Handbook of Research on Web Information Systems Quality Coral Calero Muñoz University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Ma Ángeles Moraga University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Mario Piattini University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Information science reference Hershey • New York Acquisitions Editor: Development Editor: Senior Managing Editor: Managing Editor: Copy Editor: Typesetter: Cover Design: Printed at: Kristin Klinger Kristin Roth Jennifer Neidig Sara Reed Lanette Ehrhardt, Susanna Svidunovich Michael Brehm Lisa Tosheff Yurchak Printing Inc Published in the United States of America by Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 701 E Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200 Hershey PA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: cust@igi-global.com Web site: http://www.igi-global.com and in the United Kingdom by Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) Henrietta Street Covent Garden London WC2E 8LU Tel: 44 20 7240 0856 Fax: 44 20 7379 0609 Web site: http://www.eurospanonline.com Copyright © 2008 by IGI Global All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Handbook of research on Web information systems quality / Coral Calero, Ma Ángeles Moraga, and Mario Piattini, editors p cm Summary: "This book integrates invaluable research on the models, measures, and methodologies of Web information systems, software quality, and Web engineering into one practical guide to Web information systems quality, making this handbook of research an essential addition to all library collections" Provided by publisher Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-59904-847-5 (hardcover) ISBN 978-1-59904-848-2 (ebook) World Wide Web Handbooks, manuals, etc Information technology Handbooks, manuals, etc Computer software Quality control Handbooks, manuals, etc Application software Development Handbooks, manuals, etc Web services Handbooks, manuals, etc I Calero, Coral, 1968- II Moraga, Ma Ángeles, 1979- III Piattini, Mario, 1966TK5105.888.H362 2008 004.67'8 dc22 2007032032 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library All work contributed to this book set is original material The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher If a library purchased a print copy of this publication, please go to http://www.igi-global.com/reference/assets/IGR-eAccess-agreement.pdf for information on activating the library's complimentary electronic access to this publication Editorial Advisory Board Silvia Abrahão Valencia University of Technology, Spain Fotis Lazarinis University of Sunderland, UK Manuel Ángel Serrano University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Chad Lin Curtin University of Technology, Australia Mª Ángeles Moraga University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Thomas Mandl University of Hildesheim, Germany Ricardo Barros Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Adriana Martin Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Argentina Ismael Caballero University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Maristella Matera Politecnico di Milano, Italy Coral Calero University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Xiannong Meng Bucknell University, USA Angélica Caro University of Bio-Bio, Chile Mario Piattini University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain John D’Ambra University of New South Wales, Australia Macario Polo University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Eduardo Fernández Medina University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Cédric Pruskim University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg Carlos García Indra Software Factory, Spain Francisco Ruiz University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Ignacio García-Rodríguez de Guzmán University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Tony Shan University of Phoenix, USA Marcela Genero University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Aurora Vizcaíno University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Pankaj Kamthan Concordia University, Canada Table of Contents Preface xv Acknowledgment xix Section I Effort and Quality Assessment Chapter I Sizing Web Applications for Web Effort Estimation Emilia Mendes, The University of Auckland, New Zealand Chapter II Web Development Effort Estimation: An Empirical Analysis 26 Emilia Mendes, University of Auckland, New Zealand Silvia Abrahão, Valencia University of Technology, Spain Chapter III Patterns for Improving the Pragmatic Quality of Web Information Systems 57 Pankaj Kamthan, Concordia University, Canada Chapter IV Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Small and Medium Sized Businesses Web Sites in a Business to Business Context 71 Rosemary Stockdale, Massey University, New Zealand Chad Lin, Curtin University of Technology, Australia Chapter V Anomaly Detection and Quality Evaluation of Web Applications 86 May Haydar, Université de Montréal, Canada Ghazwa Malak, Université de Montréal, Canada Houari Sahraoui, Université de Montréal, Canada Alexandre Petrenko, Centre de recherche informatique de Montréal (CRIM), Canada Sergiy Boroday, Centre de recherche informatique de Montréal (CRIM), Canada Chapter VI Automatic Quality Assessment for Internet Pages 104 Thomas Mandl, Universität Hildesheim, Germany Chapter VII A General View of Quality Models for Web Portals and a Particularization to E-Banking Domain 113 Mª Ángeles Moraga, University of Castilla—La Mancha, Spain Julio Córdoba, University of Alicante, Spain Coral Calero, University of Castilla—La Mancha, Spain Cristina Cachero, University of Alicante, Spain Chapter VIII A Data Quality Model for Web Portals 130 Angélica Caro, University of Bio Bio, Chile Coral Calero, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Mario Piattini, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Section II Accessibility and Usability Chapter IX Specification of the Context of Use for the Development of Web-Based Applications 146 Marta Fernández De Arriba, University of Oviedo, Spain Eugenia Díaz, University of Oviedo, Spain Jesús Rodríguez Pérez, University of Oviedo, Spain Chapter X Web Accessibility 163 Carlos García Moreno, Indra, Spain Chapter XI Comparing Approaches to Web Accessibility Assessment 181 Adriana Martín, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Argentina Alejandra Cechich, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Argentina Gustavo Rossi, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and Conicet, Argentina Chapter XII Maximizing Web Accessibility Through User-Centered Interface Design 206 Soonhwa Seok, The University of Kansas, USA Chapter XIII Usability-Oriented Quality Model Based on Ergonomic Criteria 220 Francisco Montero, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain María Dolores Lozano, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Pascual González, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Chapter XIV The Usability Dimension in the Development of Web Applications 234 Maristella Matera, Politecnico di Milano, Italy Francesca Rizzo, Politecnico di Milano, Italy Rebeca Cortázar, University of Deusto, Spain Asier Perallos, University of Deusto, Spain Chapter XV Handling Usability Aspects for the Construction of Business Process Driven Web Applications 250 Victoria Torres, Technical University of Valencia, Spain Joan Fons, Technical University of Valencia, Spain Vicente Pelechano, Technical University of Valencia, Spain Section III Metadata, MDE, Metamodels, and Ontologies Chapter XVI New Approaches to Portletization of Web Applications 270 Fernando Bellas, University of A Coruña, Galicia Iñaki Paz, University of the