MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A THESIS A STUDY ON ENGLISH EXPRESSIONS DENOTING TIME WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS (NGHIÊN CỨU CÁC BIỂU ĐẠT TIẾNG ANH CHỈ THỜI GIAN TRONG SỰ LIÊN HỆ VỚI TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG TIẾNG VIỆT) TRẦN THỊ KIM HIẾU Hanoi, 2016 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY - - M.A THESIS A STUDY ON ENGLISH EXPRESSIONS DENOTING TIME WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS (NGHIÊN CỨU CÁC BIỂU ĐẠT TIẾNG ANH CHỈ THỜI GIAN TRONG SỰ LIÊN HỆ TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG VỚI TIẾNG VIỆT) TRẦN THỊ KIM HIẾU Field: English Language Code: 60220201 Supervisor: Đang Ngoc Huong, Ph.D Hanoi, 2016 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled A STUDY ON ENGLISH EXPRESSIONS DENOTING TIME WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS (Nghiên cứu biểu đạt tiếng Anh thời gian liên hệ tương đương với tiếng Việt) Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English linguistics Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without acknowledgement in the text of the thesis Ha Noi, 2016 Trần Thị Kim Hiếu Approved by Đang Ngoc Huong, Ph.D Date …………………………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could not have been completed without the help and support from a number of people First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dang Ngoc Huong , my supervisor, who has patiently and constantly supported me through the stages of the study, and whose stimulating ideas, expertise, and suggestions have inspired me greatly through my growth as an academic researcher A special word of thanks goes to all my lectures and officers of Falcuty of Graduate Studies, Hanoi Open University and many others, without whose support and encouragement it would never have been possible for me to have this thesis accomplished Last but not least, I am greatly indebted to my family, my husband and my daughter and son for the sacrifice they have devoted to the fulfillment of this academic work ii ABSTRACT As the tittle of the thesis indicates: A Study on English Expressions Denoting Time with Reference to their Vietnamese Equivalents, the purpose of the study is to point out the semantic and syntactic features of English expressions denoting time and their Vietnamese equivalents To carry out this research, the writer used such methods as descriptive, statistical and analytical In addition, a survey questionnaire was carried out for the first year students of mechanical courses at Hanoi University of Industry In the end, the research worked out the reasons for those mistakes which the students had made in using time denoting expressions in English and proposed the implications on teaching and learning English expressions of time iii LIST OF TABLES Figure 4.1: The percentage syntantic of English expressions denoting time 43 Figure 4.2 :The percentage of semantic features of English expressions denoting time 51 Figure 4.3: Result of Results of survey 52 iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS E.g For example i.e That is S Subject O Object V Verb A Adverbial C Complement N Noun NP Noun phrase Prep Preposition Qs Questions p Page EFL English as a foreign language v TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii LIST OF TABLES iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS v TABLE OF CONTENTS vi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale for the research 1.2 Aims of the research 1.3 Objectives of the research 1.4 Scope of the research 1.5 Significance of the research 1.6 Structure organization of the thesis CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Review of previous studies 2.1.1 Previous studies overseas 2.1.2 Previous studies in Vietnam 2.2 Review of theoretical background 2.2.1 Theoretical framework 2.2.1.1 Definition of time 2.2.1.2 Tenses in English 2.2.1.3 Aspects in English 12 2.2.2 Theoretical background 15 2.2.2.1 Phrases in English 15 2.2.2.1.1 