y., 153, 154, 248 Ensminger, J., 328 epistemic objects, 151 epistemological instrumental dialogic pedagogies, 282–283 epistemological non-instrumental dialogic pedagogies, 287–291 epistemology of sociocultural psychology, 637–649 Erikson, E.H., 179, 620 Estonia building a nation, 138–140 collective memory work, 140–142 historical accounts and national identity, 133–134 national identity, 138–143 reifying national identity as a state, 142–143 ethnic diversity in the urban context, 587–592 ethnic groups historical accounts and identity, 133–134 ethnic identity relation to history education, 428–430 ethnic reterritorialization, 576 ethnic self-affirmation, 578, 581, 582 ethnic self-identification, 575 ethos of conflict, 464–466 euthanasia, 617 Evans, Richard, 530 executive functions functional use of objects in the pre-language stage, 230–233 existentials of embodied history, 542 affective register, 545–546 case example, 542–546 habituation, 543 hermeneutic repertoire, 544–545 incorporation, 544 intercorporeity, 543–544 expanded mediational structure (EMS), 333–334 expanded self, 335 expansive learning, 248 experience, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20–21, 23, 24, 25–26, 28, 30–31, 103, 106, 108, 112, 114 aesthetic, 115–116 and body awareness, 211–214 meaning and memory in development, 260–262 of the world and the self, 114–116 semiotics of behavior and, 116–125 experience and meaning approach of sociocultural psychology, 638–639 experience space and its constraints, 262–264 experimental psychology, 15 explanandum, 40 explanans, 40 extensional categories, 36–37 faith, 6, 353, 356, 359, 385, 386, 399, 400, 406, 530, 585, 607 fantasy, 83, 88, 180, 183, 353, 407, 539, 568 Febvre, Lucien, 461 Fechner, Gustav, 15 feed-forward process, 559 feelings dialogical account of, 512–515 driving the mind toward reflection, 23–24 Feldenkrais, Moshe, 208, 213 Feldenkrais method, 212, 215 Fernandes, Danilo, 586, 587 fiat borders, 306 field theory, 79–80, 85, 90–91 figurative schema, 131 first-person approach, 15, 28, 31, 388 Flaubert, Gustave, 187 Fogel, Alan, 213 folkpsychology, 557 forms of vitality, 218–219, 220 Foucault, Michel, 304, 381–382, 390, 470–471, 604 four levels of semiotic mediation, 186–187 Index fourth age, 618, 621 fragile signs, 522 Freire, Paulo, 281, 283, 284–285 Freud, Sigmund, 91, 400, 550 internalization, 249 theory of fantasy (imagination), 180 friendship and money, 342–343 Fromm, Erich, 78 Fromm-Reichman, Freda, 78 frontier, 30, 313, 581, 588, 591 Fuchs, T., 543, 544 functional, canonical use of objects by children, 225 functional permanence of objects, 226 Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 85 Geertz, Clifford, 72, 358, 598, 600 gender concept of, 598 gender equality insights from sociocultural psychology, 609–611 gender identities cultural canalization, 606–609 semiotic mediation by images, 606–609 gender identity and self, 597–598 as a dynamic and contextualized system, 603–606 central assumptions of sociocultural psychology, 598–600 social identities as boundary phenomena, 600–603 gender relations, 604–605, 606 gender roles, 604–605 gender stereotypes, 605 Geneplore model of creativity, 169, 173 general systems theory, 18 generativity of symbolic resources, 188–189 genetic psychology, 556 genuine dialogue concept, 286–287 geropsychology, 615 Gessel, Arnold, 210 gestalt, 218, 247, 507, 549 gestalt units, 544 gestures in young children use in self-regulation, 230–233 Gibson, James J., 71, 106–107, 108, 550 affordances, 173 gift exchange, 333 globalization, 488 God, 69, 130, 133, 139, 351, 352, 353, 370, 377, 385, 386, 387, 406, 528, 557, 579, 616 Goldstein, J.A., 419 Goldstein, Kurt, 78 good me, 81, 82, 90 Grass, Günter adolescence and war, 531–532 doubts over the heroic soldier progaganda, 532–535 growing up in Nazi Germany, 527–529 Hitler Youth and beyond, 529–531 propaganda and the cult of Hitler, 527–529 questions over his involvement in warfare, 532–535 uniforms and propaganda, 529–531 Gregory, Richard, 64 Gricean maxims of good communication, 293 Griffin, Martyn, 482 group-based moral emotions, 471–473 guidance, 178, 181, 183, 189, 223, 255, 275, 279, 308, 309, 310, 380, 510, 519, 556, 561, 619 Guimarães, D.S., 588 Habermas, Jürgen, 482 habits development of, 119, 120 habituation, 543 Hackney, Peggy, 213, 214, 215 Halbwachs, Maurice, 436, 459–460 handicap, 135–136, 143 Hanna, Thomas, 212 Harré, Rom, 67 Harry Potter, 562, 566–567, 568, 569 Havighurst, R.J., 620 head–tail pattern of connectivity, 216–217 Hegel, Georg theory of self-consciousness, 247–248 Heidbreder, E., 66 Heidegger, M., 542, 545, 546 Heraclitus of Ephesus, 597, 598 Herbart, Johann Friedrich, 15 hermeneutic philosophy, 85 hermeneutic repertoire, 544–545 hermeneutics, 352, 637 hetero-affection, 541 heuristics, 327 Hewstone, M., 67 Hexis, 548 high culture dialogue of, 286 hippocampus, 267 historical guilt, 471–473 historical knowledge from intergenerational narratives, 459–461 historical maps as cultural tools, 