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FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY ************** GROUP Tống Thị Len - Đồng Minh Huyền - Ngô Thanh Loan – Nguyễn Lan Hương – Bùi Hạnh Nguyên - Ngô Sơn Tùng RESEARCH DESIGN Topic : Emotional Child Abuse Hà Nội, Ngày 27 tháng năm 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS I II III IV V VI VII VIII Introduction Literature review Main concepts and variables Research questions and hypotheses Methodology Information Conclusion Reference 16 17 19 28 30 31 I INTRODUCTION Child abuse is undeniably a global issue according to UNISCO However, in Vietnam, it is not until recently that the story of child abuse attracted the Vietnamese society’s attention Media has reported that a countable number of children are being violated in terms of physical and sexual issues without our awareness But it has failed to mention the most often type of abuse that many children are suffering day by day: emotional abuse There are not many researches and results, especially about children emotional abuse The victims are usually afraid to voice their stories Recently, with the spread of information, community is becoming more and more interested in this subject Why the topic is important? Children need both physical and emotional protection from families and society to develop healthily While parents are focusing on keeping their child away of potential physical danger, they may underestimate the impact of child emotional abuse Even verbal abuse is emotional abuse, meaning that everything other people say can be considered as abusing action to the child A child who usually suffers from emotional abuse can be associated with both adverse health and mental health outcomes and those negative effects last a lifetime We need a careful research on finding the root, prevention and intervention to reduce risk factors and promote protective factors to ensure the well-being of children Each of us used to be a child We might experience ourselves or witness other child being emotionally and psychologically maltreated However, at that time, we didn’t even acknowledge that we were being maltreated and need to be protected It is necessary to raise awareness of families and communities in how to teach children protect themselves This research ‘s mission is to find out the real figures of emotional child abuse as well as how it varies in terms of time, genders and ages, thus build the basic knowledge for people about an important type of abuse that is happening daily in our life II.LITERATURE REVIEW There are many researches which have been done on child abuse in general, yet very few mention emotional abuse Huong Thanh Nguyen, corresponding authors Michael P Dunne and Anh Vu Le, "Multiple Types of Child Maltreatment and Adolescent Mental Health in Viet Nam." PubMed Central (PMC), Bull World Health Organ 2010 Jan; 88(1): 22–30, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802435/ Sept 2009, The research "Multiple Types of Child Maltreatment and Adolescent Mental Health in Viet Nam" was conducted with a view of describing the prevalence of child maltreatment among a large sample of Vietnamese adolescents; examining the possible cumulative effects of child abuse on depression, anxiety and self-esteem; analyzing the relative contributions of individual, family background and social factors and of child maltreatment to the variation seen in the prevalence of mental health disorders in adolescence; and comparing results in Viet Nam to recent findings in developed countries Researchers had carried out a cross-sectional survey of 2591 students (aged 12–18 years; 52.1% female) from randomly-selected classes in eight secondary schools in urban (Hanoi) and rural (Hai Duong) areas of northern Viet Nam (response rate, 94.7%) in 2006 and finally came to the findings: Females reported more neglect and emotional abuse, whereas males reported more physical abuse, but no statistically significant difference was found between genders in the prevalence of sexual abuse The most important result is linear functional associations between Maltreatment and depression, anxiety and low self-esteem were observed The authors stated that the combined influence of adverse individual and family background factors and of child maltreatment upon mental health in adolescents in Viet Nam is consistent with research in non-Asian countries Overall, this research helps us to see the facts of child maltreatment in our country and confirms its significant effects on adolescent mental health This study is among the first to examine the links between child maltreatment and mental health of young people in Viet Nam The experiences ranged from unpleasant, common acts of conflict such as being yelled at or spanked, to being insulted, threatened, neglected physically or emotionally, and to the relatively less common experiences of sexual abuse Among these types of child abuse, emotional abuse is the one which is strongly associated with later health impacts However, this study still leaves an issue for more discussion: In Asian communities