Basque, Spain Alberto Pan, University of A Cora, Galicia Ĩscar Díaz, University of the Basque, Spain Chapter XVII Towards the Adaptive Web Using Metadata Evolution 286 Nicolas Guelfi, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg Cédric Pruski, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg and University of Paris-Sud XI, France Chantal Reynaud, University of Paris-Sud XI, France Chapter XVIII Looking for Information in Fuzzy Relational Databases Accessible via Web 301 Carmen Martínez-Cruz, University of Jaén, Spain Ignacio José Blanco, University of Granada, Spain M Amparo Vila, University of Granada, Spain Chapter XIX A Web Metadata Based-Model for Information Quality Prediction 324 Ricardo Barros, COPPE—Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Geraldo Xexéo, COPPE—Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Wallace A Pinheiro, COPPE—Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Jano de Souza, COPPE—Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Chapter XX Towards Quality Web Information Systems Through Precise Model-Driven Development 344 Fernando Molina, University of Murcia, Spain Francisco J Lucas, University of Murcia, Spain Ambrosio Toval Alvarez, University of Murcia, Spain Juan M Vara, Rey Juan Carlos University—Madrid, Spain Paloma Cáceres, Rey Juan Carlos University—Madrid, Spain Esperanza Marcos, Rey Juan Carlos University—Madrid, Spain Chapter XXI The Use of Metamodels in Web Requirements to Assure the Consistence 363 M J Escalona, University of Seville, Spain G Aragón, Everis, Spain Chapter XXII A Quality-Aware Engineering Process for Web Applications 378 Cristina Cachero Castro, Universidad de Alicante, Spain Coral Calero, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Yolanda Marhuenda García, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Spain Chapter XXIII Restrictive Methods and Meta Methods for Thematically Focused Web Exploration 405 Sergej Sizov, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany Stefan Siersdorfer, University of Sheffield, UK Chapter XXIV WSRP-O: An Ontology to Model WSRP Compliant Portlets 424 Mª Ángeles Moraga, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Ignacio García-Rodríguez De Guzmán, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Coral Calero, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Mario Piattini, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Chapter XXV Philosophy of Architecture Design in Web Information Systems 443 Tony C Shan, Bank of America, USA Winnie W Hua, CTS Inc., USA Section IV Search Engine and Information Chapter XXVI Improving the Quality of Web Search 463 Mohamed Salah Hamdi, University of Qatar, Qatar Chapter XXVII The Perspectives of Improving Web Search Engine Quality 481 Jengchung V Chen, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan Wen-Hsiang Lu, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan Kuan-Yu He, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan Yao-Sheng Chang, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan Chapter XXVIII Web Search Engine Architectures and their Performance Analysis 491 Xiannong Meng, Bucknell University, USA Chapter XXIX Towards a Model for Evaluating Web Retrieval Systems in Non-English Queries 510 Fotis Lazarinis, University of Sunderland, UK Chapter XXX Web Information Resources Vis-à-Vis Traditional Information Services 528 John D’Ambra, The University of New South Wales, Australia Nina Mistilis, The University of New South Wales, Australia About the Contributors 541 Index 553 Detailed Table of Contents Preface xv Acknowledgment xix Section I Effort and Quality Assessment This section is related to effort and quality assessment and is composed of eight chapters The first two chapters deal with Web development effort estimation The other six are related to several aspects of Web quality such as context of use, pragmatic quality, effectiveness of small and medium size business Web sites, anomaly detection, and quality evaluation and assessment Also, two chapters are included where quality models for Web portals and data portal quality are presented Chapter I Sizing Web Applications for Web Effort Estimation Emilia Mendes, The University of Auckland, New Zealand This chapter presents a survey literature of size measures (attributes) that have been proposed for Web effort estimation These measures are classified according to a proposed taxonomy In addition, the authors discuss ways in which Web companies can devise their own size measures Chapter II Web Development Effort Estimation: An Empirical Analysis 26 Emilia Mendes, University of Auckland, New Zealand Silvia Abrahão, Valencia University of Technology, Spain The objective of this chapter is to introduce the concepts related to Web effort estimation and effort estimation techniques It also details and compares, by means of a case study, three effort estimation techniques, chosen for this chapter because they have been to date the ones mostly used for Web effort estimation: multivariate regression, case-based reasoning, and classification and regression trees About the Contributors John D’Ambra is an associate professor at the School of Information Systems, Technology and Management at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia John holds a PhD in information systems and is currently academic director of the Master of Business and Technology Program at UNSW John has published extensively in the areas of computer-mediated communication and the evaluation of the World Wide Web as an information resource In the last few years, John has collaborated with colleagues in the tourism discipline by applying his interest in evaluation of the World Wide Web to the study of the use of information within the tourism domain Ĩscar Díaz is full professor at the University of the Basque Country (Spain) His current interests include portlet-based portals, software product lines, and model-driven development He leads a 15member R&D group with focus on Web engineering and close partnership with industry He has over 50 international publications that include VLDB Journal, ACM TOIT, ACM Computing Surveys, and IEEE Software, and conferences such as VLDB, ICSE, and WWW Eugenia Díaz received the MS and PhD in computer science from the University of Oviedo, Spain (1998 and 2005, respectively) Currently, she is an assistant professor in the Computing Department at the University of Oviedo Her research interests are software engineering, especially software testing and its automation, developing tools to save time in the testing process María José Escalona obtained her PhD in computer science at the University of Seville (Spain) (2004) Since 1999, she has been a lecturer in the Department of Computer Languages and Systems of the University of Seville, where she is currently a full professor Her current line of research is in the areas of requirement engineering, Web system development, model driven engineering, and quality assurance She also collaborates with public companies like Consejería de Cultura or Servicio Andaluz de Salud in quality assurance Marta Fernández de Arriba works as an assistant lecturer in the Computing Department of the University of Oviedo She has received the MS and PhD in computer science from the University of Oviedo Her line of research is based on aspects related to the usability and accessibility of user interfaces, and also the search for practical solutions for communication problems which mobility disabilities present Joan Fons is assistant professor in the Department of Information Systems and Computation (DSIC) at the Technical University of Valencia, Spain His research involves Web engineering, adaptive systems, conceptual modeling, model-driven development, and pervasive