ÔN TẬP THI HỌC KỲ & TỐT NGHIỆP ÔN TẬP THI HỌC KỲ & TỐT NGHIỆP Name : ----------------------------------------- Structures 1. Đổi thì khi viết câu : 1.1@ Started/Began+to inf/V-ing+time ago.  Has/have+V(3/ed) +since/for+time.  Has/have+been+V-ing+since/for+time. 1.2 S + has / have + not + V ( 3 / ed ) +(O)+ since / for + time.  Last + V ( 2 / ed ) + (O) + time ago.  It ‘s + time + since + S + V ( 2 / ed ) + (O).  The last time + S + V ( 2 / ed ) + (O) + was + time ago. 1.3 @ S + has / have + never / not + V ( 3 / ed ) + O + before.  This is the first time + S + has / have + V ( 3 / ed ) + O. 1.4 @ S + has / have + never / not + V ( 3 / ed ) + such + ( a/an ) + N + before This is the first time + S + has / have + V ( 3 / ed ) + such + (a/an) + N. Eg : The last time I met him was two weeks ago .  I I started studying English six years ago.  I have She has never seen him before.  It is the I have never heard such a beatiful song before.  This is They have not gone on a picnic for many months.  They last 2. Reported speech : Câu tường thuật 2.1 @Commands : +) : “V (bare inf) + O…” S + asked / told + O + To Infinitive (_) : “Don’t + V (bare inf) ” S + asked / told + O + Not to Infinitive … 2.2 @Statements : “S + V + …” S + told / said to + O + S + V ( lùi thì ) … 2.3 @Questions : °Yes / no questions : wanted to know “ Aux + S + V …” S + asked / told + O + If/Whether + S + V ( lùi thì ) … Wondered °Wh_ questions : wanted to know “ Why + Aux + S + V …” S + asked / told + O + Wh+ S + V ( lùi thì ) … wondered Notes : Khi gặp câu đk loại 2 & 3 , câu có thời gian xác đònh cụ thể  không lùi thì . Bảng đổi động từ Direct speech Simple present Present progressive Present perfect (Progressive) Simple past Will/Shall Can/May Indirect speech Simple past Past progressive Past perfect (Progressive) Past perfect Would/ Should Could/ Might Bảng đổi các đại từ chỉ thị, phó từ chỉ địa điểm và thời gian Today Yesterday The day before yesterday Tomorrow The day after tomorrow Next + Time Last + Time Time + ago This, these Right now Here, Overhere That day The day before Two days before The next/ the following day In two days' time The following + Time The previous + Time Time + before That, those At once There, Overthere 3. Conditional clauses :  Real condition : Có thật If clauses S + V(s/es) / am,is,are Main clauses S + will/shall/can/may (not) + V(bare inf)  Present unreal condition : Không thật ở hiện tại If clauses S + V(2/ed) / were(not) Didn’t + V(bare inf) Main clauses S + would/could/should/might (not) + V(bare inf)  Past unreal condition : Không thật ở quá khư Notes :  Unless = If … not : If clauses  Unless  V (bare inf) + O + or + Clause  If + Clause ( phủ đònh ) , Clause Clause + by + V-ing  If + Clause ( khẳng đònh ) , Clause Without + N / N phrase ,Clause  If there be not + N / N phrase , Clause Ex: If she does not water these trees , they will die .  Unless she waters these trees , they will die .  Be calm , or you will make a wrong decision.  If you are not calm , you will make a wrong decision. Without the sun , man would live in the darkness.  If there were not the sun , man would live in the darkness. Wish Clauses : Mệnh đề ao ước. @Future wish : S + wish + S + would / could + Verb ( bare inf ) . @ Present wish : S + get + O ( người ) + to infinitive + O ( vật ). S + wish + S + were (not) / Verb (cột 2 / ed) / didn’t verb (bare infinitive) . @ Past wish : S + wish + S + Had (not) + Verb (pp) . Eg : I can’t speak English fluently . I wish I could speak English fluently My friends don’t take part in I wish my friend took part in the game. I didn’t know that Alice was ill. I wish I had known that Alice was ill. 4. Active and passive voice : Tenses Active  Passive Simple present Simple past ° S + V (s/es) + O ° S + V (2 / ed) + O ° S + am / is / are + V (pp) ° S + was / were + V (pp) . Present continuous Past continuous ° S + AM / IS / ARE + V- ing ° S + WAS / WERE + V- ing ° S+Am/Is/Are + Being +V (pp) ° S+Was/Were + Being +V (pp) Present/past perfect ° S + HAS / HAVE + V (pp) HAD ° S+ Has / Have + Been+ V (pp) Had Modal verbs ° S + MODAL + V (bare inf) ° S + MODAL + Be +V (pp) Modals : can,could,will,would,shall,should,may,might,must,used to,have to ,has to,had to… @ Chủ ngữ trong câu chủ động là :I,we,you,he,she,it,they,people,someone,somebody… Khi đổi sang câu bò động là: by me,us,you,him,her,it,them,people,somebody ….thì bỏ đi. @ Chủ ngữ câu chủ động là anybody , anyone , anything … khi đổi sang câu bò động phải chuyển thành nobody , no one , nothing … và chuyển động từ sang ngược thể . @ Nếu trong câu chủ động có 2 tân ngữ, một trong 2 tân ngữ có thể làm chủ ngữ trong câu bò động. @ By + O đứng trước trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian và đứng sau trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn trong câu bò động .  