A Guide to the Wireless Engineering Body of Knowledge (WEBOK) 2009 Edition G Giannattasio, J Erfanian, K D Wong, P Wills, H Nguyen, T Croda, K Rauscher, X Fernando, N Pavlidou IEEE COM M UN ICAT10NS SOC IETY IEEE IEEE Press @WILEY A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION This page intentionally left blank A Guide to the Wireless Engineering Body of Knowledge (WEBOK) 2009 Edition IEEE Press 445 Hoes Lane Piscataway, NJ 08855 IEEE Press Editorial Board Lajos Hanzo, Editor in Chief R Abari J Anderson S Basu A Chatterjee T.Chen T G.Croda M El-Hawary S Farshchi B M Hammerli Malik S Nahavandi W Reeve Kenneth Moore, Director oflEEE Book and Information Services (BIS) Jeanne Audino, Project Editor A Guide to the Wireless Engineering Body of Knowledge (WEBOK) 2009 Edition G Giannattasio, J Erfanian, K D Wong, P Wills, H Nguyen, T Croda, K Rauscher, X Fernando, N Pavlidou IEEE COM M UN ICAT10NS SOC IETY IEEE IEEE Press @WILEY A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION Copyright 2009 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey All rights reserved Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 ofthe 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-601 1, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.comlgo/permission Limit of LiabilityiDisclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representation or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation You should consult with a professional where appropriate Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 7622974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print, however, may not be available in electronic formats For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available ISBN 978-0470-43366-9 Printed in the United States of America CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS INTRODUCTION WIRELESS ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 INTRODUCTION CONTENTS DESIGNFUNDAMENTALS MOBILIT~ MANAGEMENT WIRELESS ACCESS TECHNOLOGY STANDARDIZ~TION EVOLUTION-2G TO 3G DIGITALMOBILE CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY LOCAL, PERSONALAND NEAR-FIELD COMMUNICATIONS BEYOND 3G AND FUTURETRENDS NETWORK AND SERVICE ARCHITECTURE 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 INTRODUCTION CONTENTS ARCHITECTURE CIRCUIT-SWITCHED CELLULAR NETWORK TCP/IP IN PACKET SWITCHED NETWORKS VolP/SIP FOR IP MULTIMEDIA PACKET-SWITCHED MOBILE NETWORKS AND IMS ALTERNATIVE NETWORK ARCHITECTURES-MESH NETWORKS ALTERNATIVE NETWORK ARCHITECTURES-MOBILE AD HOCNETWORKS SERVICEENABLEREVOLUTION SERVICEFRAMEWORK FUNDAMENTALSOF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING KEYREFERENCES NETWORK MANAGEMENT AND SECURITY 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 INTRODUCTION CONTENTS TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE LIBRARY THEINFORMATION MAP THEENHANCEDTELECOM OPERATIONS THESIMPLE NETWORK MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL(SNMP) SECURITY REQUIREMENTS REFERENCES RADIO FREQUENCY ENGINEERING PROPAGATION AND ANTENNAS 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 INTRODUCTION CONTENTS ANTENNAS PROPAGATION RF ENGINEERING KEY REFERENCES FACILITIES INFRASTRUCTURE 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 INTRODUCTION CONTENTS AC AND DC POWER SYSTEMS ELECTRICALPROTECTION HEATING,VENTIIATION, AND AIRCONDITIONING VII Ix 1 11 16 20 40 46 59 59 59 60 63 66 70 78 82 83 87 89 92 93 93 93 93 97 101 104 125 127 127 127 127 140 157 170 171 171 171 171 173 177 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 EQUIPMENT RACKS RACKMOUNTING SPACES AND RELATEDHARDWARE LINES WAVEGUIDES AND TRANSMISSION TOWER SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYSTEMS AND BASE STATION HOTELS PHYSICALSECURITY ALARMAND SURVEILIANCE SYSTEMS NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONALSTANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS REFERENCES AGREEMENTS, STANDARDS, POLICIES AND REGULATIONS 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 INTRODUCTION CONTENTS AGREEMENTS STANDARDS POLICIES REGULATIONS REFERENCES FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 INTRODUCTION CONTENTS ELEC~RICALENGINEERING BASICSFOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS SIGNAL PROCESSINGAND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS RF ENGINEERING INSTRUMENTS AND MEASUREMENTS [WIT021 COM M uNICATIO N NETWORKS OTHERCOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS GENERAL ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMI cs KEY REFERENCES APPENDIXES APPENDIX A APPENDIX B C APPENDIX APPENDIX D E APPENDIX COMPLETEREFERENCES& FURTHERRESOURCES CREATINGTHE WEBOK