like Viet Nam where child abuse is often construed as severe physical violence only, there has been relatively little research into emotional maltreatment, “harsh parenting” which includes high demands and strict controls on behavior is still very common in society, it is much more important to emphasize the equally pernicious effects of emotional maltreatment to children Nhu K Tran, Sheila R Van Berkel, Marinus H van IJzendoorn, and Lenneke R.A Alink, "The Association between Child Maltreatment and Emotional, Cognitive, and Physical Health Functioning in Vietnam." PubMed Central (PMC), BMC Public Health, 19 Apr 2017, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5395851/ This research has just been conducted recently aiming to investigate associations between different types of child maltreatment and child emotional, cognitive, and physical health functioning as well as moderation effects of gender and ethnicity Through the cross-sectional study conducted with 1851 randomly selected students aged 12–17 years in four provinces of Northern Vietnam, namely Hanoi, Nam Dinh, Ha Tinh, and Tuyen Quang, the result of the study once again gives a strong confirmation to the previous findings that “Even in a culture in which harsh discipline is normative, child maltreatment was related to negative aspects of child wellbeing including emotional, cognitive, and physical health functioning: emotional malfunctioning, poorer perceived physical health and poorer working memory performance.” Besides, no significant moderation effects by gender and ethnicity were found However, the most noticeable finding of the study is emotional abuse was related to better academic performance, which might be an indication of “tiger parenting” practice in Vietnam, implying academic performance stimulation at the expense of emotional security In fact, researchers indicate that the prevalence of child maltreatment in Vietnam was found to be high, emotional abuse was most prevalent at 31.8%, followed by neglect (25.0%), physical abuse (19.1%), witnessing parental conflicts (15.3%) As we know, Vietnam is a middle-income country with a culture highly influenced by Confucianism In Vietnam, the saying “Spare the rod, spoil the child” describes the spirit of parenting practices Physical and emotional punishment are considered necessary to raise well-behaved children in Vietnam as well as many other countries in Asia “Tiger parenting” has rarely been studied with Vietnamese parents but a qualitative study with a few Vietnamese-Australian mothers did find that Vietnamese parents had an authoritarian parenting style and expected high education achievements of their children.Because there are no studies on “tiger parenting” conducted in Vietnam and this study did not measure parenting style, the association between emotional abuse and better academic performance on the one hand and worse emotional functioning on the other hand might be an indication of “tiger parenting” practice This association to answer the question” whether harsh parenting which causes emotional abuse in Vietnam is right or wrong” is still in controversy and needs to be further investigated in future research UNICEF - UNICEF East Asia and Pacific Regional Office (EAPRO) "Child Maltreatment: Prevalence, Incidence and Consequences in the East Asia and Pacific Region: A Systematic Review of Research." Home | UNICEF, United Nations Children’s Fund, Measuring and Monitoring Child Protection Systems: Proposed Core Indicators for the East Asia and Pacific Region, Strengthening Child Protection Series No 1., UNICEF EAPRO, Bangkok, 2012., 2012, www.unicef.org/eapro/Child_Maltreatment.pdf "Child Maltreatment: Prevalence, Incidence and Consequences in the East Asia and Pacific Region” was published by UNICEF – a famous international organization for children’ rights protection This study has systematically reviewed all the published and unpublished researches that have been conducted on the prevalence and incidence of child maltreatment in the East Asia and Pacific region This review seeks to detail researches undertaken in the last 10 years on both the magnitude (prevalence and incidence) of child maltreatment and also on the outcomes for children and adults who have experienced abuse and exploitation in their childhood This study utilized a systematic review methodology to examine 364 peer-reviewed and grey literature research studies over 32 countries including Vietnam on the prevalence and incidence of child physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, exploitation, witnessing family violence and peer-to-peer violence as well as the consequences of child maltreatment across five categories including: 1) education and employment, 2) mental health, 3) physical health, 4) aggression, violence and criminality and 5) other consequences Several key findings both in terms of gaps in research and on maltreatment emerged from this review: The first gap is that to date, the research on the consequences of child maltreatment has focused primarily only on mental health Too little research has been done linking