Dạng nhờ bảo ( Causative forms ) : Active : S + have + O ( người ) + bare infinitive + O ( vật ). Passive :  S + have / get + O ( vật ) + V (pp) + by O (người).  Eg : I had him repair my bicycle yesterday. --> I had my bicycle repaired ( by him ) yesterday. Eg : I get her to make some coffe --> I get some coffee made 5. Connectors: AND : She is a good and loyal wife. BOTH . AND : She is both good and loyal. AS WELL AS (Cũng như):He has experience as well as knownledge HOWEVER He is a very lazy student; however, he can pass all the exams easily. THEREFORE ( bởi vậy, cho nên, vì thế, vì vậy) He violated the traffic signs, therefore he was punished. If clauses S + had (not ) + V(3/ed) Main clauses S + would/could/should/might (not) + have + V(3/ed) SO (vì vậy, cho nên) He is a good teacher; so, he is very popular with students 6. Relative clauses : Mệnh đề liên hệ @ WHO : used for people ( Subject )  WHO + Verb@ WHOM : used for people ( Object )  WHOM + S + Verb him,her,them,you,us,me… @ WHOSE : used to show possession  WHOSE + Noun his,her,their,your,our,my… @ WHICH : used for things ( Subject / Object )  WHICH + ( S ) + Verb @ WHERE : used to modify a place  At / In / On + WHICH , there @ WHEN : used to modify a noun of time  At / In / On + WHICH , then @ WHY : used to introduce a reason  The reason , for the reason Notes : * Nếu có các cụm từ : Neither of them , All of them , Some of them , Any of them …  Neither of / All of / Some of / Any of … + which / whom *Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ thành cụm từ quan hệ: . Động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể chủ động : Eg:1. Those people who are taking photos over there come from Sweeden.  Those people taking photos over there come from Sweeden. Động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể chủ độngđựơc rút gọn thành dạng V- ING Động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể bị động : Eg:1. The boy who was given a present is my son. The boy given a present is my son.  Động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể bị động được rút gọn thành dạng Past Participle  Rút gọn đại từ quan hệ 1. Đại từ quan hệ có thể được rút gọn nếu nó là chủ ngữ của mệnh đề quan hệ Eg: I enjoy the book which / that you lent me yesterday . -> I enjoy the book you lent me yesterday. Nếu danh từ dược bổ nghĩa bằng mệnh đề quan hệ dược bắt đầu bằng the first, the second , the third, . , the last , the only . thì MĐQH đựoc rút gọn bằng To- Infinitive . The only person to survive the earthquake was a young girl. 7. MODAL VERBS – MODAL PERFECT: Động từ khiếm khuyết – khiếm khuyết hồn thành Can (có thể chỉ một khả năng): Chỉ có 2 hình thức hiện tại đơn (CAN) và quá khứ đơn (COULD). Can you speak any foreign languages? When we went into the house, we could smell burning. 7. 1. Must. Mustn’t, Needn’t: a. Must: cần thiết phải làm You haven’t got much time. You must hurry. b. Mustn’t: cần thiết do đó không được làm You can tell Tom what I said but he mustn’t tell anybody else. (= It is necessary that he doesn’t tell anybody else) c. Needn’t – Inf . : = don’t / doesn’t need to: Không cần You have got plenty of time. You don’t need to hurry (You needn’t hurry) Must – Inf. (ắt hẳn): tiên đoán một sự việc xảy ra ở hiện tại và thể phủ đònh của nó là Can’t Inf. Eg. He must be tired. → He can’t be tired (not “Mustn’t”) 7.2 May / might: được dùng để nói về một sự việc hoặc hành động có thể xảy ra trong tương lai: Eg. I’m not sure where to go for my holidays but I may go to Italy. ( ( = Perhaps I’ll go) The weather forecast is not very good. It might rain this afternoon. ( (Perhaps it’ll rain) * Thể phủ đònh là May not hoặc might not (mightn’t) Modal Perfect (động từ khiếm khuyết hoàn thành) là động từ khiếm khuyết có HAVE + P.P theo sau .Ta có các Modal Perfect sau đây: 1.Could have + P.P: rất có thể đã (diễn tả 1 khả năng đã có trong qua khứ, nhưng chưa được sử dụng tới). 