SUMMARYOF KNOWLEDGEAREAS GLOSSARY ABOUTTHE IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SOCIETV vi 178 179 180 181 183 184 185 186 186 186 187 189 192 195 199 201 201 201 202 204 207 210 211 216 218 219 220 221 236 238 245 252 Contributing Authors The following is a list of volunteers who have contributed to the writing, editing, and reviewing of the 2009 Edition of the Guide to the Wireless Engineering Body of Knowledge The WEBOK would never have been created without the support and participation of these volunteers IEEE and IEEE Communications Society would like to thank and acknowledge them for their selfless contributions WEBOK Editor in Chief Chapter Wireless Access Technologies Editor Contributing Author Contributing Author Contributing Author Contributing Author Contributing Author Contributing Author Contributing Author Chapter Contributing Author K Daniel Wong Dharma Agrawal - Cincinnati University Javan Erfanian - Bell Canada Vijay Varma - Telcordia Hung-Yu Wei - National Taiwan University K Daniel Wong - Malaysia University of Science and Technology Qinqing Zhang - Milton S Eisenhower Research Center, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory Network Management and Wireless Security Editor Contributing Author Contributing Author Contributing Author Contributing Author Chapter Javan Erfanian Remi Thomas - France Telecom Orange Anne Daviaud - France Telecom R&D Jin Yang - Verizon Wireless Javan Erfanian - Bell Canada Paul Eichorn - Bell Canada Haseeb Akhtar - Nortel Networks Angeliki Alexiou - Alcatel Lucent Labs UK Network and Services Architecture Editor Contributing Author Contributing Author Contributing Author Contributing Author Contributing Author Chapter Gustavo Giannattasio Peter Wills Bernard Colbert - Deakin University Paul Kubik - Telstra Santiago Paz - O r t University Peter Wills - Telstra Propagation and Antennas Editor Contributing Author Contributing Author Contributing Author Contributing Author Hung Nguyen John Beggs -The Aerospace Corporation Asha Mehrotra -The Aerospace Corporation Hung Nguyen -The Aerospace Corporation Dennis Sweeney -The Aerospace Corporation Appendix C - Summary of Knowledge Areas 239 handoff/mobility management paging functions the major components of a wireless network topology Chapter - Network and Service Architecture Tasks: Analyze service platforms including service enablers (examples might include messaging and positioning) and service creation/delivery (examples might include Open Service Access and Parlay) Analyze IP addressing schemes for various technologies (examples might include Mobile IP, IPv4, and IPv6) Design and test quality of service (QoS) (examples might include design and plan for adequate resources, selecting priority schemes, queuing strategies, and call administration control) for VoIP and IMS-based services Select and test a load-balancing scheme Analyze IP routing (examples might include interpreting an IP routing table) Analyze ad hoc routing and mesh protocols, and suitability for various deployment scenarios Perform capacity planning using traffic engineering principles Perfom error tracking and trace analysis on protocol control messages for specific systems Analyze the evolution of mobile networks to enable IP multimedia services (including circuitswitched to packet-switched network evolution) 10 Analyze intra- and inter-domain roaming 11 Analyze the functioning of TCP/IP major transport protocols (examples might include TCP, UDP, and RTP) in the context of wireless communications Knowledge of: IMS (IP multimedia subsystems) and its architecture, including session control and switching plane VoIP/IP-multimedia protocols wireless service enablers evolution location and positioning techniques load balancing principles in the context of wireless communications IP routing and mobile IP networking and addressing schemes error tracking and trace analysis techniques circuit switched and packet switched data and packet cellular networks and the differences between them roaming and roaming controls 10 TCP/IP including transport protocols A Guide to the Wireless Engineering Body of Knowledge 240 Chapter - Network Management and Security Tasks: Design a fault monitoring system (examples might include using SNMP TRAP/NOTIFICATION) Design a performance monitoring system (examples might include using SNMP GETBET) Develop/specify types and methods of alarm reporting for an installation Compute availability and reliability metrics from both the “network performance” and “system designer” perspectives (related to equipment failure) Assess the potential impacts of known security attacks on wireless systems (examples might