Hãy lựa chọn hai học thuyết tạo động lực cho người lao động Phân tích chất mối quan hệ hai học thuyết lựa chọn Select two basic theories about motivating to employees Analyze essence and relationship betwent two theories? Apply these theories to analyze working motivation of employees in your company? I – Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Psychologist Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) is considered one of the leading person of humanistic psychology which is regarded as the Third Force while there existed two main psychology shool: Psychoanalysis and Behaviorism In 1943, he developed one of the theories with generally-recognised impact which has been applied to various fields This theory is Hierarchy of Needs of human In this theory, he arranges the needs of human in a hierachy system in which the higher hierachy demands requires the satisfaction of the lower hierachy demand Overview on the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs In the first stage of the theory, Maslow arranged demands of human in hierachys: - Basic needs - Safety needs - Social needs - Esteem needs - Self-actualizing needs Then, in 1970s and 1990s, this hierarchy has been amended into hierachies and final was hierachies: - Basic needs - Safety needs - Social needs - Esteem needs - Cognitive needs - Aesthetic needs - Self-actualizing needs - Transcendence Demand hierarchy system of Maslow usually expressed in form of pyramid, the lower hierachy demands, the lower it is ranked II - Herzberg’s Two Factors Theory Herzberg’s study provided data to propose model of two factors: • Demotivate factor: means the factor of the demotivation in work of the officer of any organization, properly caused by: • o Treatment, policy of that organization o Unappropriate monitoring in work o Non-satisfaction of the officer with the work conditions o Nonappropriate or unfair salary and reward o “Problematic” relationship with colleage o Nonsatisfaction of relationship with hierachies (higher or lower) Motivator factor: means the factor of nonsatisfaction in work: o Achievement o Recognition of the organization, leaders, colleages o Responsibility o Advancement and promotion o Growth as expected Environmental factors may cause nonsatisfaction: • Policy and management method of the enterprise • Examination method • Salary (coresponding to the position) • Relationship with the higher hierachy • Work conditions • Other relations and work atmosphere • Private life • Challenge of the work • Promotion opportunities • Feeling in completion of work • Recognition of work outcome • Respection of other people • Responsibility • Salary (coresponding to the achivement) III – Nature and interaction between the two theories – Analysing working motivation of officers in the company: Explanation and analysis of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs : Applying 5- hierachy version to analyse and explain actions in life and education Basic needs: This need is also called body needs or physiological needs, including basic needs of human such as eating, sleeping, breathing, sexuality, comfortable needs, etc These are the most essential and strongest of human In the pyramid, we can see this need arranged in the lowest hierachy: the basic needs Maslow opines that, the higher hierachy needs shall not appear unless these basic needs are satisfied and these basic needs shall control, encourage a person to act when this basic need is not reached There is a saying: “Fine words butter no parsnips” meaning that the essential demand of human must be satisfied so that can act and reach the higher demands We can easily verify this as our body is hungry or sick At that time, other demands become secondary When objection of workers, officer as salary does not satisfy their lives, the basic needs shall be prefered Safety, security needs: When basic needs of human are satisfied, meaning that this need does no longer control there thinking and actions, then what next will they need? At that time, safety and security needs shall be activated These safety and security needs are expressed physically and mentally Human wishes to be protected of their lives against dangers This need shall become motivation for their action in case of emergency, threatening to their lives including war, disaster, wild beast, etc Children usually express their lack of feeling safety when they are uneasy, crying, wishing to be consoled This need is usually illustrated by desire of stability, safety in life, stable society, home, etc Many people seek for the protection by religion belief, philosophy resulting in the this safety need which is the seek for the safety in mental Insurane policies, retirement treatment, saving plan, etc also express the satisfaction of this safety need * By studying hierarchy of needs above, there can be seen interesting things - In order to restraint or stop the development of someone, the best basic way is to attack to their esstential needs Many people work under unreasonable request, unfairness, because they are afraid of loosing job, lack of money for their lives and families, and stability, etc - In order to develop a person to high hierachy, his essential needs shall be priority: good salary, reasonable treatment, stable life, etc There is a saying: “to live and work in peace and contentment” - When an employee does not ensure basic needs of his life and family, he cannot focus on their job At this time, basic needs, safety and security needs are activated and prevail than working needs Studies on encephalon show that, in case of fear, threaten on mental or physics, encephalon shall secrete chemicals preventing processes of thinking and working Social needs: These need is also called need desiring to belong to an agency, organization (belonging needs) or need on needs of love This need is expressed through communication such as seeking, making friends, loving, getting married, participating in a society, working, going for picnic, participating on clubs, group working, etc This need is a trace of living nature in flock of human from the beginning of human kind Although Maslow arranges this need following to two above needs, he stresses that if