2. Couldn’t have + P.P: Tất nhiên đã không thể (diễn tả 1 hành động hiển nhiên không thể làm được) 3. Should have + P.P: Đáng lẽ phải (diễn tả 1 lời khiển trách đối với 1 hành động quá khứ đáng lẽ nên làm mà lại không làm) 4. Shouldn’t have + P.P: Lẽ ra không nên (diễn tả 1 lời khiển trách đối với 1 hành động quá khứ đáng lẽ không nên làm mà lại làm). Ex: The only person who survived the earthquake was a young girl. 5. Must have + P.P: Ắt hẳn đã (diễn tả 1 sự suy đoán gần đúng về 1 sự kiện ở quá khứ: 6. Can’t have + P.P: Có lẽ đã không (diễn tả 1 sự suy đoán không chắc chắn về 1 sự kiện ở quá khứ) infinitive ). 7. May/ might (not) have P.P: Có thể, có lẽ (diễn tả những gì có thể (hoặc không) xảy ra ở quá khứ) 8. Needn’t have P.P: Không cần biết( Diễn tả một sự việc không cần thiết phải biết rõ sự việc hoặc thời gian) 9. Would have + P.P: Có lẽ đã (dùng trong câu điều kiện loại 3) 8.Clauses and phrases of reason /concession : Mệnh đề&cụm từ chỉ lí do/ sự nhượng bộ Because / although / though …  Because of / In spite of / despite 1 S + be + adj Possessive + noun 2 The / possessive +N+ be + adj The / possessive + adj + N 3 S + V (tenses ) + … ( Possessive ) + ( not ) + V-ing @Nếu 2 mệnh đề nối với nhau bằng “BUT” . Khi viết lại câu với Although / though , ta chỉ cần bỏ “BUT” rồi đưa although / though vào mệnh đề đầu. Because he is lazy , he often gets bad marks .  Because of his laziness , he often gets bad marks . Although she didn’t ask him , he helped her.  In spite of her not asking him , he helped her. @ It was raining heavily , but the boys were playing football. Although/though It was raining heavily,the boys were playing football. Clauses and phrases of result : Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ kết quả. 1 @ Clauses of result : * S + V + So + Adj / Adv + That + Clause.( S+ can / could + (not) +Verb (bare infinitive) ) . * S + V + Such + (A /An) + Adj + Noun + That + Clause. 2 @ Phrases of result : * S + V + Too + Adj / Adv + ( For + Object ) + To Infinitive . * S + V + Adj / Adv + Enough + ( For + Object ) + To Infinitive * S + V + + Enough + Noun + ( For + Object ) + To Infinitive đích. @ Phrases of Purpose :  Main clause + To / So as to / In order to + Verb ( bare infinitive ). Main clause + Not to / So as not to / In order not to + Verb ( bare @ Clauses of Purpose : Main clause + so that / in order that + S + can / could (not)+ will / would Verb (bare infinitive). 10. Comparision of Adjectives and Adverbs : Câu so sánh @ Equal Comparisions : S + V + as / so + adj / adv + as + noun / pronoun. @ Unequal Comparisions : Short adj / adv S + V + More + long adj / adv+ + than + noun / pronoun. @ Superlatives : Short adj / adv S + V + the + Most + long adj / adv + ( prepositional phrase ) @ Double comparations: so sánh kép : Càng … càng °The + short adj / adv + er + S + V , The + short adj / adv + er + S + V. °The more + long adj / adv + S + V , The more + long adj / adv + S + V. 11. CÁC HÌNH THỨC CỦA ĐỘNG TỪ : Trong câu, có thể có nhiều động từ. Trong đó có 1 động từ chính phải được chia đúng thì, còn những động từ khác thì được sử dụng 1 trong 3 dạng : V-ing, V(inf), hoặc to-V(inf) 9. Clauses and phrases of purpose : Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ mục 13. PREPOSITIONS: Prepositions For time ( Thời gian ) For place ( Nơi chốn ) 1. At At 4 o’clock , at 5 p.m , at night , at Christmas , at once ,at last , at the moment = at present , at weekends At the end of , ( arrive ) at the airport, at home , at the theatre , at school , at the top / bottom , at the beginning , at the shop , , station … 2. In In + năm / tháng / mùa / buổi In 1980 , in June , in Spring/ summer / autumn / winter ,in the morning / afternoon / evening Note : at night In (ở trong ) : in the dinning - room , in the desk , in the box . In + thành phố , đất nước , miền như in London , in Vietnam, in the South, , in the east , in the north … 3. On On + ngày trong tuần ( on Monday , …On Sunday ) On + ngày tháng (on June 10 th ) On : ở trên ( on the table , on the floor , on TV/ radio , on the beach , on foot (đi bộ ) .Prepositions + Noun 1.in time ( for sth / to do sth ) = early enough for sth / to do sth : đủ thời gian on time = punctual , not late : đúng giờ, không trễ by the time : trước khi 2.on business = go on business : đang kinh doanh In business = be a businessman : là doanh nhân 3.at the end of sth = at the last point of sth ( phần cuối của ) In the end = at last , finally ( cuối cùng ) 4.between : giữa 2 ( A and B ) # 5. among = giữa nhiều 6. across the bridge / the street /… : ngang qua Có thật 1. Eg : She walks to school in thirty minutes. PHRASAL VERBS - apply to sb for sth: nộp đđơn đđến. . . xin. . . - ask sb for sth: hỏi xin ai/ yêu cầu ai về - call