systems He is a member of the OO-Method Research group, and he has published several contributions to well-known international conferences (ER, WWW, CAiSE, ICWE, AH, etc.), and he has contributed to some Web engineering books His PhD is on OOS, a Web engineering method to automatically develop Web solutions from conceptual models Carlos García Moreno was born in Madrid (Spain) in 1977 He graduated with a degree in computer sciences at the “Universidad Politécnica de Madrid” (2000) Since 2000 he has been working as Software Engineer at Soluziona and Indra, two of the biggest Technological Consulting Companies in Spain and Europe Since 2001 his work has been focused in Web accessibility, being involved in several innovation projects founded by the European Commission and the Spanish authorities He also has performed several Web accessibility audits and reviews and has given several courses on this subject 544 About the Contributors Ignacio García-Rodríguez de Guzmán received his MSc in computer science by the University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM) (2003) Currently, he is developing his PhD at the same university He is a member of the Alarcos Research Group, at the School of Computer Science in Ciudad Real His main research areas are legacy system reengineering, service oriented architecture, model driven engineering, and archtiecture driven modernization and Web Services Pascual González has a MSc and a PhD in computer science by the Polytechnic University of Madrid Currently, he is associate professor at the Department of Computer Systems of the University of Castilla-La Mancha He leads the Laboratory of User Interaction and Software Engineering (LoUISE) research group of the Computer Science Research Institute of Albacete He is the author of several papers on software engineering and human computer interaction, and he is a member of several program committees of different conferences His research interests are, among others, model-based user interface development, usability, quality models, and user interface adaptation He can be reached at pgonzalez@dsi.uclm.es Nicolas Guelfi is professor at the Faculty of Sciences, Technology and Communications of the University of Luxembourg His main research activities concern the engineering and evolution of reliable and secure distributed and mobile systems based on semiformal methods and transformations He is a leading member of the Laboratory for Advanced Software Systems (LASSY) He has made significant contributions on software engineering methods and tools for distributed systems He has been involved in three European ESPRIT BRA projects, and is chair of the ERCIM working group on rapid integration of software engineering techniques (RISE), where he developed collaborations with the W3C consortium and with the Semantic Web working group May Haydar received a BS in computer science from the American University of Beirut, Lebanon (1996), and a masters in computer science from Concordia University, Montreal (2001) She is a PhD candidate at the Department of Computer Science and Operational Research at University of Montreal Her research studies are sponsored by Centre de Recherche Informatique de Montreal (CRIM) She published several research papers on formal analysis of Web applications and linear temporal logic extensions at international conferences such as FORTE and ASE Her current research interests include formal methods, analysis, and verification of Web applications, and temporal logic extensions Kuan-Yu He is a Master’s student in the Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering (CSIE) at National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan His research interests include Web mining, information retrieval, and machine learning Winnie Hua is a Principal Consultant in CTS Inc She has more than 15-year project and consulting experience on a broad range of leading-edge technologies She holds a Master’s degree in Computer Science As a solution architect/lead, she has led lifecycle design and development of large-scale ecommerce systems on diverse platforms using a variety of cutting-edge technologies and unified/agile methodologies She has initiated/participated in advanced research on various emerging Web technologies, and published numerous research papers She is a member of various professional associations, a regular speaker in conferences/seminars, and also a cofounder of the Charlotte Architecture and Technology Symposium (CATS) Pankaj Kamthan has been teaching in academia and industry for several years He has also been a technical editor and participated in standards development His professional interests and experience 545 About the Contributors include software quality, markup languages, and knowledge represenation Fotis Lazarinis is currently a final year PhD student and a part-time lecturer at a Greek Technological and Educational Institute He is the author of more than 30 papers in refereed journals, conferences, and workshops, book chapters, and more than 15 papers in national journals and conferences He has also published 16 computer science educational books in Greek Chad Lin is a Research Fellow at Curtin University of Technology Dr Lin has conducted extensive research as in the areas of: IS/IT investments evaluation and benefits realization, IS/IT outsourcing, electronic commerce, e-health, virtual teams, and strategic alliance Dr Lin has published more than 80 refereed journal (e.g., Information and Management, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Information Technology and People, Industrial Management and Data Systems, and Journal of Research and Practice in IT) and conference papers, as well as book chapters Dr Lin has also served as a member of editorial review board for several prestigious international journals María Dolores Lozano Has a MSc and a PhD in computer science by the Technical University of Valencia, Spain Currently, she is associate professor at the Department of Computer Systems in the University of Castilla-La Mancha She belongs to the Laboratory of User Interaction and Software Engineering (LoUISE) research group of the Albacete Research Institute of Informatics Her teaching and research areas concern software engineering and human computer interaction She is author of numerous papers and member of several program committees of different national and international conferences Her research interests are, among others, Model-based user interface development, software engineering, usability, CSCW, and collaborative working environments She can be reached at mlozano@dsi.uclm.es Wen-Hsiang Lu is an assistant professor in the Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering (CSIE) at National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan Dr Lu received the BS, MS, and PhD in computer science and information engineering from National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan His current research focuses on Web mining, information retrieval, natural language processing, and medical informatics Francisco J Lucas has an MSc in computer science and is a PhD student at the Facultad de Informática of the Murcia University (Spain) His current research interest includes model-driven engineering, model consistency, models verification and validation, and formal methods He is developing his PhD in these areas in the Software Engineering Research Group at the University of Murcia (Spain) Contact him at fjlucas@um.es Ghazwa Malak is a PhD student at the Department of Computer Science and Operational Research at the University of Montreal, Canada She received the master’s degree in computer science from Laval University, Quebec, (2002) She published several research papers on the quality modeling of