INFINITIVES AND GERUND (Động từ nguyên thể động danh từ) I INFINITIVES: Hình thức nguyên mẫu hình thức động từ Dạng nguyên mẫu động từ gồm nguyên mẫu có to (to-infinitive) nguyên mẫu không to (infinitive without to/ bare-infinitive) A Động từ nguyên mẫu có to (to-infinitive) Động từ nguyên mẫu có to dùng làm: Chủ ngữ câu (subject of a sentence) Ex: To lean out of the window is dangerous (Nhoài người cửa sổ thật nguy hiểm.) To wait for people who were late made him angry (Đợi chờ người đến trễ làm cho ông ta cáu.) Trong tiếng Anh đại, cấu trúc với chủ ngữ giả it thường dùng; lối văn thân mật Ex: It’s dangerous to lean out of the window (Thật nguy hiểm nhoài người cửa sổ.) It made him angry to wait people who are late (Ông ta giận phải chờ đợi người trễ.) Bổ ngữ cho chủ ngữ (subject complement) Hình thức nguyên mẫu có to (to-iníĩnitive) dùng sau be bổ ngữ cho chủ ngữ (subject complement) Ex: What I like is to swim in the sea and then to lie on the warm sand (Những thích bơi lội biển sau nằm bãi cát ấm.) His plan was to keep the affair secret (Chủ định anh giữ kín chuyện.) Tân ngũ động từ (object of a verb) Hình thức nguyên mẫu có to dùng tân ngữ trực tiếp sau động từ: afford Care Determine help manage pretend seem agree Cease Demand hesitate mean prepare strive arrange Choose Desire hope need promise tend ask Claim Expect intend neglect propose threaten attempt Come Fail learn offer refuse try bear Continue Fear like omit regret want beg Decide Forget Long plan start wish begin Deserve Hate love prefer swear Ex: She agreed to pay £50 (Cô đồng ý trả 50 bảng.) It was late, so we decided to take a taxi home (Vì trễ nên chứng định taxi nhà.) He managed to put the fire out (Anh ta cách dập tắt lửa.) The little girl seems to be crying (Hình cô bé khóc.) Hình thức nguyên mẫu có to dùng sau cụm động từ như: to make up one’s mind, to take care, to take the trouble, to make Ex: I’ve made up my mind to be a doctor (Tôi định trở thành bác sĩ) Take care not to drink too much (Hãy cẩn trọng đừng có uống nhiều rượu.) Tân ngữ tính từ (objects of an adjective) Hình thức nguyên mẫu có to thường dùng sau số tính từ diễn tả phản ứng cảm xúc người nhiều tính từ thông dụng khác (un)able content easy helpless prepared slow afraid Crazy free horrified quick sorry amused curious fortunate impatient ready sufficient annoyed dangerous furious interested relieved thankful anxious delighted frighten keen reluctant (un)wise ashamed astonished boring careful certain determined difficult distressed Due eager good glad grateful hard happy lucky moved pleased (im)possible proud right resolved safe scared surprised (un) willing useless usual worthy wonderful wrong Ex: I’m pleased to see you (Tôi vui gặp bạn.) John was surprised to get Ann’s letter (John ngạc nhiên nhận thư Ann.) Be careful not to wake the children (Hãy cẩn thận đừng làm bọn trẻ thức giấc.) Your writing is impossible to read (Chữ viết anh thật đọc được.) It’s boring to the same thing every day (Thật chán ngày làm công việc.) > Adjective + for + object + to-infmitive dùng động từ nguyên mẫu có chủ ngữ riêng Cấu trúc dùng để diễn tả mong ước, cảm xúc cảm nghĩ cá nhân tình Ex: She’s anxious for the children to go home (Bà mong bọn trẻ nhà.) It seems unnecessary for him to start work this week (Có vẻ anh không cần phải bắt đầu công việc tuần này.) > Adjective + of + object + to-infinitive dùng sau số tính từ diễn tả cách cư xử như: brave, careless, clever, foolish, generous, good, helpful, honest, intelligent, kind, nice, polite, stupid, wrong, Ex: It’s kind of Melanie to put you up for the night (Melanie thật tốt bụng cho bạn trọ đêm.) It was polite of you to write and thank US (Anh thật lịch viết thư cám ơn chúng tôi.) BỔ ngữ cho danh từ đại từ (complement of a noun/ pronoun) Hình thức nguyên mẫu có to dùng sau danh từ đại từ để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đại từ đó: verb + object (noun/ pronoun) + to-infinitive Ex: She doesn’t want anybody to know (Cô không muốn biết.) He advised me to visit Westminster Abbey (Anh khuyên nên đến thăm tu viện Westminster.) Nick couldn’t persuade Rita to go out with him (Nick không thuyết phục Rita chơi với anh ta.) * Một số dộng từ thông dụng theo sau tân ngữ + động từ nguyên mẫu (object + toinfmitive): advise Challenge forbid instruct nsuspect want allow Command love intend oteach warn otell ask Compel force invite wish r assume Consider get know ptempt understand pthink (can’t) bear Enable guess lead prtrust Beg Encourage hat like believe Expect help leave reurge Cause Find imagine mean request Trong lời nói gián tiếp (indirected speech), động từ nguyên mẫu có to (to- iníìnitive) dùng sau nghi vấn từ what, who, which, when, where, how, (nhưng thường không dùng sau why) Ex: I don’t know what to say (Tôi nên nói gì.) Can you tell me how to get to the station? (Bạn cho biết đường đến nhà ga không?) We were wondering where to park the car (Chúng phân vân phải đậu xe đâu.) Động từ nguyên mẫu có to (to-infìnitive) dùng để thay cho mệnh đề quan hệ (relative clause) Ex: The house to be demolished is very old indeed (Ngôi nhà bị phá hủy thật cũ kỹ.) [= The house which was demolished ] Động từ nguyên mẫu có to (to-infinitive) dùng sau danh từ đại từ bất định (something, anything, somewhere, ) để diễn đạt mục đích kết dự tính Ex: I’m going to Austria to leam German (Tôi Áo để học tiếng Đức.) I’d like something to stop my toothache (Tôi muốn làm hết đau răng.) Động từ nguyên mẫu có to (to-inílnitive) dùng sau too enough Ex: This suitcase is too heavy (for me) to lift (Cái va li nặng nhấc nổi.) The apples were ripe enough to pick (Những táo đủ chín để hái.) 10 Động từ nguyên mẫu có to (to-infĩnitive) dùng cấu trúc gọi ‘Absolute Phrases’ Ex: To tell the truth, I don’t know what the answer is (Thú thật, chẳng biết giải đáp sao.) To cut a long story short, he ended his life in prison (Tóm lại chết tù.) 11 Động từ nguyên mẫu có to (to-infĩnitive) dùng câu cảm thán câu diễn đạt mơ ước Ex: To think she met with such a death! (Ai ngờ nàng lại chết thế!) Oh! To be young again (Ôi!