Definition of phrases 15 2.2.2.1 Characteristics of phrases 15 2.2.2.1.3 Functions of phrases 16 2.2.2.2 Clauses in English 23 2.2.2.2.1.Definition of clauses 23 2.2.2.2 Characteristics of clauses 24 2.2.2.2 Functions of clauses 25 2.2.2.3 Adverbials of time 28 vi 2.2.2.3.1 Definition of adverbials of time 28 2.2.2.3.2 Characteristics of adverbials of time 28 2.2.2.3 Functions of adverbials of time 30 2.2.3 Chapter summary 31 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 32 3.1 Research orientations 32 3.1.1 Research questions 32 3.1.2 Research setting 32 3.1.3 Research approach 32 3.1.4 Data-related issues/criteria for intended data collection 33 3.2 Research methods 34 3.2.1 Major methods 34 3.2.2 Supporting methods 34 3.2.3 Data collection techniques 34 3.2.4 Data analysis techniques 35 3.3 Chapter summary 36 CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 37 4.1 Syntactic features of expressions denoting time in English and their equivalents in Vietnamese 37 4.1.1 English time expressions as single words 37 4.1.2 English time expressions as phrases 39 4.1.3 English time expressions as clauses 41 Semantic features of expressions denoting time in English and their equivalents in Vietnamese 43 4.2.1 English expressions denoting a point of time 44 4.2.2 English expressions denoting a boundary of time 46 4.3 Suggestions on teaching and learning expressions denoting time for Vietnamese learners of English 51 4.3.1 Common mistakes in time expressions by Vietnamese learners of English 52 4.3.2.Some suggested solutions to improve teaching and learning expressions denoting time 54 4.4 Chapter summary 56 vii CHAPTER V CONCLUSION 58 5.1 Recapitulation 58 5.2 Concluding remarks 58 5.3 Limitations of the research 59 5.4 Suggestions for a future research 60 REFERENCES 61 APPENDICES APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX viii Question 6: You make mistake in expressing time because A You can not determine the exact position of time expressions B You are not clear about English time expressions C Both A and B Question 7: How does your teacher teach time expressions? A Give the rules and structures B Give examples to explain the structures C Gving the rules and let pupils repeat and exercise Question Which way you like the best? A Giving the rules and structure B Giving examples to explain the structures C Translating time expressions Question In order to use time expressions effectively How you want to learn? A Using pictures B Giving exercises C.Other suggested ways Questions 10 How you get practiced in class? A Using translation B Describing pictures C Playing game Thank you for your cooperation! APPENDIX EXERCISES Exercise1: Arrange the words to mark sentences Place time expressions at the end of the sentence: For example: haven't / recently / seen / I / him I haven't seen him recently at 6a.m / I'll / you / see / tomorrow / ………………………………………………………………… twice / my husband / beer / last weekend / drank ………………………………………………………………… 3.as soon as possible / you / him / the truth / tell / should ………………………………………………………………… tomorrow / He / here / will / the day / be/ after ………………………………………………………………… 5.haven't / laterly / talked / we/ each other/ to ………………………………………………………………… Exercise2: Decide where to place the time expressions (The sentences are similar to allow you to concentrate on the time expressions.) Examples: a.We went to the cinema yesterday b.We went yesterday to the cinema yesterday c Both sentences are correct a I seldom am at the cinema b I am seldom at the cinema c Both sentences are correct a I don’t go to the cinema everyweek b I don’t go every week to the cinema c Both sentences are correct a Francis does not always go to the cinema b Francis does not go to the cinema always c Both sentences are correct a Do frequently you go to the cinema? b Do you frequently go to the cinema? c Both sentences are correct a My friend didn’t go to the cinema on Friday b On Friday My friend didn’t go to the cinema c Both sentences are correct Exercise 3: Combine the following sentences using adverbial clause at the end or at beginning of the sentence) We watched the robins They raised their young in our apple tree …………………………………………………………………………… Becky read the book It was recommended by a friend …………………………………………………………………………… Dad donates his suits to charity He has worn them a year …………………………………………………………………………… The policemen delayed the drivers The wrecks were cleared …………………………………………………………………………… Ann ate an apple She studied her vocabulary …………………………………………………………………………… Execise 4: Find the time expressions clause in these sentences Example: We were about to leave when a slim, dark man came on board when a slim, dark man came on board (Time expressions) You seem very happy when you help other people …………………………………………………………………………… While you wait, we will detail your car …………………………………………………………………………… I am happy when I meet my mother and my sisters ………………………………………………………………………… While she was cooking, her husband was reading a daily paper ………………………………………………………………………… The woman took notes while being taught to cook with broccoli ………………………………………………………………………… Execise 5: Translate these sentences into English Thứ bảy tuần trước gặp cô ấy, mời cô xem phim ………………………………………………………………………………… Hôm học, khen ……………………………………………………………………………… Tơi tìm kiếm khắp nơi cuối anh quán rượu ……………………………………………………………………………… Ngày mai anh đến ………………………………………………………………………………… Trước gặp chưa nhỉ? ………………………………………………………………………………… APPENDIX ENGLISH EXPRESSIONS DENOTING TIME A English time expressions as single words 01 02 Now, my hundred sheep are one Bây giờ, đàn cừu trăm hundred and one trở thành trăm lẻ con,” Tomorrow I should see my little Ngày mai, lại gặp tiểu thư lady bé bỏng He died of thist in than inferno, Hắn chết khát nóng khủng khiếp ngày hôm qua 03 yesterday 04 It had been hard to talk to her Trước đây, thật khó khăn để nói chuyện với nàng before 06 07 Gatewood said his daughter Audrey Gatewood nói gái ơng ta goes out for a walk daily Audrey dạo hàng ngày He visits the judge in his big stone Anh ta đến thăm vị thẩm phán house monthly nhà đá to lớn ông ta hàng tháng 09 It had been hard to talk to her Trước đây, thật khó khăn để nói chuyện với nàng before 10 11 He died of thist in than inferno, Hắn chết khát nóng yesterday khủng khiếp ngày hôm qua Then, He saw a long gray shark Rồi ơng nhìn thấy cá mập xám dài 13 Later I ran and picked the apple Lúc sau chạy lại nhặt from the floor 14 Today táo rơi sàn nhà was different He was Hôm khác Hắn ta ăn stealing my apples 15 “Little lady, tomorrow? ” won’t cắp trái táo ta it keep “ Tiểu thư bé bỏng, để đến ngày mai sao?” 16 He had filled his bags with all sort Ông bỏ đầy túi loại vỏ sò đủ để of seashells enough to study yearly 17 “Yes, I refuse to answer” At that “ Vâng em từ chối trả lời đấy” Với câu she looked me in the eyes again 18 nói ta nhìn vào mắt tơi lần I would never be able to trust her Tôi khơng tin tưởng again 19 20 nghiên cứu hàng năm Mr Gageous continued his work Ơng Gageous tiếp tục cơng việc weekly hàng tuần I think he has seen you before Ta nghĩ trước ông ta thấy cậu 21 Now, an Lisabeta, old rented woman, its Sigora Hiện bà già tên Lisabeta cho rooms to sinh viên trường Đại học Padua students at the University of Padua 22 And tomorrow I would Rồi ngày mai tơi làm điều something else 23 24 thuê phòng tòa nhà Do you know that you came near Anh có biết st mạng dying today? hôm không? Mrs Miller spent in bed yearly Mrs Miller nằm liệt giường suốt năm 25 Her anger was as hot as mine now Cơn giận chẳng tơi B English time expressions as phrases 26 She didn’t meet me at last - Cô không gặp vào cuối weekend 27 One evening in January, Mrs Một đêm tháng Giêng, bà Miller xem Miller saw and advertisement for a thấy quảng cáo phim movie The party last night was rather Bữa tiếc tối qua nhàm chán boring 28 From p.m to p.m, the council Từ hai chiều đến năm chiều, talked and talked 29 30 31 32 33 toàn hội đồng bàn bạc John kissed his mother good – bye, Jonh hôn từ biệt mẹ, rời khỏi nhà and left home with Seth in 1966 với Seth vào năm 1966 How black and still that night was! Đêm hôm đen tĩnh mịch làm So different from a moonlight – chứ! Thật khác đêm đầy ánh night a week ago trăng cách tuần I’m going to tell you something I Tôi kể cho cô biết chuyện, vừa overheard only a short time ago mintutes ago, I heard someone Khoảng năm phút trước, nghe có run down the street tiếng chân chạy xi phố - Mr Gageous got up at 7:30 the Sáng hôm sau Mr Gageous thức dạy luc bảy ba mươi phút next morning 34 We make Lassen the every Sáng hôm nào, cập đảo morning 35 She used to spread our sheep skin Bà thường trải da cừu cho for the cats outside during cold nights 36 đêm lạnh lẽo áo He would come back the next night Ông ta trở lại vào tối mai để bắt to get the dog 38 the mèo bên suốt He wore the same clothes every Ngày mặc quần day 37 Laysen chó I my homework at o’clock in Tối học vào lúc the evenings 39 I usually have short holidays in Tơi thường có chuyến du lich summer ngắn vào mùa hè 40 They learn English on Monday Họ học tiếng Anh vào ngày thứ hai 41 That night, Ida made a decision, Tối hơm Ida định không she would never again give Adam cho Adam uống nhiều more than one glass of wine ly rượu 42 Ioften looked at her lying that way Tôi thường ngắm nàng thể as I sat working late at night 43 The summer lasts from May to Ở Việt Nam mùa hè kéo dài từ tháng September in Vietnam 44 tơi làm việc khuya năm đến tháng chín For you is born this day in the city Hôm ngày giáng sinh Đấng of Bethlethem, the Savior who is Cứu Thế thành Bethehem, Christ the Lord 45 Đức Chúa Trời Next morning I called him to my Sáng hôm sau gọi vào văn office “ Bottlebie! Will you tell me phòng anything about youself ? ” 46 Days passed, and I went to see Nhiều ngày sau đó, tơi lại đến thăm Bottlebie again 47 The weather had changed again Thời tiết lại thay đổi kể từ hôm chủ since Sunday 48 Bottlebie nhật One night, my head began to ache Một đêm nọ, đầu ông bắt đầu đau nhức, 49 That night, he went to the judge’s Tối hơm đó, anh đến nhà vị thẩm house 50 Seth had built the little house Seth dựng nhà nhỏ bé trước several years before 51 phán nhiều năm John worked hard that summer, Mùa hè đó, John chăm làm việc, planting corn and potatoes for his anh trồng bắp khoai tây cho gia family 53 đình He had to go into the woods alone Năm nay, anh phải vào rừng that year because Seth had moved Seth chuyển sang sống miền to another part of the country 55 khác The party last night was rather Bữa tiếc tối qua nhàm chán boring 56 All the night sounds and smells Tất âm mùi hương ban đêm 57 58 “ Fifteen years ago, I was fist mate “Mười lăm năm trước, thuyền on the “ Caliban,” phó thứ Caliban” The next morning Adam opened Sáng hôm sau, Adam mở cửa thả the door and let the dog out 59 In the morning, at breakfast, Ida’s Buổi sang, điểm tâm, đôi mắt Ida eyes were red 60 Caniba mười lăm năm trước Yeserday he is cleaning the floor, Hơm qua lau sàn nhà, anh nhìn he found Jonh’s shoes 61 thu lại thuyền I was first mate on the “ Caniba” Tôi thuyền phó thứ fifteen years ago 62 đỏ ngầu Twenty years ago, I helped pick up Hai mươi năm trước, giúp công this same boat 61 chó ngồi thấy đơi giầy John That night, Ida made a decision, Tối hơm Ida định không she would never again give Adam cho Adam uống nhiều more than one glass of wine 63 ly rượu At eleven o’clock each morning, Mỗi sáng lúc 11 giờ, có người số one of the men would bring nhân viên mang đến cho Bottleble some ginger cakes 63 Bottlebie bánh gừng On the sixth day, somewhat Đến ngày thứ sáu, với chút hi vọng, hopefully, I looked into the office tơi nhìn vào văn phòng Bottlebie Bottlebie used 64 A few days later, a stranger visited Vài ngày sau, người lạ mặt đến me in my new office 65 Long time ago, before your mother Cách lâu lắm, trước cha me and father was born, 66 văn phòng tơi cháu sinh ra, At about midnight, I lost all Khoảng nửa đêm, ông cảm giác feeling and a terrible darkness filled hoàn toàn bong tối khủng khiếp ập my eyes 67 vào mắt ông At the end of August He had Vào cuối tháng tám, anh dành dụm saved a dollar đô la 68 By the middle of October, John Vào tháng Mười, anh để dành had saved five dollars to give to the năm đo la để trả cho ngài thẩm judge 69 phán Several days later, Jonh’s mother Nhiều ngày sau đó, mẹ John bảo anh asked him to go into town to buy vào thị trấn mua vải cloth 70 On the first day of November, Vào ngày một, tháng Mười Một, John John kissed his mother good – bye, hôn từ biệt mẹ, rời khỏi nhà với and left home with Seth 71 Seth In the early March, his pile of Vào đầu tháng Ba, chồng da thú animal skins was almost as tall as chất cao gần anh he was 72 - His eyes remind me of that Colly - Ánh mắt khiến anh liên tưởng you had last year He’s a queer tới gã Colly năm ngoái theo đuổi em fellow 73 He got up at 7:30 every morning Ông thức dạy lúc bảy ba mươi phút sáng 74 The weather had changed again Thời tiết lại thay đổi kể từ hôm chủ since Sunday nhật C English time expressions as clauses 75 They haven’t talked to each other since Họ khơng nói chuyện với they had aquarrel kể từ họ có tranh cãi 76 I didn’t realize that she love me until Tôi không nhận cô she left for England yêu cô rời khỏi Anh 77 After he died, his money was offered to Sau qua đời, tài sẳn ông the poor in his home village chia cho người nghèo làng 78 Before taking this course, you should Trước tham gia khóa học này, have a knowledge of higher bạn cần phải có kiến thức mathematics 79 toán học cao I didn’t realize her until seeing her Tôi không nhận name in the list nhìn thấy tên danh sách 80 When machines are improved, his Khi thiết bị máy cải thiện, factory earns much profit nhà máy anh kiếm nhiều lợi nhuận 81 82 While she was cooking, her husband Trong nấu, chồng was reading a daily paper cô đọc báo hàng ngày When seeing the natives, he ran away Khi nhìn thấy cư dân địa, ông bỏ chạy 83 When machines are improved, his Khi thiết bị máy cải thiện, factory earns much profit nhà máy anh kiếm nhiều lợi nhuận While she was cooking, her husband Trong nấu, chồng 84 was reading a daily paper 85 My family moved in New York, two Gia đình tơi chuyển tới New York, years ago, before the winter came cô đọc báo hàng ngày hai năm , trước mùa đông đến 86 87 Walter might get married before she Walter lấy vợ trước bà giáo finished educating him dục xong Never knowing when I was going to Chẳng biết get a Jap knife between my shoulders 88 ăn dao Nhật Bản vào ngực When I first was her come up the Khi vừa thấy nàng bước lên gangplank at Yindano, ván cầu Yindano 89 When she turned to face me Khi nàng quay lại đối diện với 90 She was on deck when I got there, Nàng boong, lúc tơi leo lên 91 When I came to them, the Cap introced Khi tới chỗ họ, Thuyền trưởng us 92 When giới thiệu với nhau, the loading was finished, Khi việc chất hàng xong , Captain Harrison sent me to the wheel Thuyền trưởng Harrison yêu cầu to head the “ Cabiban” out of the tơi lái chíc Caliban rời khỏi cảng harbor 93 When she came on deck the next Sáng hôm sau, gặp morning, she called, “ Hello, Mr boong, nàng tỏ than mật với 94 Duncan” “ Chào anh, Duncan! ” His eyes narrowed when he saw me Cặp mắt gã vằn đỏ hằn học thấy 95 My blows taking some effect when I Các cú đấm phát huy heard her voice from somewhere tác dụng nghe thấy giọng nàng cất lên, từ nơi 96 97 As soon as he came back, I will be - Khi ngài trở granted an interview tiếp kiến When I awoke the moonlight was Khi thức giấc, ánh trăng shining into the cabin and I was alone soi vào cabin tơi 98 When I awoke , the ship was pitching Nhưng lúc tỉnh giấc, thấy fearfully thuyền đâng ngồi trồi lên ngụp xuống dội 99 When I climbed on deck, a cloud of hot Khi trèo lên boong, bị đám ashes enveloped and almost smothered mây tro hầm hập bao trùm lấy, me 100 When I arrived at the address he gave I saw a fat lady leaving the building Khi đến địa , tơi thấy có người đàn bà to béo rời khỏi nhà 101 While I was at the police station, a Trong tơi đồn cảnh sát young policeman stuck his head into viên cảnh sát trẻ thò đầu vào the room phòng D English expressions denoting a point of time 102 Now, if I would give you agift for your birthday Could you make a choise.) Bây giờ, cha cho chọn quà sinh nhật, chọn q khơng 103 104 105 “Well, ” Marcord said “It’s perfectly “ Thế đấy”.Macord nói “ Bây clear to me now việc rõ ràng Now, Mr Mendon thought, “ Millicent Hiện ngài Mendon nghĩ “ would have to go alone Millicent phải mình” Now in his old age, Lawrence Macey Giờ với tuổi già, Lawrence had become a kind of marriages Macey gần trở thành người tư vấn hôm nhân 06 Today was different He was stealing Nhưng hôm khác Hắn ta my apples ăn cắp trái táo 107 Today was different He was stealing my apples 108 Today was different He was stealing my apples 109 Young people nowadays don’t respect their teachers any more 110 Nowadays, Progesses in medicine can help people lengthen our ages Nhưng hôm khác Hắn ta ăn cắp trái táo Nhưng hôm khác Hắn ta ăn cắp trái táo tơi Giới trẻ ngày khơng tôn trọng giáo viên họ Ngày tiến y học giúp người kéo dài tuổi thọ 111 Good bye, Adam, Iwill see you Chào Adam, gặp anh tối tonight 112 They were supported to go to Mrs 113 Họ dự định tối dự tiệc Targer’s house for dinner tonight nhà bà Targer I didn’t sleep last night Đêm qua không ngủ 114 My daughter was kidnapped last night Con gái tơi bị bắt cóc tối qua 115 It said a seaman from the Mercury, Một thủy thủ tàu Mercury tên Steward Macord, had sailed it in last Steward Macord đưa vào night cảng tối hôm qua E English expressions denoting a boudary of time 116 After his father died, John’s mother Sau người cha mất, mẹ John told him he would have to take care of bảo anh phải đảm đương, gánh vác the family việc gia đình 117 After he had drunk a quart of hot water, Sau uống nước, anh cảm the man found he was able to stand 118 We can go some Saturday after 119 thấy đứng dạy Chúng tơi vào thứ bảy Maggie’s office closes sau Maggi tan sở We will finish before he arrives Chúng tơi hồn thành trước ơng đến 120 Walter might get married before she 121 Walter lấy vợ trước bà giáo finished educating him dục xong He would have some hot water before Anh thiết phải uống ly he began nước nóng trước bắt đầu tiếp 122 I could have jumped into his taxi, caught the bus before it reach Mahim Tơi nhẩy lên Taxi anh ta, đuổi kịp xe buýt trước đến Malin 123 - He had done a good deed everyday since he took his oath 124 - I have played tennis since I was a young boy 125 We haven’t met each other since last Chrismas 126 When I got there, father lit a cigarette - Mỗi ngày làm việc thiện từ ta tuyên thề -Tôi chơi tennis từ tơi cậu bé Chúng tơi khơng gặp kể từ Giáng sinh năm ngối Khi tơi đến, cha đốt điều thuốc 127 When I came to them, the Cap introced Khi tới chỗ họ, Thuyền trưởng us giới thiệu với nhau, 128 They have lived here since 1987 Họ làm việc từ năm 1978 129 She was on deck when I got there Nàng boong, lúc leo lên 130 I wait till the streetlight leap out of the Tôi đợi đèn dark đường phố từ bong tối nhảy 131 They grained and grained until he could not keep his mind steady Những đau cào xé lại khơng giữ trí óc tỉnh táo 132 I will wait untill / till he comes back Tôi đợi đến anh trở lại 133 Tôi trông theo nàng tới I watched her till she disappeared nàng khuất 134 As soon as he came back, I will be Khi ngài trở granted an interview tiếp kiến 135 Assuming her that all their troubles Anh an ủi bà mẹ tất nỗi lực, would end as soon as he got his chance cực nhọc họ chấm rứt to go to London anh co hội Lon Đon ... communication, create the combination of culture, language usage and creative competence personality and mark of time and give contribution to language teaching and learning It may help Vietnamese. .. referring to a hypothetical situation rather than to one that has already happened The following example also has a past tense form but refers to a hypothetical situation Example: - If John examined... restricted ranges of noun phrases Adverbial Noun phrases function as adverbial in expressions of time, location direction, manner, and intensification: - But you have to wait a long time - The flag goes