back: gọi lại - call up : goi dien - catch up ( with) :đđuổi kịp, bắt kịp - come up : xay ra, phat sinh - drop in: ghe tham - explain sth to sb: giải thích - fall behind: bị tụt đđằng sau - fill in : đđiền vào ( mẫu đđơn) - fill up: đổ đầy - find out: discover information - get along (with): hồ thuận với - get in / on : buoc len - get off: buoc xuong - get over : recover : bình phục - get through (with): ket thuc - get up: thức dậy - give back: tra lai - give in: nhượng bộ, chịu thua - give up: stop doing / having sth: ngưng, từ bỏ - glance at sb/ sth: take a quick look at: - leave out : bỏ sót - leave somewhere for. . .: rời - look after : chăm sóc, trông nom - look out : be careful - look sth up: tra cứu - look forward to : trơng chờ - make up :bịa ra - make up of : chiếm, tạo thành - make use of : su dung - pick up : nhat, don - point at/ to sb/ sth: chỉ - put away: dat cho khac - put back: dat tro lai - put off = call off : hỗn lại - put on: mặc vào -run into = come across : tinh co gap - search sb/ sth for sb/ sth: khám, xét, tìm -take after: resemble: trông giống như - take off : cất cánh, cởi ra - throw sth at sb/ sth: ném, chọi vào - throw away: vứt, ném, liệng - try out : test : thử nghiệm - turn down: giam, khong chap nhan 12. Hình th ứ c V-ing theo sau: - enjoy - look forward to - mind - can’t stand - hate - can’t help - finish - be / get used to - avoid - consider - practise - suggest Hình th ứ c V (Bare Infinitive) theo sau: - make + O - let + O - had better - would rather V M + [O] + [NO T] + V-ing V(inf) to – V(inf) She enjoys The news made You had better They decide He advises John regretted her me not not not dancing cry come late to go to the beach to smoke buying the car 7. opposite : đối diện Be + Adj + Pre 1. be involved in : liên quan 2. ( be ) keen on : hăng hái 3. be helpful / useful / harmful to 4. be occupied … with : b. rộn = be busy 5. be disappointed with: thất vọng 6.be interested in 7.be bored with = fed up with = be tired of : chán # be tired from : mệt vì 8. be absorbed in: say 9.be fond of 10.be crowded with 12.be afraid of 13.S-người + be good at # S-vật + be good for 14.be different from 15.be successful in. 16.at the age of 17.be famous for : nổi tiếng về 18.be nice / polite / rude / … to 19. be obliged to-Vo : buoc phai lam 20. be concerned with : quan tam . Verb + Pre 1. is spoken / used / known as 2. to regard …. as : coi như 3. belong to = have ( whose 4. provide …. with : cung cấp 5. to apply …… for : xin viec 6. to protect/prevent … from : bảo vệ 7. to account for : chòu trách nhiệm 8. depend on = be up to : lệ thuộc 9.die of : chết do (an illness / hunger ) 10.die for : chết cho 11.believe in sb = trust sb : tin tuong 12.get married to 13.warn sb about sth : canh cao 14.apologize ( to sb ) for 15.accuse sb of sth ; buoc toi 16.blame sb for : phien trach 17.congratulate sb on sth : chuc mung 18.introduce / explain to sb 19.object to : chong lai 20 .participate in = take part in 22. response to : phan ung 23. confide in : tam su 25. share with : chia se 26. complment on : khen ngoi 27. consist of : bao gom, gom co 28. be divided into : duoc chia thanh 28. be based on : dua tren 29. concentrate on : tap trung 30. speak to sb about/ of sb/ sth: nói với ai về 32. talk to / with sb about/ of sb/ sth: nói, bàn, thảo luận 33.write to sb: viết thư gởi ai 34. invite sb to/ for sth: mời 35. discuss sth with sb = have a discussion about sth: thảo luận về liếc nhìn - go away: đđi khỏi - go by : trôi qua ( time )- - go off: nổ ( bomb ), bắn ( gun), gõ - go on : tiếp tục - go out: : tắt - grown up: become an adult - hurry up: làm nhanh - keep on = continue : tiep tuc - laugh at : chế nhạo - leave off: dừng lại D. Verb + Noun + prepositions 1. catch sight of : thấy, gặp 2. lose touch with : mất liên lạc 3. keep pace with : theo kòp - turn off: switch off : tắt (đèn, quạt. ), shut off - turn on: switch on: mở (đèn, quạt . . ) - turn round: quay lại - turn up : đđến - wash up: rửa chén - watch out (for): be careful - hold up : làm trở ngại- - jot down = note down : ghi tom tat 4. take notice of : lưu ý 5. in danger of 6. on behalf of : nhan danh, dai dien 14. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME Main clause Adverbial clause of Time 5. Simple Present 6. Past Tenses 7. Present Perfect 8. Future Tenses Present Tenses Past Tenses Present Perfect / Past Simple Present Tenses ) 24. confide in : tam su 4. provide …. with : cung cấp 5. to appy …… for : xin viec 6. to protect / prevent … from : bảo vệ  MỘT SỐ GIỚI TỪ CẦN CHÚ Ý : It takes her thirty minutes to walk to school. 