Ước trẻ lại.) B Động từ nguyên mẫu không to (bare-infinitive/ infinitive without to) Động từ nguyên mẫu không to dùng Sau trợ động từ tình thái can, could, may, might, should, shall, must, will, would, Ex: We must go now (Chúng phải bây giờ.) You should stay at home (Anh nên nhà.) I can swim across the river (Tôi bơi qua bên sông.) Sau động từ let, make, see, hear, feel, watch, notice + tân ngữ (object) Ex: I saw her get off the bus (Tôi thấy cô ta xuống xe buýt.) Don’t let the children stay up late (Đừng để bọn trễ thức khuya.) They made him repeat the whole story (Họ buộc anh kể lại toàn câu chuyện.) I suddenly felt something brush against my arm (Thỉnh lình cảm thấy có chạm nhẹ vào tay.) Help dùng với động từ nguyên mẫu có to không to Ex: Could you help me (to) move this cupboard? (Anh giúp chuyển tủ nhé?) Lưu ý: Khi động từ (ngoại trừ let) dùng thể bị động (passive voice) phải dược theo sau động từ nguyên mẫu có to (to-infinitive) Ex: She was seen to get off the bus (Người ta thấy cô xuống xe) He was made to repeat the whole story (Nó bị buộc phải kể toàn câu chuyện.) Let không dược dùng dạng bị dộng, allow thường dùng Ex: After questioning he was allowed to go home (Sau thẩm vấn, phép, nhà.) [NOT he was let to-go-home] - Sau cụm động từ had better, would rather, had Ex: You had better tell him the truth (Tốt bạn nên cho anh biết thật.) I would rather stay at home (Tôi thích nhà hơn.) - Sau why why not Ex: Why get upset just because of a bad mark? (Sao lại lo lắng điểm kém?) Why not stay for lunch? (Sao không ăn trưa?) * STRUCTURES WITH TO +INFINITIVE and INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO: + Infinitives with ‘TO’: - In order (not) to V = So as (not) to V = To V : để…… = in order that/so that + S + can/could (not) +V - S + be (not) + adj + enough + to V: (không) đủ………để làm - S + be + too + adj + (for + O)+ to V: quá…….để làm - It is + adj + to V sth = V-ing sth + is + adj - to be willing + to V: sẵn lòng làm - S + make + O + adj: - S + find + O + adj + to V - Sb/ sth + make it ímpossible (for + O) + to V = S + prevent sb/th from + V-ing = S + stop sb/sth (from) + V-ing: khiến không thể/ ngăn chặn làm - It’s (high) time for sb + to V: đến lúc làm = It’s (high) time + S + Ved - S + be about + to Vinf : sửa , định làm - S + be bound + to Vinf sth: chắn làm - S + be (not) likely + to V / that: có khả năng/ có thể…… - It takes (took) + O + time + to Vinf = S (O) + spend + time + V-ing - S + would like (‘d like) + to V S + would like (‘d like) + O(sb) + to V - S + would prefer to sth rather than to sth: thích làm làm + Infinitives without ‘TO’: - S + had better (d’ better) + Vinf : nên làm - S + used to + Vinf : thường làm QK (hiện không làm) - S + would rather + Vinf sth than Vinf sth = S prefer V-ing/ sth + to + V-ing/ sth: thích làm gì/ làm gì/ - S + suggest (that) + S + (should) + Vinf - help + O + Vinf/ to Vinf - Have/ get + O (sb) + Vinf sth : nhờ làm = Have sth + V3/ed: có làm Get + O (sb) + to Vinf sth : nhờ làm II Danh động từ (The gerunds): hình thức động từ thêm -ing dùng danh từ Danh động từ dùng làm Chủ ngữ câu (subject of a sentence) Ex: The building of the house will take at least six months (Việcxây nhà sáu tháng.) Swimming is my favourite sport * (Bơi lội môn thể thao ưa thích tôi) Bổ ngữ động từ (complement of a verb) Ex: My hobby is collecting stamps (Sở thích sưu tầm tem.) The new agreement will mean working overtime (Hợpđồng đòi hỏi phải làm giờ.) Tân ngữ động từ (object of a verb) Danh động từ dung tân ngữ trực tiếp (direct object) sau động từ: admit deny excuse keep Put off risk escape avoid detest fancy mention recall save delay appreciate dislike finish mind resent stop suggest burst out endure give up miss resist practise consider enjoy imagine postpone recollect involve Ex: I enjoy traveling (Tôi thích du lịch) She’s finished cleaning the flat (Cô lau dọn xong hộ) Would you mind closing the door? (Xin đóng giúp cánh cửa.) Harriet suggested having a party (Harriet gợi ý tổ chức bữa tiệc) Danh động từ dùng tân ngữ trực tiếp (direct object) sau sô thành ngữ: can’t bear, can’t face, can’t stand, can’t help, can’t resist,, feel like, It’s no use/ good, It’s (not) worth, There’s no point Ex: She tried to be serious but she couldn’t help laughing (Cô ta cố tỏ nghiêm nghị không nhịn cười được.) I didn’t feel like talking to him after what had happened (Sau xảy không muốn nói chuyện với nữa.) It’s no use reading this kind of book (Đọc loại sách chẳng ích lợi gì.) My house isn’t far from here It’s not worth taking a taxi (Nhà cách không xa Không đáng phải taxi.) Bổ ngữ tân ngữ (object complement) Một số động từ dược theo sau tân ngữ + danh động từ (verb + object + -ing form): catch, discover, dislike,' feel, find, hear, imagine, involve, keep, mind, notice, prevent, remember, risk, see, spend, stop Ex: Nobody can stop him doing what he wants to (Không ngăn làm điều mà muôn làm.) Sorry to keep you waiting so long (Xin lỗi để bạn đợi lâu.) I don’t mind you going without me (Tôi không quan tâm đến việc bạn mà tôi.) I don’t