... that bank This is the magic of blind signatures that Chaum introduces He explains it with an paper-based analogy Let’s say Alice is a customer at Chaum Bank and wants some paper blind signature... "online," which means that merchants must contact a bank or credit card company for every transaction to verify that funds are available And these transactions are "centralized" because the system... or Merkle tree, hashes are taken of all chunks as in a hash list, but then these hashes are paired and the hash of each pair is taken, and these hashes are then paired again, and so on until there