HANOI PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES TRAN THI THANH TAM EMPHATIC SENTENCES IN ENGLISH AND WAYS TO TRANSLATE THEM INTO VIETNAMESE (CÂU NHẤN MẠNH TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ CÁCH DỊCH SANG TIẾNG VIỆT) (SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF PEDAGOGY IN ENGLISH) Hanoi, 2018 HANOI PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES TRAN THI THANH TAM EMPHATIC SENTENCES IN ENGLISH AND WAYS TO TRANSLATE THEM INTO VIETNAMESE (CÂU NHẤN MẠNH TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ CÁCH DỊCH SANG TIẾNG VIỆT) (SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF PEDAGOGY IN ENGLISH) SUPERVISOR: DO TIEN DUC, M.A Hanoi, 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Mr Do Tien Duc, for the continuous support of my study and research, for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge in all four academic years I appreciate all his contributions of time, ideas, and funding to make my experience productive and stimulating, without whose valuable comments and guidance, my thesis would not have been accomplished I wish to thank all the lecturers at Hanoi Pedagogical University 2, especially the lecturers in the Faculty of Foreign Languages for their dedicated instructions during years of university work Finally, I would like to express my deep love and appreciation to my parents, brothers and sisters, who always encouraged me with love and spiritually supported me throughout my life ABSTRACT Emphatic sentences aim to emphasize a point or establish a focus to make the sentence more prominent and important than others This reasearch is conducted to explore some kinds of emphasis in English and find out effective ways to translate English emphatic sentences into Vietnamese Translation from English into Vietnamese in general is the highest level of using English as a foreign language, and the translation of English in particular requires lots of There are a lot of translation methods used to tranlsate emphatic sentences from English into Vietnamese However, there has not been a useful method to translate them Usually, translation versions of emphatic sentences are produced without emphasis, as it is not considered or translatorsdo not know how to produce it Therefore, this research work aims to contribute an investigation of emphatic sentences in English and prove the researcher’s view that communicative translation and semantic translation are effective methods for translating emphatic sentences from English into Vietnamese DECLARATIONS I hereby certify that the graduation paper entitled: Emphatic sentences in English and ways to translate them into Vietnamese (Câu nhấn mạnh tiếng anh cách dịch sang tiếng việt) is my own research work and not coppied from any other person’s work without acknowledgements and that it is originally done by myself under my supervisor’s instructions Date submitted: May 2018 Student Supervisor Tran Thi Thanh Tam Do Tien Duc TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 Reasons for the study Aims of the study Research questions Scope of the study Methods of the study Design of the study DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: AN OVERVIEW OF TRANSLATION 1.1 Definition of translation 1.2 Translation process 1.3 How translation is conducted 1.4 Methods of translation 1.4.1 Some approaches to translation 1.4.2 Some translation methods 1.4.2.1 Comments on the methods 1.4.2.2 Equivalent effects CHAPTER 2: ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE EMPHATIC SENTENCES IN CONTRAST 11 2.1 Definitions of emphasis 11 2.2 Devices of English and Vietnamese emphases 12 2.2.1 Lexical device 12 2.2.2 Syntactic device 14 2.2.2.1 Announcements 14 2.2.2.2 Fragments 14 2.2.2.3 Imperative sentences 15 2.2.2.4 Inversion 15 2.2.2.5 Rhetorical questions 17 2.2.2.6 Interuption (Isolation) 18 2.2.2.7 Restatement 18 2.2.2.8 Exclamations 19 2.2.2.9 Repetition 19 2.2.2.10 Cleft Sentences 21 CHAPTER 3: THE ENGLISH-VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION OF EMPHATIC SENTENCES 23 3.1 Translation methods 23 3.2 Stages in the translation of emphatic sentences 24 3.2.1 Discovering the meaning in the source language (English) 25 3.2.2 Re-expressing the meaning in the target language (Vietnamese) 25 3.2.2.1 Rough transformation 26 3.2.2.2 Restructuring 26 CHAPTER 4: SOME SHORTCOMINGS AND MISTAKES IN THE ENGLISH-VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION OF EMPHATIC SENTENCES CAUSES AND SOLUTIONS 37 4.1 Shortcomings and mistakes 37 4.1.1 Emphasis absent from the Vietnamese sentence 37 4.1.2 Incapability of producing more than one structural equivalent 38 4.2 Causes 38 4.3 Solutions 40 CONCLUSION 42 Review of study 42 Suggestion for further studies 42 REFERENCES 44 INTRODUCTION Reasons for the study Language is our primary source of communication, which is the method through which we share our ideas and thoughts with others It is said that language is what distinguishes us from other animals and makes us human There are a lot of languages in the world, each country has its own native