remember my mother complaining about it (Tôi không nhớ mẹ than phiền điều đó.) Hình thái sở hữu (possessives) dược dùng với danh động từ lối văn trang trọng Ex: I don’t mind your going without me (Tôi không quan tâm đến việc bạn mà tôi.) I don’t remember my mother’s complaining about it (Tôi không nhớ mẹ than phiền điều đó.) Danh động từ dùng sau tất giới từ Ex: She entered the room without knocking (Cô vào phòng mà không gõ cửa.) The thief got in by breaking a window (Kẻ trộm vào nhà cách đập vỡ cửa sổ.) a Verb + preposition + -ing form Ex: They are talking about building a new swimming-pool (Họ bàn luận việc xây hồ bơi mới.) I’m looking forward to seeing you again (Tôi mong gặp bạn.) Laura insisted on paying for the meal (Laura định đòi trả tiền bữa ăn.) * Một số động từ + giới từ (verb + preposition) thường dùng: Agree with Consist of Lead to Return to Object to Approve of Depend on Count on Result in Insist on Threaten with Dream of End in Safe from Rely on Think about Complain of Give up Succeed in Mean by Forget about Go back to Carry on Think of Hesitate about Worry about Persist on Take to Concentrate on Get to Plan on Talk of Confess to Keep on Put off Believe in Care for Apologise for Long for Look forward to b Verb + object + preposition + -ing form Ex: I congratulated Ann on passing the exam (Tôi chúc mừng Ann thi đậu.) Please forgive me for not writing to you (Xin thứ lỗi cho không thư cho bạn.) * Một số động từ + giới từ (verb + preposition) thường dùng cấu trúc này: accused (of), blame (for), congratulate (on), discourage (from), forgive (for), prevent (from), stop (from), suspect (of), thank (for), warn (against), c Adjective + preposition + -ing form Ex: Alice is fond of dancing (Alice thích khiêu vũ.) Are you interested in working for US? (Anh có thích làm việc cho không?) I’m fed up with living in this awful place (Tôi chán phải sống nơi khủng khiếp này.) * Một số tính từ + giới từ (adjective + preposition) thường dùng: Careful about (un)conscious of Fortunate in Upset at Successful at (in) Excited about Annoy at Responsible for Happy in (at) Nice about Embarrassed at Content with Pleased at Tired of (from) Delighted at Proud of Accustomed to Frightened of Aware of Scared at (of) Interested in Clever at Worried about Surprised at Given to Different from Thankful for Good at Bored with (in) Ashamed of Keen on Capable of Angry with Right in Sick of Fed up with Set on Slow in Sure of Afraid of Grateful for Careless of Certain of Skill in (at) Amused at Certain of Furious at Far from Fond of Intent of Wrong in Sorry for Danh động từ dùng sau số tính từ amusing, comfortable, difficult, easy, great, hopeless, lovely, nice, o f f , pleasant, strange, useless, wonderful, worth, cấu trúc với chủ ngữ giả It Nhưng cách dùng thân mật nên thường dùng văn nói văn viết Ex: It was nice seeing you (Rất vui gặp bạn.) It was useless arguing with them (Tranh cãi với họ thật vô ích.) Danh động từ dùng sau liên từ after, although, before, since, when, while Ex: I always have a shower after playing tennis (Tôi tắm sau chơi quần vợt.) You should lock the door when leaving your room (Bạn nên khóa cửa khỏi phòng.) Danh động từ có nghĩa bị động dùng sau động từ deserve, need, want require Ex: I don’t think his article deserves reading [= deserves to be read] (Tôi cho báo ông ta không đáng đọc.) The plants want/ need watering daily [= need to be watered] (Cây cối cần phải tưới nước ngày.) 10 For + -ing form dùng sau danh từ đại từ bất định (something, anything ) để giải thích mục đích đồ vật hay chất liệu Ex: A strimmer is a machine for cutting grass and weeds (Máy cắt cỏ máy dùng để xén cỏ cắt cỏ dại.) I need something for killing flies (Tôi cần thứ để diệt ruồi.) III Danh động từ hay động từ nguyên mẫu (The gerunds or the infinitives) Một số động từ theo sau hai dạng -ing infinitive: advise continue go on intend prefer see try allow forbid go like propose stop watch begin forget hate love regret start (can’t) bear hear permit remember (can’t) stand Trong số trường hợp có khác nghĩa hai cấu trúc • Remember (nhớ) forget (quên) - Remember/ forget + to-infinitive: hành động tương lai - hành động nhớ/ quên xảy trước hành động cần phải thực Ex: Please remember to return the book tomorrow (Xin nhớ trả lại sách vào ngày mai.) The clothes are still dirty because I forgot to switch on the machine (Quần áo dơ quên mở máy giặt.) - Remember lforget + verb-ing: hành động qua - hành động nhớ/ quên xảy sau hành động diễn dạt danh động từ Forget + verb-ing dùng chủ yếu cụm từ I’ll never cụm từ có nghĩa tương tự Ex: I’m sure I locked the door I clearly remember locking it (Chắc chắn khóa cửa Tôi nhớ rõ ràng khóa.) I’ll never forget seeing him the first time (Tôi không quên lần đầu gặp anh ấy.) • Regret (tiếc; hối tiếc) - Regret + to-infĩnitive: chủ yếu dùng thông báo tin xấu diễn dạt hối tiếc điều làm Ex: We regret to tell you that we are unable to help you (Chúng tiểc phải nói không giúp bạn dược.) Regret + verb-ing: diễn dạt hối tiếc điều xảy khứ Ex: I regret leaving school at 14 - It was a big mistake (Tôi thấy tiếc nghỉ học năm 14 tuổi - Đó sai lầm lớn.) • Stop (ngừng) - Stop + to-infĩnitive: mục đích, có nghĩa ‘ngừng để làm việc đó’ Ex: We stopped to rest (Chúng ngừng để nghi ngơi.) Stop + verb-ing: có nghĩa ‘ngừng làm việc gì’ Ex: There’s too much noise Can you all stop talking, please? (Ồn Xin tất bạn ngừng nói chuyện có không'?) • Try (cốgắng; thử) - Try + to-infinitive: nỗ lực - cố gắng làm điều Ex: I tried to move the table, but it was too heavy (Tôi cố chuyển dịch