431–434 historical myths, 469 historical preexistence of the human mind, 463–464 659 660 Index historical representation, 133–134 historical selfhood as embodied, 540–542 historical truth pragmatic consequences of, 471–473 historiography fostering of national identity, 424–426 history need for youth to understand, 461–462 politics of representing the past, 443–444 history education, 424 and identity formation, 428–430 approach to national identity, 427–428 fostering of national identity, 424–426 historical maps as cultural tools, 431–434 ironical and dialogical understanding of nation and national identity, 436–438 master narratives and their persistence, 430–431 myths of origin and their persistence, 430–431 relation to ethnic identity, 428–430 sociocultural investigation of alternative pathways, 434–436 sociocultural views on imagining history, 426–427 history education studies continuities and changes, 428–430 Hitler, Adolf, 526 cult of, 527–529 death of, 535 holism, 39 Hollenback, J., 358 holomorphic representation, 133, 135 homeland concept, 413 Homer, 616 hospice movement, 618 human experiential mind defining, 504–506 dialogic and sociocultural perspectives, 506–507 dialogical account of feelings, 512–515 dialogical pespective, 503–504 first-person perspective, 507–508 mind in motion, 511–512 notion of position, 511–512 perspectives within, 507–511 phenomenology, 504–506 relation to the self, 515 second-person perspective, 507, 508–509 third-person perspective, 507, 509–511 humans as responsive beings, 548–550 viewed as not part of nature, 68 Hutto, D., 269 hypergeneralized signs, 404 iconic signs, 112 icons, 117 identification, 121, 143, 252, 255, 256, 304, 429, 430, 431, 434, 435, 446, 483, 490, 491, 512 with Other, 254 identity ethnic, 133–134, 142–143 historical, 424–426 influence of history education, 428–430 national, 133–134, 138–143 identity construction, 140–142 ideographic, 650 ideologies, 591 Ignatius of Loyola, Spiritual Exercises, 386–387 a book for building yourself, 387 development of subjectivity through the rhetoric and fractal structure of the exercises, 388–390 disciplining experience, 388–390 giving someone the way and order, 388–390 knowledge of the self, 388 realising and relishing things interiorly, 388 illusion and poverty of the stimulus, 67–68 images semiotic mediation of gender identities, 606–609 imagination, 121 and spheres of experience, 181 as an integrative sociocultural concept, 181–183 constraints on the use of, 192–194 future study directions, 195 historical perspectives on, 180–181 loop of imagination, 181–183 plausibility in sociocultural situations, 183 relation to reality, 179 role in guiding the lifecourse, 179 role in sociocultural change, 191–192 role in the life course, 189–191 study methodological problems, 194–195 symbolic resources concept, 178 theoretical problems, 194 imagination and creativity theory, 149–150 imaginative processes, 402 embodiment and reification of the concept of nation, 408–417 range of influence on human action, 419–421 imagined communities and national identity, 404–408 imagined landscape and concept of nationhood, 411–415 imagining history sociocultural views on, 426–427 Index imitation multifunctional imitation in the life course, 570 personal development through persistent imitation, 559–561 someone to copy and be copied by, 567–569 user-generated content and objects, 171 immanent formal causation, 40 implicatory denial, 467 incorporation, 544 indexes, 117 indexical signs, 112 indigenous people ethnic diversity in the urban context, 587–592 indigenous university students, 576–584 challenges faced by, 589 migration to the urban context, 584–587 search for academic education, 584–587 individualism children and money, 343–345 inductive abduction, 404 inherent intentionality, 15 innovation production through action, 125–127 user-generated content and objects, 171 institutional environment influence on child development, 327–329 institutionalization, 136 instrumental dialogic pedagogies, 279–285 instrumental education, 276–279 instrumentality, 153–154 coordination of complex constellations of artefacts, 159 failed remediation in oral health care (Finland), 155–156 shifting multiple functions of BIM software, 157–159 intangible concepts influence on human actions, 399–401, 419–421 intellectualism fallacy of, 69 intensional categories, 36–37 intensionality and abstractive generalization, 37–39 intentional action development of, 119 intentional communication, 24, 25 intentional schemas, 118–119 intentional worlds semiotic constitution of, 123–125 intentionality, 15, 55, 110, 118, 120, 170, 269, 400, 504, 505, 508, 509, 540, 541, 544, 545 interaction and cooperation, 132–134 intercorporeity, 543–544 interdisciplinary synthesis, 661 interethnic situations construction of the self, 575–576 ethnic diversity in the urban context, 587–592 multinaturalism and the construction of the person, 589–591 psychology and the construction of the person, 592–593 self as the space of circulation of subjective agencies, 591–592 intergenerational narratives bias in, 466–468 breaking down literal social denials, 470–471 building up and marginalizing the ethos of conflict, 464–466 contemporary effects, 458 continuity and discontinuity, 462–464 forms of social denial, 467 historical guilt of descendents, 471–473 historical preexistence of the human mind, 463–464 literal social denial, 468–469 memories of historical events, 459–461 memories of past ways of living, 459–461 natality, 463, 464 need for youth to understand their history, 461–462 of violence, 464–466 parrhesia, 470–471 pragmatic consequences of historical truth, 471–473 reconciliation processes, 473–474 role of group-based moral emotions, 471–473 scaffolding children’s autobiographical memories, 458–459 scaffolding positive family identities, 458–459 violence from the point of view of victims, perpetrators and bystanders, 466–468 internalization theories of self-reflection, 249–251 interobjective architecture, 58–60 interobjectivity, 51–55 in social research, 56 interpersonal psychoanalysis ability to deal with the unknown, 94–95 approach in the consulting room, 82–83 boundaries and regulatory mechanisms, 90–91 considerations for the therapist, 87–89 field theories, 90–91 goals and growth, 93–94 importance of context, 92–93 origins of, 78 relationship to cultural psychology, 78–79 role of language, 91–92 semiotic capacity of patients, 82 semiotic space in the therapeutic field, 89–94 Sullivan’s modes of meaning making, 80 662 Index interpersonal psychoanalysis (cont.) systems of defence, 80–82 work of Donnel Stern, 85–86 work of Edgar Levenson, 83–85 work of Harry Stack Sullivan, 79–83 work of Phillip Bromberg, 86–87 interpretant, 117 interpretative denial, 467 intersubjectivity, 51–53 iron logic of the universal necessity, 283 ironic understanding in history education, 436–438 irony as a mode of resistance, 452–453 as a tool of critique, 443 in images of authority figures, 450–451 Islam, 383 experience of a Swedish woman convert, 524–526 Jack, Daboma incident in Malta, 50–51 Jackson, Michael, 413 James, William, 15, 78, 265, 354–355, 359, 361, 373, 605 human experiencing mind, 504–506 on religious belief, 368–369 Jefferson, Thomas, 288 Jones, J.W., 361 Judaism, 383 Jules et Jim, 186 Kant, Immanuel, 37 Kegan, Robert, 490 kinesphere, 217 kinesthetic, 207, 212, 213, 219 Klein, Melanie, 91 Knorr-Cetina, Karin, 151 knowledge encounters, 55–58 Koenigsberg, Richard, 416 Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth, 618 Laban, Rudolph, 212, 213 Labaree, David, 278 Lacan, Jacques, 247 Lakatos, Imre, 287, 288–291 language embodying language, 374–376 emergence from social symbols, 24–26 relationship to tool use, 151–153 role in interpersonal psychoanalysis, 91–92 language game model, 22 Latour, Bruno, 479, 492 law, 334, 360, 366, 367, 368, 369, 373, 374, 401, 461, 506 Lee, Peter, 428 legisigns, 119, 123, 639, 640 Leonardo da Vinci, 609 Leontjev, A.N., 148, 150 cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT), 148–149 Levenson, Edgar, 83–85 Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 401 Lewin, Kurt, 79, 519, 549 life course duration and redundancy in development of, 569–570 future-oriented nature, 306–307 multifunctional imitation in, 570 role of imagination, 189 role of symbolic resources, 189–191 sociocultural perspective, 178–179 timed and untimed living, 563–567 lifespan models, 620–621 lifespan theory of socio-emotional selectivity, 622 linguistic turn in human sciences, 207 Linnell, Per, 295 literal denial, 467 literal social denial, 468–469 breaking down, 470–471 literature, 193 Little Buddha, 186 Locke, John, 321 London, Jack, 188 loop of imagination, 181–183 Lorde, Audre, 293 Lotman, Juri, 29 Lotze, Hermann, 15 Lovejoy, Arthur, 70 Luckman, T., 590 Luria, Alexander, 3, 152 machinations, 105 machines, 104–105 Madame Bovary, 187, 188 Madureira, A.F.A., 601–602, 603, 608–609 magnet effect, 226 Malafouris, Lambros, 109–110, 118 Mamana, Silvia, 213 Mandela, Nelson, 412–413 maps as cultural tools, 431–434 market economy, 334, 335, 339, 341, 342, 344, 345 market exchange, 334, 335, 339, 343, 344, 345 market value, 334 marketization, 341, 344, 345–346 Marx, Karl, 13 Index mass media role in the climate change debate, 138 master narratives, 591 and their persistence, 430–431 material affordances creative action using, 172–174 material culture, 104–106 material engagement theory, 118 Material Me, 335 material signs semiotic value, 114 Maturana, Humberto, 18–20, 371–372 McGraw, Myrtle, 210 Mead, George H., 16, 68, 78, 589–590 concept of the significant symbol, 250 on self-reflection, 246 theory of the social act, 251–252 meaning, 13, 17, 20–21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 37, 42–43 and memory, 263–264 definition, 126 distinction from sense, 538 emerges from sensemaking, 43 meaning making distortion caused by anxiety, 80–82, 83 Sullivan’s modes of, 80 mediation, 17, 38 as an epistemological barrier, 63 by signs, 148 four levels of semiotic mediation, 186–187 mediationism dominance in psychology theory, 63 getting over it, 73–74 problems in mainstream cognitive theory, 63–65 problems with, 63 tendency to return to dualism, 70–73 memory and meaning, 263–264 anoetic memory, 265 autobiographical memory, 260, 263–264, 265–267 childhood (infantile) amnesia, 264–265, 360 collective memory, 29, 140–142, 143, 400, 417, 425, 444, 465, 473, 607 declarative memory, 264–265 embodied memory, 543 episodic memory, 264–265, 266–267 event memory, 459–461 factors influencing development, 260–262 family memories, 458–459 making memory, 260 nature of early memory, 264–265 663 procedural memory, 543 reexperiencing, 265, 266 semantic memory, 265 Meno dialogue, 282 Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 211, 360, 538, 541–542 sedimented dispositions, 548 metacanonical uses of objects, 230 meta-knowledge, 133, 144 metaphor and standing forth in the world, 360–363 use to inspire collective action, 417–419 metaphysical naturalism, 366, 369 metonymy use to inspire collective action, 417–419 microgenesis, 104 migrants effects of crossing borders, 305 Miller, Arthur, 137 mimesis, 261 mimetic culture, 261 mind, 31 art and artifacts, 110–111 as sensemaking, 41–42 as the process of decoupling from the environment, 41 as the psychological object, 40–41 historical development in relation to culture (Vico), 401–404 mind and body duality, 15 mind of breathing, 215 mirror theories of self-reflection, 246–247 model of how action produces meaningful experiences, 639–649 capabilities and limitations of this model, 647–649 self-management of behavior, 643–644 semiotic boundaries and growth of meaning, 644–646 sociocultural resouces for shaping experiences and behaviour, 646–647 tetrahedral structure, 640–643 model of overcoming ambivalence by development, 518–519 extending the model, 522–526 social context of meaning making, 535–536 modeling systems, 29 modern reflective capacity as a cultural artefact, 486 modern subjectivity conceptions of the self, 381–382 genealogical approach to study, 382 psyche as an historical object, 381–382 modernism, 72, 283 monarchy body of the king, 404–406 664 Index money as a cultural tool, 333, 345–346 as an economic tool, 333 bill-splitting, 336, 342–343, 344 dialectical study of cultural meaning, 335–337 expanded mediational structure (EMS), 333–334 polysemic nature, 334–335 See also children and money monologic pedagogy, 275 mood, 118, 119, 120, 121 affective register, 545–546 role in communication, 121 moon, travel to, 182, 191, 192 moral, 13, 25, 28, 49 Moscovici, S., 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 465 motivation, 15, 16, 23, 36, 82, 87 motivational theory of lifespan development, 622 motor development and iterative experience, 209–211 cultural influences on early development, 207–208 effects of early deprivation, 208 study of, 208–209 movement body and perception, 107 fundamental patterns of total body connectivity, 214–217 future directions in developmental studies, 220 somatic teaching, 211–213 thinking in movement, 217–219 Muehlebach, Andrea, 489 multiculturalism, 488 multinaturalism, 589 and the construction of the person, 589–591 Murdoch, Iris, 353–354, 356 music, 352, 358–359 music therapy, 226 Muslim women representations of the veil, 56, 57 mystery, 68, 105, 352, 355, 359, 363, 383, 400 mystical experience, 356, 358, 362, 363 mysticism, 361, 386 myth, 138, 139, 261, 589 challenging, 469 foundation myth, 143, 414, 431 Italians, good fellows, 469 mythic culture, 261, 267 myths, 591 myths of origin and their persistence, 430–431 Nachträglich, 549 Nachträglichkeit, 550–551 naïve personalism, 557 naming and self-reflection, 245 narrative thinking, 217 natality, 463, 464 nation allegorical personification, 408–411 defined in the remembrance of those who died for it, 415–417 effect of delineating borders, 414–415 embodiment and reification of the concept, 408–417 ironical and dialogical understanding in history education, 436–438 relationship to imagined landscape, 411–415 unknown soldier memorials, 415–417 national identity and imagined communities, 404–408 approach in history education, 427–428 fostering through history education, 424–426 historical accounts of Estonia, 133–134 historical maps as cultural tools, 431–434 influence of history education, 424 ironical and dialogical understanding in history education, 436–438 master narratives and their persistence, 430–431 myths of origin, 430–431 national identity (Estonia), 138–143 building a nation, 138–140 collective memory work, 140–142 reifying national identity as a state, 142–143 nationalism in history writing and education, 424–426 natural meaning in cognitive science of religion (CSR), 366–367 nature humans viewed as not part of, 68 Nazi Germany Günter Grass and the Third Reich, 529–535 propaganda and the cult of Hitler, 527–529 rise of, 526–527 negotiation, 30, 52, 94 Nelson, Katherine, 230 neoliberalism, 488 Neoplatonism, 386 networks, 105 Neuman, John von, 70 neuronal group selection theory, 209 neurophenomenology, 212 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 381 Nigro, K.F., 588 Index nomotetic, 8, 31 noncanonical use of objects by children, 225–226 nondevelopmentalism, 557–558 non-dialogic pedagogies, 275–276 non-instrumental dialogic pedagogies, 285–296 non-instrumental education, 276–279 non-reductive scientific naturalism, 369–374 normative mediator, 333 norms, 8, 105, 302, 340, 564–565, 575 not me, 90 not me experience, 82 null state, 520 number systems evolution of, 112–114 numerical use of objects development in young children, 233–235 object of a representamen, 117 object construction, 151 object of activity theory uses in studying human activities, 149–151 object relations theory, 86 objectification, 51, 54–58, 59, 148, 154 influence of sociocultural context, 55–58 objectivity, 51–53 objects affordances of, 107–109 awareness of their functional attributes, 223–225 cultural uses, 236 ecstatic power of, 354–357 functional, canonical use by children, 225–226 functional permanence of, 226 functional uses and executive functions before language, 230–233 how children learn to use them according to their function, 225–226 metacanonical uses, 230 noncanonical use by children, 225–226 numerical use in young children, 233–235 protocanonical use by children, 225–226 relation between symbolic and functional uses, 228–230 rhythmic-sonorous uses, 226–228 self-regulation through, 230–233 use in child interaction with adults, 233–235 observer describing behavior, 19–20 Onfray, M., 382 ontic nature of objects, 118 ontogenesis, 104, 207, 247 in living organisms, 19 ontological non-instrumental dialogic pedagogies, 291 ontopotentiality of symbols, 114 operation, 13, 19, 21, 22, 25, 26 ordinary life on the border, 309 organization, 38 organizational closure, 39–40 Ortega y Gasset, J., 462, 463–464, 470, 472, 473 Orwell, George, 443 ostensive gestures, 226, 231 Ostrom, Elinor, 154 Other, 30, 42, 143, 190, 360, 376, 503, 541 dialogical dance with, 512 generalized Other, 524 I–Other relationships, 403 priority in aesthetic transcendence, 354–357 priority of, 362–363 realm of, 360 self-reflection via identification with, 254 ownership understanding in children, 319–323 Paideia proposal, 281 Paley, Vivian, 281, 283, 284, 285 Pali canon, 616 Panofsky, Erwin, 608 parataxic thinking, 80 as a defence, 80–82 Park, Rosa Louise, 489 Parmenides of Elea, 597, 598 parrhesia, 470–471 pathic dimension, 549, 550 Pavlov, Ivan, 246 Peirce, Charles S., 15, 92, 117, 303 on self-reflection, 245–246 Peircean Semiotics, 639 perception ecological theory of, 106–107 leading to conceptualization, 21 perceptual action, 119 person, 13, 15, 17, 31 personal agency, 560 personal development through persistent imitation, 559–561 personal dimension of experience, 538–539 personal sense, 545 personality, 557 personality suggestions, 560 personhood emergence of, 27–28 personified abstractions, 404–406 perspective-taking, 172 665 666 Index pertinentization ongoing process during sensemaking, 45 phenomenological naturalism, 366, 374–376 phenomenology, 15, 637 pre-reflective, embodied experience, 539–540 Piaget, Jean, 209, 226, 228, 482 on self-reflection, 246 planning capacitiy, 104 Plato, 14, 66, 249, 274, 417, 479 Socratic Dialogic method, 282–283 play development of, 150 play and art, 111–112 Pocket Money Project, 339–343 poetry, 359 Poincaré, Henri, 164 pointing gestures, 231 political institutionalization climate change debate, 137–138 politics of representing the past, 443–444 agency, 445 Basque conflict, 443–444, 445–449 Egyptian revolution (2011), 443–444, 449–453 positioning, 444–445 symbolic action and re-action, 453–455 symbolic tools, 444–445 theoretical framework, 444–445 polysemic nature of money, 334–335 possessions polysemic nature, 334–335 postmodern psytizenship from a psycho-cultural perspective, 486–491 postmodern transitions of psytizenship, 484–486 postmodernism, 72 power relations, 605 prejudice, 582, 602, 605 pre-reflective, embodied dimension of selfhood, 538–539 pre-reflective, embodied experience affective register, 545–546 existentials of embodied history, 542–546 future research, 552 habituation, 543 hermeneutic repertoire, 544–545 historical selfhood as embodied, 540–542 incorporation, 544 intercorporeity, 543–544 sedimentation of pre-reflective experiential structures, 546–547 sedimented experiential dispositions, 548 turn to phenomenology, 539–540 Prigogine, Ilya, 597 private gestures in infants, 231 problem-focused coping, 621 processual ontology, 39, 46 propaganda and the cult of Hitler, 527–529 proprioception, 212, 213, 218, 219 protocanonical use of objects by children, 225–226 prototaxic thinking, 80 as a defence, 80–82 psyche, 633 Aristotelian view, 15 as an historical object, 381–382 behaviorist view, 16 biological basis, 15 conceptions shaped by psychology, 16 culture as the spirit of, 28 definition, 633–634 distinction from spirit, 14–15 division of, 14 feelings drive the mind toward reflection, 23–24 from biological processes to social behavior, 18–20 functionalism of the American pragmatists, 15–16 genealogical approach of cultural psychology, 383–385 genealogical relationship to religion, 383–385 influence of religion on the concept, 380–381 nature of, 31, 103–104 ontology of, 13–14 role in the theory of evolution, 15 sociocultural psychology view, 16 study of developmental dynamics, 635–637 turning things into objects, 106–109 psychoanalysis, 180 theory on self-reflection, 247 psychogenesis and modernity, 480–483 psychological distancing theory, 248 psychological impersonalism, 557 psychological knowledge nature and origins of, 30–31 psychological rationality, 390–392 psychology as a liminal science, 633–635 as a science, 633–637 behaviorism, 16 cognitive revolution, 16 conceptions of psyche, 16 explanatory extensions, 637 first-person approach to the study of, 15 fragmented state of the discipline, 35–36 functional approaches of the German and Austrian schools, 15 growth of the sociocultural perspective, need for a general theory of psychology, 35–36 Index ordering the epistemic field, 635–637 roots of, 637 third-person approach to the study of, 15 psychophysics, 15 psytizen carnivalization, 491–492 psytizenship activity as a means of surpassing adjustment, 487–488 definition, 479–480 empowered and dissolved psytizens, 489–491 experience beyond decision and fragmentation, 488–489 historico-genealogical approach, 480–484 modern reflective capacity as a cultural artefact, 486 postmodern psytizenship from a psycho-cultural perspective, 486–491 postmodern transitions, 484–486 psychogenesis and modernity, 480–483 queuing, 49–51 Rabbow, Paul, 386 Rancière, J., 404 rationalism of the Enlightenment, 283 reality, 130, 134, 180 relation to imagination, 179 reciprocity understanding in children, 323–326 reductionism, 106 reflective modernity, 487 reification constructed in collective action, 417–419 reified discourse climate change debate, 137–138 relational psychoanalysis, 78 religion cultural analysis, 382–383 cultural psychology approach, 383–385 genealogical relationship to psyche, 383–385, 390–392 influence of conceptions of the self, 380–381 technologies of the self, 381–383 see also cognitive science of religion (CSR) religious development emotions and self-governance, 385–386 religious experience aesthetic transcendence, 354–357 religious extremism, 130 religious fundamentalism, 602 religious violence, 130 remediation, 155–156, 159 representamen, 117 representation as activity or process, 131–132 667 as product, 132–133 holomorphic, 133, 135 meanings of, 130–131 vs object, 134–136 representationalism in social cognitive psychology, 65–70 problems in cognitive psychology, 63–65 resource development and conservation theory, 622 responsiveness and personal history, 550–551 reverse action of signs, 250 revolutions, 192 rhema, 117, 123 rhythmic-sonorous uses of objects, 226–228 Ricoeur, Paul, 361–362 Rogoff, Barbara, 370 Roman Catholic culture, 490 Rorty, Richard, 487 Rosa, Alberto, 208, 599, 600 Rosch, Eleanor, 211 Rose, Nikolas, 482 Ruiz Zafon, C., 514–515 rule configuration, 154 rule constellation, 154 runaway objects, 151 rupture theories of self-reflection, 245–246 Sanders, Cecily, 618 Santaella, L., 607, 608 Sapir, Edward, 78 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 188 satisficing, 623 Scarry, Elaine, 363 scenarios, 44–45, 191, 210, 224, 229, 231, 236 Schachtel, Ernst, 360 Schiffer, Brian, 67 School of the Dialogue of Cultures, 290 science notion of, 13 scientific naturalism, 367–368, 369–374 Scott, Joan, 598, 604 scripts, 154, 155, 322, 454, 649 Searle, J.R., 327–328 second-person approach, 31, 208, 218, 220 sedimentation of pre-reflective experiential structures, 546–547 sedimented experiential dispositions, 548 sedimented response registers, 551 Segato, Rita, 601, 604 selective inattention, 81 selective optimization with compensation (SOC) model, 621 668 Index self and gender identity, 597–598 as the space of circulation of subjective agencies, 591–592 construction of the autobiographical self, 260 historical selfhood as embodied, 540–542 in autobiographical memory, 267–271 multinaturalism and the construction of the person, 589–591 production of, 26–27 relation to the human experiential mind, 515 self-awareness, 540 self-consciousness theory of Hegel, 247–248 self-esteem, 80–81 self-governance and religious development, 385–386 self-management of behavior, 643–644 self-reflection complex semiotic systems, 254–255 conflict theories, 247–249 definition, 245 internalization theories, 249–251 Mead’s theory of the social act, 251–252 mirror theories, 246–247 naming, 245 reasons for, 255–257 rupture theories, 245–246 semiotic mediation, 245 semiotic process underlying, 255–257 social representation theory, 248 two processes of, 252–254 via distanciation from the self, 253 via identification with Other, 254 self-regulation and aging, 