this need is not satisfied, it will cause serious diseases mentally To satisfy the third need, the company organises outside picnic for officers, group playing, the school applies group working, matter-based teaching methods, unions in the schools are in charge of collecting students, guiding them to the useful activities The results show that: the group activities and outdoor activities bring good effect for mental and productivity for job is improved Esteem needs: This need is also called self esteem needs because it illustrates two hierachies: esteem needs through their achievements, and needs of feeling respects himself and his reputation, confidence himself The satisfaction and achievement of this need may cause a child to study better, an adult to feel freer Practically, we can see that when a person is encouraged of reward for his work outcome, he will more focus in work This need is ranked following to the “belonging to organization” and social needs above After participating in an organization, group, we always wish everyone in that organization or group respect, love and esteem, also we strive to feel that we got a “position” Self-actualizing needs: The self-actualizing needs does not mean negatively as it appear It does not happen that hierachy is ranked on the top “Self-actualization” does not simply mean the showy hair, smoking, sashaying, etc Maslow describes this need as: “Self-actualization as a person’s need to be and that which the person was “born to do” In a simple way, this is need to utilize capacity and potential to self-affirm, work and achieve in the society In practice, when we come to the end of our career, we always regret about not work with capacity and wish There can be cases that a person with high position in company, leave the company to perform works as expected which Maslow called “born to do” That is seeking for methods in which our capacity, intelligence can be utilized and we are satisfactory Explanation and analysis of Herzberg’s two factors theory Comments: • Salary is an essential factor, but it is not all Improvement in salary does not mean that is the motivation to work productively more than necessary • Environmental factors have big effect but rarely to be changed (a person rarely change the policy of the enterprise, working conditions, salary, etc) Affecting the environmental factors firstly hepls reduce unfairness, increase deal, prepare for the appearance of ecouragement factors • Encouragement factors can be changed : A person can amend his initiative, determine high and difficult goals Outcome of performance completely depends on him and he can forsee his achievement • Desire of officer is to promote and develop his career Therefore, a person having working motivation is one who cares about his job This care always increases when that person organizes work himself Conclusion: • Person is encouraged when he is able to perform his intention • Person is stimulated whenever his performance is correctly valued through compliments (with good outcome) and punishment (when nonsatisfactory) • In order to a person is long-term encouraged, he must be encouraged usually • People usually are discourage when they are criticized on themself or their behavior which they cannot changed (or does not know how to change) • There is no more effective encouragement than overcoming difficulties to achieve his goal Motivation for working of people Why people are motivated to work ? What does encourage them ? What purpose people work for ? How are they encouraged ? How is the encouragement performed ? And on what process ? Basic process causing motivation Needs (nonsatisfactory) Seeking for satifaction of needs Action towards a purpose Outcome Reward/ punishment Re-evaluateing satisfaction hierachy Expectation of officer According to the priority hierachy : (Research result of 300 Vietnamese) • Promotion and development • Reasonable salary • Stability in job • Attractive job and appropriate with capacity • Highly appreciated and respected by others • Powerful Feeling of officer In comparison with contribution and his treatment and others  Stressfull and nonsatisfactory if feeling unfairly Seeking for equality  Amending his contribution in comparison with treatment he enjoys Seeking for another job or leaving IV - Conclusion Human resource is the top capital of every organization, enterprise, is major equipment for the enterprise to take the competitiveness The employee is both resource of the organization and important factor composing production cost of the enterprise Therefore, the role of personnel management has been taking more and more important in the organization The concern of the organization and enterprise is how to maximize effectiveness with their cost Hence, leaders must be skilled in the art of using human, managing employees effectively, making them devoted and enthusistically in work That will create motivation for the employees This is part of personnel management and it takes an important role in the modern life today Although there are various studies on this field, theoretically and practically, topic on constructing motivation for employees has not been understood clearly It does exist more problem in practice The doctrines on motivation in work such as Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Herzbergs two factors theory show us the various approach on motivation creation As other theories, these two theories of course are not absolute and comprehensive They received many contrary comments However, for many years passed, these two theories have been appreciated and generally used  ... need is also called self esteem needs because it illustrates two hierachies: esteem needs through their achievements, and needs of feeling respects himself and his reputation, confidence himself... needs Then, in 1970s and 1990s, this hierarchy has been amended into hierachies and final was hierachies: - Basic needs - Safety needs - Social needs - Esteem needs - Cognitive needs - Aesthetic... stable society, home, etc Many people seek for the protection by religion belief, philosophy resulting in the this safety need which is the seek for the safety in mental Insurane policies, retirement