bàn, nặng.) - Try + verb-ing: thử nghiệm - làm điều nhằm thử nghiệm kiểm tra Ex: Try phoning his home number (Thử gọi nhà ông ta xem.) • Go on (tiếp tục) - Go on + to-infinitive: thay đổi hành động - tiếp tục làm việc sau làm xong việc khác Ex: After discussing the economy, the minister went on to talk about foreign policy (Sau thảo luận vấn đề kinh tế, ông trưởng tiếp tục nói sách đối ngoại.) - Go on + verb-ing: liên tục hành động - tiếp tục làm điều Ex: I can’t go on pretending that everything is okay when it clearly isn’t (Tôi khỗng thể tiếp tục làm vẻ chuyện ổn rõ ràng không ổn.) • Mean (có ý định; có nghĩa) , - Mean (+ object) + to-infinitive: dự định ý định (= intend) Ex: Sorry, I didn’t mean to interrupt you (Xin lỗi, không định ngắt lời bạn.) - Mean + verb-ing: liên quan kết Ex: Spending all the money today means starving tomorrow (Tiêu hết tiền hôm có nghĩa ngày mai chết đói.) • Động t.ừ tri giác (hear, see, notice, ) - Hear, see + object + bare-infinitive: hoàn tất hành động - nghe thấy toàn hành động việc diễn Ex: I saw Tom get into his car and drive away (Tôi thấy Tom lên ô tô lái đi.) We all felt the house shake (Tất cảm thấy nhà rung lên.) Cấu trúc thường dùng với động từ: feel, hear, listen to, notice, see, watch - Hear, see, + object + verb-ing: tiếp diễn hành động - nghe thấy hành động việc diễn tiến Ex: As I passed his house I heard him practicing the piano (Khi ngang qua nhà anh nghe anh tập piano.) They felt the earth shaking beneath their feet (Họ cảm thấy mặt đất chân rung chuyển.) * Cấu trúc thường dùng với động từ: feel, find, hear, listen to, notice, see, smell, watch • Like (thích), love (yêu), hate (ghét), prefer (thích hơn) Bốn động từ theo sau dạng -ing dạng nguyên mẫu có to (to-infmitive) động từ mà khác nghĩa Ex: I hate to stand/ standing up while I’m eating (Tôi ghét phải đứng dậy ăn.) We always prefer to stay/ staying in small hotels (Chúng thích khách sạn nhỏ hơn.) Harry likes to do/ doing parachute jumps (Harry thích nhảy dù.) Tuy nhiên tiếng Anh người Anh, + to-infmitiue thường dùng để diễn đạt chọn lựa thói qúen; like + verb-ing dược dùng để diễn đạt sở thích Ex: On Sundays I like to sleep late (Vào Chủ nhật thích ngủ dậy muộn.) Do you like cooking? (Bạn có thích nấu ăn không?) • Advise (khuyên), allow, permit (cho phép), forbid (cấm), recommend (đề nghị), encourage (khuyển khích) Sau động từ này, ta dùng dạng -ing tân ngữ; có tân ngữ ta dùng dạng nguyên mẫu có to (to-infinitive) - Advise, allow, + object + to-infinitive Ex: The teacher permitted US to go out (Thầy giáo cho phép ngoài.) She encouraged her daughter to lose weight (Bà ẩy khuyến khích gái giảm cân.) - Advise, allow, + verb-ing Ex: The teacher permitted going out (Thầy giáo cho phép ngoài.) I wouldn’t advise taking the car There’s nowhere to park (Tôi khuyên không nên xe Không có chỗ để đậu xe cả.) • Các động từ begin, start (bắt đầu), continue (tiếp tục), intend định), bother (làm phiền), propose (dự định) theo sau động từ nguyên mẫu danh động từ Giữa hai cấu trúc khác biệt nghĩa Ex: It has started to rain/ raining (Trời bắt đầu mưa.) I intend to tell/ telling her what I think (Tôi định nói cho cô ta biết nghĩ.) * LƯU ý: Không nên đùng hai động từ dạng -ing Ex: I’m beginning to learn karate (Tôi bắt đẩu học võ karate.) [NOT I’m begining learning ] * STRUCTURES WITH GERUND: - to be used to + Ving: quen làm # used to + V - to get used to + V-ing = to get accustomed to + V-ing: dần quen với làm - to be good/ bad at V-ing: giỏi/ việc làm - to be tired of + V-ing: - to be fed up with + V-ing: chán ngấy… - there is no point in + V-ing: vô ích… - It’s no use/ good + V-ing: không tốt đâu…… - It’s worth + V-ing : đáng làm - S + be busy + V-ing: bận rộn làm - S + feel like + V-ing = S + would like + to V - S + have (no) difficulty (in) + V-ing: (không) có khó khăn làm - S + spend time/ money + V-ing: sử dụng thời gian (tiền bạc) làm - S + waste time/ money + V-ing: lãng phí thời gian (tiền bạc) làm - S+ look forward to + V-ing: trông mong, trông đợi làm - to be interested in = to be keen on = to be fond of + V-ing - succeed in + V-ing: thành công việc làm >< fail + to V sth - On + V-ing = When + S + V: khi………… - By + V-ing : cách - In spite of + V-ing (cùng chủ ngữ) = Although/ Much as + S + V: - What about/ How about + V-ing……… ? = Why don’t you + Vinf …… ? IV Phân từ (The participles): hình thức động từ dùng tiếp diễn hoàn thành (is going, has gone, ) dùng tính từ ( interesting book, broken heart) Ngoại trừ động từ tình thái, động từ có hai phân từ: phân từ (present participle) khứ phân từ (past participle) A- Hiện phân từ (present participle) Hiện phân từ (present participle) thành lập cách thêm - ing vào động từ nguyên mẫu Ex: work -> working love -> loving interest -> interesting excite -> exciting Hiện phân từ (Present participle) dùng Với trợ động từ be để tạo thành tiếp diễn (progressive tenses) Ex: Tim is working at the moment (Lúc Tim làm việc) It was raining when I got home (Khi đến nhà trời mưa.) - Như tính từ để diễn tả người, vật việc tạo cảm xúc Ex: He told us an amusing story (Anh kể cho nghe câu chuyện vui.) [= A story that amused us.] The game was really exciting (Trò chơi hào hứng.) [= It made the players excited.] George has become very boring ( George trở nên tẻ nhạt.) [= He makes other people bored.] - Như tính từ trạng từ, có nghĩa tương tự động từ chủ động (active verb) Ex: She swept up the falling leaves (Bà quét rụng thành đống.) [= leaves that fall) He ran creaming out of the room (Ảnh ta vừa la hét vừa chạy khỏi phòng.) [= he was