E12 Top-down & Bottom-up processing Top-down & Bottom-up processing Production of spoken discourse Language knowledge Speaking strategies BOTTOM-UP Pragmatics TOP-DOWN Knowledge of presupposition & context Social knowledge (style) Speaker’s intention metacognition Macro-skills Micro-skills OUTPUT (production) a 2-minute talk on a topic (our modern house in the future) Pre-speaking (Unit 8 – FUTURE LIFE) Intensive Background knowledge of our future modern house < listening task Speakers’ Intention / L. Function Speaker A: give a talk, explain or clarify ideas Speaker B: interrupt and ask for clarification Language: intonation (questions when interrupting speaker) Strategy: - expressions (interrupting & returning to the topic) - cohesive device (firstly, secondly,…) - fillers (well, really, OK,…) C. Teaching steps: PPP vs. TBL PPP < Audiolingualism (mid 1960s) => useful in focus-on-form lessons (e.g. grammar) => attacked in the 1990s: teacher-centered; Ss learn in “straight” lines Presentation Practice Production no knowledge providing knowledge practice production => different from human lang. learning Task-based learning / instruction => learning process < a set of communicative tasks => focus on tasks, not structures => Ss learn by solving a problem / doing a task => student-centered => a kind of PPP upside down Pre-task Introduction to topic & task Language focus Analysis Practice Task cycle Task, planning, report PPP variations & alternatives ⇒ T. and Ss can decide at which stage to enter the procedure 1 PPP variations & alternatives => Trilogy E – S – A 2 Engage = ss’ commitment < T’s initiative Study = language adoption Activate = use of language knowledge to do sth. Trilogy => useful in a skill lesson => focus-on-form occurs naturally while ss hear or read, i.e. Ss analyze their own language use AFTER a communicative task PPP variations & alternatives => Trilogy E – S – A Straight arrows lesson procedure => ESA, much like PPP Boomerang lesson procedure => EAS, more task-based PPP variations & alternatives => Trilogy E – S – A Patchwork lesson procedure => A variety of sequences 1 2 3 4 5 6