2. Eg : Translating into Vietnamese is a good method . I think It a good method to translate into Vietnamese. 3. Eg : 3.4@Banks are developed so that they can keep people’s money safe. 3.1 To keep people’s money safe , Banks are developed . 3.4@The farmer built a high wall around the garden in order that the fruits would not be stolen. 3.3 In order for the fruits not to be stolen , The farmer built a high wall around the garden. 3.2@My father drove carefully in order not to cause accidents. 3.4 My father drove carefully so that he would not cause accidents. Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ mục đích có thể đứng trước hoặc sau mệnh đề chính . 4. Eg : @The exercises were so difficult that the students can’t finish them.  They were such difficult exercises that the students can’t finish them.  The exercises were too difficult for the students to finish them.  The exercises were not easy enough for the students to finish them. @The tea was too hot for him to drink .  The tea was so hot that he could not drink it.  It was such hot tea that he could not drink it.  The tea was not cold enough for him to drink. 5. Eg : 5.1 I can’t speak English fluently . I wish I could speak English fluently 5.2 My friends don’t take part in the game. I wish my friend took part in the game. 5.3 I didn’t know that Alice was ill. I wish I had known that Alice was ill. 11. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME Main clause Adverbial clause of Time 1. Simple Present 2. Past Tenses 3. Present Perfect 4. Future Tenses Present Tenses Past Tenses Present Perfect / Past Simple Present Tenses 8.1 @Commands : (+) : “V (bare inf) + O…” S + asked / told + O + To Infinitive + O… (_) : “Don’t + V (bare inf) ” S + asked / told + O + Not to Infinitive … 8.2 @Statements : “S + V + …” S + told / said to + O + S + V ( lùi thì ) … 8.3 @Questions : °Yes / no questions : wanted to know “ Aux + S + V …” S + asked / told + O + If/Whether + S + V ( lùi thì ) … wondered °Wh_ questions : wanted to know “ Why + Aux + S + V …” S + asked / told + O + Wh+ S + V ( lùi thì ) … wondered Notes : Khi gặp câu đk loại 2 & 3 , câu có thời gian xác đònh cụ thể không lùi thì . 9. Đổi thì khi viết câu : 9.1 @ Started/Began+to inf/V-ing+time ago. Has/have+V(3/ed) +since/for+time. 6. Eg : 6.1 Because he is lazy , he often gets bad marks .  Because of his laziness , he often gets bad marks . 6.2 Because the husbands were absent ,women went to work in factories. Because of the absent husbands ,women went to work in factories. Because of the husbands’ absence , women went to work in factories. 6.3 Although she didn’t ask him , he helped her.  In spite of her not asking him , he helped her. @ It was raining heavily , but the boys were playing football. Although/though It was raining heavily,the boys were playing football. Trang 1 7. Eg : @Mary is certainly more intelligent than her sister . Mary’s sister is certainly not so intelligent as Mary / her. @You don’t speak English as fluently as she . She speaks English more fluently than you (do). @Today is not sunny as yesterday . Yesterday is sunnier than today. @I know him better than you . You don’t know him so well as me. @Nobody in the team plays football so well as Tom. Tom is the best football player in the team. @The sooner you leave , the earlier you will arrive. The hotter it is , the more miserable I feel. Notes : 1. Good / well better  the best 2. Bad / badly worse  the worst 3. Many / much more  the most 4. Little less  the least 5. Far further/farther  the further/farther 8. Eg : @“Hurry up , Lan” He told Lan To hurry up. @“Don’t leave the room” He ordered them Not to leave the room. @"I ‘ll take these with me”,he said. He said he would take those with him. @"Did you phone me yesterday ?”Peter asked Mary. Peter asked Mary If/Whether she had phoned her the day before / the previous day @The teacher asked “Which book are you taking , John?”. The teacher wanted to know which book John was taking . @"Be modest if you are a good pupil”,said my father. My father told me to be modest if I was a good pupil. Thay đổi trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn và thời gian cho phù hợp.  