creaming.] - Sau động từ tri giác: see, hear, feel, smell, taste, Ex: I saw flames rising and heard people shouting (Tôi thấy lửa bốc lên nghe người la hét.) - Sau catch, find, leave + tân ngữ: cat/ find/ leave + object + V-ing Ex: I caught them stealing my apples (Tôi bắt gặp họ lấy cắp táo tôi.) Don’t leave her waiting outside in the rain (Đừng để cô đợi bên trời mưa thế.) - Sau go, come, spend, waste, be busy Ex: We’ll go skiing this winter (Mùa đông trượt tuyết.) He spent a lot of money modernizing the house (Ông ta bỏ nhiều tiền tân trang nhà.) James is busy practising for the school concert (James bận tập dượt cho buổi hòa nhạc trường.) - Hiện phân từ (present participle) dùng cụm phân từ (participle phrase) thay cho chủ ngữ + động từ dạng chủ động (subject + active verb) khi: + Hai hành động có chủ ngữ xảy lúc -» hành động sau diễn đạt phân từ Ex: We had to stand in a queue We waited for the bank open ->We had to stand in a queue waiting for the bank open (Chúng phải xếp hàng đại ngân hàng mở cửa.) He walked along He whistled a happy tune as he walked -> He walked along whistling a happy tune (Anh ta vừa vừa huýt sáo giai điệu vui.) + Hai hành động có chủ ngữ xảy liên tiếp -> hành động xảy trước diễn đạt phân từ Ex: Mike opened the bottle and then poured milk into his glass -> Opening the bottle, Mike poured milk into his glass (Mike mở nắp chai rót sữa vào) We took off our shoes and crept along the passage -> Taking off our shoes we crept along the passage (Chúng cởi giày rón dọc theo hành lang.) Nhưng hành động thứ hai phần hòặc kết hành động thứ -» phân từ dùng cho hành dộng thứ hai Ex: She went out, slamming the door (Cô ta đóng sầm cửa) I fell, striking my head against the door (Tôi ngã đập đầu vào cánh cửa.) - Hiện phân từ dùng cụm phân từ thay cho mệnh dề trạng ngữ lý nguyên nhân Ex: The fans queued for hours because they hoped to get tickets -> The fans queued for hours, hoping to get tickets (Những người hâm mộ xếp hàng hàng giờ, hy vọng mua vé.) As Natasha is the youngest child, she was her father’s favorite -> Being the youngest child, Natasha was her father’s favorite (Là út nên Natasha cha yêu quý nhất.) - Hiện phân từ dùng cụm phân từ thay cho mệnh đề trạng ngữ thời gian Ex: While I was walking along the street, I saw an accident -> Walking along the street I saw an accident (Khi di dường, tói thấy tai nạn.) After he had put down his newspaper, he walked over the window -> Putting down his newspaper, he walked over to the window (Đặt tờ báo xuống, bước đến bên cửa sổ.) - Hiện phân từ dùng cụm phân từ thay cho mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định dạng chủ động (relative pronoun + active verb) Ex: Do you know the woman who is talking to John? -> Do you know the woman talking to John? (Anh có quen người phụ nữ nói chuyện với John không'?) A lorry which was carrying concrete pipes has overturned -> A lorry carrying concrete pipes has overturned (Một xe tải chở ống bê tông bị lật.) The road that joins the two villages is very narrow -> The road joining the two villages is very narrow (Con đường, nối liền hai làng hẹp.) Lưu ý: Chúng ta không dùng cụm phân từ (participle phrase) thay cho mệnh đề quan hệ để hành động đơn khứ Ex: The police wanted to interview people who saw the accident (Cảnh sát muốn thẩm vấn người chứng kiến tai nạn.) [NOT people seeing the accident] B- Quá khứ phân từ (past participle) Quá khứ phân từ thành lập cách thêm -ed vào sau động từ có quy tắc; khứ phân từ động từ bất quy tắc động từ nằm cột thứ (past participle) bảng động từ bất quy tắc Ex: bore -> bored work -> worked see -> seen go -> gone Quá khứ phân từ (past participle) dùng: - Với trợ động từ be have để làm thành dạng bị động (passive form) hoàn thành (perfect tenses) Ex: I was given a doll on my birthday (Tôi tặng búp bê sinh nhật.) The aircraft has landed safely (Máỵ bay hạ cánh an toàn.) - Như tính từ để cảm giác người hành động việc Ex: The children always get terribly excited when Granny comes (Bọn trẻ phấn khởi bà chúng đến.) I was disappointed with the film (Tôi thất vọng phim.) - Như tính từ trạng từ, có nghĩa tương tự động từ bị động (passive verb) Ex: The police has found the stolen jewellery 10 [= the jewellery that has been stolen.] (Cảnh sát tìm thấy số nữ trang bị đánh cắp.) He lived alone, forgotten by everybody [= He had been forgotten by everybody.] (Ông sống mình, bị người quên lãng.) - Quá khứ phân từ (past participle) dùng cụm phân từ (participle phrase) thay cho chủ ngữ + động từ bị động (subject + passive verb) để kết nối rút gọn hai câu có chủ ngữ Ex: She enters She is accompanied by her mother She enters, accompanied by her mother (Cô bước vào, với mẹ.) He was aroused by the crash, he leapt his feet -> Aroused by the crash, he leapt his feet (Bị tiếng đổ ầm đánh thức,anh ta ngồi bật dậy.) Once the brain is deprived of oxygen, it dies ->Once deprived of oxygen, the brain dies (bị thiếu oxy, não chết.) - Quá khứ phân từ dùng cụm phân từ thay cho mệnh đề quan hệ dạng bị động (relative pronoun + passive verb) Ex: Half of the people who were invited to the party didn’t turn up -> Half of the people invited to the party didn’t turn up (Một nửa số người dược mời dự tiệc không đến.) I found him sitting at a table which was covered with papers -> I found him sitting at a table covered with papers (Tôi thấy ngồi bàn đầy giấy tờ.) We couldn’t agree on any of the problems that were discussed -> We couldn’t agree on any of the problems discussed (Chúng đồng ý với vấn đề thảo luận.) [NOT tho discussed problems] * Lưu ý: Một số