language in addition to a variety of local dialects spoken and understood by their people in different regions Some languages are used by millions of people, others by only a few thousand Among those languages, English is the most widely used, which has become more and more popular in the world today It has been widely used in many different walks of life Translation in general is fairly important in Vietnam nowadays, which has resulted from not only requirements of country’s renovation in general but also its necessity in learning foreign languages in particular In the process of renovation, translation acts as a factor that helps integrate Vietnam into the region and the word Since open-door policy was started, owning the knowledge of the economy, politic mechanism, culture, etc of other countries has become an indispensable need for most Vietnamese people, particularly the intellectual class Moreover, an increasing number of foreigners have shown a great desire to get an insight into Vietnam- the country and the people What is essential is to create a body of professional translators and interpreters who specialize in foreign languages, now most commonly in English, with a view to enabling others to understand foreigners and make themselves understood by foreigners As a result, only with translation can be the above demands of Vietnamese people and foreigners be met perfectly Translation viewed from the aspect of studying foreign languages is seen indispensable as well And this leads to the important role of mother tongue in learning and teaching another language in which translation has proved to be an important activity However, translation works have revealed many disadvantages such as slow acquisition of the foreign language as well as lack of unstanding of the culture of that language English is a typical case in this point In learning and teaching new words and grammatical items of English, using Vietnamese- our mother tongue- in combination with English, i.e employing translation will greatly accelerate those processes Also, it is imposible to ignore the translation of emphatic sentences, though in some cases the translation may fail to reproduce part of the intended emphasis of the source language writer An emphatic sentence is a special way of utterance in which an element or a part of the sentence or the whole sentence is made more prominent than others And the variation of the emphatic elements can enable our ideas to be expressed with various nuances Neither English or Vietnamese proves an exception For example, in English, the idea that Jane phoned me yesterday can be expressed by either: It was Jane who phoned me yesterday (Jane herself, not somebody else, phoned me) or Jane didn‟t write but phoned me Or It was me that Jane phoned (Jane phoned me not somebody else) In Vietnamese, to denote an offer of one more coffee people can say: Em uống thêm tách cà phê đi! (Normal invitation) Em uống thêm tách cà phê nào! (The speaker‟s insistence is stressed) Em uống thêm tách cà phê nhé! (The speaker‟s persuasion) Note: đi, nào, are some of the elements giving emphasis in Vietnamese Obviously, emphasis both in English and Vietnamese helps us understand precisely what we hear and be able to feel the speaker (writer)’s attitude (surprise, respect, friendliness,etc ) For that reason, Vietnamese writers also need to resort to emphasis and Vietnamese readers need to understand that the emphasis has been used so that they could not only feel what the English writer emphasizes but also comment on the aesthetic values of his literary works, particularly in poetry It would be better to say it is very necessary to translate emphatic sentences from English into Vietnamese and vice versa Finally, the item of emphasis in English and Vietnamese has not been studied thoroughly in grammar books and how to translate English emphatic idea into Vietnamese one has not been considered before Therefore, it is the desire for something new and adventurous that has made her concerned with the study of the translation of English emphatic sentences into Vietnamese In short, these above-mentioned reasons are both objective and subjective And it is them that have given her an impetus to her study- the study on translation of sentences with emphasis from English into Vietnamese and problems facing learners of English in dealing with the translation of emphasis Aims of the study The aims of study are as follows: • To give an overview of English and Vietnamese emphases as well as emphatic sentences in the two languages To introduce different translation methods and those possibly used for translation of emphatic sentences from English into Vietnamese • To suggest concrete steps in how to translate emphatic sentence from English into Vietnamese •To point out some mistakes and shortcoming to which Vietnamese translators sometimes make when they are to render emphatic sentences, by the way, suggesting solutions for them Research questions As far as it is considered, this research is conducted to answer the following questions: What are some effective methods to translate English emphatic sentences into Vietnamese? 