This  That  These  Those  Here  There  Now  Then  Today  That day  Ago  Before Giới từ đi với tính từ Giới từ đi với động từ - interested in - fed up with - bored with -different from - tired of - crowded with - surprised at - similar to - fond of - aware of - afraid of - frightened of - capable of - responsible for - composed of -suitable for / to - give up - influence on - take care of - apply for - grow up - depend on / upon - carry out - look for / after / at - get rid of - agree with - succeed in - consist of - attempt at - confide in - wipe out - result in Has/have+been+V-ing+since/for+time. 9.2 @ S + has / have + not + V ( 3 / ed ) +(O)+ since / for + time. Last + V ( 2 / ed ) + (O) + time ago. It ‘s + time + since + S + V ( 2 / ed ) + (O). The last time + S + V ( 2 / ed ) + (O) + was + time ago. 9.3 @ S + has / have + never / not + V ( 3 / ed ) + O + before. This is the first time + S + has / have + V ( 3 / ed ) + O. 9.4 @ S + has / have + never / not + V ( 3 / ed ) + such + ( a/an ) + N + before. This is the first time + S + has / have + V ( 3 / ed ) + such + ( a/an ) + N. This / It is the most + long adj + N + S + has / have + ever + V ( 3 / ed ) . the short adj + EST + N + S + has / have + ever + V ( 3 / ed ) . 10. Các cấu trúc liên quan đến “USE” : 10.1 @Be used to / get used to + V-ing / Noun : Quen với 10.2 @Be used to + V (bare inf) / Be used for + V-ing : Được dùng để 10.3 @Used to + V (bare inf) : Đã từng 10.4 @Use sth up / Be used up : Sử dụng / được sử dụng hết 10.5 @Use sth + To infinitive : Sử dụng để 11. Inversion : Cấu trúc đảo ngữ. Khi các trạng từ mang nghóa phủ đònh ( Seldom , Rarely , Never , No sooner , Hardly , Not until , No longer … ) được đặt ở đầu câu. Phải đảo ngữ trợ từ. 12. Subject and Verb agreement : 12.1  Singular subjects  Singular verbs  Plural subjects  Plural verbs 12.2 @ Chủ ngữ số ít :  Các danh từ chỉ : tiền , khoảng cách , thời gian , bệnh tật ( measles ,mumps ,rickets…) , môn học ( physics , mathematics , economics , politics , statistics ,linguistics , athletics …) , danh từ riêng (Athens, the Philippines, Wales , the United Nations , the United States, Brussels …) ,tựa đề của sách/truyện ( TOM and JERRY ) ,các danh từ không đếm được , V-ing / To infinitive phrases , mệnh đề , Each / every… / no… / one … Động từ chia số ít : is , was , has , does not , V s/es. 12.3 @ Chủ ngữ số nhiều :  Các danh từ tận cùng bằng“S”(trừ những trường hợp trên ) : clothes-trousers- jeans… , the+Adj (the deaf ,the rich , the poor …) , People / police / poultry / cattle / team / staff / chilren / women / public / audience … , Both / many / several / few / some / a large number - a mount of … Động từ chia số nhiều : are , were , have , do not , V (inf.) 12.4 @ Các trường hợp dùng từ nối :  Either or Neither + S 1 + nor + S 2 V depends on S 2  Tonight  That night  Yesterday  The day before / The previous day  Tomorrow  The day after / The following day  Next week  The week after / The following week 9. Eg : The last time I met him was two weeks ago .  I ……………………………………………………………………………… I started studying English six years ago.  I have ……………………………………………………………………………… She has never seen him before.  It is the …………………………………………………………………………………………… I have never heard such a beatiful song before.  This is ……………………………………………………………… They have not gone on a picnic for many months.  They last ……………………………… Trang 2 10. Eg: He gets up early in the morning and he is used to it . 10.1  He is used to getting up in the morning. Originally, tennis was an indoor game. 10.3  Tennis used to be an indoor game. English coversation in class. 10.1  Those students are used to English coversation in class. People use gold for guaranteeing the value of the paper money. 10.2  Gold is used for guaranteeing the value of the paper money. 10.4  Some people believed that the world’s resources could be used up. 10.5  We can use this knife to cut … 11. Eg : I seldom come there at night. Seldom do I come there at night . People didn’t discover Aids until 1981. Not until 1981 did people discover Aids. We have never seen such a wonderful sight before. Never have we seen such a wonderful sight before. She had not gone to bed until her father got home from work. Not until her father got home from work had she gone to bed. 12. Eg :  A box of cigarettes (contain) ---------- 20 pipes.  There (be) ---------- very few cultural activites here.  My trousers (be) ---------- too long.  None of the students (finish) ---------- the exam yet.  Physics (study) ---------- mechanics,heat,light,sound and electricity.  That you like the food I cook (encourage) ---------- me very much.  A number of the students (fail) ---------- in the exam.  The United States (have) ---------- the population of 250 million.  