Web-based applications in several international conferences as EC-WEB and WISE Her current research interests include graphical models, fuzzy logic, and Web applications quality assessment Thomas Mandl studied information and computer science at the University of Regensburg, Germany, and at the University of Illinois at Champaign/Urbana Thomas Mandl has worked as a research assistant at the Social Science Information Centre in Bonn, Germany, and as assistant professor at the University of Hildesheim, Germany, where he is teaching in the program, International Information Management He is currently working toward a post doctoral degree (Habilitation) on Web retrieval His 546 About the Contributors research interests include information retrieval, human-computer interaction, applications of machine learning, and international information systems Esperanza Marcos obtained her computer science engineer degree, as well as her PhD at the Technical University of Madrid She also graduated in computer science at the Valladolid University Nowadays, she is associate professor at the Rey Juan Carlos University, where she is the head of the Kybele Research Group, whose research topics are mainly focused on information systems engineering, especially on model-driven methodologies, Web information systems, and so forth She has given several courses and specialization masters At present she collaborates on the software engineering master at the Technical University of Madrid She is also author of a vast amount of books, book chapters, and national and international articles Finally, she has also led several research projects, and has participated in others as well Yolanda Marhuenda García has a degree in computer science and is PhD in computational statistics by the University Miguel Hernández of Elche (UMH), Alicante, (Spain) in the Department of Statistics, Mathematics and Computer Science She is assistant professor in this department and is member of the Computational Statistics Research Group in the Operations Research Center of the UMH Her research interests are: Web quality models, measures, goodness of fit tests, and small area estimation Her email is y.marhuenda@umh.es Adriana Martín is an adjunct professor and member of the GIISCo research group (http://giisco uncoma.edu.ar) at the University of Comahue, Argentina Her interests are focused on Web engineering, Web reengineering, and Web quality She holds a Masters in software engineering from the University of La Plata, Argentina, and she is currently a PhD student at the same university Carmen Martinez-Cruz is an assistant professor in the Department of Computers at the University of Jaen (Spain) She is also a PhD student at the Intelligent Databases and Information Systems Research Group at the University of Granada Her research interests include database design, fuzzy data representation, and knowledge representation using ontologies Maristella Matera is assistant professor at Politecnico di Milano, where she teaches databases Her research interests focus on design methods and tools for Web applications, and in particular concentrate on conceptual modeling quality, Web usage analysis, adaptive and context-aware Web applications, and Web application usability and accessibility She is author of more than 50 papers on the above topics and of the book “Designing data-intensive Web applications,” published by Morgan Kaufmann in December of 2002 She regularly serves as program committee member in several conferences and workshops in the field of Web Engineering A more detailed curriculum vitae and the list of publications can be found at http://www.elet.polimi.it/people/matera Emilia Mendes is a senior lecturer in computer science at the University of Auckland (New Zealand), where she leads the WETA (web engineering, technology and applications) research group She has active research interests in the areas of empirical Web and software engineering, areas in which she has published widely Dr Mendes has been on the program committee of more than 70 conferences and workshops, and is on the editorial board of the journals IJWET, JWE, and The Journal of Software Measurement Dr Mendes worked in the software industry for 10 years before obtaining her PhD in computer science from the University of Southampton (UK), and moving to Auckland 547 About the Contributors Xiannong Meng is a professor in the Department of Computer Science at Bucknell University in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, USA His research interests include distributed computing, data mining, intelligent Web search, operating systems, and computer networks He received his PhD in computer science from Worcester Polytechnic Institute in Worcester, Massachusetts, USA He is a member of ACM and IEEE Nina Mistilis is senior lecturer in the tourism and hospitality management group, School of Marketing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia She publishes in tourism policy and planning, knowledge management for tourism crises and disasters, and ICT and tourism management, and has a PhD in political science from the Australian National University She is a foundation board member and vice president of the Australasian Chapter of the International Federation of Information Technology and Tourism (IFITT) Her earlier industry experience includes senior appointments in a global banking corporation, where she drove the development of strategic information systems to meet business needs Fernando Molina is MSc in computer science and PhD student at the Facultad de Informática of the Murcia University (Spain) His current research interest include model-driven engineering, Web engineering, models verification and validation, formal methods, and precise modeling He is developing his PhD in these areas in the Software Engineering Research Group at the University of Murcia (Spain) Contact him at fmolina@um.es Francisco Montero Simarro is assistant professor and researcher at the University of Castilla-La Mancha since October, 2001 He obtained his Masters in computer sciences at the Technical University of Valencia (1997) He obtained his PhD in computing sciences, Laboratory of User Interfaces and Software Engineering (LoUISE), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 2005 He is researching around software engineering (design patterns, unified process and software development methods based on transformations) and human-computer interaction (usability, interaction patterns, and model-based user interface development environments) He can be reached at fmontero@dsi.uclm.es Jano Moreira de Souza is a professor of computer science at the Graduate School of Engineering (COPPE) and Mathematics Institute of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) (Brazil) His area of specialization is databases, and he is involved in research in fields such as CSCW, DB, DSS, KM, and GIS He received his Bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering (1974), his Master’s degree (1978) in system engineering from UFRJ, and his PhD in information systems (1986) from the University of East Anglia (England) He has published more than 200 papers in journals and conference proceedings and supervised around 50 theses and dissertations Ricardo Oliveira Barros is a doctorate candidate at the Computer Science Department of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro He received his MSc in computer systems engineering from Military Institute of Engineering (1996), and his accounting bachelor’s degree from Oswaldo Aranha Foundation (1982) His current research focuses on information quality, cooperative work and ontologies, information retrieval, and fuzzy logic He worked in many consultant projects at home and abroad for public and private organizations