2 What may be the limitations of translating emphatic sentences from English into Vietnamese and how to overcome them? Scope of the study As the name of the paper suggest, what is chosen to be studied in here is the way of translating English emphatic sentences into its Vietnamese equivalents Like translation in general, this also goes from discovering the meaning in the source language (SL) to re-expressing the meaning in the target language (TL) That is to say, the translator, with her comparison between English and Vietnamese emphatic sentences, will have to apply an appropriate translation method to transform emphatic sentences from English into Vietnamese Therefore, the scope of the study is limited to issues concerning how to achieve emphasis in both English and Vietnemese, ways to translate emphatic sentences from English into Vietnamese and shortcomings faced by Vietnamese translators when dealing with emphasis Other expressions, sentences types and structures will not be mentioned in this study Methods of the study The method applied for the research paper is analysis of materials related to emphatic sentences in both English and Vietnamese to see how they are formed and used On the other hand the author generalize the use of emphatic sentences in the two languages with specific examples collected from various reliable sources, base on which the translation methods used to translate them from english into Vietnamese are studied and suggested Design of the study The study consists of chapters Chapter gives an overview of translation Chapter presents contrasts between emphases in English and Vietnamese and how they are formed in the two languages Chapter deals with how to translate English emphatic sentences into Vietnamese Chapter reveals the shortcomings in English-Vietnamese translation of emphatic sentences as well as the causes and solutions to overcome them Should and acquaintance be forgot, And never brought to mind? - Rough transformation: Liệu mối quen biết cũ bị lãng qn, Và khơng mang đến tâm trí? - Emphasis-oriented adjustment: Có lẽ bạn cũ bị lãng quên Không kỉ niệm giữ? (Nguyen Xuan Thom, 1997, p.77) Ho Chi Minh is very great Who does not know him? - Rough transformation: Hồ Chí Minh vĩ đại, mà khơng biết ơng ta? - Emphasis- oriented adjustment: Hồ Chí Minh vĩ đại, mà ông ta chứ? What is the use of offering him some money? What he needs is a job - Rough transformation: Cho tiền để làm gì? Cái cần cơng việc - Emphasis- oriented adjustment: Cho tiền có ích gì? Cái cần cơng việc (f) Restatements The emphasis achieved through this syntactic means does not result from any particular word but the idea being stated twice, firstnin negative terms, then in positive or vice version In Vietnamese, though such emphasis is achieved similarly, attention should be paid to the use of conjunctions “chứ” and “mà” That is why after emphasis-oriented adjustment, we can either keep the structure of rough transformation intact or reverse it, i.e English negative-positive order turned into Vietnamese positive-negative one and vice versa: “Don‟t be so serious!” ~ “I am not joking; I am telling the truth” - Rough transformation: Tơi khơng đùa đâu mà tơi nói thật - Emphasis-oriented adjustment: Tơi khơng đùa đâu mà tơi nói thật Tơi nói thật tơi khơng đùa đâu “You shoud not eat dog meat.” ~“Why not? I am an ordinary man; I am not a monk” - Rough Transformation: Tơi người bình thường tơi khơng phải nhà sư - Emphasis- oriented adjustment: Tôi người người bình thường tơi khơng phải nhà sư Tôi nhà sư mà người bình thường 32 (g) Exclamation In English and Vietnamese alike exclamation is resorted to as a syntactic means of emphasis Accordingly, the roughly transformed structure of the English emphatic sentence can be the perfect one leading to no change to it in the emphasis-oriented adjustment For example: How nice it is! - Rough transformation: Trời đẹp làm sao! - Emphasis-oriented adjustment: Trời đẹp làm sao! (Trời đẹp thật!) She has such a marvellous voice! - Rough Transformation: cô có giọng tuyệt vời thế! - Emphasis-oriented adjustment: có giọng tuyệt vời thế! (Cơ có giọng thật tuyệt!) In reality, exclamation is not a sentence with emphasis that is difficult to translate in terms of structure When the lexicon is transformed, the translator just puts an exclamation mark at the end of the Vietnamese sentence to make it the final product of the translation process (h) The emphatic sentence with emphasizing words (lexical device) On restructuring the rough transformation of the sentence of this kind, it is not compulsory to make changes to its structure’s new form What should be focused on is the lexical element that gives emphasis When Vietnamese emphasizing words and their English counterpart are taken into consideration, it is seen that the translation of most of these English words can be finished after the rough transformation is performed For instance: I merely asked his name (Quirk etal, 1972, p.26) → Tôi hỏi tên anh You know even less about it than I (Quirk etal,1972,p.27) → Anh biết điều chí tơi The film is definitely not suitable for young children (Quirk etal,1972,p.27) → Bộ phim hồn tồn khơng phù hợp với trẻ He saw me going out again → Anh lại nhìn thấy tơi chơi Traffic accidents are partly due to the poor condition of roads → Tại nạn giao thơng phần tình trạng tồi tệ đường xá We spoke to the victims themselves → Chúng tơi nói chuyện với nạn nhân 33 What the hell on the earth are you doing? → Cậu làm quái thế? However could John marry her → Làm quái thằng John lại cưới cô ta Yet, there are some cases in which the rough transformation of the English emphasizing word need be restructured because of being translated singly, their meaning in Vietnamese may well be out of context For example, when roughly transformed, the word “well” and “badly” means “tốt, giỏi or cách tốt ” and “xấu, tồi, dốt or cách tồi tệ ” But those Vietnamese words can not be suitable in the translation of such sentences as: She may well cry when she hears this news → Cơ khóc tốt nghe tin (rough transformation) His business is getting worse so he badly needs money → Công việc ngày tồi cần tiền cách tồi tệ (rough transformation) It is obvious in the above examples that the replacing Vietnamese word “tốt” and phrase “một cách tồi tệ” are unatural, not to mention impossible Therefore, they should be restructured into “rất” and “rất, hết sức, cực kỳ” respectively Cô khóc nghe tin Cơng việc anh ngày tồi (rất, cực kỳ) cần tiền In the same way the swear word and the auxiliary “do(es)” used for emphasis should have their rough transformation adjusted, i.e the translator tries to express the same denotational meaning with different Vietnamese terms based on different cases Do come to our wedding party! → Đến dự tiệc cưới chúng tôi! (Rough transformation) → đến dự tiệc cưới nhé! (Emphasis-oriented adjustment) I agree with you → Tôi đồng ý với anh (rough transformation) → Tơi hồn tồn đồng ý với anh (Emphasis-oriented adjustment) She does love you → Cô yêu cậu (rough transformation) → Cô thực yêu cậu (emphasis-oriented adjustment) The film is bloody interesting → Bộ phim hay (rough transformation) → Bộ phim hay (hết chỗ nói)(emphasis-oriented adjustment) 34 I bloody don‟t care → Tôi không quan tâm (Rough transformation) → Tôi đếch quan tâm (Emphasis-oriented adjustment) (i) Sentence with repetition Repetition being a syntactic means of emphasis, only the structure that have been roughly transformed should be adjusted to suit Vietnamese style But both Vietnamese and English have repetition For that reason, the rough transformation of structure is unchanged after emphasis-oriented adjustment For example: I want you, I need you, I love you - Rough transformation: Anh muốn em, anh cần em, anh yêu em - Emphasis-oriented adjustment: Anh muốn em, anh cần em, anh yêu em I didn‟t like the swimming pool, I didn‟t like swimming and I didn‟t like swimming instructor, and after all these years I still don‟t - Rough transformation: Tơi khơng thích bể bơi, tơi khơng thích bơi tơi chẳng thích giáo viên dạy bơi, sau năm không thích - Emphasis-oriented adjustment: Tơi khơng thích bể bơi, tơi khơng thích bơi tơi chẳng thích giáo viên dạy bơi, sau năm khơng thích In English as well as in Vietnamese, repetition is comprised of tautology and repeating the same words Since both semantic translation and communicative translation can be applied to translate the emphatic sentence, the structure in the form of English tautology sometimes can become the Vietnamese repeating of the same words and vice versa For instance: Alone alone, alone, (repeating the same word) All alone on a wide, wide sea! Lẻ loi, đơn độc tơi (tautology) Mỗi tơi giũa trùng dương bát ngát! (j) Cleft sentence Cleft sentence is seen in the model of either “It be that + clause”, “relative clause + be “or” + be + relative clause” * “It + be + Sb + that clause” After being roughly transformed, this structure should be adjusted to become “chính + + đã/đang/sẽ + làm sao/làm đó” or “Người đã/đang/sẽ + làm gì/làm + đó” For example: It was Freda who phoned jack last night - Rough transformation: →Đó Freda người gọi điện cho Jack hơm qua - Emphasis – oriented adjustment: →Chính Freda gọi điện cho Jack tối qua 35 →Người gọi điện cho Jack tối qua Freda It is you whom I love - Rough transformation: Đó em (anh) người anh (em) yêu - Emphasis-oriented adjustment: →Chính em (anh) người anh (em) yêu → Người em (anh) yêu anh (em) * “Relative clause + be + ” and “ + be + relative clause” After being roughly transformed, these structures should be unchanged In this case, the verb “be” in Vietnamese means “là” which itself is s stressing element The rough transformation of this cleft sentence can be accepted as the perfect version, though the translator wishing to lay more emphasis often repeats the subject of the sentence by using personal pronouns the most common of which are “đó” and “nó” For example: What you need most now is a good rest - Rough transformation: →Cái mà anh cần nghỉ ngơi tốt - Emphasis-oriented adjustment: →Cái mà anh cần bây giờ, nghỉ ngơi chu đáo Patience is a good servant whom all recommend, but few like to employ - Rough transformation: Kiên nhẫn người hầu tốt mà giới thiệu người sử dụng - Emphasis-oriented adjustment: kiên nhẫn người hầu tốt mà giới thiệu người sử dụng 36 CHAPTER 4: SOME SHORTCOMINGS AND MISTAKES IN THE ENGLISH-VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION OF EMPHATIC SENTENCES - CAUSES AND SOLUTIONS 4.1 Shortcomings and mistakes Translation from English into Vietnamese in general is the highest level of using English as a foreign language, therefore, becomes extremely difficult for learners The translation of emphatic sentences proves even more difficult Consequently, Vietnamese translators, especially those who has just strarted to this work and who disregard Vietnamese grammar, can not but make mistakes or show their shortcoming in translating sentences of this type Among these shortcomings and mistakes emerge the mains problems: 1) Emphasis absent from the Vietnamese sentence and 2)Incapability of producing more than one Vietnamese equivalent 4.1.1 Emphasis absent from the Vietnamese sentence In the process of translating emphatic sentences the translator occasionally produces a version from which emphasis is absent In other words, the Vietnamese sentence does not bear the sense of emphasis As a matter of fact, this phenomenon is seen in a variety of versions being the products of professional translators and unprofessional ones alike For example: “In corner was a blank canvas on an easel that had been waiting there for twenty-five years to receive the first line of the masterpiece” (O.Henry,1907,p.50) → “ Ở góc phòng, khung vải trơ trọi chờ đợi suốt hai mươi nhăm năm để nhận nét vẽ kiệt tác ” (The Vietnamese version by Nguyễn Xuân Thơm, 1997, p.229) “Rich as he is he never offers his money to anyone for charity” → “Mặc dù giàu không cho tiền lòng từ thiện” “I love her” → “Tơi yêu cô ấy” It is quite apparent that the version by Nguyen Xuan Thom and the other not carry emphasis because they are just normal Vietnamese sentences while the English to be translated are an inverted sentence and a fronted sentence To transfer the sense of emphasis in the English sentences to Vietnamese readers, the versions above should be adjusted as follows + “ Ở góc phòng trơ trọi khung vải chờ đợi suốt hai mươi nhăm năm để nhận nét vẽ kiệt tác ” + “Giàu, giàu thật không cho tiền lòng từ thiện” + „'Tơi thực u ấy” 37 Thus, the new versions of the same meaning carry emphasis as there is the phenomenon of inversion here 4.1.2 Incapability of producing more than one structural equivalent While many translators dealing with emphatic sentences can not reproduce the intended emphasis in the Vietnamese sentence or may make the mistake of ignoring it, some are limited to a translation which is too semantic, therefore, accepts only one structural equivalent That is to say, in any event, they try to reproduce the intended emphasis in the Vietnamese sentence exactly in the same way it has been produced in the English one As a result, some translators may well perform translation as follows *English: a Alone, alone, all alone (repeating the same word) Alone on a wide, wide sea! b Football he likes, but films he hates (Fronted object) c I got the letter from the managing director himself (Reflexive pronoun) *Vietnamese a Một mình, mình, tơi (Repeating the same word) Một tơi trùng dương bát ngát b Bóng đá thích, phim ảnh ghét.(Fronted verbcomplement) c Tội nhận thư từ giám đốc điều hành(Emphasis particle) and these translator think there are no alternatives better than the above Vietnamese structural equivalents However, as a matter of fact, communicative translation which, as it has been earlier mentioned, can be applied to render the emphatic sentences from English into Vietnamese allows the translator to give more than one structural equivalent For that reason, aside from the above structural equivalents, they are also satisfied with such versions as: a Lẻ loi, độc, tơi Mỗi tơi trùng dương bát ngát (Nguyễn Xuân Thơm, 1997) b Cái thích bóng đã, ghét phim ảnh (repeating the subject with pronoun) c Người trao thư cho tơi giám đốc điều hành(repeating the subject with pronoun) 4.2 Causes The problems that have been commented on all result from the incomplete understanding of Vietnamese grammar and emphasis, and the flexibility of translation 38 The first ploblem that is the absence of emphasis in the Vietnamese sentence results from either the translator’s failure to reproduce the intende emphasis or his leaving it out Firstly, some translators, when dealing with emphatic sentences, are unable to reproduce the intended emphasis This originates from a lack of English and Vietnamese emphasis in his knowledge of the two languages As a matter of fact, when they are to translate a sentence of this type, despite knowing what to deal with is an emphatic sentence, they often subjectively, i.e they endeavour to make it sound okay without making sure whether or not the Vietnamese sentence is written in a mode of emphasis As a consequence, they may well find “Giàu, giàu thật ” order than “mặc dù giàu ” as the version of “Rich as he is ”, Therefore, more often choose the latter Then, the disappearance of the intended emphasis after the English sentence is turned into the Vietnamese one is also atributed to the translator overlooking it Flexible as translation may be, the translator is not allowed to leave out the sense of emphasis in the Vietnamese sentence when it is intended by the English sentence writer Those who tend not to attempt to reproduce the emphasis argue that the actual work of a tranlator is mainly to translate a whole paragraph or a text in which an emphatic sentence is only a component, which means it is optional to re-make the emphasis in its Vietnamese equivalent The reason, as they suppose, is: this does not so much affect the success of the version The argument seems reasonable, for the ideas of a text and the writer’s attitude may be exposed by the combined meanings of the component sentences However, on the one hand, when focus is placed on making out a writer’s attitude or feeling, i.e it needs full reproduction, emphasis is not allowed to be lost in the Vietnamese sentence On the other hand, readers always wish to conceive all aspects of a text to the highest level, which is very necessary for them to be able to analyze the values of a work and of the writer’s thinking, sentiment or attitude towards the problems put forward in her writing Therefore, if able, the translator is advised to reproduce the intended emphasis in his Vietnamese versions of English emphatic sentences The second problem of the translator (that is she sometimes accepts only one version in dealing with emphatic sentences), on the one hand, is attributed to his ignorance of the variety of Vietnamese emphasis means It would be better to say the translators finding it hard, sometimes impossible, to make more than one Vietnamese structural equivalent are those who are lazy studying Vietnamese emphasis and whose translation is the product of the combining translations of all single words and phrases, not reproduction of an English idea in Vietnamese A good illustration of this is that learners of English are aware of only version as an emphatic sentence On the other hand, this limitation is due to the translator’s extreme preference of semantic translation While semantic translation responds to the author, it sometimes bores or confuses readers, particularly those who not penetrate Vietnamese emphasis, regarding it as an abnormal way of utterance Thus, the causes presented above are a good ground for the author of the paper to suggest the solutions for the specific problems 39 4.3 Solutions On the basis of the causes previously pointed out, the author subjectively suggests some solutions to advoid the unexpected absence of emphasis in the Vietnamese sentence as well as to improve the incapability of producing more than one Vietnamese structural equivalent of an English emphasizing structure In the first place, those who assume that it is not compulsory to reproduce the intended emphasis of an English emphatic sentence in its Vietnamese equivalent and who may accept only one version in terms of emphasizing structures should look into translation-theory books more thoroughly, particularly the suggestion of translation methods in which semantic translation and communicative translation are typical cases in point Within the scope of a sentence to be translated, the two methods, despite their differences, have one thing in common: the semantic nuance of the writer’s idea is to be unchanged To put it more simply, emphasis should be maintained in the translation of emphatic sentence from English into Vietnamese For illustration, let us look back at the translation of the English emphatic sentence “Rich as he is, he never offers his money to anyone for charity” As far as Vietnamese emphasis is concerned, the version of “Mặc dù anh giàu anh không cho tiền lòng từ thiện” can not enable readers to feel the sentence-writer’s mockery or bad feeling toward the man so exactly as that of “Giàu giàu thật không cho tiền lòng từ thiện” Also, the necessity of getting an insight into the translation theory is because of the fact that the translator will be able to find semantic translation, although acceptably used, is not as much preferred communicative translation It is by communicative translation that a translator can produce more than one structural a equivalent Secondly, to maintain the intended emphasis and to perform a flexible translation when an English emphatic sentence is rendered into its Vietnamese equivalent, the translator should make an investigation of emphasis in English as well as Vietnamese which is as full and thorough as possible The meaning of an emphatic sentence is usually unclear interms of how to interprete the sense of emphasis, though emphasis is mentioned almost in all English grammar books This leads to the translator being confused about how to correctly and exactly transfer the sentence-writer’s message to readers That is why the more emphasis is studied, the better it is reproduced in translation For instance, but for studying English emphasis, one can not learn that “There comes the train.” is an exclamation of recognition, therefore, does not attempt to make its Vietnamese equivalent an exclamation of recognition like “Tàu đến kìa” In addition, without looking into Vietnamese emphasis, the translator is very likely to incompletely reproduce the sense of emphasis indicated by “do” in the English sentence “Do have dinner with me!” that can be “Ăn tối với nhé” or “Ăn tối với đi” or “phải ăn tối với đấy” 40 Moreover, equipped with a thorough knowledge of English and Vietnamese the translator will be able to employ a variety of ways to establish emphasis in the two languages This will enable him to deal with emphatic sentences more flexibly In other words, the translator is easily ready to accept more than one structural equivalent of emphasis For example, to stress film as someone’s liking English people can say It is film that I like or film, I like or what I like is film while Vietnamese people say phim tơi thích or tơi thích phim or phim tơi thích Therefore, we can translate the sentence It is film that I like into phim tơi thích or tơi thích phim or phim tơi thích Clearly, to avoid the above- mentioned shortcomings, translators can not but study carefully materials concerning English and Vietnamese emphasis accompanied with translation theory 41 CONCLUSION Review of study The thesis has been completed in the author’s hope that it would become a good material of reference for Vietnamese students of English-Vietnamese translation, particularly those who deal with private correspondence, high literature or important statements, etc perhaps, it could also be useful for translators with a little experience Briefly, the study is aimed at exposing the suggestion of possible ways to render the emphatic sentence from English into Vietnamese and finding out some shortcomings and mistakes that may be faced by Vietnamese in dealing with English emphasis The thesis is designed into four chapters The first two chapters are related to the generalization of translation and emphasis In chapter 1, attention is called to the definition of translation and available translation methods By reviewing those, the author of this thesis hopes to remind her readers of the nature of translation, enabling them to decide which type of translation her usual way is Chapter gives the readers a chance to approach to a rather difficult item of English and Vietnamese grammar-the emphasis In this chapter the author tries to dicuss the two emphases combinedly That is to say, her presentation goes from a device of English emphasis to its Vietnamese counterpart before another device is explored, the emphasis device which is only popular in either English or Vietnamese is dealt with finally in the chapter so that the readers can easily compare the emphasis in between the two languages The first two chapters act as the theoretical basis for finding the path for the translation of emphatic sentences from English into Vietnmese In the last two chapters, the practice of the translation is commented on Chapter deals with the English-Vietnamese translaton of emphatic sentences Although the chapter directly focuses on how transfer each kind of emphatic sentence with emphasis into its Vietnamese equivalent, a small room in the first place is reserved for the translation methods in use-semantic translation and communicative translation which both can be employed to this translation This helps the readers to learn that different as they are the two methods applied to translate the emphatic sentence sometimes produce the same version form an original sentence Secondly, the readers Are provided with an access to how the English-Vietnamese translation of the emphatic sentence goes and falls into stages and steps In Chapter 4, the author attempts to find out some problems possibly encountered by translators as well as students of translation in dealing with emphasis, and by the way he boldly puts forward the solutions for these problems that sound theoretical but, to many people, are mainly typical ones taken from reliable books, though some of them are made by the author herself These examples effectively function as illustrations serving the readers when they wish to get an insight into the study Suggestion for further studies Due to the lack of time and reference material, it is impossible for me to examine the subject-matter thoroughly and adequately The author has not yet included in the thesis all devices of emphasis there may be in English There are some means of 42 expressing emphasis which may not be popularly used For example, in refusing something we can say either: No, I didn‟t (normal refusal) Or No, I did not (emphatic refusal) Or we can reply to an affirmative statement with a negative question to express emphatic agreement For example: “It is very nice today” ~ “yes, isn‟t it? I enjoy it” “He can give her anything she likes” ~ “yes, can‟t he?” And so on Emphasis can be also shown by polysyndeton (placing a conjuction “and, or”after every term in the list except the last) or by asyndeton (using no conjunctions and separating the termsof the list with comas), as follows: We stopped on the way to camp and bought supplies: bread and butter and cheese and hamburger and hot dogs and beer (polysyndeton) We stopped on the way to camp and bought supplies: bread, butter, cheese, hamburger, hot dogs and beer (esyndeton) In addition, a sentence is made emphatic when it is balanced, that is, the sentence divides into roughly equal parts on either side of the central pause In balance constructions words are stressed by being positioned so that they are played against one another, such as: It is a sort of cold extravagance; and it has made him all enemies Till he had a wife e could nothing; and he had a wife he did whatever she chose Those are the devices of English emphasis that have not been investigated in the study Consequently, the ways of translating the sentences made emphatic like this has not been found either In conclusion, some further issues that should continue to be studied could be enumerated as follows: - Other possible devices of emphasisin written English - Other possible devices of emphasis in written Vietnamese that need to be employed - Ways of conveying the English emphatic sentence with those extra devices into Vietnamese equivalents The thesis author expect that these issues will be studied sometime in the future to meet the requirements of translating all types English emphatic sentences into Vietnamese as adequately and appropriately as possible 43 REFERENCES In Vietnamese: Bà Huyện Thanh Quan (19th century) Qua Đèo Ngang, http://www.thivien.net, retrieve on 19,march,2018 Bùi Tiến Bảo, Đặng Xuân Thu (1999) Interpreting And Translation Coursebook Hanoi University Of Foreign Studies Đào Vũ (1972) Cái Sân Gạch Và Vụ Lúa Chiêm Hải Dương: NXB Hội Nhà Văn Diệp Quang Ban & Hoàng Văn Thung (1991) Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Việt Tập NXB Giáo Dục Việt Nam Diệp Quang Ban (1996) Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Việt Tập 1.Hà Nội NXB Giáo Dục Diệp Quang Ban (1998) Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Việt Tập 2.Hà Nội NXB Giáo Dục Đinh Trọng Lạc (1995) 99 Phương Tiện Và Biện Pháp Tu Từ Tiếng Việt NXB Giáo Dục Đỗ Việt Hùng (1997) Sách Kiến Thức Tiếng Việt Phổ Thơng NXB Hà Nội Hồ Chí Minh (1947) Thơ Chúc tết năm Đinh Hợi Hà Nội: NXB Sự thật Hồ Chí Minh (1968) Nhật kí Trong Tù Quảng Tây,Trung Quốc: NXB Văn Học Hoàng Phê (1997) Vietnamese Dictionary Center of Lexicography: DaNang Publishing Nam Cao (1941) Cái Lò Gạch Cũ Hà Nội: NXB Đời Mới Nam Cao (1944) Sống Mòn.Hà Nội NXB Văn Học Ngơ Tất Tố (1937) Tắt Đèn,https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki, Retrieve on 19,march,2018 Ngô Tất Tố (1941) Việc làng, https://www.sachhayonline.com/tua-sach/viec-lang, Retrieve on 20,Frebruary,2018 Nguyễn Ba (1999) Syntactic Devices For Emphasis In English Vietnam National University: Hanoi College Of Foreign Language Nguyễn Ba (1999) Syntactic Devices For Emphasis In English Vietnam National University: Hanoi College Of Foreign Language Nguyễn Đình Thi (1951) Xung,Kích,http://www.vnmilitaryhistory.net, Retrieve on 19,march,2018 Nguyễn Du (1820).Truyện 19,march,2018 Kiều,https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki, 44 Retrieve on Nguyễn Khải (1960) Mùa Lạc Điện Biên,http://kilopad.com/truyen-ngan,Retrieve on 19,march,2018 Nguyễn Kiên (1963) Anh Keng,http://kilopad.com/Tieu-thuyet-truyen-ngan,Retrieve on 19,march,2018 Nguyễn Thanh Tú & Trần Châu Hòa (1999) Giáo Trình Tiếng Việt Thực Hành Học Viện Khoa Học Quân Sự Hà Nội Nguyễn Xuân Thơm (1997) A History Of English And American Literature Hanoi: Thế Giới Publisher Thế Lữ (1935) Tiếng Sáo Thiên Tai Hà Nội: NXB văn Học Tố Hữu (1945) Ta Đi Tới,http://www.thivien.net, Retrieve on 19,march,2018 Xuân Diệu (1938).Vội Vàng,http://www.thivien.net, Retrieve on 19,march,2018 In English: Coleridge, S T (1798) The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,https://www.pinterest.com, Retrieve on 19,march,2018 E.Skipp,F.(1987).The Complete Short Story Of https://www.goodreads.com, Retrieve on 19,march,2018 Thomas Wolf, F.Kenedy, J (1961) Bài Diễn Văn Nhậm Chức Của Tổng Thống Mỹ John F.Kenedy http://www.nangluongnhiet.vn/xahoi/272-bai-dien-van-nham-chuc-cua-tongthong-my-john-f-kennedy Hornby, A S (1993) The Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Encyclopaedic Dictionary United Kingdom: Oxford University Press; 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FOREIGN LANGUAGES TRAN THI THANH TAM EMPHATIC SENTENCES IN ENGLISH AND WAYS TO TRANSLATE THEM INTO VIETNAMESE (CÂU NHẤN MẠNH TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ CÁCH DỊCH SANG TIẾNG VIỆT) (SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL... Emphatic sentences in English and ways to translate them into Vietnamese (Câu nhấn mạnh tiếng anh cách dịch sang tiếng việt) is my own research work and not coppied from any other person’s work... a look at some examples below Hồ Chí Minh tiếng người Việt Nam chứ? (= Người Việt Nam biết Hồ Chí minh người q tiếng) Sao anh không chơi thôn Vỹ? (= Anh chơi thôn Vỹ.) (Hàn Mặc Tử,1939) Địa vị