Collecting stamps (be) ---------- my brother’s hobby.  The singer , along with her manager (be) ---------- going to the party tonight.  Cattle (be) ---------- allowed to graze on the village common.  Two years (be) ---------- a long time to be without a job.  Neither his parents nor his teacher (be) ---------- satisfied with his result. Not only but also  S 1 + with / together with + S 2 V depends on S 1 as well as / along with  N 1 / Pronoun 1 + in / on / of + N 2 / Pronoun 2 V depends on N 1  A number of + Noun  Plural verb The number of + Noun  Singular verb  There + be + Noun  Be phụ thuộc vào Noun  All / some / none / plenty / half / most / the rest / a lot / lots + of + Plural noun  Plural verb All / some / none / plenty / half / most / the rest / a lot / lots + of + Singular noun  Singular verb 13. Active and passive voice : Tenses Active  Passive Simple present Simple past ° S + V ( s/es ) + O ° S + V ( 2 / ed ) + O ° S + am / is / are + V ( pp ) ° S + was / were + V ( pp ) Present continuous Past continuous ° S + AM / IS / ARE + V- ing ° S + WAS / WERE + V- ing ° S+Am/Is/Are + Being +V ( pp ) ° S+Was/Were + Being +V ( pp ) Present/past perfect ° S + HAS / HAVE + V ( pp ) HAD ° S+ Has / Have + Been+ V ( pp ) Had Modal verbs ° S + MODAL + V ( bare inf ) ° S + MODAL + Be +V ( pp ) Modals : can,could,will,would,shall,should,may,might,must,used to,have to,has to,had to… @ Chủ ngữ trong câu chủ động là :I,we,you,he,she,it,they,people,someone,somebody… Khi đổi sang câu bò động là: by me,us,you,him,her,it,them,people,somebody….thì bỏ đi. @ Chủ ngữ câu chủ động là anybody , anyone , anything … khi đổi sang câu bò động phải chuyển thành nobody , no one , nothing … và chuyển động từ sang ngược thể . @ Nếu trong câu chủ động có 2 tân ngữ, một trong 2 tân ngữ có thể làm chủ ngữ trong câu bò động. @ By + O đứng trước trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian và đứng sau trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn trong câu bò động . @ Nếu tân ngữ trong câu bò động chỉ sự vật , sự việc thì dùng giới từ “with” thay cho “by” trước tân ngữ đó .  Dạng nhờ bảo ( Causative forms ) : Active : S + have + O ( người ) + bare infinitive + O ( vật ). S + get + O ( người ) + to infinitive + O ( vật ). Passive :  S + have / get + O ( vật ) + V (pp) + by O (người). 14. Relative clauses : Mệnh đề liên hệ 14.1 @ WHO : used for people ( Subject )  WHO + Verb 14.2 @ WHOM : used for people ( Object )  WHOM + S + Verb  Three miles (be) ---------- too much to run in a day.  Writing letter (make) ---------- her happy.  “Romeo and Juliet” (be) ---------- shown at Dong Khoi Cinema last month.  Not only my brother but also my sisters (be) ---------- here.  Nobody (have) ---------- cleaned the floor for months.  The production of dyes,perfumes and explosives (have) ----- made a lot of progress.  Every boy and girl in this room (know) ---------- the answer.  The news that I listened to on the radio last night (be) ---------- very interesting. Trang 3 13. Eg : @ People speak Enghish all over the world.  Enghish is spoken all over the world. @ Is she making a new dress for her mother ?  Is a new dress being made for her mother ? @ The boys broke the window and took away some pictures .  The window was broken and somes pictures were taken away by the boys . @ You must clean the wall before you paint it .  The wall must be cleaned before it is painted . Eg: He can’t see anything. --> Nothing can be seen ( by him ) . Eg: John gave me a present. --> I was given a present by John . --> A present was given for me by John. Eg: Alice saw Ann last week. --> Ann was seen by Alice last week. Mr Smith found the boy in the park. --> The boy was found in the park by Mr Smith. Eg : Smoke filled the room --> The room was filled with smoke .  Eg : I had him repair my bicycle yesterday. --> I had my bicycle repaired ( by him ) yesterday. Eg : I get her to make some coffee. --> I get some coffee made ( by her ). 14. Eg : @ I don’t know the reason . She left school fot it.  I don’t know the reason ( for Which ) Why she left school . @ This is the house . We often stay in this house in the summer.  This is the house ( in WHICH ) Where we often stay in the summer . @ Can you arrange the time ? We can have another discussion at that time.  Can you arrange the time ( at WHICH ) When we can have another discussion ? @ The man is my father . I respect his opinion best.  The man Whose opinion I respect most is my father . [...]