Alberto Pan is a senior research scientist at the University of A Coruña (Spain) and a consultant for Denodo Tehnologies He received a BS in computer science from the University of A Coruña (1996), and a PhD in computer science from the same university (2002) His research interests are related to data extraction and integration Alberto has authored numerous publications in scientific magazines 548 About the Contributors and conference proceedings Furthermore, he has held several positions in institutions such as CESAT (a telematic engineering company), the University Carlos III of Madrid, and the University Alfonso X el Sabio Iñaki Paz is a PhD student finishing his thesis on the ONEKIN Research Group, which belongs to the University of the Basque Country, Spain His research interests include Web engineering, portal and portlet development and integration, data extraction and integration, and application adaptation and evolution He is currently working in LKS S.Coop as a technology consultant, previously holding several research positions in the ONEKIN Research Group Vicente Pelechano is an associate professor in the Department of Information Systems and Computation (DISC) at the Technical University of Valencia, Spain His research interests are Web engineering, conceptual modeling, requirements engineering, software patterns, web services, pervasive systems development and model driven development He received his PhD from the Technical University of Valencia (2001) He has published in several well-known scientific journals (Information Systems, Data & Knowledge Engineering, Information and Software Technology, International Journal of Web Engineering and Technology, etc.), book chapters for Springer and IGI Global, and international conferences He is a member of scientific committees of well-known international conferences and workshops as CAiSE, ICWE, ICEIS, WWW, EC-WEB, ACM MT, and IADIS Asier Perallos is associate professor in the Department of Software Engineering at the University of Deusto in Bilbao (Spain), where he currently teaches courses on distributed systems design and software integration technologies Perallos received his PhD in computer science (2007) (University of Deusto) His research interests focus on distributed systems and methods for evaluation of web application quality He is active in several research projects in the scope of usability evaluation of Web sites and development of software middleware for remote control and supervision of real-time systems Alexandre Petrenko received the PhD in computer science from the Institute of Electronics and Computer Science, Riga, USSR He has joined Centre de Recherche informatique de Montreal (CRIM) in 1996, where he is currently a senior researcher and team leader He has published over 150 research papers and has given numerous invited lectures worldwide He serves as a member of the program committee for a number of international conferences and workshops His current research interests include formal methods and their application in distributed systems Wallace A Pinheiro is a doctorate student of computer science at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro He has an electronic engineering degree from Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, where concluded his graduation (1998) He received his master’s in science from Military Institute of Engineering (2004) His recent works involve information quality, autonomic computing, cooperative work, and ontologies His current research focuses on ontologies, fuzzy logic, and information quality Cédric Pruski is a PhD student in the LASSY of the University of Luxembourg and in the IASIGEMO joint team of the LRI and INRIA-Futurs at Paris-Sud University (France) He received his master’s from the University of Nancy I (France) in September 2005 He also worked for years as a R&D engineer in the SE2C group at the University of Luxembourg on research projects that dealt with security and trust management His research interests include the use of ontologies for information management, ontologies evolution and Web information retrieval 549 About the Contributors Chantal Reynaud is professor of computer science in the Laboratory of Computer Science (LRI) of the University of Paris-Sud Her research areas include ontology engineering and information integration In particular, she works on: Information extraction from semistructured data (e.g., XML documents), mappings between ontologies, discovery of mappings in peer to peer data management systems, and ontology evolution She is involved in several projects combining artificial intelligence and database techniques for information integration She is the head of the Artificial Intelligence and Inference Systems Group of the LRI and member of the INRIA-Futurs Gemo group Francesca Rizzo is a junior researcher at Politecnico di Milano, where she is a lecturer for the Human Computer Interaction Laboratory In 2003, she obtained her PhD in telematics and information society from the University of Siena In the last years, she has taught human computer interaction and interaction design at the University of Siena and at Politecnico di Milano Her research interests focus on human-computer interaction, user-centered design, usability evaluation, and activity analysis She is author of about 20 papers on the previous topics Jesús Rodríguez Pérez is a computer science technical engineer from the University of Oviedo Since 1994, he has worked for a software development company, formerly as a developer and application architect in software projects for an enterprise client and since 2001 as a research and development department member, undertaking tasks such as designing and developing productivity tools for company developers, components to be deployed as part of the company’s runtime platform, new products and services design, assessment and application of new technologies, software and prototype development, technological transference, and technical training Gustavo Rossi is a full professor and head of the LIFIA computer science research lab His research interests include Web design patterns and frameworks He coauthored the object-oriented hypermedia design method (OOHDM) and is currently working in separation of design concerns in context-aware Web applications He holds a PhD in computer science from Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Brazil He is an ACM member and IEEE member Houari A Sahraoui is a professor at the Department of Computer Science and Operational Research (GEODES software engineering group) at University of Montreal His research interests include the application of artificial intelligence techniques to software engineering, object-oriented metrics, software quality, software visualization, and software reverse- and re-engineering He has published around 100 papers in conferences, workshops, and journals, and edited three books He served as steering, program, and organization committee member in several major conferences (ECOOP, ASE, METRICS, ICSM, etc.) and as member of the editorial boards of two journals He was the general chair of the IEEE Automated Software Engineering Conference in 2003 Mohamed Salah Hamdi was born on April 1, 1967, in Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia He received a diploma degree (Diplom-Informatiker Univ.) in computer science from the Technical University of Munich, Germany (1993), and a PhD (Dr rer nat.) in computer science from the University of Hamburg, Germany, (1999) From 1994 to 1999, he was a lecturer at the Department of Computer Science of the University of Hamburg, Germany In September 1999, he joined the National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology of the University of Tunis, Tunisia, as