động từ có khứ phân từ dùng tính từ mang nghĩa chủ dộng, đứng trước danh từ Ex: a fallen leaf (một rụng) [= a leaf that has fallen] a retired general (một vị tướng hưu) [ = a general who has retired] Hệ từ (popular verbs/ linking verbs) loại động từ đặc biệt (special verb) dùng để kết nối chủ ngữ (subject) câu với bổ ngữ (subject complement) Các hệ từ thông dụng: be (thì, là, seem (có vẻ như, dường như), appear (hình như, có vẻ), look (trông như, trông có vẻ), sound (nghe như), smell (có mùi), taste (có feel (cảm thấy), become (trỏ thành), get (trở nên) Ex: My father is a doctor (Cha bác sĩ) São Paulo has become the largest city in South America (Sao Paulo trở thành thành phố lởn Nam Mỹ.) It’s getting dark (Trời tối dần.) - Bổ ngữ theo sau hệ từ danh từ tính từ Ex: Your argument sounds right (Lí lẽ bạn nghe có lý.) She has turned dressmaker (Cô dã trở thành thợ may.) He looks intelligent (Anh thông minh.) - Một số hệ từ dùng để nói thay đổi (hoặc không thay dổi): become, get, grow, go, turn, stay, remain, keep Ex: It’s becoming/ getting/ growing colder (Trời trở lạnh.) How does she stay so young? (Làm mà cô trẻ thế) The leaves are turning brown (Lá ngả dần sang nâu.) LƯU ý: Một số hệ từ dược dùng dộng từ thường (ordinary verb), có nghĩa khác với động từ dặc biệt: look, taste, feel, appear Khi động từ dược dùng dộng từ thường chúng thường dùng với trạng từ (không dùng với tính từ) Ex: You look very unhappy What’s the matter? 11 (Trông bạn không vui Có chuyện vậy?) ( Look hệ từ.) (The boss looked at me angry) Exercises (Gerund and infinitives) Ex1: Give the correct form of verbs in brackets At the airport I had my luguage (take) …………….by a porter In Thailand, Hongkong, England and some other countries, people are used to (drive)… on the left side On the way, my father stopped (buy)……… a newspaper and (have)…… a drink Jack is not tall enough (reach)………… the ceiling The baby didn’t stop (cry)……… , so I tried (give)………… him some sweets The river is too deep for us (dive)………… in Your house needs (repaint)………… because it looks unattractive My father is willing ( do)…………… me a favor in my study We saw the smoke (rise)………… from the chimneys of the local factories in the distance 10 It’s high time for the children (go)…………… to bed 11 It’s worth (read)………… the book 12 John is about (come back)……………….in a few weeks 13 My classmates are bound (participate)………… in the competition 14 Don’t forget ( switch off)………… the lights before leaving the building 15 The astronauts are likely (set)……… foot on Mars in the future 16 I remember (give)……… back the money he lent me last month 17 He doesn’t like the crowded places, so there is no point in (persuade)……… … him (go)…… with us 18 My mother is always busy (look after)………… the children 19 The shop will be closed at p.m so you d’ better not (arrive)………… after that time 20 I look forward to (hear)………… from you soon 21 We regret (inform)………… that your application form has been refused 22 Last night we could not help (laugh)………… when he told the funny story 23 How old were you when you learned .(drive) 24 I don't mind (walk) home but I’d rather (get) a taxi 25 I can't make a decision I keep (change) my mind 26 He had made his decision and refused (change) his mind 27 The film was veiy sad It made me (cry) 28 It was a really good holiday We really enjoyed (be) by the sea again 29 They don't have much money They cant afford (go) out very often 30 Did I really tell you X was unhappy? I don't remember (say) that 31 Remember (phone) Tom tomorrow 32 I pretended (be) interested in the conversation but really it was very boring 33 The water here is not very good I’d avoid (drink) it if I were you 34 I got up and look out of the window (see) what the weather was like 35 I have a friend who claims (be) able to speak five languages 36 He likes (think) carefully about things before (make) a decision to think making 37 Steve used .(be) a footballer He had to stop (play) because of an injury 38 After I (stop) by the police, the man admitted (steal) the car but denied (drive) at 100 miles an hour being stopped 39 How you make this machine (work)? I’m not sure Try (press) that button and see what happen 40 They don't allow_ (smoke) in the auditorium, they don't want (risk) (set) it on fire 41 Would you like me (turn) down the radio? -No, it’s all right I’m used to (work) with the radio on 42 I always try (come) in quietly but they always hear me (go) upstairs It’s impossible (climb) an old wooden staircase at night without (make) noise 43 When he had writen his first book, he went on (write) seven more 44 She went on (talk) even after her friend had fallen asleep 45 He means (build) a boat and travel round the world 46 Doing well on this course means (study) very hard 12 Ex2: Identify the mistake (A, B, C or D) that needs correction Actually, Mr.Brown is only interested in watching TV, reading newspapers, and design houses A B C D Found in 1945, the organisation had great effect on the development of the country A B C D My uncle has had his motorbike repair five times recently A B C D Remember taking off your shoes when you are in a Japanese house A B C D Because of his lung cancer, my uncle stopped to smoke and drank little wine in order to feel better A B C D In my opinion, he will have no difficulty to pass the entrance exam next month A B C D Jane likes to listen to music, to go to the movie, to chat on the phone, and going shopping A B C D My father used to giving me some good advice whenever I had a problem A B C D Hellen borrowed my dictionary for look up the spelling of ‘occurrence’ A B C D 10 The teacher opened the windows for getting some fresh air in the room A B C D 11 I need getting a part-time job to earn some money for my school expenses A B C D 12 My mother made me to promise to write them once a week A B C D 13 To learn about another country it is very interesting A B CD 14 Most students want return home as soon as possible A B C D 15 When I went to shopping , I saw a man to drive his car onto the sidewalk A B C D Ex3: Rewrite the following sentences Mr.Smith prefers traveling by train to sitting on a boat Mr.Smith would rather…………………………………… ………………………… The storm made it impossible for the ferry to leave The storm prevented……………………………… ………………………………… My friend failed to reach the top of the mountain My friend did not succeed in …………………………… .