child maltreatment to physical health outcomes such as HIV/AIDS, sleeping disorders and self-rated quality of health or measures of overall health and well-being The second gap is that despite the growth in studies overall, there is a lack of high quality qualitative and mixed method studies from the region Very few qualitative studies received high quality ratings in this review primarily due to the lack of detailed information on data sampling techniques and data analysis All the qualitative studies rated strongly in their importance to the field and the recommendations and conclusions drawn This study suggested that the evidence base and contextual information provided by qualitative studies in the region could be strengthened by a continued focus on the study design and documenting and writing up quality qualitative research As this Systematic Review of Research covers all kinds of child abuse but we focus on the findings on emotional and verbal abuse The research has come to the result that: Emotional abuse involves “acts must be reasonably within the control of the parent or person in a relationship of responsibility, trust or power including restriction of movement, patterns of belittling, denigrating, threatening, scaring, discriminating, ridiculing or other non-physical forms of hostile or rejecting treatment.” A series of studies in the Pacific Islands looked at inappropriate name calling by an adult in the household within the previous month Incidence among 16–17 year olds surveyed using the Child Household Questionnaire ranged from 17% in Kiribati to 38% in Vanuatu This included general swearing at the child, making fun of their appearance and calling the child ‘lazy’ or ‘stupid’ (UNICEF, In what period of a child’s life does “emotional maltreatment” occur most seriously? The extent of abusing differs among different ages For example, in the early stage of life, children are less likely to suffer from emotional abuse than since they start their education A possible hypothesis is that: “Children at the age of 13-18 might be likely to suffer from the most severe emotional abuse, including verbal abuse as they are compared with others in terms of many affairs: school performance, competitions, appearance while experiencing significant changes in mental status.” [Because of the special feature of the ages (when children experience significant changes in characters and mentality), the consequences are incalculable.] Do its consequences differ between genders? If they do, why? The conflict between genders exists in almost any fields of our society It is important to think about the differences in the performance of emotional abuse between genders so as to find the right way to deal with the problem There are various ways in which girls and boys may react to abusement Our Hypothesis might be:“Because Girls are thought to be more sensitive to injures than boys, the formers tend to exaggerate it and react pessimisticly while the laters are often calmer in responding to any problems, thus, there might be differences in terms of genders when we look at the consequences of mental abuse” V METHODOLOGY Data collection: Survey a Sample and population As undergraduates in university, we not have the ability to conduct large - scale surveys involving millions of people Our sample is not too large but enough to represent the situation of the society to some extent The sample is 300 students from different schools in Hanoi (Tran Phu, Chu Van An high schools and Amsterdam, Doan Thi Diem secondary schools)) with ages ranging from 11 to 18, in addition to 100 adults living in Hanoi The sample includes: - 50% female and 50% male - 25 % adults, 35 % secondary school students and 40 % high b school students Questionnaire We have understood various advantages of using questionnaire as the method of collecting data for our research The following survey has been scrupulously designed so as to obtain accurate information And this questionnaire will be conducted both online and in paper to optimize the efficiency We will send these papers to the schools mentioned above Child abuse has been given hands of attention from the society, however, it is still a sensitive one So, to secure respondents’ privacy and assure the accuracy of information, we will not ask our sample’s name and address This is our questionnaire: Survey: Child Abuse Hello, we come fromK55- advanced undergraduate program in Economics, Foreign Trade University The questionnaire is confidential and any answer you give on this paper will not be leaked out If you not want to answer any question, you can skip them But we would be grateful if you spend a little time to complete all of the questions Please answer as what you feel and think in an honest way Tick at the option that is true to your thinking, Are you Male or Female? Male Female Age Group 10-13 13-18 Over 18 Abuse does NOT just mean domestic and physical violence True False Child abuse is defined as: Physical - hitting, harming children etc Emotional - verbal abuse, threats, unaffectionate Neglection of childs needs, food, hygeine, etc All of the above Why you think only a number of cases of child abuse have been publicised in the media? There are so many cases only high profile cases are publicised Its a serious issue and people would rather be kept in the dark about it There are other issues more important than child abuse other If you were worried about a child or knew they were abused would you report it? Tell a neighbour, relative or friend about their suspicions first rather than social services or the police Yes No Do you think people who know children are being abused that not report it should also be blamed? Yes No Itis none of their business They might as well be the abusers While you were growing up, during your first 18 years of life: a) Did a parent or other adult in the household often swear at you, insult you, put you down or humiliate you? Or act in a way that made you b) c) d) afraid that you might be physically hurt? Yes No If yes, in what stage of your life did it happen most seriously? 6-10 10-13 13-18 All the time Another time : What was your reaction at that time? Feeling sad, discouraged, disappoited about myself, sometimes crying Think about it and try to find causes then solutions Simply neglect it To what extent you think being emotionally abused has influenced you? Strong Weak Normal Other: Did you often feel that no one in your family loved you or thought you were important or special? Or your family didn't look out for each other, feel close to each other or support each other? Yes No 10 Pertaining to the pervious question, you feel that you have fallen under the category of "abuse?" ( Remember, abuse is NOT just domestic or physical ) 11 Yes, I have fallen subject to abuse No, I have not fallen subject to abuse Do you think that you have emotionally abused anyone at least once? Yes No c Depth Interview We see that parents not have much free time So rather than providing them with papers of questionnaires, we will conduct interviews with them This will also obtain their accurate reactions, respondence and ways of thinking Data were collected by means of semi-structured interviews with student and parent participants Except for the parents all participants were interviewed on multiple occasions Interviews with participants were conducted by the researcher in settings that provided visual and auditory privacy They were conducted oneon-one At the start of interviews the researcher spent time on introductions and informally chatting to establish rapport and to put participants at ease Participants were reminded of the purpose of the study and that details of interviews would be kept confidential This is the form of the depth interview - Why has an adverse problem like Child Abuse existed for such - a long time? Who and what should be blame for? What is the Impact of Child Abuse and Neglect? What you think about “spare the rod and spoil the child”? How you feel when you are compared to your friends – “con - nha nguoi ta”? Have you ever made comparison between your child to others? - Why? Are victims of child abuse more likely to engage in criminality - later in life? What you think you will if you are/ witness a case of - child abuse? Do you know any people/ organisation to report about the case - of child abuse? Do you think girls and boys suffer the abuse in different forms? List some examples Data analysis Interview data were partially transcribed and typed into Microsoft Word files Because of the number of interviews carried out, the decision was taken to only partially transcribe interviews to make the task more manageable within the study's time constraints Through data collection, we can conclude that qualitative analysis of data is the interpretation of interviews and observation In our research, to have an in-depth outlook and understanding about the concern, we have carried out a number of interviews and participant observations which is out of our capacity However, it is not an easy task because every reaction or response from our participant belongs to visual terms It is beyond our ability to know whether these reactions are honest or find out the root of the response The information collected is based on the opinion of each person, which is shaped by their presumptions, family or their values, etc So the data maybe biased We have resorted descriptive statics as the quantitive analysis of data Variation ratio has been used in addition Another method is summary data presented in the form of figure, so that they can illustarte the problem in the clearest and most understandable way Just count up the number of “yes” and “no” answers and chart them into percentages However, there is one thing that needs to be put in to careful consideration: the artificialty Because their answer comes from the willingness, so maybe in some cases, the answer is not accurate Nevertheless, the data gained from questionnaires and in-depth interviews has partly represented the situation of the concern “Child Abuse” We have understood more how this problem existed in our community and in people’s opinion VI INFORMATION By conducting the research, we hope to collect useful information related to our research topic There are specific details which were required in each separate question They will help us answer successfully those questions as well as complete our research Does the seriousness of “emotional child abuse” change from one generation to another? • What “mental child abuse” means in the thought of people from different ages • People’s attitudes about this problem (about blaming children with dirty, painful or even insulting words) • Was the term “emotional child abuse” taken seriously as a big problem in Vietnam in the past or not and the situation nowadays In what period of a child’s life does “emotional maltreatment” occur most seriously? • Whether children are treated differently in each stage of their life or not • What children think about being treated badly in terms of mental issue • How they when they are insulted, and their response in each period Do its consequences differ between genders? If they do, why? • Boys and girls are two different genders, whether their thoughts and feelings are different too • The different forms of emotional abuse which adults use on boys and girls • Differences in the way they react to the same level of emotional abuse VII CONCLUSION The prevalence of child maltreatment among Vietnamese adolescents causes cumulative effects on their mental health and development: depression, anxiety and self-esteem Of the multiple types of child abuse occurring, we need to acknowledge that emotional abuse is the most strongly associated with each health indicator In Viet Nam where “Spare the rod, spoil the child”, where physical and emotional punishment are considered necessary to raise well-behaved children, it is much more important for the society to acquire awareness of the equally effects of verbal abuse and psychological abuse on children As there has been relatively little research into emotional maltreatment and “harsh parenting” in Viet Nam, our research design aims to make a deep investigation into the situation of emotional child abuse in the area of technology, make comparison among generations, its effects that are often neglected Moreover, our research tries to answer why emotional maltreatment is continuing in Viet Nam despite some cognition The results of the research are expected to raise more awareness of society and encourage some changes in the way of parenting in order to ensure the best development of children – the citizen of the future REFERENCE "Multiple Types of Child Maltreatment and Adolescent Mental Health in Viet Nam." PubMed Central (PMC), Bull World Health Organ 2010 Jan; 88(1): 22–30, Sept 2009, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802435/ Nhu K Tran, Sheila R Van Berkel, Marinus H van IJzendoorn, and Lenneke R.A Alink, "The Association between Child Maltreatment and Emotional, Cognitive, and Physical Health Functioning in Vietnam." PubMed Central (PMC), BMC Public Health, 19 Apr 2017, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5395851/ UNICEF - UNICEF East Asia and Pacific Regional Office (EAPRO) "Child Maltreatment: Prevalence, Incidence and Consequences in the East Asia and Pacific Region: A Systematic Review of Research." Home | UNICEF, United Nations Children’s Fund, Measuring and Monitoring Child Protection Systems: Proposed Core Indicators for the East Asia and Pacific Region, Strengthening Child Protection Series No 1., UNICEF EAPRO, Bangkok, 2012., 2012, www.unicef.org/eapro/Child_Maltreatment.pdf Dat T Nguyen, et al., “Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidal Ideation among Vietnamese Secondary School Students and Proposed Solutions: A Crosssectional Study, BioMed Central Ltd., BMC Public Health, 17 Dec 2013, https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-13- 1195 Dang Hoang Minh, Hoang Cam Tu, “Mental Health of Secondary Students in Hanoi and the Need for School Counseling”, Ha Noi Mental Hospital, th Nov 2016 http://benhvientamthanhanoi.com/thuc-trang-suc-khoe-tam-than-cua-hs- thcs-o-hn-nhu-cau-tham-van-sktt-hoc-duong https://www.ukessays.com/essays/sociology/child-abuse-neglect.php https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-sociology/chapter/family- violence/ https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontosociology/chapter/chapter2-sociological- research/ https://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/researchcourse/sociology_research.html ... https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontosociology/chapter/chapter2-sociological- research/ https://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/researchcourse /sociology_ research. html ... abuse on children As there has been relatively little research into emotional maltreatment and “harsh parenting” in Viet Nam, our research design aims to make a deep investigation into the situation... https://www.ukessays.com/essays /sociology/ child-abuse-neglect.php https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless -sociology/ chapter/family- violence/ https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontosociology/chapter/chapter2-sociological-