an assistant professor From 2001 to 2005, he was working as an assistant professor at the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science of the United Arab Emirates University in Al Ain Since September 2005, he has been an assistant professor at the 550 About the Contributors University of Qatar in Doha His research interests are focused on intelligent autonomous agents, elearning, information customization, machine learning, and on artificial intelligence in general Soonhwa Seok’s research interests include: (a) digital inclusion, (b) developing traditional/nontraditional teaching programs for teacher education using universal design for learning and differentiated instruction, (c) staff development/teacher education in technology integrated inclusive settings, (d) new uses of technology in multicultural, special education, and (e) assessment of the effectiveness of one’s own teaching strategies and curriculum plans His research interests also include the implementation of universal design for learning Currently, he teaches three courses in education to preservice teachers They are classroom inclusion, diagnostic assessment, and theoretical perspectives in the education of individuals with mild disabilities Tony Shan is a SOA Strategist/Architect in Bank of America, the largest commercial bank in the United States, and adjunct professor at the University of Phoenix He has been working on computing technologies for 20+ years, with extensive experience in a variety of technologies and programming languages in different industries Holding three advanced degrees in engineering and science majors, he is a Sun-certified enterprise architect & Java programmer, IBM-certified eBusiness solution designer, and Sun-certified faculty instructor He has initiated/directed advanced research on emerging technologies, resulting in an invention patent and award-winning IT solutions, as well as several methodologies and platform models for adaptive system development He has led establishing IT strategies and architecture blueprints, coupled with pragmatic technology roadmaps and enterprise architecture standards/policies, for Fortune 100 international organizations He serves as a mentor/advisor on leading-edge technologies, architecture, and engineering in various technical committees, and teaches a wide variety of courses as an adjunct professor and professional trainer In addition to dozens of top-notch technical publications, he authored multiple books on asynchronous Web services and heterogeneous business integration He is a member of numerous professional associations and honorary societies, a frequent speaker and chair/program committee member in conferences/workshops, an editor/editorial advisory board member of IT research journals and books, and also a founder of Greater Charlotte Rational User Group and Architecture & Technology Symposium Stefan Siersdorfer is a research fellow at the IR Group of the University of Sheffield, UK His research interests include probabilistic models and automatic tuning of ensemble-based meta methods for machine learning and personalized information management In 2005, he did his PhD at the Database and Information Systems Group of the Max Planck Institute for Computer Science, Germany, under Gerhard Weikum Sergej Sizov is the research fellow in the ISWeb group (Information Systems & Semantic Web) at the University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany He holds PhDs in applied mathematics and computer science In the past, he held positions as researcher, project leader, and lecturer at the University of Saarland, Germany, and the Max-Planck Institute for Computer Science, Germany In his prior work, he substantially contributed to the methodology of thematically focused Web exploration, collaborative IR methods in decentralized environments, and meta methods for Web-based machine learning applications His research interests include thematically focused Web search, self-organizing folksonomies, peer-to-peer search, and retrieval Rosemary Stockdale is a senior lecturer in Information Systems at Massey University in New 551 About the Contributors Zealand She completed her PhD at Edith Cowan University, Australia, where she worked in the School of Management Information Systems More recently, she was a member of a research group in IT and Tourism at the School of Management, University of Innsbruck, in Austria, before moving to Massey in early 2006 Her research interests include mobile technology use in the health sector, online communities, and the use of IT in tourism Dr Stockdale has published in a range of information systems journals, including the European Journal of Operational Research and the Journal of Enterprise Information Management Victoria Torres is a PhD student in the Department of Information Systems and Computation (DSIC) at the Technical University of Valencia, Spain Her research interests include Web engineering, model-driven development, business processes, and Semantic Web She is a member of the OO-Method Research group, and she has published several contributions to international workshops and conferences (BPM) and she has contributed in some Web engineering books Her PhD work focuses on the automatic development of business process driven Web applications Juan M Vara obtained his BSc and MSc in computer science engineering at the Rey Juan Carlos University, where he did the doctoral courses on the computer science and mathematical modeling program Currently, he works as assistant professor at the Department of Informatics Languages and Systems of the Rey Juan Carlos University and he is a member of the Kybele Research Group, where he is doing his PhD Thesis focused on model-driven engineering for the development of Web information systems He is coauthor of several publications at national and international events and he has participated in several regional, national, and European research projects 552 553 Index A absolute scale of measurement abstraction, polymorphism, inheritance, and encapsulation(A-PIE) 441, 453, 454, 456 accessibility 105, 109, 110, 145, 146, 148, 151, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160 accessible barriers 202 adaptability 204, 207 adaptive hypermedia system (AHS) 284, 287, 292, 294 algorithmic techniques 28, 55, 28, 55, 28 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) 205, 206, 216 annotations 202, 300 application program interface (API) 421, 422, 437 artificial intelligence techniques 28, 30 assistive technologies 151, 156, 163, 174, 177, 207, 212 automatic evaluation tools 236 averaged search length (ASL) 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 504 B banking portal quality model (BPQM) 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127 basic combined programming language (BCPL) 444 Bayesian networks 85, 87, 93, 100 business process (BP) 247, 251, 254, 262, 265, 248, 250, 251, 254, 260, 261, 262 business process (BP) driven Web applications 247, 251, 265 business to business (B2B) 70, 71, 81 business to business electronic commerce (B2BEC) 83, 84 C case-based reasoning 26, 30, 35, 36, 37, 51, 55, 30, 32, 34, 35, 37, 53, 54 classification, restrictive 404, 405, 406, 409, 412, 413, 419 classification trees 31 click-through data 478, 480, 481, 478, 482, 478, 480, 481, 482, 484, 485, 484 clients 62 clustering, collaborative 410 clustering, distributed 403, 411, 416, 418 clustering, meta 409, 412, 415, 416, 417 clustering, restrictive 406, 409 cognitive impairments 154 cognitive processing models 208, 209, 213, 216 collaborative classification 410 computation computer based assistive technology 157 content 326, 331, 339 context 322, 324, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 333, 336, 337, 338 context of use 145, 146, 147, 148, 153, 158, 159, 160 cosine similarity 490, 491 cost estimation 32, 33, 34, 38, 52, 53, 54 See effort estimation cross-validation 32, 47 cultural environment 148 Copyright © 2008, IGI Global, distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited 554 D data, consumers 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 143 data, mapping 320 data, quality (DQ) 129, 130, 131, 132, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141 data, retrieval 517, 521 data, validation 40, 48 database, catalog 299, 319 database, schemas 298, 299, 303, 306, 307, 313, 314, 319 design by contract 443, 446, 452 digital inclusion 204, 208, 212, 213, 215, 205, 209 digital Web culture 205 disability 150, 153, 155, 157, 158, 160, 162, 163, 165, 171, 175, 177 disability, categories of 212 document, frequency 490, 493 document, object model (DOM) 272, 273 dynamic Web pages 284, 297 E e-banking 112, 113, 121, 124, 125, 126, 127 e-banking, portals 125 effort estimation 27, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 27, 35, 30, 36, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 39, 41, 46, 47, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55 See cost estimation effort estimation, techniques 26, 27, 35, 36, 51, 53, 54 enterprise computing 439, 449 eQual evaluation instrument 70, 71, 74, 75, 76 ergonomic criteria 217, 223, 224, 225, 227, 228, 230 error models 210 estimated search length (ESL) 496, 497, 499, 500, 504 evaluation and reporting language (EARL) 185, 188, 189, 191, 196, 202 expert-based cost estimation 28, 55 external quality requirements 379 F false positive 202 feasibility 56, 58, 59, 65, 58 formative evaluation 234, 246 fuzzy data 298, 299, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 313, 314, 319, 320 fuzzy database 298, 299, 305, 306, 308, 311, 313, 314 fuzzy database management systems 314, 320 fuzzy logic 321, 322, 323, 324, 337, 338, 339 fuzzy metaknowledge base (FMB) 304 fuzzy sets 322, 329, 331, 332, 337, 339 fuzzy theory 321, 322, 336 G goals, operators, methods, and selection (GOMS) model 210, 215, 216 goals, questions, and metrics (GQM) paradigm 93, 94, 99, 101 H harvesting time 3, 15 heterogeneous data integration tools 320 hidden Web 297 human-computer interaction (HCI) 105, 107, 109, 110 human centered interface design 210, 216 Hungarian notation 444, 445, 453, 454, 456 hypermedia systems 360 hypertext induced topical search (HITS) algorithm 476, 481, 492 I inclusion 204, 205, 208, 209, 212, 213, 215 independent development environment (IDE) 422 index 510, 511, 515, 516, 522 individuals with disabilities 205, 208, 212, 214, 216 information, customization (IC) systems 459, 460, 474 information, design 62 information, infrastructure 525 information, need information, overload 458, 459, 471, 474 information, quality (IQ) 76, 84, 115, 321, 322, 324, 326, 327, 328, 329, 332, 333, 336, 337, 338, 339, 523, 524, 525, 527, 528, 532, 533 information, retrieval (IR) 104, 105, 109, 110, 111, 485, 486, 487, 489, 491, 496, 497, 498, 501, 502, 503, 506, 507, 508, 512, 514, 518, 521, 522 information, seeking behaviour 523, 524, 526, 532, 533 information, sources 524, 526 information, systems 523, 525, 527, 528, 534 instructional objectives, domains of 207, 216 interaction design 62, 63, 64, 68 internal quality requirements 379 555 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 145, 146, 153, 154, 149, 147, 148, 154, 155, 157, 158, 159 interval scale of measurement inversion of control (IoC) 445, 453 inverted indexing systems 467, 474, 489, 493, 494 iterative design process 233, 234, 246 J Java Portlet Specification (JSR 168) 268, 282 Java standardization request (JSR) 168 423, 436 junk elimination 406, 412, 413, 419 just-in-time (JIT) 445, 446, 453 K keyword matching 476, 477, 478 knowledge domain context 321, 322, 324, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 333, 336, 337, 338 Kohonen feature map 459 L latent semantic indexing (LSI) 107, 110 lemmatization 510, 511, 512, 518, 519 linear temporal logic (LTL) 85, 86, 92, 99 link analysis 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111 Liskov substitution 446, 453, 454, 456 M machine learning algorithms 105, 109, 111 manual stepwise regression 45 manual stepwise regression, steps 45 Maude language 342, 343, 349, 350, 351, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358 measurable concepts 375, 382, 384, 386, 387, 388, 393 measure foundation measurement 88, 101, 102 measurement models 376, 377, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 391, 392, 395, 396 measurement scale type 5, metaclassification 404, 410, 412, 413, 416, 417, 419 metadata 283, 284, 286, 287, 288, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 299, 303, 306, 321, 289, 319, 301, 322, 325, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 335, 336, 337, 339 metamappings 410 metamodels 346, 348, 349, 350, 352, 358, 362, 365, 366, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 377, 379, 386, 387, 388, 389, 394, 396 MIDAS framework 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 347, 348, 350, 354, 356 model-driven architecture (MDA) 342, 343, 344, 347, 357, 358, 365, 371, 373, 421, 437 model-driven development (MDD) 247, 252, 358 model-driven engineering (MDE) 360, 361, 363, 364, 365, 369, 370, 371, 363, 371, 373, 374, 375, 376, 385, 389, 392, 394, 395, 396, 400 model-driven Web engineering (MDWE) 361, 362, 365, 369, 370, 371, 373, 362, 371 models 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 352, 353, 355, 357, 358, 359 multidimensional assignment problem (MAP) 410 multivariate regression, model stability 45 N natural language processing (NLP) 479, 482 navigational development techniques (NDT) approach 360, 361, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 374 newsgroups 412, 413 nominal scale of measurement normalization 447, 454, 455 O ontologies 283, 284, 285, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 322, 327, 328, 333, 338, 377, 383, 386, 387, 420, 421, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437 ontologies, evolution of 283, 285, 289, 290, 291, 292, 294, 295, 296, 297 ontology management systems 301 ordinal scale of measurement 6, 10 P PageRank 106, 108, 111, 476, 481, 487, 491, 492, 503 part-of-speech (POS) tagger 479, 483 peer-to-peer (P2P) 410, 411, 416, 417 physical environment 148, 151 physical impairments 154 PICS(TM) 325, 339, 340 portals 267, 268, 269, 270, 272, 273, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 420, 421, 422, 424, 437 portals, quality 437 portletization 267, 268, 269, 270, 274, 275, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282 556 portletization, annotation-based approaches 267, 269, 274, 275, 276, 278, 279, 280, 281 portletization, automatic approaches 269, 270, 273, 276, 278, 279, 280 portletization, deep 269, 270, 278, 282 portletization, shallow 269, 282 portlets 267, 268, 269, 270, 273, 274, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 420, 421, 422, 423, 425, 426, 427, 428, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 436, 437 portlets, bridge 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 281, 282 portlets, containers 268 potential problem 202 precision 506, 507, 510, 511, 512, 516, 518, 519 precision evaluation measure 458, 462, 474 prediction accuracy 27, 33, 34, 35, 36, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 55 problem-orientated measure processes, light-weight 249 See processes, shortlived processes, long-lived 248, 255, 257, 260, 261, 262, 263 processes, short-lived 260 See processes, lightweight process maturity 58 Q quality 85, 86, 87, 88, 92, 93, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 105, 107, 93, 107, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230 quality, assessment 218, 223 