Handout 1: 1. The pronunciation of the ending “s/es” (cách đọc âm cuối “s/es”) Có 2 cách phát âm phụ âm cuối “s” như sau: ­ /iz/:Khi từ có tận cùng là các âm /s/, /z/, /∫/, /t∫/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/ (thường có tận cùng là các chữ  cái ce, x, z, sh, ch, s, ge) Classes / klɑ:siz/, washes /wɒ∫iz/, Watches / wɒt∫iz/, Changes /t∫eindʒiz/ ­ /s/:Khi nó k phải là /iz/ Units / 'ju:nits/, Stops / stɒps/, Topics / 'tɒpiks, Laughes / lɑ:fs/, Breathes / bri:ðs/ ­ Phụ: /z/ và /s/ sẽ chỉ phân biệt được khi chúng ta nối âm, còn nói nhanh thì giống nhau,  ok? No questions asked please Sam, a surly sergeant from Cisco, Texas, saw a sailor sit silently on a small seat  reserved for youngsters. He stayed for several minutes, while tots swarmed around.  Sam asked the sailor to cease and desist but he sneered in his face. Sam was so  incensed that he considered it sufficient incentive to sock the sailor. The sailor stood  there for a second, astonished, and then strolled away. Sam was perplexed, but  satisfied, and the tots scampered like ants over to the see­saw A lazy Thursday at the zoo found the zebras grazing on zinnias, posing for pictures, and teasing the zookeeper, whose nose was bronzed by the sun. The biggest zebra’s name was Zachary,  but his friends called him Zack. Zack was a confusing zebra whose zeal for reason caused his  cousins, who were naturally unreasoning, to pause in their conversations. While they browsed,  he philosophized. As they grazed, he practiced zen. Because they were Zack's cousins, the  zebras said nothing, but they wished he would muzzle himself at times 2. The pronunciation of –ed endings (cách đọc âm cuối –ed) Cách phát âm đi –ed như sau: ­ /id/: Khi động từ có tận cùng là phụ âm /t/ hoặc /d/ Wanted / wɒntid /, Needed / ni:did / ­ /t/:Khi động từ tận cùng bằng phụ âm vơ thanh /p/, /f/, /k/, /s/, /∫/, /ʧ/ Stoped / stɒpt /, Laughed / lɑ:ft /, Cooked / kʊkt /, Sentenced / entənst /, Washed / wɒ∫t  /,Watched / wɒt∫t / ­/d/:Khi động từ tận cùng là các ngun âm và các phụ âm còn lại Played / pleid /, Opened / əʊpənd / ­ Một số trường hợp ngoại lệ: Một số từ kết thúc bằng –ed được dùng làm tính từ, đi – ed được phát âm là /id/: Aged:/ eidʒid / (Cao tuổi. lớn tuổi) Blessed:/ blesid / (Thần thánh, thiêng liêng) Crooked:/ krʊkid / (Cong, oằn, vặn vẹo) A arrived A opened A rubbed A dimmed A tipped A tried A packed A watched B believed B knocked B tugged B travelled B begged B obeyed B added B phoned C received C played C stopped C passed C quarrelled C cleaned C worked C referred D hoped D occurred D filled D stirred D carried D asked D pronounced D followed 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 A agreed A laughed A walked A killed A visited A sacrificed A needed A loved A packed A filled A caused A washed A killed A imagined A called A landed A cleaned A talked A wished A considered A produced A caused A discovered A repaired A improved A delivered A painted A tested A used A allowed A switched B succeeded B washed B ended B hurried B showed B finished B booked B teased B punched B naked B increased B parted B cured B released B passed B needed B attended B fished B wrapped B rescued B arranged B examined B destroyed B invented B parked B organized B provided B marked B finished B dressed B stayed C smiled C helped C started C regretted C wondered C fixed C stopped C washed C pleased C suited C practised C passed C crashed C rained C talked C opened C visited C arrived C laughed C pulled C checked C operated C developed C wounded C broadened C replaced C protected C presented C married C flashed C believed D loved D weighed D wanted D planned D studied D seized D washed D rained D pushed D wicked D promised D barked D waived D followed D washed D wanted D started D stepped D turned D roughed D fixed D advised D opened D succeeded D encouraged D obeyed D equipped D founded D rained D mixed D cleared Yesterday was so busy! At the office, I worked hard with my team We developed a new advertising plan Our meeting lasted about two hours I remembered an advertising plan that worked five years ago, and I suggested we try that again We needed to get the manager's approval We called him on the office phone He admitted that the idea seemed good, but he believed we should lower the budget We reported our numbers to him and talked about the budget for a long time Finally, he decided to give us the money we wanted  ... zebras said nothing, but they wished he would muzzle himself at times 2. The pronunciation of –ed endings (cách đọc âm cuối –ed) Cách phát âm đi –ed như sau: ­ /id/: Khi động từ có tận cùng là phụ âm /t/ hoặc /d/