include virus, worm, DoS, and impersonation) Plan corresponding solutions to known security attacks Monitor, log, and audit security-related data Analyze security vulnerabilities and preparehecommend corrective actions Knowledge of: quality of service (QoS) monitoring and control fault management configuration management authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) principles and mechanisms types of security attacks on wireless networks protocols to secure wireless networks security-violation events logging and monitoring security issue management and resolution network management protocols (examples might include simple network management protocol [SNMPI) 10 performance metrics pertinent to various access networks 1 IP security, Encapsulation Security Payload (ESP), Internet Key Exchange, and digital signature 12 MIB, RMON, and Internet Control Messaging Protocol (ICMP) 13 Intrusion Detection Systems, DDoS Attacks, and traceback techniques Chapter - RF Engineering, Propagation, & Antennas Tasks: Calculate link budgets to evaluate system performance and reliability based on received signal level and fade margin (examples might include satellite, microwave link, base station to mobile station, wireless LAN, PAN, and free space optics) Calculate path loss for various RF transmission systems (examples might include between isotropic or dipole reference antennas, base station to mobile station, base station to repeater, Appendix C - Summary of Knowledge Areas 24 earth station to satellite, LOS/NLOS paths, and clutter losses) and under varying atmospheric conditions (examples might include inversion layers, ducting, and variations in K factor) Evaluate the effects of different fading models (examples might include Rayleigh and lognormal) and empirical path loss models on the received signal strength in various signal propagation environments (examples might include flat terrain, rolling hills, urbanized areas, and indoor environments [such as buildings or tunnels] with losses caused by walls, ceilings, and other obstructions) Calculate and evaluate the effects on the received signal of path-related impairments, such as Fresnel Zone blockage, delay spread, and Doppler shift of a signal received by a moving receiver Calculate the polarization mismatch loss for various antenna systems (examples might include fixed microwave systems, cellular and mobile radio systems, and satellite systems) Evaluate receive diversity gain for selection, equal gain, and maximal ratio diversity system configurations Determine parameters related to antennas or antenna arrays (examples might include pattern, beamwidth, gain, distance from an antenna or array at which far field conditions apply, spacing, beam forming, tilt, and sectorization) and analyze the effects of these parameters on coverage Determine appropriate antenna spacing at base station sites to prevent inter-system and intrasystem interference effects, taking into account required radiation patterns and mutual coupling effects Generate and evaluate coverage and interference prediction maps for cellular, mobile radio, WLAN, and similar systems 10 Develop a procedure to optimize the coverage of a radio system using propagation modeling and “drive test” measurements 11 Develop a block diagram of an RF system (examples might include cellular, land mobile, and WLAN) employing standard modules (examples might include filters, couplers, circulators, and mixers) and/or use lumped or distributed matching networks, microstrips, and stripline 12 Make RF system measurements (examples might include swept return loss to determine antenna system performance, transmitter output power [peak or average, as appropriate], signal-to-noise ratio at a receiver front end, and co-channel and adjacent channel interference for specific types of signal spectra) Knowledge of: different types of losses (examples might include transmission line loss, antenna gain, connector losses, and path loss) procedures to calculate antenna gain and free space path loss statistical fading models and distance-power (path loss) relationships in different propagation environments the effects of outdoor terrain and indoor structures such as walls, floors, and ceilings on signal propagation indoor and outdoor coverage calculation and verification techniques Es/NO, EB/NO, RSSI, NF, and other system parameters 242 A Guide to the Wireless Engineering Body of Knowledge the relationship between receiver noise figure, noise temperature, and receiver sensitivity and the relationship between sensitivity under static conditions and the degradation of effective receiver sensitivity caused by signal fading in different propagation conditions external noise sources and their impact on the S/N ratios of received signals, and of techniques for measuring the impact of external noise basic antenna system design and use including antenna types (examples might include omnidirectional, panel, parabolic, dipole array, indoor antennas), antenna patterns, gain and ERP, antenna size, antenna polarization, receive and transmit diversity (examples might include MIMO) antenna systems, and proper antenna installation to provide for coverage, interference mitigation, and frequency reuse 10 adaptive antenna methods and techniques 1 subscriber unit, mobile, and device antennas and their performance characteristics 12 use of test equipment such as network analyzers, spectrum analyzers, and TDRs 13 co-channel and adjacent channel interference analysis and measurement methods and techniques 14 filters, power dividers, combiners, and directional couplers Chapter - Facilities Infrastructure Tasks: Determine the power consumption of a unit of communications equipment Determine the power consumption for a facility containing communications equipment Analyze the electrical protection requirements (includes grounding/earthing, bonding, shielding, and lightning protection) and design the electrical protection layout for a wireless telecommunications facility Determine the required antennas for the facility and their required positions on a structure Coordinate with other users when implementing a communications system in a shared location Develop a specification for the required structure for a wireless base station facility based on the required antenna sizes and elevations above ground Determine the required cable, antennas, and materials to implement an in-building wireless network Determine the required number of racks on which to mount the equipment and the rack layout and placement, taking into account the maintainability of the equipment Evaluate equipment compliance with industry standards, codes, and site requirements such as NEBS specifications, and ANSI, ETSI, IEC, and other applicable standards Knowledge of: procedures to determine the power consumption of wireless communications equipment how to determine the power required to support a site the application of AC and DC power systems the application of alternative energy sources to wireless communications facilities Appendix C - Summary of Knowledge Areas 243 heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning ( W A C ) requirements equipment racks, rack mounting spaces, and related hardware electrical protection (including groundindearthing, bonding, shielding, and lightning protection) basic waveguides and transmission lines tower specifications and standards 10 physical security requirements Chapter -Agreements, Standards, Policies, and Regulations Tasks: Assess service and equipment quality Prepare specifications for purchasing services and equipment, and evaluate the responses Verify compliance with regulatory requirements (examples might include licensing, standards, rules, and regulations) Select and analyze frequency assignments Perform standardized homologation tests as required by regulatory or standardization bodies Evaluate compliance with health, safety, and environmental requirements Perform conformancehnteroperability analyses of systems and components Analyze the use of licensed vs unlicensed spectrum Obtain licenses and permits where required Knowledge of: regulatory requirements (examples might include international, national, and local) spectrum licensing spectrum characteristics, availability, and management local and site-specific rules and regulations electrical safety (examples might include UL, EC, CSA, and IEEE C.95) frequency assignment databases and online tools modulation anomalies (examples might include cross modulation, modulation products, harmonics, and quantization impact) health, safety, and environmental issues equipment type approval processeshequirements Chapter -Fundamental Knowledge Knowledge related to electrical engineering fundamental AC/DC circuit analysis mathematics including probability, statistics, and Boolean arithmetic A Guide to the Wireless Engineering Body of Knowledge 244 operation of complex test instruments, including oscilloscopes, spectrum analyzers, network analyzers, TDRs, and signal generators Fourier frequency spectrum and transforms basic printed circuit board design considerations transmission theory and lines, antennas, basic optics, and basic electromagnetic wave theory and applications power calculations (examples might include dB, dBm, and dBx) basic concepts of queuing theory and traffic analysis basic signal processing (examples might include analog, digital, and statistical) 10 basic concepts related to optical communications 11 basic electronic system-level block diagrams 12 basic power supply design Knowledge related to communication systems basic communication and information theory (analog and digital) basic telephony (including signaling, switching, and transmission) noise impairments basic EMI, EMC, and interference frequency allocations and reuse how to identify and locate appropriate industry technical standards, codes, and other applicable requirements modulation techniques for analog (examples might include AM,FM, and PM) modulation techniques for digital (examples might include FSK, PSK, and QAM) wireless multiple-access schemes (examples might include FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, and variants) 10 basic satellite communications 11 digital data transmission formats (examples might include El/Tl and OC-dSDH) 12 basic components of RF circuitry 13 basic RF circuit design 14 basic RF coupling, radiation, and antenna theory concepts 15 measurements for RF circuits and sub systems, such as output power, receiver sensitivity, noise figure, linearity performance, and spectral performance Knowledge of general engineering management: project management methods and processes fundamental engineering economics design and configuration for ease of maintenance documentation and configuration control schemes IEEE Code of Ethics Appendix D Glossary 3DES 3G 3GPP 3GPP2 A5 AAA AAD ACK ACM AF AGC AMC I I AMPS ANM ANSI Encryption Standard Metropolitan Area Network 3rd Generation Partnership Project 3G Partnership Project Encryption algorithm Authentication Authorization Accounting Accountin Additional Authentication Data Acknowledge Address Complete Message Analog to Digital Converted Advanced Encryption Standard Diffserv Assured Forwarding Automatic Gain Control Adaptive Modulation and Codine I I Advanced Mobile Phone I System Answer Message American National Standards Institute Axial Ratio for Elliptical I Association of Radio ASN.l ASP ATIS ATM AuC AUT AUTN AUTS AWS I BCMCS ASCII I ASN I Li I BTS CBC CBC-MAC Broadcast Control I CCCH/BCCH I Channel CCI American Standard Code for hformation Interchange I Access Service Network I I Abstract Syntax Notation One Application Service Provider Association Telecommunications Industries Standards Asynchronous Transfer Mode Authentication Center Antenna Under Test Network authentication token Token used in resynchronization Advanced Wireless Services Broadcast and Multicast Services Best Effort Base Station Controller Basic Service Set Base Transceiver Station Cipher Block Chaining Messa e Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication CCM Co Channel Interference CTR Mode with CBCMAC I 246 CCMP CCSA CDMA CGM CLD CIR CM CMA COMP128 CP CP CQI CRC CRC-32 cs CSCF CSMA/CA CSN CST CTIA CTS DARPA dBi dBm dBr DCH DECT DES DiffServ A Guide to the Wireless Engineering Body of Knowledge Counter Mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol China Communications Standard Association Code Division Multiple Access Conjugate Gradient Method Connection ID Carrier to Interference Ratio Connection Management Constant Modulus Algorithm Algorithm Cyclic Prefix Circular Polarization Channel Quality Indicator Cyclic Redundancy Check Cyclic Redundancy check 32 bits Coding Scheme Call Session Control Function Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance Connectivity Service Network Computer Simulation Technology International Association for the Wireless Telecommunications Industry Clear To Send Defense Advanced Research Proiects Decibel Isotropic Decibel milliwatts Decibel Relative Dedicated Channel Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephonv Data Encrvption Standard Packet Classification DIFS DL DMB DNS DRA DRC DSL DSSl DVB-H EAP EAP-FAST EAPoL EAP-TLS EAP-TTLS E-DCH EGPRS I EP ERP ESS eTOM ETSI FA FACA FBSS istributed Inter Frame Distributed Space Down Link Digital Multimedia Broadcasting Domain Name System Dielectric Resonator Antenna Data Rate Control Digital Subscriber Line Digital Subscriber Signaling System Digital Video Broadcast Handheld Extensible Authentication Protocol EAP Flexible Authentication via Secure Tunneling EAP Over LAN EAP Transport Layer Security EAP Tunneled TLS Enhanced Dedicated Channel Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution Diffserv Expedited Forwardin Enhanced GPRS Electronic Industries ~~ Effective Isotropic Radiated Power I Electromannetic I I Elliptical Polarization I Effective Radiated Power Extended Service Set Enhanced Telecom Operations Map European Telecommunications Standard Institute Foreign Agent U.S Federal Advisory Committee Act Fast Base Station Switching 247 Glossary I FCC FCC FDD FDMA FDMA FDTD FEM FFT I FSO I Federal Communications I Commission Federal Communications Commission Frequency Division Duplex Frequency Division Multiple Access Frequency Division Multiple Access Finite Difference Time Domain Finite Element Method Fast Fourier Transform I Free SDace ODtics Frequency Selective G.711 GGSN GKH GMSC GPRS GPRS GPS GSM GTC H.263 H.264 HARQ HARO I HSPA HSS HSWA HTTP IBSS I-CSCF ICV I IDEN _Node Group Key Hierarchy Gateway Mobile Switching Centre General Packet Radio Service General Packet Radio Service Global Positioning System Global System for Mobile Communications Generic Token Card Video Codec Low-Bit rate Video Codec MPEG-4 Advanced Video Codec Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request Home Agent I High Frequency Structure Simulator Hard Handoff High Capacity Home Location Register Home Location Location Home Register/Authentication Register/Authentication Center Home Network Handoff I II IEC IETF IF IFFT IK IKE IMS I I IMSI IMT-2000 IP IP v4 I TP v6 IP-CAN IPSec IS-136 I High Speed Down Link Packet Access High Speed Downlink Shared Channel High Speed Packet Access Home Subscriber Server Enhanced Uplink E-DCH Hypertext Transfer Protocol Independent Basic Service Set Interrogating CSCF Integrity Check Value Integrated Digital Enhanced Network International Electro Technical Commission Internet Engineering Task Force Intermediate Frequency Inverse Fast Fourier Transform Integrity Key Internet Key Exchange IP Multimedia System International Mobile Subscriber Identity International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 ITU standard Internet Protocol Internet Protocol Version Internet Protocol Version IP Connectivity Access Networks Protocols for Security Interim Standard 136 Interim Standard 95 CDMA ONE Industry Science and Medical RF Band International Standard Organization ISDN User Part ISUP Initial Address Message I I I : I IS-95 ISUP I S W IAM I I I 248 A Guide to the Wireless Engineering Body of Knowledge ITIL I I ITU ITU-R I I KCK KEK LAN LDPC LH LMS Lo-Cap LOS LOS LP I MAC I I MAN MAP MBMS MCW MD5 MDHO MDS MEdiaFLO I EAPoL Key Communication Kev EAPoL Key Encryption Key Local Area Network Turbo Code Left Hand Circular Polarization Least Mean Square Low Capacity Line of Sight Local Oscillator Linear Polarization Least Squares Constant ~~~ MAC-s MGCF MGW Information Technology Infrastructure Library International Telecommunication Union International Telecommunication Union-Radio I Message Authentication Code Authentication token used in resynchronization Metropolitan Area Network Mobile Application Part Multimedia BroadcastIMulticast Service Multi Codeword Message Digest Macro Diversity Handover Minimum Discernible Signal Forward Link Only Technology Media Gateway Control Function Media Gateway I I I MIB MIC I Management Information Base Message Integrity Code Multiple Input Multiple output Mobile IP Multiple Input Single MIMO MIP I MMUSIC MOM MOS MPDU I MPEG I I MPLS MRF MS NGMN NGN NIC NIST NLOS NMHA I Multiparty Multimedia Session Control Method of Moments Mean Opinion Score MAC Protocol Data Unit Moving Picture Expert I Multiprotocol Label Switching Media Resource Function Mobile Station Mobile Switching CenterNisitor Location Register Multiple User MIMO Not Acknowledge Network Access Server Network Allocation Vector Network Equipment Building Systems stan dard Numerical Electromagnetic Code Noise Figure Near Field Communication Next Generation Mobile Committee I Next Generation Mobile Networks New Generation Network Network Interface Card National institute of Standards and Technology Non Line of Sight Normal Mode Helical Antenna I I I 249 Glossary NRSC NSP NSS I NSTAC OATS OFDMA I OGC I OSPF OSSfBSS OTA OTP PAN PAPR P-CSCF PDC Network Reliability Steering Committee Network Service Provider Network Subsystem National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee (U.S.) ODen Area Test Site Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access Office of Government Commerce Opportunistic Spectrum Open Systems Interconnect Open Shortest Path First Routing Protocol Operational and Business Support Systems Over The Air Programming One Time password Personal Area Network High Peak to Average Power Ratio Proxy CSCF Personal Digital Cellular Packet Data Servin Node Packet Data servin Node Protocol Data Unit Protected EAP Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Physical Planar Inverted F Antenna Personal Identification Number Public Switched Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Oualitv of Service Quadrature Phase Shift I RADIUS RAN RAND RC4 RET RF I RFC RFC RFID RHCP RLS RNC Random Access Channel Remote Access Dial In User Server Radio Access Network Random RC4 Cipher Algorithm Remote Electrical Tilt Radio Frequency Request For Comment Request for Change Radio Frequency Identification Right Hand Circular Polarization Recursive Least Squares Radio Network Controller IETF Roaming Robust Header : I PEAP PFDM PHY PIFA PLMN PN PO I Path Loss Public Land Mobile Networks Pseudo Noise Phvsical ODtics Point to Point Protocol Public Switched IRR RRC RSA RSN I RSNA I RTP RTS RTT S/N SA SCP S-CSCF SCTP SCW SDCCH SDMA SDR I Radio Resource Radio Resource Control Rivest Shamir Alderman Robust Security Networks Robust Security Network Associations Real Time Protocol Request to Send Round Trip Time Signal to Noise Ratio Security Association ETSI Smart Card Platform Serving CSCF Stream Control Transmission Protocol Single Codeword Stand Alone Dedicated Channel Space Division Multiple Access Software Defined Radio I A Guide to the Wireless Engineering Body of Knowledge 250 Security Gateway Function SFDR SFID SGSN SGW SID SIG SIR SISO SLF SMI SMS SM-SC SMTP SNMP SPC SON I SRES T2P TCAP TCH TCWFS TCWHS Spurious Free Dynamic Range Service Flow ID Serving GPRS Support Node Signaling Gateway System Identification Number Special Interest Group of WWRF Subscriber Identity Module Single Input Multiple Session Initiation Protocol Signal to Interference Ratio Single Input Single Output Subscriber Location Function Structure of Management Information Short Message Service Short Message Service Center Simple Message - Transfer Prot-ocol Simple Network Management Protocol Single Parity Check Seauence I Signed ResDonse Transmission Control Protocol Suite of Protocols Time Division CDMA Time Division Duplex Time Division Multiple Access TDMA Time Division Synchronous CDMA TD-SCDMA Telecommunications hdustry Association TIA Temporal Key TK Temporary Key Integrity Protocol TKIP TMF I TMForum Time Slot TS TKIP Sequence Counter TSC TSG Core Network & Terminals TSG CT TSG GSM EDGE Radio TSG GERAN Access Network TSG Radio Access Network TSG RAN ETG Services & System Aspects TSG SA Telecommunications Technology Association of Korea TTA Telecommunications Technology Committee TTC User Datagram Protocol UDP User Equipment UE Ultra Mobile Broadband UMB Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UMTS Protocol used in 3G UMTS AKA Universal Terrestrial Radio Access URA United States Geological Survey USGS UMTS SIM USIM Universal Terrestrial Radio Access UTRA UTRA TDD- TD-CDMAUTRA TCP TCP/IP TD-CDMA TDD-HCR I Traffic To Pilot Transaction Capabilities application Part Traffic Channel Traffic Channel Full Rate Speech Traffic Channel Half Rate 1$ UTRA TDD- TD-SCDMAUTRA 25 Glossary UTRAN UWB VLR VN I VOIP VSWR WAN W-CDMA WEP WERT WG WiFi WiMAX I UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network Ultra Wideband Visitor Location Register Visited Network Voice Over IP Voltage Standing Wave I Ratio Wide Area Network Wideband CDMA Wireless Encryption Protocol Wireless Emergency Response Team Working Group of WWRFWireless Fidelity Worldwide Interoperability for I I Microwave Access WINNER WLAN WMN WPA2 I Wireless World Initiative New radio Wireless LAN Wireless Mesh Network Wi-Fi Protected Access I Communication XOR I Conference Wireless World Research Forum Next Generation Cryptographic primitive in the 3GSM Key Generation Process Exclusive Or I A Guide to the Wireless Engineering Body of Knowledge 252 Appendix E About the IEEE Communications Society The IEEE Communications Society is a diverse group of industry professionals with a common interest in advancing all communication technologies Individuals within this unique community interact across international and technological borders to produce publications, organize conferences, foster educational programs, promote local activities, and work on technical committees Website: www.cornsoc.org Conferences Every year, the 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delay spread The CP is typically a repetition of the last samples of the data portion of the block that is appended to the beginning of the data payload Figure 1-3: Basic Architecture of an OFDM System... between the MS and the network as the MS travels from the coverage area of one cell to another As mentioned, the two primary states of a MS are the idle and connected modes and handoffs are necessary... data connection with the network and reliable handoff is even more important to maintain quality service There are two types of handoff: soft and hard Soft handoff is also referred to as a “make-before-break”