quality, criteria 222, 223, 224, 225, 226 quality, in use 145, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 230, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 384, 388, 389 quality, measurement domain 88 quality, models 217, 221, 224, 225, 223, 222, 223, 222, 225, 222, 217, 219, 222, 225, 224, 225, 227, 228, 229, 230, 380, 384, 385, 386, 437 quality, of Web search 458, 459, 475 queries 522 R ratio scale of measurement 6, 22, 23 reactivity 284, 286, 287, 294, 297 recall 506, 507, 510, 511, 512, 515, 518, 519 recall, evaluation measure 458, 474 refactoring 65, 66, 67 reflection 448, 449, 454, 456 regression trees 30, 31, 34, 35, 37, 52, 55 relational database management system (RDBMS) 303, 304, 306, 307, 318 relevance feedback 486, 487, 494, 495, 500, 501, 502, 503 requirements treatments 360, 363, 370, 374 resource description framework (RDF) 301, 305, 315, 318, 319, 320 S schema integration 305, 306, 313, 316, 320 screen readers 202 search, quality 476, 477 search, result ranking 459, 461, 474 Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act 166, 167, 177, 205, 206, 207, 212, 213, 216 self-organizing meta-search engine (SOMSE) 460, 463, 466, 467, 469, 470, 471 Semantic Web 283, 284, 285, 287, 288, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 303, 305, 306, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 319, 320 service quality dimension 77, 84 simulated annealing 277 size, measure 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 23, 25 small to medium enterprises (SMEs) 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84 social quality 64 software, development process 218, 219, 221 software, engineering 360, 371, 373, 374 software, measurement metamodel (SMM) 386, 387, 388, 392, 393, 394, 395 software, measurement ontology (SMO) 383, 386, 395 software quality 218, 222, 228, 229 software quality, assurance 374 solution-orientated measure 3, specification, formal 341, 343, 355, 356 stakeholders 56, 58, 60 stemming 511, 512, 518, 519, 521 stopwords 506, 508, 512, 518, 519 structured query language (SQL) 301, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319 summative evaluation 234, 246 support vector machines (SVMs) 478, 479 system quality (SQ) 115 T task context 150 557 taxonomy 1, 2, 3, 14, 23, 24 technical environment 148 technology adoption model (TAM) 115, 119 term frequency 490 traditional information service 525 transcoder 202 travel 180, 189, 202 travel, objects 202 true problem 202 Tukutuku database 39, 51 U unsupervised learning 459, 464, 475 usability 86, 87, 88, 92, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 152, 158, 159, 160, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 224, 225, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 235, 233, 234, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 251, 252, 254, 255, 256, 257, 263, 264, 265 usability, definition of 232 usability, dimensions 75, 84 usability, evaluation methods (UEMs) 231, 233, 234, 239, 240, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246 usability, inspection 234, 235, 238, 240 user, behavior 477, 478, 481, 483, 484 user, context 148 user, goal identification 481, 482 user, goals 476, 477, 480, 481, 482, 483, 484 user, interface (UI) 204, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 218, 219, 223, 224, 225, 228, 230 user, query 514, 522 user, testing 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 246 user-centered design (UCD) 159, 230 user-services-oriented approach 346 V validation 2, 6, 7, 22, 341, 349, 350, 354, 355, 356, 359 vector space model 490, 504 verb-object pairs 476, 477, 483 verification 341, 353, 354, 355, 356, 359 verification, formal 101 visitor information centres (VICs) 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 530, 532, 533 visual impairments 153 W Web 2.0 292, 295, 297 Web accessibility 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 175, 176, 177, 179, 180, 183, 191, 192, 199, 200, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216 Web accessibility, assessment model (WAAM) 179, 183, 186, 198, 199 Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) 165, 166, 174, 176, 177, 180, 181, 199, 202, 203 Web analysis 101 Web applications (WAs) 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 8, 12, 20, 11, 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 247, 248, 251, 252, 253, 254, 263, 264, 265, 375, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 384, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400 Web applications, design models 4, 5, 14, 19, 20, 21, 22, 25 Web applications, quality 384, 399 Web content accessibility guidelines (WCAG) 163, 165, 166, 167, 170, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177 Web crawl 412 Web data quality attributes 129, 134, 135, 138 Web effort estimation 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 36, 39, 51, 54, 55 Web effort estimation model, model validation 47 Web engineering (WE) 57, 66, 67, 69, 247, 248, 251, 252, 263, 342, 343, 344, 357, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 365, 366, 368, 370, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 382, 383, 380, 384, 385, 264, 371, 385, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397 Web engineering, practices 400 Web evolution 283, 286, 287, 292, 283, 284, 285, 288, 284, 287, 295 Web hypermedia application 4, 10, 22, 25 Web information resources 534 Web information systems (WISs) 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 284, 285, 286, 287, 292, 293, 294, 295, 297, 341, 342, 343, 344, 346, 347, 349, 350, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 359 Web metadata 322, 325, 327, 328, 332, 336, 337, 339 Web ontology language (OWL) 301, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 318, 319 Web portals 112, 113, 114, 117, 118, 116, 115, 112, 118, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 141, 420, 422, 436, 437 558 Web portals, data quality model (PDQM) 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138 Web portals, IP 115, 116, 119 Web portals, quality 112, 113, 119, 121, 126, 128 Web portals, quality model (PQM) 112, 113, 115, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128 Web productivity measurement, productivity equation 47 WebQEM 382, 384, 399 Web quality model (WQM) 230, 382, 384, 398, 400 Web requirements 360, 361, 362, 363, 370, 374 Web resource 286, 297 Web services for remote portlets (WSRP) standard 268, 269, 282, 420, 421, 422, 421, 422, 423, 425, 426, 432, 434, 436, 437 Web sites 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84 Web sites, evaluation of 71, 73, 74, 82, 83, 84 Web sites, quality assessment of 103, 104, 105, 108, 109 Web sites, quality of 71, 74, 81, 82, 83, 84 Web software application 4, 10, 17, 22, 25 Web usage analysis 234, 235, 237, 238, 244, 246 Workflow Management Coalition (WFMC) 248, 265 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) 146, 153, 155, 156, 158, 161, 162, 165, 160, 165, 163, 165, 166, 169, 170, 171, 176, 177, 178 X XForms 173, 174, 176, 178 XFrames 172, 173, 174, 176, 178 XHTML 2.0 170, 171, 174, 175, 178 XML path language (XPath) 269, 275, 276, 277, 278, 282 Y Yin-Yang concept 451, 452 ... models, measures, and methodologies of Web information systems, software quality, and Web engineering into one practical guide to Web information systems quality, making this handbook of research... proposing a Web metadata-based model to evaluate and recommend Web pages based on their information quality, as predicted by their metadata Chapter XX Towards Quality Web Information Systems Through... evaluating Web retrieval systems in non English queries, and the other one presents Web information resources vis-à-vis traditional information services Chapter XXVI Improving the Quality of Web Search