…………………………… When the teacher came in, he found no one in the class On………………………………………………………… …………………………… “Why don’t you join our club?”, he said to me He suggested……………………………………………… ………… Peter usually spends two hours finishing his homework It usually takes……………………………………………… …………………………… The test was so long that we could not finish it on time The test……………………………………………………… ……………………………… In England, I find it difficult to drive on the left In England, I am not……………………………………………… ………………………… I was surprised I passed the exam I didn’t expect 10 Did you manage to get hold of the CD? Did you succeed 11 I don’t read newspapers any more I’ve given 13 12 I’d prefer not to go out tonight I’d rather 13 My father said I could use his car My father allowed 14 He can’t walk very well He has difficulty 15 Don't stop him doing what he wants Let him 16 He looks older when he wears glasses Glasses make 17 They said I was a cheat I was accused 18 At first I didn’t like to apply for the job but Sarah persuaded me Sarah persuaded 19 It will be good to see them again I’m looking 20 Fm sorry that I didn't take your advice I regret 21 My lawyer said I shouldn't say anything to the police My lawyer advised 22 It's a pity I couldn't go out with you I'd like 23 I was told that I shouldn’t believe everything he says I was warned 24 I did all the housework, then I went out for a walk Having 25 He got out of bed, then he took a bath Having 26 She turned off the lights, then she got to sleep Having 27 They ate dinner, then they looked for a cafe to pass the time Having 28 Joan read the job advertisement in the paper, then she wrote an application letter Having 29 Crashing the car wasn’t my intention, you know! I didn’t mean 30 If I take that job, I’ll have to a lot more traveling Taking that job will mean Exercises (Gerund and infinitives) (key) Ex1: Give the correct form of verbs in brackets At the airport I had my luguage (take) …………….by a porter taken In Thailand, Hongkong, England and some other countries, people are used to (drive)… on the left side driving On the way, my father stopped (buy)……… a newspaper and (have)…… a drink To buy had Jack is not tall enough (reach)………… the ceiling To reach The baby didn’t stop (cry)……… , so I tried (give)………… him some sweets Crying giving The river is too deep for us (dive)………… in to drive Your house needs (repaint)………… because it looks unattractive Repainting My father is willing ( do)…………… me a favor in my study To We saw the smoke (rise)………… from the chimneys of the local factories in the distance Rising 10 It’s high time for the children (go)…………… to bed To go 11 It’s worth (read)………… the book Reading 12 John is about (come back)……………….in a few weeks To come back 13 My classmates are bound (participate)………… in the competition To participate 14 Don’t forget ( switch off)………… the lights before leaving the building To switch off 15 The astronauts are likely (set)……… foot on Mars in the future To set 14 16 I remember (give)……… back the money he lent me last month Giving 17 He doesn’t like the crowded places, so there is no point in (persuade)……… … him (go)…… with us Persuading to go 18 My mother is always busy (look after)………… the children Looking after 19 The shop will be closed at p.m so you d’ better not (arrive)………… after that time Arrive 20 I look forward to (hear)………… from you soon Hearing 21 We regret (inform)………… that your application form has been refused To inform 22 Last night we could not help (laugh)………… when he told the funny story Laughing 23 How old were you when you learned to drive? (drive) 24 I don't mind (walk) home but I’d rather (get) a taxi Walking get 25 I can't make a decision I keep (change) my mind Changing 26 He had made his decision and refused (change) his mind To change 27 The film was veiy sad It made me (cry) Cry 28 It was a really good holiday We really enjoyed (be) by the sea again Being 29 They don't have much money They cant afford (go) out very often To go out 30 Did I really tell you X was unhappy? I don't remember (say) that Saying 31 Remember (phone) Tom tomorrow To phone 32 I pretended (be) interested in the conversation but really it was very boring to be 33 The water here is not very good I’d avoid (drink) it if I were you drinking 34 I got up and look out of the window (see) what the weather was like To see 35 I have a friend who claims (be) able to speak five languages To be 36 He likes (think) carefully about things before (make) a decision to think making 37 Steve used .(be) a footballer He had to stop (play) because of an injury to be playing 38 After I (stop) by the police, the man admitted (steal) the car but denied (drive) at 100 miles an hour being stopped stealing driving 39 How you make this machine (work)? Work to press I’m not sure Try (press) that button and see what happen 40 They don't allow_ (smoke) in the auditorium, they don't want (risk) (set) it on fire smoking to risk setting 41 Would you like me (turn) down the radio? To turn working -No, it’s all right I’m used to (work) with the radio on 42 I always try (come) in quietly but they always hear me (go) upstairs It’s impossible (climb) an old wooden staircase at night without (make) noise to come going to climb making 43 When he had writen his first book, he went on (write) seven more To write 44 She went on (talk) even after her friend had fallen asleep 45 He means (build) a boat and travel round the world To build 46 Doing well on this course means (study) very hard Studying Ex2: Identify the mistake (A, B, C or D) that needs correction Actually, Mr.Brown is only interested in watching TV, reading newspapers, and design houses A B C D Found in 1945, the organisation had great effect on the development of the country A B C D My uncle has had his motorbike repair five times recently A B C D Remember taking off your shoes when you are in a Japanese house A B C D Because of his lung cancer, my uncle stopped to smoke and drank little wine in order to feel better A B C D In my opinion, he will have no difficulty to pass the entrance exam next month A B C D Jane likes to listen to music, to go to the movie, to chat on the phone, and going shopping A B C D 15 My father used to giving me some good advice whenever I had a problem A B C D Hellen borrowed my dictionary for look up the spelling of ‘occurrence’ A B C D 10 The teacher opened the windows for getting some fresh air in the room A B C D 11 I need getting a part-time job to earn some money for my school expenses A B C D 12 My mother made me to promise to write them once a week A B C D 13 To learn about another country it is very interesting A B CD 14 Most students want return home as soon as possible A B C D 15 When I went to shopping , I saw a man to drive his car onto the sidewalk A B C D Ex3: Rewrite the following sentences Mr.Smith prefers traveling by train to sitting on a boat Mr Smith would rather travel by train than sit on a boat The storm made it impossible for the ferry to leave The storm prevented the ferry from leaving My friend failed to reach the top of the mountain My friend did not succeed in reaching the top of the mountain When the teacher came in, he found no one in the class On coming in, he found no one in the class “Why don’t you join our club?”, he said to me He suggested that I should join their club Peter usually spends two hours finishing his homework It usually takes Peter two hours to finish his homework The test was so long that we could not finish it on time The test was too long for us to finish In England, I find it difficult to drive on the left In England, I am not used to driving on the left I was surprised I passed the exam I didn’t expect to pass the exam 10 Did you manage to get hold of the CD? Did you succeed in getting hold of the CD 11 I don’t read newspapers any more I’ve given up reading newspapers 12 I’d prefer not to go out tonight I’d rather not go out tonight 13 My father said I could use his car My father allowed me to use his car 14 He can’t walk very well He has difficulty walking/ in walking 15 Don't stop him doing what he wants Let him what he wants 16 He looks older when he wears glasses Glasses make him look older 17 They said I was a cheat I was accused of being a cheat/ of cheating 18 At first I didn’t like to apply for the job but Sarah persuaded me Sarah persuaded me to apply for the job _ 19 It will be good to see them again I’m looking forward to seeing them again 20 Fm sorry that I didn't take your advice 16 I regret not taking your advice/ that I didn’t take your advice 21 My lawyer said I shouldn't say anything to the police My lawyer advised me not to say anything to the police 22 It's a pity I couldn't go out with you I'd like to go out with you , ~ _—- -23 I was told that I shouldn’t believe everything he says I was warned not to believe everything he says 24 I did all the housework, then I went out for a walk Having done all the housework I went out for a walk 25 He got out of bed, then he took a bath Having got out of bed, he took a bath 26 She turned off the lights, then she got to sleep Having turned off the lights, she got to sleep 27 They ate dinner, then they looked for a cafe to pass the time Having eaten dinner, they looked for a cafe to pass the time 28 Joan read the job advertisement in the paper, then she wrote an application letter Having read the job advertisement in the paper, Joan wrote application letter 29 Crashing the car wasn’t my intention, you know! I didn’t mean to crash the car, you know! 30 If I take that job, I’ll have to a lot more traveling Taking that job will mean having to a lot more traveling 17 ... v karate.) [NOT I’m begining learning ] * STRUCTURES WITH GERUND: - to be used to + Ving: quen làm # used to + V - to get used to + V- ing = to get accustomed to + V- ing: dần quen v i làm - to. .. at V- ing: giỏi/ việc làm - to be tired of + V- ing: - to be fed up with + V- ing: chán ngấy… - there is no point in + V- ing: v ích… - It’s no use/ good + V- ing: không tốt đâu…… - It’s worth + V- ing... STRUCTURES WITH TO +INFINITIVE and INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO: + Infinitives with TO : - In order (not) to V = So as (not) to V = To V : để…… = in order that/so that + S + can/could (not) +V - S + be