... ( mệnh đề chính không đổi ) Thể khẳng đònh  khẳng đònh (đổi động từ trong mệnh đề chính sang ngược thể )  V (bare inf) + O + or + Clause  If + Clause ( phủ đònh ) , Clause Clause + by + V-ing  If + Clause ( khẳng đònh ) , Clause Without + N / N phrase ,Clause  If there be not + N / N phrase ,Clause 16 Styles :  Dùng tính từ thay cho danh từ ( hoặc ngược lại )  Dùng động từ thay cho danh từ (... V(bare inf)  Present unreal condition : Không thật ở hiện tại S + V(2/ed) / were(not) S + would/could/should/might (not) + V(bare inf) Didn’t + V(bare inf)  Past unreal condition : Không thật ở quá khứ S + had (not ) + V(3/ed) S + would/could/should/might (not) + have + V(3/ed) Notes :  Đối với câu điều kiện loại 2 (were) hoặc loại 3 ( had+V3/ed) , ta có thể đảo ngữ và bỏ “IF”  Unless = If … not : If... vượt quá / lố : sống / tồn tại lâu hơn : đông hơn : thắng phiếu : khôn ngoan / láu lỉnh hơn : chơi giỏi hơn : ngồi lâu hơn : bán chạy hơn Outdistance Outfight Outgrow Outlive Outrank Outweigh Outgeneral Outshine Outrun : vượt xa hơn : đánh thắng : mau lớn hơn / cao hơn : sống lâu hơn : có cấp bậc cao hơn : nặng hơn : lãnh đạo giỏi hơn : chiếu sáng hơn : chạy nhanh hơn  educated  bathed  included ... Purpose +  Noun Examples :  Determiner : a/an/the/some/any/many/my/his Eg : I like lying on the beach I like to lie on the beach 2 Stop V – ing : ngừng làm 1 công việc mà ta đang làm To – infinitive : ngừng làm công việc này sang làm một công việc khác Eg : She stopped going to classes when she got sick He stops to talk to his friends 3 Remember / Forget / Regret V – ing : một việc đã xảy ra To-infinitive... tưởng 25 Appreciate : thưởng thức 26 Resist : chòu đựng 27 Tolerate : tha thứ 28 Recall : nhớ lại 29 Mention : đề cập / nói đến 30 Have difficulty : gặp khó khăn 31 Waste : lãng phí 32 Complete : hoàn tất / thành 33 Deny : từ chối 34 Recommend : khuyên 35 Understand : hiểu / biết 36 Resent : không bằng lòng 37 Risk : mạo hiểm 38 Sau giới từ / mạo từ / tình từ sở hữu @Chú ý:  The verbs may be followed... Bear / Stand : ko thể chòu được 11 Have fun / a good time 12 Consider : xem / coi như 13 Keep : giữ / vẫn 14 Be Accustomed To : quen với 15 Practice : luyện tập 16 Look forward to : mong chờ 17 Get used to / Be used to : quen với 18 Suggest : đề nghò 19 Forgive : tha thứ 20 Quit : thôi / ngừng 21 Discuss : thảo luận 22 Help / can’t help : có thể nhòn TO INFINITIVE – GERUND – & BARE INFINITIVE Adjective... vui khi nằm ) ( Tôi cho là điều tốt , tôi thấy cần nằm ) Hiện Tại Đơn Tóm Tắt Cấu Trúc Một Số Thì KHẲNG ĐỊNH S+(V) S+V (Chủ Ngữ Số Nhiều) S + V + S/ES PHỦ ĐỊNH S + ( NOT + V ) NGHI VẤN S+(V)? S + DO not + V S + DOES not + V DO + S + V ? DOES +S + V ? AM IS + S +V -ING? ARE (Chủ Ngữ Số Ít ) TÍN HIỆU NHẬN BIẾT THÌ Always, usually, frequently, often, seldom , constantly , rarely , occasionally … Every... cầu 13 Instruct : chỉ dẫn 14 Order : ra lệnh 15 Remind : nhắc nhở 16 Manage : cố gắng xoay sở 17 Refuse : từ chối 18 Believe : tin tưởng 19 Agree : đồng ý 20 Arrange : sắp xếp 21 Invite : mời 22 Offer : đề nghò 23 Demand : đòi hỏi/yêu cầu 24 Deserve : xứng đáng 25 Seem : dường như 26 Mean : muốn / có ý 27 Pretend : dặn dò/giả vờ 28 Ask : yêu cầu/hỏi 29 Beg : cầu xin 30 Appear : xuất hiện  9 Encourage... encouraged me to try again 10 Invite àHarry invited the Johnsons to come to his party 11 Require àOur teacher requires us to be on time 12 Expect àI expect you to be on time ………… @Chú ý: Nếu sau động từ không có Object thì dùng: V-ing à They allowed smoking here  31 Threaten : đe dọa 32 Volunteer : tình nguyện 34 Hesitate : do dự / ngần ngại 33 Wish : ao ước 35 Encourage : khuyến khích 36 Warn : cảnh... liên quan/dính líu đến  Go along:tiến hành Come along:lên ngôi  On the spot : ngay tại chỗ / lập tức  On the contrary : trái lại  Provide … with : cung cấp cho ai  Be concerned with : liên quan đến /đề cập đến  Occupy in doing sth / with sth : bận rộn  In one’s mind : trong suy nghó / suy nghó của  Infer from : suy ra  In favor of : thiên / nghiêng về  Take care of : chăm sóc  Date back to : . động có 2 tân ngữ, một trong 2 tân ngữ có thể làm chủ ngữ trong câu bò động. @ By + O đứng trước trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian và đứng sau trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn. động có 2 tân ngữ, một trong 2 tân ngữ có thể làm chủ ngữ trong câu bò động. @ By + O đứng trước trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian và đứng sau trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn