Test Bank for Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology Revised 11th Edition by Marieb Chapter Special Senses 8.1 Multiple Choice Part I Questions Using Figure 8.1, identify the following: 1) The auricle (pinna) is indicated by A) Label F B) Label E C) Label J D) Label A E) Label B Answer: A Page Ref: 315 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 2) The tympanic membrane is indicated by A) Label F B) Label D C) Label H D) Label I E) Label J Answer: D Page Ref: 315 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 3) The semicircular canals are indicated by A) Label C B) Label E C) Label J D) Label B E) Label A Answer: A Page Ref: 315, 316 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 4) The cochlea is indicated by A) Label I B) Label G C) Label E D) Label A E) Label B Answer: E Page Ref: 315, 316 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 5) The pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube is indicated by A) Label J B) Label A C) Label I D) Label F E) Label D Answer: B Page Ref: 315, 316 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 6) The malleus (hammer) is indicated by A) Label F B) Label E C) Label A D) Label C E) Label J Answer: B Page Ref: 315, 316 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 7) The stapes (stirrup) is indicated by A) Label E B) Label I C) Label A D) Label H E) Label F Answer: D Page Ref: 315, 316 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 8) The membrane that covers the outer surface of the eye and lines the eyelids is the A) choroid B) sclera C) conjunctiva D) retina Answer: C Page Ref: 303 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 9) The gland is located above the lateral end of each eye and releases tears A) tarsal B) ceruminous C) lacrimal D) ciliary Answer: C Page Ref: 303 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 10) The fibrous covering of the eye consists of the white outer layer, known as the , and a transparent portion known as the A) sclera; cornea B) conjunctiva; sclera C) iris; pupil D) pupil; cornea Answer: A Page Ref: 305 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 11) The innermost sensory layer of the eye that contains bipolar cells and ganglion cells is the A) choroid B) retina C) sclera D) cornea Answer: B Page Ref: 307 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 12) The region of the optic nerve lacking photoreceptor cells is known as the A) retina B) optic disc (blind spot) C) choroid D) iris Answer: B Page Ref: 308 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 13) The biconvex structure that focuses light on the retina is the A) cornea B) pupil C) lens D) iris Answer: C Page Ref: 308 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 14) The gel-like substance housed in the posterior segment of the eye is the A) aqueous humor B) lens C) vitreous humor (body) D) cornea Answer: C Page Ref: 310 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 15) The ability of the eye to focus on close objects is known as A) accommodation B) refraction C) binocular vision D) inversion Answer: A Page Ref: 311 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 16) Fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain at the A) convergence B) optic radiation C) optic tracts D) optic chiasma Answer: D Page Ref: 312 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 17) The overlapping of the two visual fields that provides for depth perception (3-D vision) results in A) accommodation B) convergence C) binocular vision D) refraction Answer: C Page Ref: 312 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension 18) Loss of the same side of the visual field of both eyes from damage to the visual cortex on one side only is called A) hemianopia B) emmetropia C) myopia D) presbyopia Answer: A Page Ref: 312 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 19) The external acoustic meatus (auditory canal) is a narrow chamber situated in the bone A) frontal B) sphenoid C) temporal D) occipital Answer: C Page Ref: 315 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 20) The structure that divides the outer ear from the middle ear is a membrane known as the A) tympanic membrane (ear drum) B) auricle (pinna) C) vestibule D) cochlea Answer: A Page Ref: 315 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 21) The vibration of sound waves cause the tympanic membrane, or eardrum, to move against an ossicle known as A) malleus or hammer B) incus or anvil C) stapes or stirrup D) otolith Answer: A Page Ref: 316 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension 22) The cochlear nerve transmits impulses to the auditory cortex located in the A) frontal lobe B) parietal lobe C) occipital lobe D) temporal lobe Answer: D Page Ref: 320 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 23) Dynamic equilibrium receptors that detect information about angular or rotational movements of the head are housed in the A) cochlea B) vestibule C) semicircular canals D) oval window Answer: C Page Ref: 317-318 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 24) Tiny stones made of calcium salts that roll in response to changes in gravitational pull are called A) cupulae B) otoliths C) maculae D) ossicles Answer: B Page Ref: 317 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 25) deafness arises when there is damage or degeneration of receptor cells in the spiral organ of Corti, cochlear nerve, or neurons in the auditory cortex of the brain A) Meniere’s B) Conduction C) Sensorineural D) Otosclerosis Answer: C Page Ref: 321 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 26) The type of chemoreceptor responsible for our sense of smell is called a(n) A) static equilibrium receptor B) olfactory receptor C) dynamic equilibrium receptor D) photoreceptor Answer: B Page Ref: 323 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 27) The small, peglike projections of the tongue’s surface are called A) maculae B) papillae C) otoliths D) basal cells Answer: B Page Ref: 324 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 28) The three cranial nerves that carry taste sensations to the brain are A) facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus B) hypoglossal, glossopharyngeal, facial C) abducens, trochlear, oculomotor D) hypoglossal, vagus, trigeminal Answer: A Page Ref: 325 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 29) “Crossed eyes” resulting from unequal control of the external eye muscles is called A) anosmia B) otosclerosis C) strabismus D) presbyopia Answer: C Page Ref: 325 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 30) The five taste sensations are A) sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami B) sweet, sour, bitter, pasty, gritty C) sweet, sour, chewy, gritty, greasy D) sweet, salty, spicy, bitter, gritty Answer: A Page Ref: 325 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 8.2 Multiple Choice Part II Questions 1) What gland releases tears onto the anterior surface of the eyeball? A) ceruminous B) sweat C) mammary D) lacrimal E) tarsal Answer: D Page Ref: 304 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 2) Which of the external eye muscles is controlled by cranial nerve VI (abducens)? A) superior rectus B) inferior rectus C) lateral rectus D) medial rectus E) inferior oblique Answer: C Page Ref: 305 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 3) The transparent portion of the fibrous layer of the eye is the A) choroid B) conjunctiva C) cornea D) retina E) sclera Answer: C Page Ref: 305 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 4) The function of the choroid layer of the eye is to A) release tears onto the anterior surface of the eye B) refract light and focus it on the retina C) regulate the amount of light entering the eye D) produce gross eye movements E) prevent light from scattering inside the eye Answer: E Page Ref: 307 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension 5) The pupil is an opening within the A) retina B) iris C) choroid D) lens E) sclera Answer: B Page Ref: 307 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 6) Vitamin A deficiency can lead to A) night blindness B) presbyopia C) cataracts D) glaucoma E) color blindness Answer: A Page Ref: 308 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension 7) The greatest visual acuity is housed in the A) optic disc B) blind spot C) ciliary body D) vitreous humor E) fovea centralis Answer: E Page Ref: 308 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 8) The rounded opening of the iris through which light enters the eye is called the A) choroid B) cornea C) conjunctiva D) pupil E) retina Answer: D Page Ref: 307 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 9) Select the pathway along which images received by the retina of the eye will travel into the brain A) optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic tracts, thalamus, optic radiation, occipital lobe B) cochlear nerve, optic disc, optic tracts, thalamus, temporal lobe C) optic tracts, optic chiasma, optic nerve, thalamus, optic radiation, occipital lobe D) optic nerve, optic radiation, optic tracts, hypothalamus, temporal lobe E) vestibular nerve, optic disc, optic chiasma, optic tracts, thalamus, parietal lobe Answer: A Page Ref: 311 Bloom’s: 4) Analysis 10) Which layer of the eye contains rods and cones? A) sclera B) retina C) choroid D) iris E) optic nerve Answer: B Page Ref: 307 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 11) The pigmented portion of the eye that has a rounded opening through which light passes is the A) iris B) lens C) cornea D) sclera C) photopupillary reflex D) eyestrain E) hemianopia Answer: C Page Ref: 314 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension 20) Which one of the following correctly lists the order of the parts through which light passes as it enters the eye? A) cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor B) aqueous humor, cornea, lens, vitreous humor C) vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor, cornea D) cornea, lens, aqueous humor, vitreous humor E) lens, aqueous humor, cornea, vitreous humor Answer: A Page Ref: 311 Bloom’s: 4) Analysis 21) Which of the following is associated with the external (outer) ear? A) auricle (pinna) B) vestibule C) semicircular canals D) malleus E) round window Answer: A Page Ref: 315 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 22) Sound waves entering the external auditory canal hit the eardrum, also known as the A) tympanic membrane B) pinna C) auricle D) oval window E) ossicles Answer: A Page Ref: 315 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 23) Hair cells that function as hearing receptors are located within the A) auditory tube B) spiral organ of Corti C) oval window D) auricle E) ossicles Answer: B Page Ref: 320 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 24) Identify the pathway of vibrations as they travel from the tympanic membrane to the ossicles A) malleus, incus, stapes B) incus, malleus, stapes C) stapes, incus, malleus D) malleus, stapes, incus E) stapes, malleus, incus Answer: A Page Ref: 316 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 25) Static equilibrium receptors are located in the A) semicircular canals B) auricle (pinna) C) cochlea D) tympanic membrane E) vestibule Answer: E Page Ref: 317 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 26) An ear infection following an illness such as a cold can pass from the throat through the auditory (pharyngotympanic) tube to the A) eardrum B) semicircular canals C) inner ear D) middle ear E) outer ear Answer: D Page Ref: 316 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension 27) The auditory ossicle called the “anvil” is also known as the A) malleus B) incus C) stapes D) bony labyrinth E) cochlea Answer: B Page Ref: 316 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 28) Our sense of static equilibrium is created by the A) vibration of the tympanic membrane B) movement of otoliths along hair cells C) transmission of light through the lens D) sound waves traveling through the cochlea E) stimulation of hair cells in the spiral organ of Corti Answer: B Page Ref: 317 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension 29) Dynamic equilibrium receptors are found in the A) cochlea B) semicircular canals C) malleus D) oval window E) vestibule Answer: B Page Ref: 317 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 30) Hearing receptors within the spiral organ of Corti are called A) hair cells B) rod cells C) cone cells D) Corti cells E) ceruminous cells Answer: A Page Ref: 320 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 31) Which cranial nerve transmits hearing and equilibrium information to the brain? A) abducens (VI) B) oculomotor (III) C) vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) D) trigeminal (V) E) trochlear (IV) Answer: C Page Ref: 317, 320 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 32) Sensorineural deafness occurs when there is damage or degeneration of receptor cells of the A) semicircular canals B) otoliths C) ossicles D) spiral organ of Corti or cochlear nerve E) round window Answer: D Page Ref: 321 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 33) Gustatory hairs are to taste as olfactory hairs are to A) sight B) hearing C) dynamic equilibrium D) smell E) both hearing and dynamic equilibrium Answer: D Page Ref: 323 Bloom’s: 4) Analysis 34) Which one of the following is NOT a primary taste sensation? A) sweet B) salty C) pungent D) bitter E) sour Answer: C Page Ref: 325 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 35) Which one of the following nerves serves the anterior tongue? A) cochlear B) vestibular C) glossopharyngeal D) vagus E) facial Answer: E Page Ref: 325 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 36) Which one of the following cranial nerves is NOT involved in either taste or smell? A) facial nerve (VII) B) vestibular (VIII) C) glossopharyngeal (IX) D) vagus (X) E) olfactory nerve (I) Answer: B Page Ref: 323, 325 Bloom’s: 3) Application 37) Stimulation of sour receptors occurs in response to A) lemons B) mushrooms C) sugar D) salt E) saccharine Answer: A Page Ref: 325 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 38) The age-related condition resulting from decreased lens elasticity is known as A) hemianopia B) strabismus C) presbyopia D) myopia E) hyperopia Answer: C Page Ref: 326 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 39) The fusion of ear bones is known as A) hemianopia B) strabismus C) otosclerosis D) presbycusis E) otitis Answer: C Page Ref: 327 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 40) The only special sense that is NOT fully functional at birth is A) taste B) smell C) vision D) hearing E) touch Answer: C Page Ref: 326 Bloom’s: 4) Analysis 8.3 True/False Questions 1) Tarsal glands situated between the eyelashes release an oily secretion that lubricates the eye Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 303 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 2) The choroid consists of an outer, pigmented layer and an inner, neural layer which is home to rods and cones Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 307 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 3) The pupil is the circular opening in the iris through which light passes Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 307 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 4) Eye movements are controlled by the abducens, oculomotor, and trochlear nerves Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 305 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 5) We cannot see images formed on the optic disc (blind spot) Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 308 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension 6) Cones are photoreceptor cells that allow us to see gray tones in dim light Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 308 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 7) The ciliary body is a smooth muscle structure to which the lens is attached Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 307 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension 8) The visual pathway carries images to the occipital lobe of the brain for visual interpretation Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 312 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension 9) An astigmatism results from unequal curvatures of the cornea or lens Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 314 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension 10) The normal resting eye is generally “set” for distant vision Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 311 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 11) The middle ear is a fluid-filled cavity Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 315 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 12) The function of the pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube is to transmit sound vibrations to the eardrum (tympanic membrane) Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 315-316 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension 13) The “stirrup” is also referred to as the stapes Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 316 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 14) The bony labyrinth of the internal ear consists of the cochlea, vestibule, and the semicircular canals Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 316 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 15) In order to hear sound, vibrations pass from the eardrum to the ossicles, and on to the oval window Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 320 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension 16) Dynamic equilibrium receptors report the position of the head with respect to the pull of gravity when the body is not moving Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 317 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension 17) Conduction deafness may result from earwax buildup or the fusion of the ossicles Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 321 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension 18) Unlike the sensation of taste, it is NOT necessary to have the chemicals associated with smells dissolved in body fluids Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 323 Bloom’s: 4) Analysis 19) The olfactory receptors are responsible for detecting taste sensations Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 323 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 20) Sour receptors assist us with detecting acidic foods, such as lemons and oranges, which are high in vitamin C Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 325 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension 8.4 Matching Questions Match the following descriptions to their appropriate eye structure: A) fovea centralis B) retina C) vitreous humor D) cones E) optic disc F) lacrimal gland G) lens H) sclera I) cornea 1) “White of the eye” Page Ref: 306 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 2) Gland that releases tears Page Ref: 304 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 3) Type of photoreceptor cell that detects colors Page Ref: 308 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 4) Flexible biconvex crystal-like structure Page Ref: 308 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 5) Transparent portion of the fibrous layer Page Ref: 305 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 6) Type of humor located in the posterior segment Page Ref: 310 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 7) Contains millions of photoreceptors Page Ref: 307 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 8) Area of greatest visual acuity Page Ref: 308 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 9) Blind spot Page Ref: 308 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge Answers: 1) H 2) F 3) D 4) G 5) I 6) C 7) B 8) A 9) E Match the following ear structures to their appropriate descriptions: A) middle ear B) outer ear C) inner ear 10) Location of equilibrium receptors Page Ref: 315 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension 11) Tympanic membrane separates the outer ear from this region Page Ref: 315 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 12) Fluid-filled part of the ear Page Ref: 315 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 13) Location of ceruminous glands Page Ref: 315 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension 14) Location of otoliths Page Ref: 317 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension 15) Location of the vestibular apparatus Page Ref: 316 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension 16) Location of the auricle (pinna) and external acoustic meatus Page Ref: 315 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension 17) Location of the ossicles Page Ref: 316 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension 18) Location of the cochlea Page Ref: 316 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension 19) Location of the pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube Page Ref: 315 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension Answers: 10) C 11) A 12) C 13) B 14) C 15) C 16) B 17) A 18) C 19) A Match the following taste sensations: A) bitter receptors B) sweet receptors C) salty receptors D) sour receptors E) umami receptors 20) Sugar, saccharine Page Ref: 325 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 21) Oranges, tomatoes Page Ref: 325 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 22) Amino acid glutamate Page Ref: 325 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 23) Alkaloids Page Ref: 325 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 24) Metal ions in solution Page Ref: 325 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 25) Proteins Page Ref: 325 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge Answers: 20) B 21) D 22) E 23) A 24) C 25) E Match the following eye disorders with their descriptions: A) glaucoma B) conjunctivitis C) astigmatism D) hyperopia E) night blindness F) myopia 26) Nearsightedness Page Ref: 313 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 27) Increased pressure within the eye, which causes pain and possibly blindness Page Ref: 310 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension 28) Blurry images due to unequal curvatures of the cornea or lens Page Ref: 314 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension 29) Eyeball is “too short” Page Ref: 313 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 30) Inflammation of the conjunctiva Page Ref: 303 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge 31) Prolonged vitamin A deficiency results in deterioration of the neural retina Page Ref: 308 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension Answers: 26) F 27) A 28) C 29) D 30) B 31) E 8.5 Essay Questions 1) Describe the pathway of light through the eyeball and the process of light refraction Answer: Light travels through the cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor before being focused on the retina during normal vision Refraction by the cornea and humors is constant, whereas the lens changes its shape to be either more or less convex as needed The greater the convexity, the more light is bent Page Ref: 311 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension 2) Why are there two humors within the eye? Explain the location and role of each humor Answer: The aqueous humor is located within the anterior segment (chamber) of the eye The anterior segment is located anterior to the lens The vitreous humor is located within the posterior segment (chamber) of the eye The posterior segment is located posterior to the lens Both humors prevent the eyeball from collapsing and maintain intraocular pressure The aqueous humor also nourishes the avascular lens and cornea Page Ref: 305, 310 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension 3) Describe the role of the lens in vision Name and explain the disease caused by the hardening of the lens Answer: The lens is the only structure in the eye that can change shape to refract light The lens becomes more or less convex in order to properly focus light on the retina Cataracts are caused when the lens becomes increasingly hard and opaque Vision becomes hazy and blindness can occur in the affected eye Page Ref: 305, 308, 310 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension 4) Describe the pathway of sound waves that result in the sensation of hearing Answer: Sound waves enter the pinna and are transmitted down the external acoustic canal until they hit the tympanic membrane and cause it to vibrate Vibration of the tympanic membrane then causes the ossicles of the middle ear to vibrate, which in turn presses on the oval window of the inner ear Vibration of the oval window sets the fluids of the inner ear in motion Movement of the cochlear fluids then stimulates the hair cells of the spiral organ of Corti, which in turn transmit impulses along the cochlear nerve to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe, where interpretation of sound occurs Page Ref: 320 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension 5) Explain static and dynamic equilibrium and their interrelationships Answer: Static equilibrium is regulated by the maculae of the vestibule The maculae report on the position of the head with respect to the pull of gravity when the body is at rest Each macula is a patch of receptor cells embedded in the otolithic membrane The otolithic membrane contains otoliths which roll in response to changes in the pull of gravity This movement causes the hair cells of the membrane to bend, sending impulses along the vestibular nerve to the cerebellum, relating information regarding the position of the head in space Dynamic equilibrium is regulated by the semicircular canals The crista ampullaris of the membranous semicircular canal consists of a tuft of hair cells and their gelatinous cap called the cupula Movement of the head causes the cupula to move in the opposite direction, stimulating the hair cells, which then transmit impulses up the vestibular nerve to the cerebellum Static and dynamic equilibrium work together to provide information to the cerebellum to help control balance Page Ref: 317 Bloom’s: 2) Comprehension 6) Your elderly neighbor wears hearing aids Without them, he can’t hear you knocking on his door Do you think he wears the hearing aids for sensorineural deafness or conduction deafness? Explain your choice and differentiate between the causes of these two types of deafness Answer: The neighbor likely has conduction deafness, a condition for which hearing aids is helpful Conduction deafness results when something interferes with the transmission of sound to the inner ear structures, such as ear wax buildup or fusion of the ossicles Sensorineural deafness results from degeneration or damage to the spiral organ of Corti, the cochlear nerve, or the neurons of the auditory cortex In other words, the hearing aids assist with helping those hear who have mechanical problems with their ear structures (conduction deafness) rather than those with nervous system problems (sensorineural deafness) Page Ref: 321 Bloom’s: 4) Analysis 7) Identify the five basic taste receptors and describe what each type of receptor detects Answer: Sweet receptors respond to sugars, saccharine, some amino acids, and some lead salts Sour receptors respond to acidic solutions (those with a high concentration of hydrogen ions) such as lemons, oranges, and tomatoes Bitter receptors respond to alkaloids Salty receptors respond to metal ions in solution Umami receptors respond to a specific amino acid, glutamate, found in proteins Page Ref: 325 Bloom’s: 1) Knowledge