621–622 through gestures and objects, 230–233 self-states, 86–87 self story, 266 sembling, 560 semiology, 637 semiosis, 3, 117–118 semiosisaction, 639 semiospheres, 29–30, 645 semiotic boundaries and growth of meaning, 644–646 semiotic–cultural constructivism in psychology, 575 semiotic mediation, 245, 503, 509 influence of images on gender identities, 606–609 semiotic objects constitution of, 123–125 semiotic prism, 189–190, 192 semiotic resources, 185, 646 semiotic space in the therapeutic field, 89–94 semiotic tools, 508 semiotic traps, 549 semiotic value of material signs, 114 semiotics, 4, 16, 17, 29, 106, 126, 152, 164, 169, 637, 648, 649 border irregularities, 29–30 of action, 117–118 of behavior and experience, 116–125 of self-reflection, 255 Peircean, 639 semiotization, 30, 126 Sen, Amartya, 274 senicide, 617 Sennett, Richard, 482 sense distinction from meaning, 538 sensemaking as inherently dialogical, 42 cultural psychology as the science of, 39–42 mind as, 41–42 sensemaking dynamics, 42–45 affective grounds of sensemaking, 44–45 bivalence of meaning, 45 culture as the field distribution of possibilities, 44 hyperdimensionality of the distribution, 44 meaning emerges from sensemaking, 43 sensemaking is a field dynamics, 42–43 sensemaking works through ongoing pertinentization, 45 significance in absentia (SIA), 45 significance in praesentia (SIP), 45 transition among signs is a habit function, 43–44 transition among signs is the unit of analysis of sensemaking, 43 sensorial action, 117 sexism, 598, 600–602, 604–605 Sheets-Johnston, Maxine, 207, 218 Shotter, John, 490 Sidorkin, Alexander, 291–292, 294, 295 Sigel, I.E, psychological distancing theory, 248 sign transition, 42, 43 is a habit function, 43–44 unit of analysis of sensemaking, 43 significance in absentia (SIA), 45 significance in praesentia (SIP), 45 signs as internalized mediators for interaction, 20–21 reverse action, 250 Index Simmel, G., 302 Skinner, B.F., 482 Skyfall, 187 Sluga, Glenda, 483 Smith, Adam on self-reflection, 246–247 Smith, Mark, 285 social act Mead’s theory of, 251–252 social borders crossing in development and education, 312–313 social cognition, 51, 64, 67, 208, 218, 327 social cognitive psychology representationalism in, 65–70 social constructivism, 71, 72 social context of meaning making, 535–536 social conventional signs, 640 social denial forms of, 467 social engineering, 283–285, 481 social exchange gift exchange, 333 money as a cultural tool, 333 social identities as boundary phenomena, 600–603 social influence, 58 social justice instrumental dialogic pedagogies, 283–285 social membranes institutional borders as, 311–312 social objects climate change, 136–138 national identity (Estonia), 138–143 religious extremism, 130 semiotic constitution of, 123–125 social representation, 134–136 wheelchairs, 135–136 social representation theory, 130–131, 400, 417 behaving and acting, 131–132 belief and communicating, 131 individual and collective levels of analysis, 143–144 interaction and cooperation, 132–134 self-reflection, 248 social objects, 134–136 social symbols emergence and development of, 24–26 social virtual objects, 123 social world of children, 319 socially constructed environments, 60 socially shared reality, 181 societal discourse, 131 Society of Jesus, 386, 585 669 sociocultural change role of imagination, 191–192 role of symbolic resources, 191–192 sociocultural cognition, 370–371 sociocultural context influence on objectifications, 55–58 sociocultural frames of reference Daboma Jack incident, 50–51 sociocultural phenomena, 123 sociocultural psychology approach on experience and meaning, 638–639 as a science, 633–637 central assumptions, 598–600 current developments in the field, definition, 16 directions in, 8–9 epistemology of, 637–649 features of the sociocultural approach, 16–17 model of how action produces meaningful experiences, 639–649 nature of, 31 place among the sciences, 649–650 structural-systemic approach, 17–18 view of psyche, 16 sociocultural resouces for shaping experiences and behavior, 646–647 sociocultural theory, 148 Socrates, 274 Socratic Dialogic method, 282–283 somatic education, 215 somatic education techniques, 211 somatic teaching, 211–213 somatics, 212 soul, 14 South Park, 188 spectator theory of knowledge, 69 spheres of experience, 181 spirit, 31 nature of, 14–15 Spiritual Exercises See Ignatius of Loyola Spiritual Exercises split-self, 550 statehood, 142–143 Steiner, George, 351–353, 356, 357 Stengers, Isabelle, 597 stereotypes, 582 Stern, Daniel, 218–219, 543 Stern, Donnel, 85–86 Stern, William, 556–557 challenges to the study of development, 557–558 the experiencing person, 558–559 670 Index Stimmung, 545 Stoicism, 386 Storr, A., 357 Straus, Erwin, 541 street art diversity of interactions with, 56 strong signs, 522 structural coupling, 38, 106, 116, 124, 211, 372, 373, 636, 648 structural-systemic approach of sociocultural psychology, 17–18 structure, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42 subjectivity, 51–53, 106 Sullivan, Harry Stack, 78 modes of meaning making, 80 systems of defence, 80–82 work on interpersonal psychoanalysis, 79–83 Sykes–Picot agreement (1916), 411 symbolic action and re-action, 453–455 symbolic bricolage, 184 symbolic gestures, 231 symbolic nature of humans, 13 symbolic resources, 124, 575 aboutness, 184–185 aboutness of, 188 and theory of imagination, 178 as a sociocultural concept, 183–189 concept of, 178 constraints on the use of, 192–194 cultural experiences as, 183–184 defining, 184–185 four levels of semiotic mediation, 186–187 future study directions, 195 generativity, 188–189 heuristic power of the concept, 178 model for analyzing the use of, 185–189 origins of the concept, 184 plausibility, 187–188 role in sociocultural change, 191–192 role in the lifecourse, 189–191 semiotic prism, 189–190, 192 study methodological problems, 194–195 theoretical problems, 194 time orientation, 186 use of cultural elements, 183–184 symbolic systems, 183 symbolic thought development of, 150 symbolic tools, 444–445 symbolic use of objects relation to functional uses, 228–230 symbols, 24–26, 117 nature of, 112, 121 product of communication when acting, 22–23 sympathetic magic, 132 syntaxic thinking, 80 Tai Chi, 215 Tannaim, 274 Tartu School of semiotics, 29 technologies of the self, 381–383 terrorism, 130 texts, 29, 123–124 The Dreamers, 186 Thelen, Esther, 209–211 theology, 385 theoretic culture, 261 theory of evolution functions of psyche, 15 theory of mind, 65–66 theory of the ideal, 150 thinking in action, 117, 118 thinking in movement, 217–219 Third Age, 618, 621 third-person approach, 15 Thomae, Hans, 621, 624 Thompson, Clara, 78 Thompson, Evan, 211, 371–372, 373 time depiction of, 14 Tintin, 192 tool use relationship to language, 151–153 tools, 25, 104–105 and signs, 151–152 creative process, 109–110 money as a cultural tool, 333 Toomela, Aaro, 17, 18 torpedo touch, 282 total body connectivity breath pattern, 214–215 core–distal connectivity pattern, 215–216 fundamental patterns, 214–217 head–tail pattern of connectivity, 216–217 totalitarian regimes irony as a tool of critique, 443 totalitarianism, 283–285 transcendence defining, 351 within immanence, 357–360 Index transition among signs, 42, 43 is a habit function, 43–44 is the unit of analysis of sensemaking, 43 transitions, 178, 184, 189, 191, 195 translation, 29, 30, 256, 336 trauma theory, 86 Trevarthen, Colwin, 210 triadic rhythmic interactions, 226–227 Truth and Reconciliation Committees, South Africa, 466–467 Tulving, E., 264–265, 266 ubasute tradition, 617 umbrella revolution (Hong Kong, 2014), 417–418 Umwelt, 17, 31, 108, 111, 127, 400, 640 Unheimlichkeit, 546 unknown soldier memorials, 415–417 Valsiner, Jaan, 107, 187, 208, 313, 504, 530, 538, 544, 545, 558, 591, 597, 599, 600, 608, 609 value definition, 126 Varela, Francisco, 18–20, 211 Veblen, Thorsten, 296 vectors, 519, 520 Verne, Jules, 192 Vico, Giambattista, 180, 417 axioms on the historical development of the human mind and and culture, 401–404 violence from the point of view of victims, perpetrators and bystanders, 466–468 religious violence, 130 vitality forms, 215 Viveiros de Castro, E., 584, 588–589, 591–592, 593 volitional action, 117 volitive action, 119 Völkerpsychologie movement, 15 von Uekküll, Jakob, 640 Vygotsky, Lev, 3, 17, 18, 71, 148, 260, 482 distinction between sense and meaning, 538 671 internalization, 249–251 mediation by signs, 148 on communication, 230 on creativity, 169, 171 on imagination, 180–181, 182 on the full sense of words, 520 on the use of objects, 228 psychological mediation, 184 role of objects, 149–150 signs, 333 theory of imagination and creativity, 149–150 theory of the sign, 249–251 tools and signs, 151–152 zone of proximal development, 53, 306 Wagner, Roy, 591 Waldenfels, Bernhard, 542 agency as responsiveness, 548–551 Wartofsky, Max, 153 Watson, J.B., 66, 68 Weber, Max, 600 Weimar Germany and the rise of Nazism, 526–527 Wertsch, J.V., 123, 184, 249, 274, 426, 430, 434, 435, 436, 437, 443, 444, 445, 453, 454 wheelchairs as social objects, 135–136 White, Hayden, 417 White, William Alanson, 78 Widerfahrnis, 550 Will, 387 Wineburg, Sam, 428 women violence against, 601 Wundt, Wilhelm, 15 Yoga, 211 Zeitverschiebung, 549 zone of free movement, 107, 544 zone of promoted action, 544 zone of proximal development, 53, 104, 306 ... professor and chair of the Department of Psychology and Distinguished Professor of Ethics and Society at the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts, USA He is the winner of the. .. psychology of religion, the history of emotions, the technologies of the self, and the genealogy of modern subjectivity e u g e n e m atu s ov is a professor in the School of Education at the University... professor of psychology at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain, where he lectures on the history of psychology and cultural psychology He is interested in the history of psychology and the